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Lee JM, Choi YJ, Yoo MC, Yeo SG. Central Facial Nervous System Biomolecules Involved in Peripheral Facial Nerve Injury Responses and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051036. [PMID: 37237902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral facial nerve injury leads to changes in the expression of various neuroactive substances that affect nerve cell damage, survival, growth, and regeneration. In the case of peripheral facial nerve damage, the injury directly affects the peripheral nerves and induces changes in the central nervous system (CNS) through various factors, but the substances involved in these changes in the CNS are not well understood. The objective of this review is to investigate the biomolecules involved in peripheral facial nerve damage so as to gain insight into the mechanisms and limitations of targeting the CNS after such damage and identify potential facial nerve treatment strategies. To this end, we searched PubMed using keywords and exclusion criteria and selected 29 eligible experimental studies. Our analysis summarizes basic experimental studies on changes in the CNS following peripheral facial nerve damage, focusing on biomolecules that increase or decrease in the CNS and/or those involved in the damage, and reviews various approaches for treating facial nerve injury. By establishing the biomolecules in the CNS that change after peripheral nerve damage, we can expect to identify factors that play an important role in functional recovery from facial nerve damage. Accordingly, this review could represent a significant step toward developing treatment strategies for peripheral facial palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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2
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Emerging Roles for the Orphan GPCRs, GPR37 and GPR37 L1, in Stroke Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074028. [PMID: 35409385 PMCID: PMC9000135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shed light on the diverse and complex roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the pathophysiology of stroke. These receptors constitute a large family of seven transmembrane-spanning proteins that play an intricate role in cellular communication mechanisms which drive both tissue injury and repair following ischemic stroke. Orphan GPCRs represent a unique sub-class of GPCRs for which no natural ligands have been found. Interestingly, the majority of these receptors are expressed within the central nervous system where they represent a largely untapped resource for the treatment of neurological diseases. The focus of this review will thus be on the emerging roles of two brain-expressed orphan GPCRs, GPR37 and GPR37 L1, in regulating various cellular and molecular processes underlying ischemic stroke.
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Shimokawa T, Nabeka H, Khan SI, Yamamiya K, Doihara T, Kobayashi N, Wakisaka H, Matsuda S. Prosaposin in the rat oviductal epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1191-1202. [PMID: 33242172 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) has two forms: a precursor and a secreted form. The secreted form has neurotrophic, myelinotrophic, and myotrophic properties. The precursor form is a precursor protein of saposins A-D. Although the distribution of PSAP in male reproductive organs is well known, its distribution in female reproductive organs, especially in the oviduct, is unclear. Immunoblots and immunohistochemistry of oviducts showed that oviductal tissues contain PSAP proteins, and a significant increase in PSAP was observed in the estrus-metestrus phase compared to the diestrus-proestrus phase in the ampulla. To identify PSAP trafficking in cells, double-immunostaining was performed with antibodies against PSAP in combination with sortilin, mannose 6 phosphate receptor (M6PR), or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). PSAP and sortilin double-positive reactions were observed near the nuclei, as well as in the apical portion of microvillous epithelial cells, whereas these reactions were only observed near the nuclei of ciliated epithelial cells. PSAP and M6PR double-positive reactions were observed near the nuclei of microvillous and ciliated epithelial cells. PSAP and M6PR double-positive reactions were also observed in the apical portion of microvillous epithelial cells. PSAP and LRP1 double-positive reactions were observed in the plasma membrane and apical portion of both microvillous and ciliated epithelial cells. Immunoelectron staining revealed PSAP immunoreactive small vesicles with exocytotic features at the apical portion of microvillous epithelial cells. These findings suggest that PSAP is present in the oviductal epithelium and has a pivotal role during pregnancy in providing an optimal environment for gametes and/or sperm in the ampulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Sakirul Islam Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamiya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Takuya Doihara
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Naoto Kobayashi
- Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wakisaka
