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Dunkel A, Shen S, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, McGettigan JP. A Bivalent, Chimeric Rabies Virus Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Induces Multifunctional Antibody Responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1126-38. [PMID: 25848984 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that a matrix (M) gene-deleted rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccine (RABV-ΔM) is highly immunogenic and induces potent B cell responses in the context of RABV infection. We speculated that RABV-ΔM expressing HIV proteins would also induce potent B cell responses against HIV antigens. As a prerequisite to future studies in nonhuman primates, we completed immunogenicity studies in mice to confirm the ability of RABV-ΔM to induce polyfunctional B cell responses in the context of HIV. To that end, the envelope protein from the mac239 strain of SIV (SIVmac239Env) was cloned into RABV-ΔM, resulting in RABV-ΔM-Env. Infectious virus was recovered following standard methods and propagated on baby hamster kidney cells stably expressing RABV M [>10(7) focus forming units (ffu)/ml]. Western blot analysis of cell lysates or of purified virions confirmed Env expression on the surface of infected cells and within virus particles, respectively. Positive neutralization activity against a neutralization-sensitive SIV strain and to a lesser extent against a neutralization-resistant SIV strain was detected in mice after a single intramuscular inoculation with RABV-ΔM-Env. The quality, but not quantity, of the antibody response was enhanced via boosting with recombinant gp130 or RABV-ΔM-Env as measured by an increase in antibody avidity and a skewing toward a Th1-type antibody response. We also show that an intradermal inoculation induces higher antibodies than an intramuscular or intranasal inoculation. An intradermal inoculation of RABV-ΔM-Env followed by a boost inoculation with recombinant gp130 produced anti-SIV antibodies with neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody (nNAb) effector functions. Together, RABV-ΔM-Env induces B cells to secrete antibodies against SIV with the potential to clear both "free" and cell-associated virus. Strategies capable of eliciting both NAbs as well as nNAbs might help to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Dunkel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shixue Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - James P. McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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Idemyor V. Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Scientific Challenges Impeding Candidate Vaccines. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2015; 4:421-4. [PMID: 14628286 DOI: 10.1310/46hl-yfcf-affe-qa4x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most initial work with HIV vaccines was directed at developing vaccines that elicited neutralizing antibodies. These neutralizing antibodies have been narrow in the focus of their action and specific almost entirely to the strain of the innoculating virus. Additionally, controversy has been reported about both the design of assay systems to measure the neutralization of such isolates and interpretation of the results. Researchers are now looking for a "broad-spectrum" vaccine; however, the high variability of the HIV envelope glycoprotein and its rapid rate of mutation creates an elusive target. Safety concerns have reduced interest in live attenuated virus or whole killed virus vaccines. Some novel approaches being taken include increasing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, induction of immune responses in mucosal tissue surfaces, peptide-based vaccines, oligomeric envelope protein-based vaccine regimens, recombinant Tat protein vaccines, natural killer T-cell (NKT) ligand serving as adjuvant, and fusion of SIV gag with the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 as adjuvant. Most of the HIV vaccines currently in development are the products of recombinant DNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Idemyor
- Advocate Bethany Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Stieh DJ, King DF, Klein K, Liu P, Shen X, Hwang KK, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Haynes B, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Michael NL, Robb ML, Kim JH, Denny TN, Tomaras GD, Shattock RJ. Aggregate complexes of HIV-1 induced by multimeric antibodies. Retrovirology 2014; 11:78. [PMID: 25274446 PMCID: PMC4193994 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody mediated viral aggregation may impede viral transfer across mucosal surfaces by hindering viral movement in mucus, preventing transcytosis, or reducing inter-cellular penetration of epithelia thereby limiting access to susceptible mucosal CD4 T cells and dendritic cells. These functions may work together to provide effective immune exclusion of virus from mucosal tissue; however little is known about the antibody characteristics required to induce HIV aggregation. Such knowledge may be critical to the design of successful immunization strategies to facilitate viral immune exclusion at the mucosal portals of entry. Results The potential of neutralizing and non-neutralizing IgG and IgA monoclonals (mAbs) to induce HIV-1 aggregation was assessed by Dynamic light scattering (DLS). Although neutralizing and non-neutralizing IgG mAbs and polyclonal HIV-Ig efficiently aggregated soluble Env trimers, they were not capable of forming viral aggregates. In contrast, dimeric (but not monomeric) IgA mAbs induced stable viral aggregate populations that could be separated from uncomplexed virions. Epitope specificity influenced both the degree of aggregation and formation of higher order complexes by dIgA. IgA purified from serum of uninfected RV144 vaccine trial responders were able to efficiently opsonize viral particles in the absence of significant aggregation, reflective of monomeric IgA. Conclusions These results collectively demonstrate that dIgA is capable of forming stable viral aggregates providing a plausible basis for testing the effectiveness of aggregation as a potential protection mechanism at the mucosal portals of viral entry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0078-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stieh
- Center for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK. .,Current address: Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Deborah F King
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Katja Klein
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Current address: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Kwan Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Barton Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Nelson L Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
| | - Jerome H Kim
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Phase I/II randomized trial of safety and immunogenicity of LIPO-5 alone, ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) alone, and ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) prime/LIPO-5 boost in healthy, HIV-1-uninfected adult participants. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1589-99. [PMID: 25253665 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00450-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Finding an effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine remains a major global health priority. In a phase I/II, placebo-controlled trial, healthy, HIV-1-negative adults were randomized to receive one of 5 vaccine regimens: LIPO-5 (combination of 5 lipopeptides) alone (250 μg), ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) alone, or 3 groups of ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) followed by ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) plus LIPO-5 (250, 750, and 2,500 μg). Only 73/174 participants (42%) received all four vaccinations due to a study halt related to myelitis. There were no significant differences in systemic reactions between groups or in local reactogenicity between groups receiving ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452). Significant differences in local reactogenicity occurred between groups receiving LIPO-5 (P ≤ 0.05). Gag and Env antibodies were undetectable by ELISA 2 weeks after the fourth vaccination for all but one recipient. Antibodies to Gag and Env were present in 32% and 24% of recipients of ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) alone and in 47% and 35% of ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452)+LIPO recipients, respectively. Coadministration of LIPO-5 did not significantly increase the response rate compared to ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452) alone, nor was there a significant relationship between dose and antibody responses among ALVAC-HIV (vCP1452)+LIPO groups. Over 90% of study participants had no positive gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISpot) responses to any peptide pool at any time point. The study was halted due to a case of myelitis possibly related to the LIPO-5 vaccine; this case of myelitis remains an isolated event. In general, there was no appreciable cell-mediated immunity detected in response to the vaccines used in this study, and antibody responses were limited. The clinical trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with registry number NCT00076063.
