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Simioli FR, Bouzas MB, Mijalovsky D, Pineda MV, Mammana L, Mangano A, Orduna TA. Making Visible HTLV Infection in a Non-endemic Area of Argentina. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:892159. [PMID: 35879924 PMCID: PMC9307993 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.892159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection has been documented mainly among blood banks with a prevalence of ~0.02–0.046% for Buenos Aires city, 0.8% for the northeast, and 1% for the northwest; both areas are considered endemic for HTLV-2 and 1, respectively. Policies and specific guidelines for testing blood donors for HTLV are included since 2005. Screening for antibodies is performed at blood banks and confirmatory testing is performed at reference laboratories. There are no specific recommendations for the assistance of communities and individuals affected, nor referral to specialized clinics on the HTLV infection. In 2016, as a strategy of intervention, we opened a specialized clinical attendance in a referral infectious diseases public hospital for the comprehensive approach to patients with HTLV, offering follow-up and counseling for patients and their families for the early diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 and related diseases. During the study, 124 patients with presumptive HTLV positive diagnosis from blood bank, symptomatic patients (SPs), relatives, and descendants visited the unit. A total of 46 patients were HTLV positive (38 HTLV-1 and 8 HTLV-2). There were nine SPs (2 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [ATL] and 7 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]). All patients with HTLV-1 and−2 were offered to study their relatives. Two out of 37 (5.4%) descendants tested were positive for HTLV-1. Sexual partners were studied; among 6 out of 11 couples (54.5%) were found positive (5 HTLV-1 and 1 HTLV-2). Other relatives, such as mothers (1/2) and siblings (1/6), were positive for HTLV-1. According to the place of birth among HTLV-1 carriers, 58% were born in an endemic area or in countries where HTLV infection is considered endemic while for HTLV-2 carriers, 12.5% were born in an endemic area of Argentina. The proviral load (pVL) was measured in all, patients with HTLV-1 being higher in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic carriers. In addition, two pregnant women were early diagnosed during their puerperium and breastmilk replacement by formula was indicated. Inhibition of lactation was also indicated. Our study provides tools for a multidisciplinary approach to the infection and reinforces the importance of having specialized clinical units in neglected diseases, such as HTLV for counseling, clinical and laboratory follow-up, and providing useful information for patients for self-care and that of their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico R. Simioli
- Centro Municipal de Patología Regional Argentina y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria B. Bouzas
- Division Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maria B. Bouzas
| | - Dana Mijalovsky
- Centro Municipal de Patología Regional Argentina y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria V. Pineda
- Unidad de Virología y Epidemiología Molecular-CONICET- Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, ” Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilia Mammana
- Unidad de Virología, División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mangano
- Unidad de Virología y Epidemiología Molecular-CONICET- Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, ” Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Andrea Mangano
| | - Tomas A. Orduna
- Centro Municipal de Patología Regional Argentina y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Casseb J, Janini LM, Barros Kanzaki LI, Lopes LR, Paiva AM. Is the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 in the process of endogenization into the human genome? J Virus Erad 2020; 6:100009. [PMID: 33294211 PMCID: PMC7695812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2020.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) infection has been shown to be endemic among intravenous drug users in parts of North America, Europe and Southeast Asia and in a number of Amerindian populations. Despite a 65% genetic similarity and common host humoral response, the human T-cell lymphotropic viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 display different mechanisms of host interaction and capacity for disease development. While HTLV-1 pathogenicity is well documented, HTLV-2 etiology in human disease is not clearly established. From an evolutionary point of view, its introduction and integration into the germ cell chromosomes of host species could be considered as the final stage of parasitism and evasion from host immunity. The extraordinary abundance of endogenous viral sequences in all vertebrate species genomes, including the hominid family, provides evidence of this invasion. Some of these gene sequences still retain viral characteristics and the ability to replicate and hence are potentially able to elicit responses from the innate and adaptive host immunity, which could result in beneficial or pathogenic effects. Taken together, this data may indicate that HTLV-2 is more likely to progress towards endogenization as has happened to the human endogenous retroviruses millions of years ago. Thus, this intimate association (HTLV-2/human genome) may provide protection from the immune system with better adaptation and low pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo - University of Sao Paulo, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56 / Faculty of Medicine -USP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Mario Janini
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Unifesp, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Isamu Barros Kanzaki
- Laboratory of Bioprospection, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health. Sciences, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Luciano Rodrigo Lopes
- Bioinformatics and Biomedical Data Science Division, Health Informatics Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Maia Paiva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo - University of Sao Paulo, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56 / Faculty of Medicine -USP, Brazil.,University Hospital Alberto Antunes / Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
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Chabay P, Lens D, Hassan R, Rodríguez Pinilla SM, Valvert Gamboa F, Rivera I, Huamán Garaicoa F, Ranuncolo SM, Barrionuevo C, Morales Sánchez A, Scholl V, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2166. [PMID: 32759793 PMCID: PMC7464376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Daniela Lens