- Department of Liberal Arts, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 543 Takaoda, Tobe, Ehime, 791-2101, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
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4
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Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. RNA Binding Motif 5 (RBM5) in the CNS-Moving Beyond Cancer to Harness RNA Splicing to Mitigate the Consequences of Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:126. [PMID: 32765218 PMCID: PMC7381114 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene splicing modulates the potency of cell death effectors, alters neuropathological disease processes, influences neuronal recovery, but may also direct distinct mechanisms of secondary brain injury. Therapeutic targeting of RNA splicing is a promising avenue for next-generation CNS treatments. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate a variety of RNA species and are prime candidates in the hunt for druggable targets to manipulate and tailor gene-splicing responses in the brain. RBPs preferentially recognize unique consensus sequences in targeted mRNAs. Also, RBPs often contain multiple RNA-binding domains (RBDs)—each having a unique consensus sequence—suggesting the possibility that drugs could be developed to block individual functional domains, increasing the precision of RBP-targeting therapies. Empirical characterization of most RBPs is lacking and represents a major barrier to advance this emerging therapeutic area. There is a paucity of data on the role of RBPs in the brain including, identification of their unique mRNA targets, defining how CNS insults affect their levels and elucidating which RBPs (and individual domains within) to target to improve neurological outcomes. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art of the RBP tumor suppressor RNA binding motif 5 (RBM5) in the CNS. We discuss its potent pro-death roles in cancer, which motivated our interest to study it in the brain. We review recent studies showing that RBM5 levels are increased after CNS trauma and that it promotes neuronal death in vitro. Finally, we conclude with recent reports on the first set of RBM5 regulated genes identified in the intact brain, and discuss how those findings provide new clues germane to its potential function(s) in the CNS, and pose new questions on its therapeutic utility to mitigate CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Jackson
- Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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5
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Liu Y, Wang M, Marcora EM, Zhang B, Goate AM. Promoter DNA hypermethylation - Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134403. [PMID: 31351091 PMCID: PMC6759378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) in humans have solidified the concept that aberrant DNA methylation is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize these findings to improve the understanding of mechanisms governing DNA methylation pertinent to transcriptional regulation, with an emphasis of AD-associated promoter DNA hypermethylation, which establishes an epigenetic barrier for transcriptional activation. By considering brain cell type specific expression profiles that have been published only for non-demented individuals, we detail functional activities of selected neuron, microglia, and astrocyte-enriched genes (AGAP2, DUSP6 and GPR37L1, respectively), which are DNA hypermethylated at promoters in AD. We highlight future directions in MWAS including experimental confirmation, functional relevance to AD, cell type-specific temporal characterization, and mechanism investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Edoardo M Marcora
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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6
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Wen M, Jin Y, Zhang H, Sun X, Kuai Y, Tan W. Proteomic Analysis of Rat Cerebral Cortex in the Subacute to Long-Term Phases of Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3099-3118. [PMID: 31265301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability, and ischemic stroke accounts for more than 80% of the disease occurrence. Timely reperfusion is essential in the treatment of ischemic stroke, but it is known to cause ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the relevant studies have mostly focused on the acute phase. Here we reported on a global proteomic analysis to investigate the development of cerebral I/R injury in the subacute and long-term phases. A rat model was used, with 2 h-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed with 1, 7, and 14 days of reperfusion. The proteins of cerebral cortex were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, whole-gel slicing, and quantitative LC-MS/MS. Totally 5621 proteins were identified, among which 568, 755, and 492 proteins were detected to have significant dys-regulation in the model groups with 1, 7, and 14 days of reperfusion, respectively, when compared with the corresponding sham groups (n = 4, fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.67 and p ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis on the functions