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Feasibility and safety of ALVAC-HIV vCP1521 vaccine in HIV-exposed infants in Uganda: results from the first HIV vaccine trial in infants in Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63:1-8. [PMID: 23221981 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31827f1c2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a safe and effective vaccine against HIV type 1 for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV would significantly advance the goal of eliminating HIV infection in children. Safety and feasibility results from phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ALVAC-HIV vCP1521 in infants born to HIV type 1-infected women in Uganda are reported. METHODS HIV-exposed infants were enrolled at birth and randomized (4:1) to receive vaccine or saline placebo intramuscular injections at birth, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. Vaccine reactogenicity was assessed at vaccination and days 1 and 2 postvaccination. Infants were followed until 24 months of age. HIV infection status was determined by HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS From October 2006 to May 2007, 60 infants (48 vaccine and 12 placebo) were enrolled with 98% retention at 24 months. One infant was withdrawn, but there were no missed visits or vaccinations among the 59 infants retained. Immune responses elicited by diphtheria, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type B, and measles vaccination were similar in the 2 arms. The vaccine was well tolerated with no severe or life-threatening reactogenicity events. Adverse events were equally distributed across both study arms. Four infants were diagnosed as HIV infected [3 at birth (2 vaccine and 1 placebo) and 1 in vaccine arm at 2 weeks of age]. CONCLUSION The ALVAC-HIV vCP1521 vaccination was feasible and safe in infants born to HIV-infected women in Uganda. The conduct of high-quality infant HIV vaccine trials is achievable in Africa.
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O'Connell RJ, Kim JH, Corey L, Michael NL. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a007351. [PMID: 23209178 PMCID: PMC3543076 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More than 2 million AIDS-related deaths occurred globally in 2008, and more than 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. Despite promising advances in prevention, an estimated 2.7 million new HIV infections occurred in that year, so that for every two patients placed on combination antiretroviral treatment, five people became infected. The pandemic poses a formidable challenge to the development, progress, and stability of global society 30 years after it was recognized. Experimental preventive HIV-1 vaccines have been administered to more than 44,000 human volunteers in more than 187 separate trials since 1987. Only five candidate vaccine strategies have been advanced to efficacy testing. The recombinant glycoprotein (rgp)120 subunit vaccines, AIDSVAX B/B and AIDSVAX B/E, and the Merck Adenovirus serotype (Ad)5 viral-vector expressing HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Nef failed to show a reduction in infection rate or lowering of postinfection viral set point. Most recently, a phase III trial that tested a heterologous prime-boost vaccine combination of ALVAC-HIV vCP1521 and bivalent rgp120 (AIDSVAX B/E) showed 31% efficacy in protection from infection among community-risk Thai participants. A fifth efficacy trial testing a DNA/recombinant(r) Ad5 prime-boost combination is currently under way. We review the clinical trials of HIV vaccines that have provided insight into human immunogenicity or efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J O'Connell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Elena Gómez C, Perdiguero B, García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Poxvirus vectors as HIV/AIDS vaccines in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1192-207. [PMID: 22906946 PMCID: PMC3579898 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 phase III clinical trial with the combination of the poxvirus vector ALVAC and the HIV gp120 protein has taught us that a vaccine against HIV/AIDS is possible but further improvements are still needed. Although the HIV protective effect of RV144 was modest (31.2%), these encouraging results reinforce the use of poxvirus vectors as HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. In this review we focus on the prophylactic clinical studies thus far performed with the more widely studied poxvirus vectors, ALVAC, MVA, NYVAC and fowlpox expressing HIV antigens. We describe the characteristics of each vector administered either alone or in combination with other vectors, with emphasis on the immune parameters evaluated in healthy volunteers, percentage of responders and triggering of humoral and T cell responses. Some of these immunogens induced broad, polyfunctional and long-lasting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens in most volunteers, with preference for effector memory T cells, and neutralizing antibodies, immune parameters that might be relevant in protection. Finally, we consider improvements in immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors by the selective deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes and insertion of host range genes in the poxvirus genome. Overall, the poxvirus vectors have proven to be excellent HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates, with distinct behavior among them, and the future implementation will be dictated by their optimized immune profile in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Bussaratid V, Dhitavat J, Maekanantawat W, Pungpak S, Suntharasamai P, Vanijanonta S, Nitayapan S, Kaewkungwal J, Benenson M, Morgan P, O'Connell RJ, Berenberg J, Gurunathan S, Francis DP, Paris R, Chiu J, Stablein D, Michael NL, Excler JL, Robb ML, Kim JH. Safety and reactogenicity of canarypox ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and HIV-1 gp120 AIDSVAX B/E vaccination in an efficacy trial in Thailand. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27837. [PMID: 22205930 PMCID: PMC3244387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A prime-boost vaccination regimen with ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) administered intramuscularly at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks and gp120 AIDSVAX B/E at 12 and 24 weeks demonstrated modest efficacy of 31.2% for prevention of HIV acquisition in HIV-uninfected adults participating in a community-based efficacy trial in Thailand. Methodology/Principal Findings Reactogenicity was recorded for 3 days following vaccination. Adverse events were monitored every 6 months for 3.5 years, during which pregnancy outcomes were recorded. Of the 16,402 volunteers, 69% of the participants reported an adverse event any time after the first dose. Only 32.9% experienced an AE within 30 days following any vaccination. Overall adverse event rates and attribution of relatedness did not differ between groups. The frequency of serious adverse events was similar in vaccine (14.3%) and placebo (14.9%) recipients (p = 0.33). None of the 160 deaths (85 in vaccine and 75 in placebo recipients, p = 0.43) was assessed as related to vaccine. The most common cause of death was trauma or traffic accident. Approximately 30% of female participants reported a pregnancy during the study. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes were experienced in 17.1% of vaccine and 14.6% (p = 0.13) of placebo recipients. When the conception occurred within 3 months (estimated) of a vaccination, the majority of these abnormal outcomes were spontaneous or elective abortions among 22.2% and 15.3% of vaccine and placebo pregnant recipients, respectively (p = 0.08). Local reactions occurred in 88.0% of vaccine and 61.0% of placebo recipients (p<0.001) and were more frequent after ALVAC-HIV than AIDSVAX B/E vaccination. Systemic reactions were more frequent in vaccine than placebo recipients (77.2% vs. 59.8%, p<0.001). Local and systemic reactions were mostly mild to moderate, resolving within 3 days. Conclusions/Significance The ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E vaccine regimen was found to be safe, well tolerated and suitable for potential large-scale use in Thailand. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT00223080
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Costiniuk CT, Angel JB. ALVAC-HIV as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine: highlights from over a decade of clinical trials. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ALVAC-HIV vaccines (vCP125, vCP205, vCP300, vCP1433, vCP1452 and vCP1521) are preparations of a modified recombinant canarypox virus designed to induce or augment CD8+ immune responses. As the focus of several Phase I–III trials, they have been the most extensively studied live vector-based HIV vaccines. Overall, ALVAC-HIV induces modest CD8+ T-cell responses in approximately 20–50% of recipients. The addition of IL-2, recombinant glycoprotein 120 or 160, Remune or LIPO-6T to ALVAC-HIV does not appear to enhance overall CD8+ T-cell immune responses. The ability of ALVAC-HIV to induce interclade immunity and immunogenicity in newborns with perinatal exposure to HIV has important implications for the control of HIV worldwide. Experience from clinical trials in over 10,000 HIV-infected and noninfected individuals has shown that ALVAC constructs are safe, with reactogenicity profiles similar to those reported for currently licensed vaccines. Despite seemingly modest immunogenicity at the present time, studies to date have set the stage for further exploration of the potential of ALVAC-HIV vaccines. This report highlights findings from clinical trials using ALVAC-HIV, alone and in combination with other agents, as both a prophylactic and a therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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11