- Flow Cytometry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, National Cancer Institute “José Alencar Gomes da Silva” (INCA), Ministry of Health, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | | | - Fabiola Valvert Gamboa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and National League against Cancer, 01011 Guatemala City, Guatemala;
| | - Iris Rivera
- Department of Hematology, Salvadoran Institute of Social Security, Medical Surgical and Oncological Hospital (ISSS), 1101 San Salvador, El Salvador;
| | - Fuad Huamán Garaicoa
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute—Society to Fight Cancer (ION-SOLCA), Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador;
| | - Stella Maris Ranuncolo
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo” School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1417DTB Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Carlos Barrionuevo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, National University of San Marcos, 15038 Lima, Peru;
| | - Abigail Morales Sánchez
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Vanesa Scholl
- Department of Integrated Genomic Medicine, Conciencia-Oncohematologic Institute of Patagonia, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina;
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ma. Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
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Eusebio-Ponce E, Candel FJ, Anguita E. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:934-953. [PMID: 31183938 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review, which is based on a systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines, provides a general overview of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and associated diseases: Adult T-cell Leukaemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Latin America, focusing on epidemiology and prevention. Using the published information on HTLV-1, ATLL and HAM/TSP prevalence, we present comprehensive and accurate maps and tables, and developed an algorithm to assist in the prevention of HTLV-1 transmission through breastfeeding while considering socio-economic status. Latin America is an interesting scenario to study HTLV-1 because of the diverse origin of its population. Apart from the expected high prevalence in inhabitants of African ancestry, the presence of endemic foci affecting indigenous populations is particularly striking. ATLL prevention is the biggest challenge in this field. Most ATLL cases are transmitted through breastfeeding; thus, prevention methods to avoid ATLL in endemic countries have to be focused on this. In view of the high inequality in most Latin American countries, reduction in breastfeeding duration, freezing/thawing and pasteurisation of breastmilk can be suitable interventions in poor settings, considering that avoiding the risk of malnutrition and infant mortality must be the priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Eusebio-Ponce
- Research Department, Universidad Iberoamericana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Candel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Transplant Coordination Unit, IdISSC and IML Institutes, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Study Group of Infections in Emergency Departments (Infurgsemes, SEMES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Hematology Department, Instituto de Medicina de Laboratorio (IML), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Braço ILJ, de Sá KSG, Waqasi M, Queiroz MAF, da Silva ANR, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Lima SS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) infection in villages of the Xikrin tribe (Kayapo), Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:459. [PMID: 31117977 PMCID: PMC6532245 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in several indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon and molecular analyses have shown the exclusive presence of HTLV-2 subtype 2c among the indigenous groups of this geographical region. Methods The present study characterizes the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe, in the Kayapo group, according to their distribution by sex and age. The study included 263 samples from individuals from the Kateté, Djujeko and Oodjã villages. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Seropositive samples were confirmed using real-time PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Results The serological and molecular results confirmed the sole presence of HTLV-2 in 77 (29%) samples, with a prevalence of 38% among women and 18% among men. In these communities, it was found that the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection increased with age. Nucleotide sequences (642 bp, 5’LTR) from eight samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining method to determine the viral subtype, which confirmed the presence of HTLV-2c. Conclusions The results of the present study establish the presence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe and confirm the high endemicity of the infection in the Kayapo indigenous group of the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Luís Jocene Braço
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
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Revisiting human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 infections among rural population in Gabon, central Africa thirty years after the first analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006833. [PMID: 30359373 PMCID: PMC6201875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection is considered as highly endemic in central Africa. Thirty years ago, a first epidemiological study was performed in Gabon, central Africa, and revealed that the prevalence varied from 5.0 to 10.5%. To evaluate current distribution of HTLVs in Gabon, 4.381 samples were collected from rural population living in 220 villages distributed within the 9 provinces of country. HTLVs prevalence was determined using two ELISA tests and positive results were confirmed by Western Blot. The overall HTLV-1 seroprevalence was of 7.3% among the rural Gabonese population; with 5.4% for men and 9.0% for women. Prevalence of HTLV-1 differed by province, ranging from 2.3% to 12.5% into the rain forest. Being a woman older than 51 years represented a high risk for HTLV-1 acquisition. Hospitalization, operation/surgery, transfusion and medical abortion or fever, arthritis and abdominal pain are also significant risk factors. In addition, 0.1% of samples were found as HTLV-2 positive, while 12.0% had an indeterminate HTLV serological pattern. HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were not found. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on 87 samples and demonstrated that HTLV-1 present in Gabon belongs mostly to subtype B, however the rare subtype D was also found. Altogether, our results demonstrate that almost thirty years after the first epidemiological study prevention of HTLVs infection is still an issue in Gabon.
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González-Alcaide G, Ramos JM, Huamaní C, Mendoza CD, Soriano V. HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 (HTLV-1) AND HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 (HTLV-2): GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH TRENDS AND COLLABORATION NETWORKS (1989-2012). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:11. [PMID: 26910450 PMCID: PMC4793952 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Publications are often used as a measure of research work success. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 1 and 2 are human retroviruses, which were discovered in the early 1980s, and it is estimated that 15-20 million people are infected worldwide. This article describes a bibliometric review and a coauthorship network analysis of literature on HTLV indexed in PubMed in a 24-year period. A total of 7,564 documents were retrieved, showing a decrease in the number of documents from 1996 to 2007. HTLV manuscripts were published in 1,074 journals. Japan and USA were the countries with the highest contribution in this field (61%) followed by France (8%). Production ranking changed when the number of publications was normalized by population (Dominican Republic and Japan), by gross domestic product (Guinea-Bissau and Gambia), and by gross national income per capita (Brazil and Japan). The present study has shed light on some of the defining features of scientific collaboration performed by HTLV research community, such as the existence of core researchers responsible for articulating the development of research in the area, facilitating wider collaborative relationships and the integration of new authors in the research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain,
| | | | - Carmen de Mendoza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain, ,
| | - Vicent Soriano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain, ,
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8
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Paiva A, Casseb J. Origin and prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) among indigenous populations in the Americas. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:1-13. [PMID: 25651320 PMCID: PMC4325517 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples
of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely
distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more
prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered
ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection
drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one
origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering
Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese
immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought
by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the
indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in
the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the
African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these
epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces
the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the
recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Hospital Universitário, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Berini CA, Eirin ME, Delfino CM, Weissenbacher M, Biglione MM. Predominance of human lymphotropic T cell virus type 2 subtype B in urban populations of Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1102-9. [PMID: 22115426 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus subtype b (HTLV-2b) infection has been described among aborigines from Northern Argentina, while HTLV-2a has been described in an injecting drug user (IDU) from a Central region, similar to the situation in Spain, the United States, and Brazil. In this study, 22 of the 26 strains analyzed from blood donors and HIV-1(+) individuals were HTLV-2b (84.6%) clustering with Amerindian references, while 4 HIV-1(+) (15.4%) were HTLV-2a. HTLV-2a sequences were closely related to Brazilian references in contrast to the previous Argentinean IDU strain that clustered with Africans and Amerindians from North America. In summary, these findings show that HTLV-2b is the major strain circulating in an urban population of Argentina. HTLV-2a/b could have been introduced from endemic South American countries such as Brazil and because of contact with other populations such as IDUs from Europe despite its introduction due to the increasing internal migration of aborigines to large urban centers. Considering this results and recent data about the dissemination of HTLV-1 in residents of Buenos Aires city, new studies among non-at-risk groups for HTLV-1/2 infection should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Berini
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Eirin
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M. Delfino
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Weissenbacher
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirna M. Biglione
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mauclère P, Afonso PV, Meertens L, Plancoulaine S, Calattini S, Froment A, Van Beveren M, de Thé G, Quintana-Murci L, Mahieux R, Gessain A. HTLV-2B strains, similar to those found in several Amerindian tribes, are endemic in central African Bakola Pygmies. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1316-23. [PMID: 21459818 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence and origin of endemic foci of human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV2) infection in Africa remain a matter of debate. METHODS To better appreciate such determinants, we performed a survey of 1918 inhabitants from Cameroon forest areas, including 1051 Bakola Pygmies and 867 Bantus. RESULTS The overall HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence was 4% (49 cases of HTLV-1 and 27 cases of HTLV-2 infection). Both infections were mainly restricted to the Bakola Pygmies, with surprisingly no HTLV-2 infections in the Bantu population. Both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 seroprevalences increased with age. There was evidence of ongoing HTLV-2 transmission in this population. Lymphoid T cell lines producing HTLV-2 were established. HTLV-2 long terminal repeat sequences (672 base pairs) obtained from 7 infected Bakola were highly similar to each other (<1% nucleotide divergence), as well as to Amerindian HTLV-2B strains. Analyses on a complete sequence (8954 base pairs) confirmed that it was a typical HTLV-2 subtype B strain. Along with molecular clock analysis, these data strongly suggest that HTLV-2 has been endemic in the Bakola Pygmy population for a long time. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates clearly an HTLV-2 endemicity with ongoing transmission in an African population. Furthermore, it give insights into central questions regarding the origins and evolution rate of HTLV-2 and the migrations of infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mauclère
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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Preexisting infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 neither exacerbates nor attenuates simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 infection in macaques. J Virol 2010; 84:3043-58. [PMID: 20071587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01655-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been reported to have either a slowed disease course or to have no effect on progression to AIDS. In this study, we generated a coinfection animal model and investigated whether HTLV-2 could persistently infect macaques, induce a T-cell response, and impact simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251)-induced disease. We found that inoculation of irradiated HTLV-2-infected T cells into Indian rhesus macaques elicited humoral and T-cell responses to HTLV-2 antigens at both systemic and mucosal sites. Low levels of HTLV-2 provirus DNA were detected in the blood, lymphoid tissues, and gastrointestinal tracts of infected animals. Exposure of HTLV-2-infected or naïve macaques to SIV(mac251) demonstrated comparable levels of SIV(mac251) viral replication, similar rates of mucosal and peripheral CD4(+) T-cell loss, and increased T-cell proliferation. Additionally, neither the magnitude nor the functional capacity of the SIV-specific T-cell-mediated immune response was different in HTLV-2/SIV(mac251) coinfected animals versus SIV(mac251) singly infected controls. Thus, HTLV-2 targets mucosal sites, persists, and importantly does not exacerbate SIV(mac251) infection. These data provide the impetus for the development of an attenuated HTLV-2-based vectored vaccine for HIV-1; this approach could elicit persistent mucosal immunity that may prevent HIV-1/SIV(mac251) infection.