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Paris RM, Kim JH, Robb ML, Michael NL. Prime-boost immunization with poxvirus or adenovirus vectors as a strategy to develop a protective vaccine for HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:1055-69. [PMID: 20822348 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Challenges in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine are myriad with significant hurdles posed by viral diversity, the lack of a human correlate of protection and difficulty in creating immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies. The implicit requirement for novel approaches to these problems has resulted in vaccine candidates designed to elicit cellular and/or humoral immune responses, to include recombinant DNA, viral and bacterial vectors, and subunit proteins. Here, we review data from clinical studies primarily of poxvirus and adenovirus vector vaccines, used in a heterologous prime-boost combination strategy. Currently, this strategy appears to hold the most promise for an effective vaccine based on results from immunogenicity testing and nonhuman primate challenge models, as well as the modest efficacy recently observed in the Thai prime-boost trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Paris
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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12
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Rosario M, Bridgeman A, Quakkelaar ED, Quigley MF, Hill BJ, Knudsen ML, Ammendola V, Ljungberg K, Borthwick N, Im EJ, McMichael AJ, Drijfhout JW, Greenaway HY, Venturi V, Douek DC, Colloca S, Liljeström P, Nicosia A, Price DA, Melief CJM, Hanke T. Long peptides induce polyfunctional T cells against conserved regions of HIV-1 with superior breadth to single-gene vaccines in macaques. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1973-84. [PMID: 20468055 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel T-cell vaccine strategy designed to deal with the enormity of HIV-1 variation is described and tested for the first time in macaques to inform and complement approaching clinical trials. T-cell immunogen HIVconsv, which directs vaccine-induced responses to the most conserved regions of the HIV-1, proteome and thus both targets diverse clades in the population and reduces the chance of escape in infected individuals, was delivered using six different vaccine modalities: plasmid DNA (D), attenuated human (A) and chimpanzee (C) adenoviruses, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (M), synthetic long peptides, and Semliki Forest virus replicons. We confirmed that the initial DDDAM regimen, which mimics one of the clinical schedules (DDDCM), is highly immunogenic in macaques. Furthermore, adjuvanted synthetic long peptides divided into sub-pools and delivered into anatomically separate sites induced T-cell responses that were markedly broader than those elicited by traditional single-open-reading-frame genetic vaccines and increased by 30% the overall response magnitude compared with DDDAM. Thus, by improving both the HIV-1-derived immunogen and vector regimen/delivery, this approach could induce stronger, broader, and theoretically more protective T-cell responses than vaccines previously used in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Rosario
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, UK
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13
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Hu N, Yu R, Shikuma C, Shiramizu B, Ostrwoski MA, Yu Q. Role of cell signaling in poxvirus-mediated foreign gene expression in mammalian cells. Vaccine 2009; 27:2994-3006. [PMID: 19428911 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses have been extensively used as a promising vehicle to efficiently deliver a variety of antigens in mammalian hosts to induce immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer. Using recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) and canarypox virus (ALVAC) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or multiple HIV-1 gene products, we studied the role of four cellular signaling pathways, the phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), in poxvirus-mediated foreign gene expression in mammalian cells. In nonpermissive infection (human monocytes), activation of PI3K, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK was observed in both VV and ALVAC and blocking PI3K, p38 MAKP, and JNK pathways with their specific inhibitors significantly reduced viral and vaccine antigen gene expression. Whereas, blocking the ERK pathway had no significant effect. Among these cellular signaling pathways studied, PI3K was the most critical pathway involved in gene expression by VV- or ALVAC-infected monocytes. The important role of PI3K in poxvirus-mediated gene expression was further confirmed in mouse epidermal cells stably transfected with dominant-negative PI3K mutant, as poxvirus-mediated targeted gene expression was significantly decreased in these cells when compared with their parental cells. Signaling pathway activation influenced gene expression at the mRNA level rather than virus binding. In permissive mammalian cells, however, VV DNA copies were also significantly decreased in the absence of normal function of the PI3K pathway. Poxvirus-triggered activation of PI3K pathway could be completely abolished by atazanavir, a new generation of antiretroviral protease inhibitors (PIs). As a consequence, ALVAC-mediated EGFP or HIV-1 gag gene expression in infected primary human monocytes was significantly reduced in the presence of atazanavir. These findings implicate that antiretroviral therapy (ART), also known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), may negatively impact the efficacy of live poxvirus vector-based vaccines and should be carefully considered when administering such live vaccines to individuals on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Hu
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Leahi Hospital, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
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14
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Abstract
Poxviruses including canarypox (ALVAC) and vaccinia viruses have, in recent years, received considerable attention as live vectors for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. However, the cellular targets for viral infection within the human immune system and the consequences of infection for cells involved in the generation of immune responses have not been clearly delineated. Using recombinant enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-expressing ALVAC and vaccinia viruses, we have focused here on a side-by-side comparison of ALVAC and vaccinia virus tropism for cells from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses showed a strong bias toward monocyte infection. ALVAC minimally infected CD19(+) B cells and was unable to infect ex vivo NK cells and T lymphocytes, whereas vaccinia virus could infect B lymphocytes and NK cell populations. Vaccinia virus was also able to infect T lymphocytes at low but detectable levels which could be enhanced upon their activation. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses could infect immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), but only ALVAC infection induced their subsequent maturation. Infection in human bone marrow cells showed that ALVAC infection was restricted to a myelomonocytoid cell-specific CD33(+) cell population, while vaccinia virus showed a strong, but not exclusive, preference for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigui Yu
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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15
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Pialoux G, Hocini H, Pérusat S, Silberman B, Salmon-Ceron D, Slama L, Journot V, Mathieu E, Gaillard C, Petitprez K, Launay O, Chêne G. Phase I study of a candidate vaccine based on recombinant HIV-1 gp160 (MN/LAI) administered by the mucosal route to HIV-seronegative volunteers: the ANRS VAC14 study. Vaccine 2007; 26:2657-66. [PMID: 18068876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One goal of HIV vaccination is to achieve high mucosal levels of specific secretory IgA (SIgA). In order to elicit specific SIgA antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), a vaccine must be administered by the mucosal route, to the nasal or vaginal mucosa for example. We report here the results of the first phase I, randomized, open-label trial designed to assess the mucosal tolerability and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine (recombinant protein HIV-1 gp160MN/LAI with or without DC-Chol adjuvant) administered by the nasal or vaginal route. Thirty-four female volunteers with a mean age of 46 years were vaccinated. There were 465 adverse events, of which 65 were considered related to the vaccine. No severe adverse events were related to the vaccine, and no difference in terms of tolerability was observed between the sites of vaccination or between the vaccine formulations. None of the volunteers reported that study participation affected their intimate or broader social relationships. No anti-gp160 activity was found between week 4 and week 48 in serum, saliva, or cervicovaginal and nasal secretions. These results show that a mucosal HIV vaccine can be well tolerated when administered by the nasal or vaginal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Pialoux
- APHP, Hôpital Tenon, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris Cedex 20, France.
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16
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Abstract
Poxviruses identified in skin lesions of domestic, pet or wild birds are assigned largely by default to the Avipoxvirus genus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of the family Poxviridae. Avipoxviruses have been identified as the causative agent of disease in at least 232 species in 23 orders of birds. Vaccines based upon attenuated avipoxvirus strains provide good disease control in production poultry, although with the large and intensive production systems there are suggestions and real risks of emergence of strains against which current vaccines might be ineffective. Sequence analysis of the whole genome has revealed overall genome structure and function resemblance to the Chordopoxvirinae; however, avipoxvirus genomes exhibit large-scale genomic rearrangements with more extensive gene families and novel host range gene in comparison with the other Chordopoxvirinae. Phylogenetic analysis places the avipoxviruses externally to the Chorodopoxvirinae to such an extent that in the future it might be appropriate to consider the Avipoxviruses as a separate subfamily within the Poxviridae. A unique relationship exists between Fowlpox virus (FWPV) and reticuloendothelosis viruses. All FWPV strains carry a remnant long terminal repeat, while field strains carry a near full-length provirus integrated at the same location in the FWPV genome. With the development of techniques to construct poxviruses expressing foreign vaccine antigens, the avipoxviruses have gone from neglected obscurity to important vaccine vectors in the past 20 years. The seminal observation of their utility for delivery of vaccine antigens to non-avian species has driven much of the interest in this group of viruses. In the veterinary area, several recombinant avipoxviruses are commercially licensed vaccines. The most successful have been those expressing glycoprotein antigens of enveloped viruses, e.g. avian influenza, Newcastle diseases and West Nile viruses. Several recombinants have undergone extensive human clinical trials as experimental vaccines against HIV/AIDS and malaria or as treatment regimens in cancer patients. The safety profile of avipoxvirus recombinants for use as veterinary and human vaccines or therapeutics is now well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, 56, 700 Cumberland Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Olaf Weber
- BAYER HEALTHCARE AG, Product-related Research, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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17
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Radaelli A, Bonduelle O, Beggio P, Mahe B, Pozzi E, Elli V, Paganini M, Zanotto C, De Giuli Morghen C, Combadière B. Prime-boost immunization with DNA, recombinant fowlpox virus and VLP(SHIV) elicit both neutralizing antibodies and IFNgamma-producing T cells against the HIV-envelope protein in mice that control env-bearing tumour cells. Vaccine 2006; 25:2128-38. [PMID: 17241705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Different primings with DNA and fowlpox virus (FP) recombinants or FP alone were used in a pre-clinical trial to evaluate and compare immunogenicity and efficacy against HIV/SHIV. Three immunization regimens were tested in three groups of mice in which the SIV gag/pol and HIV-1 env transgenes were separately expressed by DNA and FP vectors, followed by VLP(SHIV) boosting. All of the protocols were effective in eliciting homologous neutralizing antibodies, although the mice immunized with DNA followed by FP recombinants or DNA+FP recombinants showed both high titres of neutralizing antibodies and high frequencies of env-specific IFNgamma-producing T lymphocytes. Vaccine efficacy, as demonstrated by growth control of env-expressing tumours, was obtained in both of these two groups of mice. These results establish a preliminary profile for the combined use of these recombinant vectors in protocols to be tested in the SHIV-macaque model of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Yu Q, Jones B, Hu N, Chang H, Ahmad S, Liu J, Parrington M, Ostrowski M. Comparative analysis of tropism between canarypox (ALVAC) and vaccinia viruses reveals a more restricted and preferential tropism of ALVAC for human cells of the monocytic lineage. Vaccine 2006; 24:6376-91. [PMID: 16859816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The poxviruses including canarypox (ALVAC) and vaccinia viruses are promising vaccine vectors in humans, but little is known about their biology in human cells. Using recombinant enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-expressing ALVAC and vaccinia viruses, we have focused here on a side-by-side comparison of ALVAC and vaccinia virus tropism for cells from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses showed a strong bias towards monocyte infection. ALVAC minimally infected CD19+ B cells and was unable to infect ex vivo NK cells and T lymphocytes, whereas vaccinia virus could infect B lymphocytes and NK cell populations. Vaccinia virus was also able to infect T lymphocytes at low, but detectable levels that could be enhanced upon their activation. The observed preferential infection of ALVAC or vaccinia virus to monocytes was the result of preferential binding to this population, rather than lineage-specific differences in the expression of viral genes. Moreover, the level of CD14 expression on monocytes correlated with their preference to be infected with ALVAC or vaccinia virus. Both ALVAC and vaccinia viruses could infect immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), but only ALVAC infection induced their subsequent maturation. Vaccinia virus, however, showed greater tropism for mature MDDCs compared to ALVAC. Infection in human bone marrow cultures showed that ALVAC infection was restricted to a myelomonocytoid cell-specific CD33(+) cell population, while vaccinia virus showed a strong, but not exclusive, preference for these cells. These findings have implications in terms of choosing optimal pox virus derived vectors as vaccines in terms of reducing clinical reactogenicity and inducing dendritic cell (DC) maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigui Yu
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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19
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Zanotto C, Paganini M, Elli V, Basavecchia V, Neri M, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A. Molecular and biological characterization of simian-human immunodeficiency virus-like particles produced by recombinant fowlpox viruses. Vaccine 2005; 23:4745-53. [PMID: 15950328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) mimicking the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P (VLPSHIV) were produced by co-infection of Vero cells with fowlpox SIVgag/pol (FPgag/polSIV) and fowlpox HIV-1env89.6P (FPenv89.6P) recombinant viruses. As a necessary prerequisite for a more efficient vaccine approach, ultrastructural, functional and molecular characterizations of VLP(SHIV) were performed in the SHIV-macaque model to verify the similarity of these particles to SHIV89.6P. Here we show that VLPSHIV can infect T cells by fusion without replication, as demonstrated by the absence of new viral progeny in VLPSHIV-infected C8166 cells. Biochemical characterization showed identical protein profiles of VLPSHIV and SHIV89.6P, and ultrastructural analysis of Vero cells releasing VLPSHIV also confirmed the morphological similarity of these pseudovirions to SHIV89.6P particles. Viral mRNAs were also found packaged inside the core of VLPSHIV by RT-PCR and reverse transcriptase assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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20