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One-step, multiplex, real-time PCR assay with molecular beacon probes for simultaneous detection, differentiation, and quantification of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1, 2, and 3. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1129-35. [PMID: 19213697 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02006-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-tube, multiplex, real-time PCR assay with molecular beacons was established in which various probes were used for the simultaneous detection, differentiation, and quantification of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1, 2, and 3 (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3, respectively) and of simian T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 3 (STLV-1 and STLV-3, respectively). The quantitative amplification of the standards with MT4 (HTLV-1) and C19 (HTLV-2) cell lines and a molecular clone of HTLV-3 was linear, with the simplex and multiplex methods having similar efficiencies. A maximum difference of 0.9 (mean, 0.4; range, 0.0 to 0.9) was found between threshold cycle values in single and multiplex reactions. The efficiency with each probe in the multiplex reaction was close to 100%, indicating strong linear amplification. The albumin gene was used to standardize the copy number. Comparable results for the detection and quantification of HTLV-1 were obtained with our new methods and with other real-time PCR methods described previously. With our new multiplex assay, however, we were able to detect and quantify HTLV-2 and -3 and STLV-1 and -3 in clinical specimens, with an excellent dynamic range of 10(6) to 10(0) copies per assay, which the other assays could not do. Thus, it will be possible to determine a wide range of HTLV types in both standard and clinical samples, with a detection of 1 to 10 HTLV copies in samples containing at least 100 cells. Furthermore, our system can provide evidence for multiple infections with the three HTLV types, with separate proviral load results. Our new method also could be used for epidemiological studies in Africa and in countries where HTLVs and STLVs are endemic.
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New insights into prevalence, genetic diversity, and proviral load of human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women in Gabon in equatorial central Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3607-14. [PMID: 18845819 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01249-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is highly endemic in areas of central Africa; mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission are considered to be the predominant routes. To determine the prevalence and subtypes of HTLV-1/2 in pregnant women in Gabon, we conducted an epidemiological survey in the five main cities of the country. In 907 samples, the HTLV-1 seroprevalence was 2.1%, which is lower than that previously reported. Only one case of HTLV-2 infection was found. The HTLV-1 seroprevalence increased with age and differed between regions (P </= 0.05), with the highest prevalence (5%) in the southeastern region. A wide range of HTLV-1 proviral loads was observed among the infected women. The level of the proviral load was correlated with a high HTLV-1 antibody titer (P </= 0.02). Sequencing of HTLV-1 env and long terminal repeat fragments showed that all but one strain belonged to the central African subtype B; the outlier was of cosmopolitan subtype A. The new strains of subtype B exhibited wide genetic diversity, but there was no evidence of clustering of specific genomes within geographical regions of the country. Some strains were closely related to simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 strains of great apes, suggesting that in these areas some HTLV-1 strains could arise from relatively recent interspecies transmission. The sole HTLV-2 strain belonged to subtype B. In this study we showed that the prevalence of HTLV-1 in the southeast is one of the highest in the world for pregnant women.