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Egan MA, Chong SY, Megati S, Montefiori DC, Rose NF, Boyer JD, Sidhu MK, Quiroz J, Rosati M, Schadeck EB, Pavlakis GN, Weiner DB, Rose JK, Israel ZR, Udem SA, Eldridge JH. Priming with plasmid DNAs expressing interleukin-12 and simian immunodeficiency virus gag enhances the immunogenicity and efficacy of an experimental AIDS vaccine based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:629-43. [PMID: 16060834 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the various approaches being developed as prophylactic HIV vaccines, those based on a heterologous plasmid DNA prime, live vector boost vaccination regimen appear especially promising in the nonhuman primate/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge model. In this study, we sought to determine whether a series of intramuscular priming immunizations with a plasmid DNA vaccine expressing SIVgag p39, in combination with plasmid expressed rhesus IL-12, could effectively enhance the immunogenicity and postchallenge efficacy of two intranasal doses of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vectors expressing HIV-1 env 89.6P gp160 and SIVmac239 gag p55 in rhesus macaques. In macaques receiving the combination plasmid DNA prime, rVSV boost vaccination regimen we observed significantly increased SIVgag- specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and significantly lower viral loads postintravenous SHIV89.6P challenge relative to macaques receiving only the rVSV vectored immunizations. In addition, the plasmid DNA prime, rVSV boost vaccination regimen also tended to increase the preservation of peripheral blood CD4+ cells and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SHIV89.6P infection. An analysis of immune correlates of protection after SHIV89.6P challenge revealed that the prechallenge SHIV-specific IFN-gamma ELISpot response elicited by vaccination and the ability of the host to mount a virus-specific neutralizing antibody response postchallenge correlated with postchallenge clinical outcome. The correlation between vaccine-elicited cell-mediated immune responses and an improved clinical outcome after SHIV challenge provides strong justification for the continued development of a cytokine-enhanced plasmid DNA prime, rVSV vector boost immunization regimen for the prevention of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Egan
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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21
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Edupuganti S, Weber D, Poole C. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to canarypox vector-based HIV vaccines in HIV-seronegative individuals: a meta-analysis of published studies. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2005; 5:259-68. [PMID: 15562366 DOI: 10.1310/w9j3-0ptb-fx1v-y3fx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A successful prophylactic HIV vaccine will probably require neutralizing antibodies and vigorous CTL (CD8+ T-cytotoxic lymphocyte) responses. Canarypox vector-based HIV vaccines (ALVAC-HIV) have been gaining momentum as promising HIV vaccine candidates because of their ability to elicit CTL responses. This quantitative meta-analysis was undertaken to determine a summary estimate of CTL responses to ALVAC-HIV vaccines in HIV-1 seronegative volunteers and to identify reasons for differences among studies in the estimated effects on CTL responses. METHOD After a literature search and data abstraction, eight randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were selected for meta-analysis. Stratified and random effects meta-regression analyses were performed to search for response differences among studies. RESULTS Of the various study characteristics, the number of immunizations and the vaccine dose were associated with the likelihood of developing CTL responses. It was not possible to distinguish the effect of either the number of immunizations or the vaccine dose on CTL responses because these two study characteristics were highly associated with each other. CONCLUSION More trials are warranted to determine the ideal dose/immunization schedule that would elicit maximal CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Edupuganti
- School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7040, USA.
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22
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Mucosal Immunity and Vaccines Against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Stuart ES, Morshed F, Sremac M, DasSarma S. Cassette-based presentation of SIV epitopes with recombinant gas vesicles from halophilic archaea. J Biotechnol 2004; 114:225-37. [PMID: 15522433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In earlier studies we demonstrated recombinant gas vesicles from Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, expressing a model six amino acid insert, or native vesicles displaying chemically coupled TNP, each were immunogenic, and antigenic. Long-lived responses displaying immunologic memory were elicited without exogenous adjuvant. Here we report the generation and expression of cassettes containing SIV derived DNA. The results indicate a cassette-based display/delivery system derived from recombinant halobacterial gas vesicle genes is highly feasible. Data specifically support four conclusions: (i) Recombinants carrying up to 705 bp of SIV DNA inserted into the gvpC gene form functional gas vesicles; (ii) SIV peptides contained as part of the expressed recombinant, surface exposed GvpC protein are recognized by antibody elicited in monkeys exposed to native SIV in vivo; (iii) in the absence of adjuvant, mice immunized with the recombinant gas vesicle (r-GV) preparations mount a solid, titratable antibody response to the test SIV insert that is long lived and exhibits immunologic memory; (iv) recombinant organelles, created through the generation of cassettes encoding epitopes inserted into the gvpC DNA, can be used to construct a multiepitope display (MED) library, a potentially cost effective vehicle to express and deliver peptides of SIV, HIV or other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Stuart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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24
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McKee HJ, T'sao PY, Vera M, Fortes P, Strayer DS. Durable cytotoxic immune responses against gp120 elicited by recombinant SV40 vectors encoding HIV-1 gp120 +/- IL-15. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2004; 2:10. [PMID: 15324456 PMCID: PMC517511 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2003] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background A vaccine that elicits durable, powerful anti-HIV immunity remains an elusive goal. In these studies we tested whether multiple treatments with viral vector-delivered HIV envelope antigen (gp120), with and without IL-15, could help to approach that goal. For this purpose, we used recombinant Tag-deleted SV40-derived vectors (rSV40s), since they do not elicit neutralizing antibody responses, and so can be given multiply without loss of transduction efficiency. Methods SV(gp120) carried the coding sequences for HIV-1NL4-3 Env, and SV(mIL-15) carried the cDNA for mouse IL-15. Singly, and in combination, these two vectors were given monthly to BALB/cJ mice. Cytotoxic immunity and cytotoxic memory were tested in direct cytotoxicity assays using unselected effector cells. Antibody vs. gp120 was measured in a binding assay. In both cases, targets were P815 cells that were stably transfected with gp120. Results Multiple injections of SV(gp120) elicited powerful anti-gp120 cytolytic activity (>70% specific lysis) by unselected spleen cells. Cells from multiply-immunized mice that were rested 1 year after their last injections still showed >60% gp120-specific lysis. Anti-gp120 antibody was first detected after 2 monthly injections of SV(gp120) and remained elevated thereafter. Adding SV(mIL-15) to the immunization regimen dramatically accelerated the development of memory cytolytic responses, with ≥ 50% specific lysis seen 1 month after two treatments. IL-15 did not alter the development of antibody responses. Conclusions Thus, rSV40s encoding antigens and immunostimulatory cytokines may be useful tools for priming and/or boosting immune responses against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J McKee
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Y T'sao
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Vera
- School of Medicine. Foundation for Applied Medical Research. Division of Gene Therapy. Laboratory of Vector Development. University of Navarra. Irunlarrea 1. 31008. Pamplona. Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- School of Medicine. Foundation for Applied Medical Research. Division of Gene Therapy. Laboratory of Vector Development. University of Navarra. Irunlarrea 1. 31008. Pamplona. Spain
| | - David S Strayer