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Berini CA, Pando MA, Bautista CT, Eirin ME, Martinez-Peralta L, Weissenbacher M, Avila MM, Biglione MM. HTLV-1/2 among high-risk groups in Argentina: molecular diagnosis and prevalence of different sexual transmitted infections. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1914-20. [PMID: 17935172 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and characterize the epidemiologic patterns of HTLV-1/2 infections and co-infections with HIV, HBV (hepatitis B), HCV (hepatitis C), and Treponema Pallidum in five different high-risk groups, including injecting drug users (IDUs), female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), patients with tuberculosis (TB), and patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The HTLV-1/2 prevalence was 19.1% (33/173) for IDUs, 2.0% (10/613) for FSWs, 2.1% (4/187) for TB, 1.0% (4/400) for STIs and 0.4% (3/282) for MSM, respectively. Among all groups, the higher percentages of co-infection were HTLV-1/HBV (63%, 17/27) and HTLV-1/HCV (52%, 14/27). Among IDUs, there was a high percentage of co-infection of HTLV-2 with HCV (96.3%, 26/27), HIV (92.6%, 25/27), and HBV (77.8%, 21/27), respectively. In summary, HTLV-1/2 infections appear to be widely distributed among high-risk groups in a nonendemic area of Argentina being the co-infection with HBV and HCV more frequent among IDUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Berini
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Immunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Menna-Barreto M, Bender AL, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB, Salzano FM, Tsuneto LT, Petzl-Erler ML. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II in Guaraní Indians, Southern Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2006; 21:1947-51. [PMID: 16410882 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000600045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is found in many New World Indian groups on the American continent. In Brazil, HTLV-II has been found among urban residents and Indians in the Amazon region, in the North. Guaraní Indians in the South of Brazil were studied for HTLV-I/II infection. Among 52 individuals, three (5.76%) showed positive anti-HTLV-II antibodies (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot). This preliminary report is the first seroepidemiological study showing HTLV-II infection among Indians in the South of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Menna-Barreto
- Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
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Hurtado AM, Lambourne CA, James P, Hill K, Cheman K, Baca K. HUMAN RIGHTS, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG SOUTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS GROUPS. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts of international health agencies to reduce global health inequalities, indigenous populations around the world remain largely unaffected by such initiatives. This chapter reviews the biomedical literature indexed by the PubMed database published between 1963 and 2003 on South American indigenous populations, a total of 1864 studies that include 63,563 study participants. Some language family groupings are better represented than are others, and lowland groups are better represented than are highland groups. Very few studies focus on major health threats (e.g., tuberculosis, influenza), public health interventions, or mestizo-indigenous epidemiological comparisons. The prevalence rates of three frequently studied infections—parasitism, human T-cell lymphotropic viral infection (HTLV), and hepatitis—are extraordinarily high, but these facts have been overlooked by national and international health agencies. This review underscores the urgent need for interventions based on known disease prevalence rates to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Magdalena Hurtado
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Carol A. Lambourne
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Paul James
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Kim Hill
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Karen Cheman
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Keely Baca
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
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Pouliquen JF, Hardy L, Lavergne A, Kafiludine E, Kazanji M. High seroprevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in blood donors in Guyana and molecular and phylogenetic analysis of new strains in the Guyana shelf (Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana). J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2020-6. [PMID: 15131164 PMCID: PMC404635 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2020-2026.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 in blood donors in Guyana has never been estimated. We evaluated the prevalence of these viruses in blood donors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting and showed a prevalence of HTLV-1 of 1.3%; no HTLV-2 was detected. Female donors had a much higher HTLV-1 seroprevalence (3.6%) than male donors (0.7%). HTLV-1-seropositive donors tended to be slightly older than the average age for the total pool of donors. We also investigated the phylogenetic and molecular characteristics of HTLV-1 strains in Guyana and compared them with those identified in Suriname and French Guiana. Analysis of portions of the env and long terminal repeat nucleotide sequences showed that all the strains in Guyana and Suriname, like those in French Guiana, belonged to the transcontinental group of cosmopolitan subtype A. The similarities were greater between strains from Suriname and Guyana than between strains from Suriname and Guyana and those from French Guiana. Nevertheless, our results confirm that the HTLV-1 strains in all three countries have a common African origin.
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Gastaldello R, Hall WW, Gallego S. Seroepidemiology of HTLV-I/II in Argentina: an overview. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 35:301-8. [PMID: 15076246 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200403010-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this report, the results of seroepidemiologic studies of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) infections in different population groups in Argentina have been compiled. The studies have shown a high prevalence of HTLV-I/II infection in blood donors in the provinces in the north of Argentina (1.0% in Jujuy, 0.7% in Salta, and 0.6% in Formosa) and a low prevalence in the provinces in the central region of the country (<or=0.1%). High rates of HTLV-I (0.45%-2.78%) and HTLV-II (2.78%-21.9%) infections have been documented in Native Indian groups and have highlighted the importance of sexual and mother-to-child transmission of the viruses. The presence of HTLV-I/II antibodies in HIV-infected individuals indicates that both viruses are circulating in certain high-risk population groups. HTLV-I/II was detected in intravenous drug users (2.56%-21.7%), homosexual men (0.5-1.33%), prostitutes (0.8%), and hemophiliacs (2.8%). In conclusion, HTLV-I/II infection is circulating in low- and high-risk populations in Argentina, and these findings would support the view that selective screening for HTLV-I/II should be implemented to reduce the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Gastaldello
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Virus, Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, National University of Córdoba, Argentina.