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Kantakamalakul W, De Souza M, Karnasuta C, Brown A, Gurunathan S, Birx D, Thongcharoen P, Taveg T. Enhanced sensitivity of detection of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV type 1 proteins using an extended in vitro stimulation period for measuring effector function in volunteers enrolled in an ALVAC-HIV phase I/II prime boost vaccine trial in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:642-4. [PMID: 15242541 DOI: 10.1089/0889222041217473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase I/II prime-boost vaccine trial in HIV-1-seronegative adults was conducted in Thailand using ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) as a prime, boosting with either oligomeric gp160 TH023/LAI or Chiron HIV Thai subtype E (CM235) plus U. S. subtype B (SF2) gp120. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays were conducted at one of the vaccine trial sites (Siriraj Hospital) at a single time point following the completion of immunization demonstrated that 8 of 50 (16%) vaccine recipients showed HIV-specific CTL by standard chromium release assay (CRA) after in vitro stimulation (IVS) for 2 weeks. Five additional vaccinees (13/50 = 26%) showed CTL responses after IVS for up to 4 weeks. Moreover, one volunteer with a positive CTL response to a single HIV antigen at Day 14 demonstrated a response to an additional HIV-1 antigen(s) after the longer IVS period. CTL activity was CD8+ restricted. Despite extension of the IVS up to 4 weeks, no CTL responses were detected in placebo recipients. These results imply that extension of the IVS period may increase the sensitivity of the CRA when measuring HIV-specific CTL in ALVAC-HIV prime-boost recipients without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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26
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Musey L, Ding Y, Elizaga M, Ha R, Celum C, McElrath MJ. HIV-1 vaccination administered intramuscularly can induce both systemic and mucosal T cell immunity in HIV-1-uninfected individuals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1094-101. [PMID: 12847284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine regimen that can rapidly control HIV-1 replication at the site of exposure following sexual contact is likely to be the most effective in preventing HIV-1 infection. As part of a larger, phase II clinical trial, we evaluated the ability of a recombinant canarypox HIV-1 vaccine to induce CTL that can be detected in both the systemic and mucosal compartments following i.m. immunization in 12 low- and high-risk HIV-1 seronegative volunteers. In the 7 volunteers receiving four immunizations with live recombinant canarypox ALVAC-HIV vaccine with or without rgp120/SF-2, HIV-1-specific CTL were detected in the blood of 5 (71%) and in the rectum of 4 (57%). CTL responses were observed in both risk strata. In contrast, 5 volunteers receiving placebo had undetectable responses in both compartments. Vaccine-induced, HIV-1-specific effector activities included IFN-gamma secretion and class I MHC-restricted CD8(+) CTL. Rectal and systemic CD8(+) CTL clones established in 1 vaccine recipient revealed similar Env-specific responses and MHC restriction. These findings indicate that parenteral vaccination can induce HIV-1-specific CTL that localize to sites of HIV-1 acquisition, where their presence may be critical in the control of initial viral replication and eventual dissemination. Determination of the optimal strategy to induce mucosal T cells requires future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwy Musey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Abstract
This article gives an overview about the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Tremendous numbers of papers have been published on this topic during the last 10 years, and this article can only touch on the different directions taken toward the development of an HIV-1 vaccine, and not give a complete overview of the entire field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McGettigan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dorrance H. Hamilton Laboratories, Center for Human Virology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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28
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Edgeworth RL, San JH, Rosenzweig JA, Nguyen NL, Boyer JD, Ugen KE. Vaccine development against HIV-1: current perspectives and future directions. Immunol Res 2002; 25:53-74. [PMID: 11868934 DOI: 10.1385/ir:25:1:53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of an efficacious vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of great urgency, because it is accepted that vaccination is the only means capable of controlling the AIDS pandemic. The foundation of HIV vaccine development is the analysis of immune responses during natural infection and the utilization of this knowledge for the development of protective immunization strategies. Initial vaccine development and experimentation are usually in animal models, including murine, feline, and nonhuman primates. Experimental vaccine candidates are closely studied for both efficacy and safety before proceeding to human clinical trials. There are a number of different therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine strategies currently being studied in human clinical trials. Vaccine strategies that are being tested, or have previously been tested, in humans include subunit, DNA plasmid, and viral vector, and combinations of these various strategies. Some of the results of these trials are promising, and additional research has focused on the development of appropriate chemical and genetic adjuvants as well as methods of vaccine delivery to improve the host immune response. This review summarizes the vaccine strategies that have been tested in both animal models and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Edgeworth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Vandepapelière P. Therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:353-67. [PMID: 12144898 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections such as those caused by hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, herpes simplex virus, and HIV, in theory, present logical targets of active specific immunotherapy. Indeed, immunological mechanisms are involved in several aspects of their pathogenesis and natural course, such as virus persistence, destruction of infected cells and control of viral replication. Therapeutic vaccination could therefore be an adequate replacement for, or adjunct to, existing therapies. Almost all approaches to therapeutic vaccination have been evaluated in those four disease areas. Despite encouraging results in animals none of these attempts has, so far, been completely successful in the human setting. However, with a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the control of disease successful therapeutic vaccines, used alone or in combination with other therapies, are an achievable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vandepapelière
- Clinical R&D HIV vaccines and anti-infective therapeutic vaccines, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B-1330, Rixensart, Belgium.
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30
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Abstract
Development of a preventive vaccine for HIV is the best hope of controlling the AIDS pandemic. Evidence from natural history studies and experiments in animal models indicates that immunity against HIV is possible, suggesting that vaccine development is feasible. These studies have shown that sufficient levels of neutralizing antibody against HIV can prevent infection, although the effect is type-specific. In contrast, HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity has broad cross-reactivity, and although CTL activity alone cannot prevent HIV infection, it can control the level of viremia at a low level. Evaluation of candidate vaccines in human trials has focused on approaches that can safely elicit HIV-specific antibody and T cell responses. Current strategies have been unable to induce antibody with broad neutralizing activity against primary HIV isolates. However, recombinant poxvirus and DNA vaccines have elicited CTL responses that are broadly cross-reactive against primary HIV isolates from diverse clades. Future advances will require the discovery of new immunogens that can induce neutralizing antibody, as well as efficacy trial evaluation of regimens optimized for CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Building 40, Room 2502, MSC-3017, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3017, USA.
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31
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Mugerwa RD, Kaleebu P, Mugyenyi P, Katongole-Mbidde E, Hom DL, Byaruhanga R, Salata RA, Ellner JJ. First trial of the HIV-1 vaccine in Africa: Ugandan experience. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2002; 324:226-9. [PMID: 11809648 PMCID: PMC1122137 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7331.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Mugerwa
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda.
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32
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Pal R, Venzon D, Letvin NL, Santra S, Montefiori DC, Miller NR, Tryniszewska E, Lewis MG, VanCott TC, Hirsch V, Woodward R, Gibson A, Grace M, Dobratz E, Markham PD, Hel Z, Nacsa J, Klein M, Tartaglia J, Franchini G. ALVAC-SIV-gag-pol-env-based vaccination and macaque major histocompatibility complex class I (A*01) delay simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac-induced immunodeficiency. J Virol 2002; 76:292-302. [PMID: 11739694 PMCID: PMC135699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.292-302.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-mediated immune effector mechanisms play an important role in the containment of human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) replication after infection. Both vaccination- and infection-induced T-cell responses are dependent on the host major histocompatibility complex classes I and II (MHC-I and MHC-II) antigens. Here we report that both inherent, host-dependent immune responses to SIVmac251 infection and vaccination-induced immune responses to viral antigens were able to reduce virus replication and/or CD4+ T-cell loss. Both the presence of the MHC-I Mamu-A*01 genotype and vaccination of rhesus macaques with ALVAC-SIV-gag-pol-env (ALVAC-SIV-gpe) contributed to the restriction of SIVmac251 replication during primary infection, preservation of CD4+ T cells, and delayed disease progression following intrarectal challenge exposure of the animals to SIV(mac251 (561)). ALVAC-SIV-gpe immunization induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses cumulatively in 67% of the immunized animals. Following viral challenge, a significant secondary virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response was observed in the vaccinated macaques. In the same immunized macaques, a decrease in virus load during primary infection (P = 0.0078) and protection from CD4 loss during both acute and chronic phases of infection (P = 0.0099 and P = 0.03, respectively) were observed. A trend for enhanced survival of the vaccinated macaques was also observed. Neither boosting the ALVAC-SIV-gpe with gp120 immunizations nor administering the vaccine by the combination of mucosal and systemic immunization routes increased significantly the protective effect of the ALVAC-SIV-gpe vaccine. While assessing the role of MHC-I Mamu-A*01 alone in the restriction of viremia following challenge of nonvaccinated animals with other SIV isolates, we observed that the virus load was not significantly lower in Mamu-A*01-positive macaques following intravenous challenge with either SIV(mac251 (561)) or SIV(SME660). However, a significant delay in CD4+ T-cell loss was observed in Mamu-A*01-positive macaques in each group. Of interest, in the case of intravenous or intrarectal challenge with the chimeric SIV/HIV strains SHIV(89.6P) or SHIV(KU2), respectively, MHC-I Mamu-A*01-positive macaques did not significantly restrict primary viremia. The finding of the protective effect of the Mamu-A*01 molecule parallels the protective effect of the B*5701 HLA allele in HIV-1-infected humans and needs to be accounted for in the evaluation of vaccine efficacy against SIV challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, Maryland 20895, USA
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33
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Bojak A, Deml L, Wagner R. The past, present and future of HIV-vaccine development: a critical view. Drug Discov Today 2002; 7:36-46. [PMID: 11790602 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive efforts that have been made to combat AIDS, the global number of HIV-1 infections is still increasing. There is major consent among scientists worldwide, that the development of successful HIV vaccine strategies requires a profound understanding of the epidemiological principles of a viral pandemic, as well as deep insights into the molecular and immunological mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of past and present developments, as well as future aspects of HIV vaccines, and also provides a summary of current clinical trials in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bojak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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34
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Abstract
The drug treatments introduced in recent years for HIV infection have enabled a marked reduction in morbidity and prolongation of life. These treatments, however, are often associated with acute and chronic toxicities, the development of resistant virus can limit their effectiveness, and they are too expensive and difficult to administer in most third world settings. A successful HIV immunotherapeutic vaccine has the potential to overcome these problems, and would be a valuable advance. The most promising approaches have induced the type of immune response found to correlate with reduced activity of HIV in man, especially cytotoxic T-cell responses, or have led to reduced HIV or SIV viral load and increased CD4 counts in non-human primates or man. The agents that have led to one or both of these effects have been selected for review, and include inactivated envelope depleted virus, recombinant envelope glycoprotein, DNA vaccines utilising HIV peptides or gene products, viral vectors, such as canarypox or attenuated vaccinia, with HIV core proteins. There are other approaches, such as alloimmunity, for which no candidate products yet exist, but which conceptually appear promising. Currently, however, only a few phase III studies of HIV therapeutic vaccines have been completed in man, and there has been a modest therapeutic effect. Further development of both existing and new candidates remains one of the key priorities in our fight against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Peters
- Department of GU Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, Harrison Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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35
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Abstract
Vaccine vectors based on recombinant viruses have great promise to play an important role in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Within the last 10 years a wide range of viruses have been investigated for their ability to express protein(s) from foreign pathogens and to induce specific immunological responses against these antigen(s) in vivo. Each viral vector has its own unique biological characteristics and thus far none of them has proven to be an ideal candidate as a vaccine vehicle for HIV-1. This review focuses on both replication competent and non-replication competent viral vectors as a potential HIV-1 vaccine. Other approaches for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine are reviewed elsewhere and are beyond the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schnell
- The Dorrance H. Hamilton Laboratories, Center for Human Virology, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA.
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36
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Engelmayer J, Larsson M, Lee A, Lee M, Cox WI, Steinman RM, Bhardwaj N. Mature dendritic cells infected with canarypox virus elicit strong anti-human immunodeficiency virus CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses from chronically infected individuals. J Virol 2001; 75:2142-53. [PMID: 11160718 PMCID: PMC114798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.5.2142-2153.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant canarypox virus vectors containing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences are promising vaccine candidates, as they replicate poorly in human cells. However, when delivered intramuscularly the vaccines have induced inconsistent and in some cases transient antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses in seronegative volunteers. An attractive way to enhance these responses would be to target canarypox virus to professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). We studied (i) the interaction between canarypox virus and DCs and (ii) the T-cell responses induced by DCs infected with canarypox virus vectors containing HIV-1 genes. Mature and not immature DCs resisted the cytopathic effects of canarypox virus and elicited strong effector CD8+ T-cell responses from chronically infected HIV+ individuals, e.g., cytolysis, and secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and beta-chemokines. Furthermore, canarypox virus-infected DCs were >30-fold more efficient than monocytes and induced responses that were comparable to those induced by vaccinia virus vectors or peptides. Addition of exogenous cytokines was not necessary to elicit CD8+ effector cells, although the presence of CD4+ T cells was required for their expansion and maintenance. Most strikingly, canarypox virus-infected DCs were directly able to stimulate HIV-specific, IFN-gamma-secreting CD4 helper responses from bulk as well as purified CD4+ T cells. Therefore, these results suggest that targeting canarypox virus vectors to mature DCs could potentially elicit both anti-HIV CD8+ and CD4+ helper responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Engelmayer
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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37
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Rosenwirth B, Kuhn EM, Heeney JL, Hurpin C, Tartaglia J, Bonnet MC, Moingeon P, Erdile L. Safety and immunogenicity of ALVAC wild-type human p53 (vCP207) by the intravenous route in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2001; 19:1661-70. [PMID: 11166889 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