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Kazanji M, Gessain A. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) in French Guiana: clinical and molecular epidemiology. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2003; 19:1227-40. [PMID: 14666205 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2003000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We review here the epidemiological studies performed by our group on human retrovirus HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections and the associated diseases in French Guiana since 1984. French Guiana is an overseas French administrative district located between Brazil and Surinam. Its population is characterized by a large variety of ethnic groups, including several populations of African origin and various populations of Amerindian origin. Several epidemiological studies of large samples of pregnant women and in remote villages showed that HTLV-I is highly endemic in this area but is restricted to groups of African origin, especially the Noir-Marrons. In this endemic population, the results of segregation analysis in a genetic epidemiological study were consistent with the presence of a dominant major gene predisposing to HTLV-I infection, especially in children. In contrast, HTLV-II infection appears to be rare in French Guiana, having been found in only a few individuals of Brazilian origin. From a molecular point of view, the HTLV-I strains present in the Noir-Marrons, Creoles and Amerindians appear to originate from Africa, as they belong to the large cosmopolitan molecular subtype A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de R trovirologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, 97300, French Guiana.
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20
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Biglione MM, Pizarro M, Salomón HE, Berría MI. A possible case of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in an Argentinian woman with human T lymphocyte virus type II. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:456-8. [PMID: 12884173 DOI: 10.1086/376620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of neurological disease featuring human T lymphocyte virus-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) was diagnosed by serological (Western blot) and molecular (polymerase chain reaction) criteria as related to human T lymphocyte virus (HTLV)-II infection. This is, to our knowledge, the first case of this kind found in Argentina and is additional evidence that HAM/TSP solely related to HTLV-II infection occurs in HTLV-I-negative subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna M Biglione
- National Reference Center for AIDS, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Human Retroviruses, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Remesar M, Mangano A, Sen L, del Pozo A. Profile of human T-cell lymphocytotrophic virus-I/II infections in an Argentinean blood bank population. Vox Sang 2002; 83:364-5. [PMID: 12437526 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2002.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I/II) in South America: Should it be a public health concern? J Biomed Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02254986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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23
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Franti M, Gessain A, Darlu P, Gautheret-Dejean A, Kosuge H, Mauclère P, Aubin JT, Gurtsevitch V, Yamanishi K, Agut H. Genetic polymorphism of human herpesvirus-7 among human populations. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:3045-3050. [PMID: 11714982 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of three human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) genes encoding phosphoprotein p100, glycoprotein B and major capsid protein respectively had previously shown the existence of distinct gene alleles, leading to the concept of HHV-7 variants. We have analysed the distribution of HHV-7 variants among 297 distinct subjects who belonged to different human populations from Africa, Asia, Europe and America. Two variants, designated Co1 and Co2, were found in 52% and 20% of studied subjects. Ten other variants, designated Co3-Co12, were less frequent and classified into two groups related to Co1 and Co2 respectively. While the former group was ubiquitous and the most frequent in Africa and Asia, the latter one was predominantly found in European and Mongol populations. Despite the high stability of the HHV-7 genome, a few nucleotide substitutions at precise positions define distinct variants which, to some extent, behave as markers of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Franti
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CERVI, UPRES EA 2387, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 83 bld de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France1
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et de physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France2
| | - Pierre Darlu
- Génétique épidémiologique et structure des populations humaines, INSERM U535, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre cedex, France3
| | - Agnès Gautheret-Dejean
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CERVI, UPRES EA 2387, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 83 bld de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France1
| | - Haruhiko Kosuge
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CERVI, UPRES EA 2387, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 83 bld de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France1
| | | | - Jean-Thierry Aubin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CERVI, UPRES EA 2387, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 83 bld de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France1
| | | | - Koichi Yamanishi
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan6
| | - Henri Agut
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CERVI, UPRES EA 2387, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 83 bld de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France1
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Andersson S, Gessain A, Taylor GP. Pooling of samples for seroepidemiological surveillance of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II. Virus Res 2001; 78:101-6. [PMID: 11520584 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated a straight forward pooling strategy for antibody screening of HTLV-I/II, using panels of sera from various parts of the world including a total of 43 HTLV-I and 54 HTLV-II positive specimens. Four antibody screening assays were included in the evaluation: the HTLV-I/II GE 80/81 (Murex Diagnostics), the HTLV-I/HTLV-II Ab Capture ELISA (Ortho Diagnostics), the HTLV-I/II ELISA 3.0 (Genelabs Diagnostics) and the Serodia HTLV-I (Fujirebio). The Murex and Ortho assays represent a new generation of HTLV screening tests with a sandwich format incorporating both HTLV-I and HTLV-II synthetic and/or recombinant peptide antigens. The Genelabs assay is an indirect ELISA with recombinant HTLV-I and -II antigens and Serodia is a particle agglutination assay with HTLV-I whole viral lysate. Each HTLV-positive sample was included in pools of 1/1 up to 1/16, in two-fold steps made in normal HTLV-negative blood donor serum from one up to nine donors. For HTLV-I, with the exception of one false negative sample in dilution 1/16 with Genelabs ELISA, all assays were positive at all dilutions. The Murex assay had absorbance values at maximum levels for all samples at all dilutions. The other assays had gradually decreasing absorbance values although clearly above cut-off. For HTLV-II, the Murex assay correctly detected all samples to dilution 1/16 despite gradually decreasing signals. The Serodia assay had 100% sensitivity to dilution 1/4 while at 1/8 and 1/16 it decreased 82 and 80%, respectively. The Genelabs ELISA had gradually decreasing sensitivity for HTLV-II from 98 (1/1) to 33% (1/16) while the Ortho assay detected all specimens at all dilutions in a limited set of samples tested. Taken together, this evaluation has shown that pooling of samples may be an appropriate strategy for serosurveillance of HTLV. It is, however, crucial to limit the number of samples and to choose assays that allow the dilution caused by the pooling. Using the best performing assays in this evaluation for pools of e.g. five samples would leave a reasonable safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andersson
- Department of Immunology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kazanji M, Benoit B, Meddeb M, Meertens L, Marty C, Gessain A, Talarmin A. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a human T cell leukemia virus type 2 strain from French Guiana. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:563-8. [PMID: 11350670 DOI: 10.1089/08892220151126689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have been carried out on native Amerindian populations living in French Guiana in an attempt to detect human T cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2). However, the first strain of this virus identified in this region was not detected in these populations, but in a Brazilian woman of Amerindian origin. Comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of 589 bp of the gp21 env gene and of 625 bp of the long terminal repeat (LTR) showed that this new HTLV-2 strain (HTLV-2 GUY) was of subtype A. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that HTLV-2 GUY was closely related to a group of distinct variants of HTLV-2 subtype A strains originating mostly from Brazilian inhabitants and formerly called HTLV-2 subtype C. As there is a high level of immigration from Brazil in French Guiana, we carried out a seroepidemiological study of 175 Brazilians, mostly women (obtained from a serum databank) and 72 female Brazilian prostitutes living in French Guiana to determine whether HTLV-2 is likely to become an emerging infection in this area. No HTLV-2 infection was detected, indicating that this virus is unlikely to become prevalent in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana.
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Lewis MJ, Novoa P, Ishak R, Ishak M, Salemi M, Vandamme AM, Kaplan MH, Hall WW. Isolation, cloning, and complete nucleotide sequence of a phenotypically distinct Brazilian isolate of human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II). Virology 2000; 271:142-54. [PMID: 10814579 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) isolates from North America and Europe have demonstrated the existence of two molecular subtypes of the virus, HTLV-IIa and HTLV-IIb. Recently, studies on HTLV-II infections in Brazil have revealed isolates that are related phylogenetically to the HTLV-IIa subtype but have a HTLV-IIb phenotype with respect to the transactivating protein, tax. To more clearly define this relationship, HTLV-II was isolated from peripheral blood of an IVDA from Sao Paulo, Brazil (SP-WV), and the complete provirus was cloned and sequenced. Comparison of HTLV-II(SP-WV) nucleotide sequences to other available complete HTLV-II proviral sequences revealed that HTLV-II(SP-WV) is most closely related to HTLV-II(Mo), the prototypic HTLV-IIa subtype sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of LTR, env, and tax regions unequivocally demonstrated that HTLV-II(SP-WV) and all other Brazilian sequences examined are members of the IIa subtype. The predicted amino acid sequences of the major coding regions of HTLV-II(SP-WV) are also most closely related to HTLV-II(Mo), with the important exception of tax. The tax protein encoded by HTLV-II(SP-WV) is 96-99% identical to the tax of IIb isolates and is similar in that it has an additional 25 amino acids at the carboxy-terminus compared to the HTLV-II(Mo) tax with which it shares 91% identity. Analysis of tax stop codon usage of a number of HTLV-IIa isolates from North American, Europe, and Brazil demonstrated that isolates from the last region appear to be unique in their extended tax phenotype. It could be demonstrated that the extended tax proteins in the HTLV-IIb and Brazilian isolates had equivalent ability to transactivate the viral LTR, and studies with deletion mutants indicated that the extended C-terminus is not essential for transactivation. In contrast, the HTLV-IIa tax was found to have a greatly diminished ability to transactivate the viral LTR, which appeared to be a consequence of reduced expression of the protein. The studies show that although the Brazilian strains do not represent an entirely new subtype based on nucleotide sequence analysis they are a phenotypically unique molecular variant within the HTLV-IIa subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lewis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4, Ireland
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Talarmin A, Vion B, Ureta-Vidal A, Du Fou G, Marty C, Kazanji M. First seroepidemiological study and phylogenetic characterization of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II infection among Amerindians in French Guiana. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 12):3083-3088. [PMID: 10567638 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-12-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV-I/II) infection in the Amerindian populations of French Guiana by testing 847 sera. No HTLV-II antibodies were detected, but five individuals (0.59%) were seropositive for HTLV-I. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 522 bp of the env gene and the compete LTR showed that all of the strains from French Guiana belonged to the cosmopolitan subtype A. The similarities were greater between Amerindian and Creole strains than between Amerindian and Noir-Marron strains or than between Creole and Noir-Marron strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed two clusters: one of strains from Amerindians and Creoles, which belong to the transcontinental subgroup, and the other of strains from Noirs-Marrons, belonging to the West African subgroup. Our results suggest that the Amerindian HTLV-I strains are of African origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Talarmin