p53 is over-expressed in approximately 50% of human cancers, and transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against wild-type p53 protects mice against p53-over-expressing tumors, suggesting that p53 might be an attractive target for immunotherapy. Immunization of mice with a recombinant canarypox virus, ALVAC, expressing human wild-type p53 (vCP207) prevented growth of p53-over-expressing tumors. Since intravenous administration induced better immune responses in mice than other routes, we have proposed to use this route in cancer patients. However, because this vector has never been administered intravenously to humans, and because of the possibility of inducing auto-immunity to a self-antigen, we felt it was necessary to first evaluate safety in rhesus macaques. We found that three intravenous administrations of vCP207 at proportional doses up to 10x those proposed for humans produced no abnormalities in hematologic or clinical chemistry parameters. Serologic markers of autoimmunity and inflammation were unaffected, despite the >95% amino acid identity between human and rhesus p53. Pathological examination of numerous tissues yielded findings comparable to those in animals given placebo. Some animals showed anti-p53 antibody responses following vaccination, indicating that tolerance could be broken to some extent. However, with the exception of one animal with a possible delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to p53 protein, we did not see evidence for a cell-mediated response. The safety profile in monkeys with ALVAC-p53 provides encouragement for using such live, modified vectors via the intravenous route for human immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rosenwirth
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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38
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Ignatius R, Marovich M, Mehlhop E, Villamide L, Mahnke K, Cox WI, Isdell F, Frankel SS, Mascola JR, Steinman RM, Pope M. Canarypox virus-induced maturation of dendritic cells is mediated by apoptotic cell death and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion. J Virol 2000; 74:11329-38. [PMID: 11070033 PMCID: PMC113238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.23.11329-11338.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant avipox viruses are being widely evaluated as vaccines. To address how these viruses, which replicate poorly in mammalian cells, might be immunogenic, we studied how canarypox virus (ALVAC) interacts with primate antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). When human and rhesus macaque monocyte-derived DCs were exposed to recombinant ALVAC, immature DCs were most susceptible to infection. However, many of the infected cells underwent apoptotic cell death, and dying infected cells were engulfed by uninfected DCs. Furthermore, a subset of DCs matured in the ALVAC-exposed DC cultures. DC maturation coincided with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion and was significantly blocked in the presence of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. Interestingly, inhibition of apoptosis with a caspase 3 inhibitor also reduced some of the maturation induced by exposure to ALVAC. This indicates that both TNF-alpha and the presence of primarily apoptotic cells contributed to DC maturation. Therefore, infection of immature primate DCs with ALVAC results in apoptotic death of infected cells, which can be internalized by noninfected DCs driving DC maturation in the presence of the TNF-alpha secreted concomitantly by exposed cells. This suggests an important mechanism that may influence the immunogenicity of avipox virus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ignatius
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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39
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Moss RB, Diveley J, Jensen FC, Gouveia E, Savary J, Carlo DJ. HIV-Specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune responses are generated with a gp120-depleted, whole-killed HIV-1 immunogen with CpG immunostimulatory sequences of DNA. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:1131-7. [PMID: 11152580 DOI: 10.1089/107999000750053807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the adjuvant effects of a synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunostimulatory sequence (ISS) using a whole-killed, gp120-depleted HIV antigen (HIV-1 antigen) in a Lewis rat model. We hypothesized that HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T helper (Th) immune responses could be enhanced when an ISS was combined with an HIV-1 antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). We also reasoned that if such Th responses were sufficient, such a combination might also induce HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell immune responses. Here we demonstrate that the HIV-1 antigen in IFA combined with ISS stimulates both CD4(+) and CD8(+) HIV-specific immune responses as measured by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the ELISPOT assay. A strong correlation between these CD4(+) and CD8(+) responses was demonstrated. Furthermore, we found that the HIV-1 antigen in IFA with ISS as an adjuvant stimulated strong antibody responses to core antigen (p24). These studies suggest that the combination of the whole-killed, gp120-depleted HIV-1 antigen in IFA with ISS may be an ideal candidate to test in nonhuman primates and in human studies as a preventive HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Moss
- The Immune Response Corporation, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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40
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Abstract
New combinations of antiretrovirals have improved the quality of life and length of survival of patients with HIV infection and AIDS, but they have significant disadvantages. These include considerable toxicity, the development of drug resistance and expense. Successful immunotherapeutic vaccination against HIV would overcome these problems. None of the approaches that have been tried so far have shown a sufficient effect on HIV replication or on immunorestoration to merit their introduction to clinical practice. The most developed agent thus far is Remune, a gp120 depleted whole killed HIV-1 vaccine that has shown marked cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses when administered to man. CD4 count and HIV-1 viral load responses have occurred, but have so far been disappointing in their magnitude. Remune is entering Phase III trials in North America, Europe and the Far East, to determine clinical efficacy. Immunization using recombinant HIV envelope proteins, such as rgp160, for example with VaxSyn, have failed to produce a therapeutic response. Similarly, agents using HIV core antigens, such as p24VLP, have also failed to work. Hence, newer strategies have been tried. Recombinant canarypox vaccines like ALVAC 1452 and highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccines, such as NYVAC, have been used in combination with HIV genes and peptides. Preliminary results suggest that they might reduce the HIV replication rate, but this needs confirming in larger clinical trials. DNA vaccination has produced encouraging results in monkeys, but the success has not yet been repeated in humans. Other strategies at an early stage include the exploitation of the protective alloimmune response in man. Outside the immunotherapeutic area, other promising new strategies that are being developed in parallel, include the fusion inhibitors, such as T-20. The potential benefits from a successful immunotherapeutic vaccine dictate that this area should, and will receive priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Peters
- Department of GU Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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41
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Wyde PR, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus AD, Guzman E, Gilbert BE. Use of cotton rats for preclinical evaluation of measles vaccines. Vaccine 2000; 19:42-53. [PMID: 10924785 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued prevalence and medical impact of measles worldwide has created interest in the development of new generations of measles vaccines. Monkeys can be used for preclinical testing of these vaccines. However, a more practical and less expensive animal model is highly desirable, particularly for initial vaccine development and evaluation. Cotton rats have been shown to support the replication of different strains of measles virus (MV), and thus may be useful for these purposes. To test this concept, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two standard (Moraten and trivalent measles, mumps, rubella) and four experimental (two recombinant ALVAC, one ISCOM subunit and live attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb) MV vaccines were evaluated in naïve cotton rats, and cotton rats with passively acquired MV-specific neutralizing serum antibodies. All of the test vaccines were immunogenic and protected naíve animals from pulmonary infection and viral dissemination. However, under the conditions utilized, only the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine provided such protection to animals with significant levels of passively acquired MV-specific neutralizing antibodies. The results of these tests and the potential of using cotton rats as an animal model for preliminary testing of MV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wyde
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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42
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Murdin AD, Dunn P, Sodoyer R, Wang J, Caterini J, Brunham RC, Aujame L, Oomen R. Use of a mouse lung challenge model to identify antigens protective against Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection. J Infect Dis 2000; 181 Suppl 3:S544-51. [PMID: 10839756 DOI: 10.1086/315605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is emerging as a significant human pathogen. Infection causes a range of respiratory tract diseases and is associated with atherosclerosis. A vaccine could provide a considerable public health benefit; however, antigens able to elicit a protective immune response are largely unknown. A panel of open-reading frames (ORFs) from the C. pneumoniae genome sequence was screened for ability to elicit protective responses. Balb/c mice immunized with DNA containing the ORFs were tested for their ability to limit lung infection following an intranasal challenge. Immunization with DNA encoding the major outer membrane protein or an ADP/ATP translocase (Npt1(Cp)) of C. pneumoniae resulted in a reduced bacteria load in the lung after challenge. The identification of these antigens as protective is a significant step toward development of a C. pneumoniae vaccine and demonstrates the feasibility of using a DNA immunization strategy to screen the C. pneumoniae genome for other protective ORFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Murdin
- Aventis Pasteur Canada, Toronto, Ontario M2R 3T4, Canada. andrew.
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