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Av. Pasteur, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana1
| | - Bruno Vion
- Direction de l'Action Sanitaire et Sociale de la Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana2
| | - Abel Ureta-Vidal
- Unité d'Immunité Cellulaire antivirale, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France3
| | - Guénola Du Fou
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Av. Pasteur, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana1
| | - Christian Marty
- Direction de l'Action Sanitaire et Sociale de la Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana2
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Av. Pasteur, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana1
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Fujiyoshi T, Li HC, Lou H, Yashiki S, Karino S, Zaninovic V, Oneegllo SG, Camacho M, Andrade R, Hurtado LV, Gomez LH, Damiani E, Cartier L, Dipierri JE, Hayami M, Sonoda S, Tajima K. Characteristic distribution of HTLV type I and HTLV type II carriers among native ethnic groups in South America. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:1235-9. [PMID: 10505671 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To confirm the geographic and ethnic segregation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II carriers in native populations in South America, we have conducted a seroepidemiological study of native populations in South America, including HTLV-I carriers distributed among seven ethnic groups in the Andes highlands of Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, and two ethnic groups on Chiloe Island and Easter Island; and HTLV-II carriers distributed among seven ethnic groups of the lowlands along the Atlantic coast of Colombia, Orinoco, Amazon, and Patagonia, and one ethnic group on Chiloe Island. The incidence rate of HTLV-I and HTLV-II carriers varied among the ethnic groups, ranging from 0.8 to 6.8% for HTLV-I seropositivity and from 1.4 to 57.9% for HTLV-II seropositivity. A new HTLV-I focus was found among the Peruvian Aymara (1.6%), the Bolivian Aymara (5.3%) and Quechua (4.5%), the Argentine Puna (2.3%), and the Chilean Atacama (4.1%), while on HTLV-II focus was found among the Brazilian Kayapo (57.9%), the Paraguayan Chaco (16.4%), and the Chilean Alacalf (34.8%) and Yahgan (9.1%). The distribution of HTLV-I/II foci showed a geographic clustering of HTLV-I foci in the Andes highlands and of HTLV-II foci in the lowlands of South America. It was thus suggested that South American natives might be divided into two major ethnic groups by HTLV-I and HTLV-II carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujiyoshi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Peters AA, Oger JJ, Coulthart MB, Waters DJ, Cummings HJ, Dekaban GA. An apparent case of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II)-associated neurological disease: a clinical, molecular, and phylogenetic characterisation. J Clin Virol 1999; 14:37-50. [PMID: 10548129 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported an association between HTLV-II and a neurological condition which has come to be called HTLV-II-associated myelopathy and is similar, in some cases, to HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. To further explore the establishment of an etiological link between this virus and neurological disease, we determined the HTLV status of three individuals, one of which presented with symptoms of progressive ataxia. Since the patient with neurological disease and her husband were HTLV-II positive, we had the potential to study one of few cases of an HTLV-II-associated neurological disorder, and the first case in Canada. However, although the individual with the neurological disease was HTLV-II positive, we discovered that her brother, who displays the same clinical symptoms, was not positive for either HTLV-II or HTLV-I. Thus, disease association with HTLV-II became unsupportable. We present here, nevertheless, the first sequence and phylogenetic analysis of an HTLV-II isolate in Canada. This study suggests that cases of HTLV-II and neurological disease must be carefully investigated before any etiological conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Peters
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Virology Group, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada
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Slattery JP, Franchini G, Gessain A. Genomic Evolution, Patterns of Global Dissemination, and Interspecies Transmission of Human and Simian T-cell Leukemia/Lymphotropic Viruses. Genome Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1101/gr.9.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using both env and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, with maximal representation of genetic diversity within primate strains, we revise and expand the unique evolutionary history of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses (HTLV/STLV). Based on the robust application of three different phylogenetic algorithms of minimum evolution–neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood, we address overall levels of genetic diversity, specific rates of mutation within and between different regions of the viral genome, relatedness among viral strains from geographically diverse regions, and estimation of the pattern of divergence of the virus into extant lineages. Despite broad genomic similarities, type I and type II viruses do not share concordant evolutionary histories. HTLV-I/STLV-I are united through distinct phylogeographic patterns, infection of 20 primate species, multiple episodes of interspecies transmission, and exhibition of a range in levels of genetic divergence. In contrast, type II viruses are isolated from only two species (Homo sapiens and Pan paniscus) and are paradoxically endemic to both Amerindian tribes of the New World and human Pygmy villagers in Africa. Furthermore, HTLV-II is spreading rapidly through new host populations of intravenous drug users. Despite such clearly disparate host populations, the resultant HTLV-II/STLV-II phylogeny exhibits little phylogeographic concordance and indicates low levels of transcontinental genetic differentiation. Together, these patterns generate a model of HTLV/STLV emergence marked by an ancient ancestry, differential rates of divergence, and continued global expansion.
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