and reperfusion time-dependent dys-regulation profiles of the proteins exhibited changes of structures and biological processes in cytoskeleton, synaptic plasticity, energy metabolism, inflammation, and lysosome from subacute to long-term phases of cerebral I/R injury. Disruption of cytoskeleton and synaptic structures, impairment of energy metabolism processes, and acute inflammation responses were the most significant features in the subacute phase. With the elongation of reperfusion time to the long-term phase, a tendency of recovery was detected on cytoskeleton, while inflammation pathways different from the subacute phase were activated. Also, lysosomal structures and functions might be restored. This is the first work reporting the proteome changes that occurred at different time points from the subacute to long-term phases of cerebral I/R injury and we expect it would provide useful information to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of cerebral I/R injury and suggest candidates for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Ya Jin
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yihe Kuai
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
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7
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Subacute to chronic Alzheimer-like alterations after controlled cortical impact in human tau transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3789. [PMID: 30846870 PMCID: PMC6405988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been linked to late life development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disorder histopathologically characterized by perivascular tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau at the depth of sulci to later widespread neurofibrillary pathology. Although tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary-like pathology have been observed in the brain of transgenic mice overexpressing human tau with aggregation-prone mutation after TBI, they have not been consistently recapitulated in rodents expressing wild-type tau only. Here, we characterized Alzheimer-like alterations behaviorally, biochemically and immunohistochemically 6 weeks and 7 months after unilateral mild-to-moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) in 5–7-month-old Tg/htau mice, which express all six isoforms of non-mutated human tau in a mouse tau null background. We detected hyperphosphorylation of tau at multiple sites in ipsilateral hippocampus 6 weeks but not 7 months after CCI. However, neuronal accumulation of AT8 positive phospho-tau was sustained in the chronic phase, in parallel to prolonged astrogliosis, and decreased neural and synaptic markers. The mice with CCI also exhibited cognitive and locomotor impairment. These results indicate subacute to chronic Alzheimer-like alterations after CCI in Tg/htau mice. This is the first known study providing insight into the role of CCI in Alzheimer-like brain alterations in young adult mice expressing only non-mutated human tau.
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Nabeka H, Saito S, Li X, Shimokawa T, Khan MSI, Yamamiya K, Kawabe S, Doihara T, Hamada F, Kobayashi N, Matsuda S. Interneurons secrete prosaposin, a neurotrophic factor, to attenuate kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity. IBRO Rep 2017; 3:17-32. [PMID: 30135939 PMCID: PMC6084830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PS increased mainly in the axons of PV positive interneurons after kainic acid (KA) injection. Electron microscopy revealed PS containing vesicles in PV positive axons. PS is secreted with secretogranin from synapses. The increased PS in the interneurons was due to increases in PS + 0, as in the choroid plexus. Interneurons produce and secrete intact PS around the hippocampal pyramidal neurons to protect them from KA neurotoxicity.
Prosaposin (PS) is a secretory neurotrophic factor, as well as a regulator of lysosomal enzymes. We previously reported the up-regulation of PS and the possibility of its axonal transport by GABAergic interneurons after exocitotoxicity induced by kainic acid (KA), a glutamate analog. In the present study, we performed double immunostaining with PS and three calcium binding protein markers: parvalbumin (PV), calbindin, and calretinin, for the subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons, and clarified that the increased PS around the hippocampal pyramidal neurons after KA injection existed mainly in the axons of PV positive interneurons. Electron microscopy revealed PS containing vesicles in the PV positive axon. Double immunostaining with PS and secretogranin or synapsin suggested that PS is secreted with secretogranin from synapses. Based on the results from in situ hybridization with two alternative splicing forms of PS mRNA, the increase of PS in the interneurons was due to the increase of PS + 0 (mRNA without 9-base insertion) as in the choroid plexus, but not PS + 9 (mRNA with 9-base insertion). These results were similar to those from the choroid plexus, which secretes an intact form PS + 0 to the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurons, especially PV positive GABAergic interneurons, produce and secrete the intact form of PS around hippocampal pyramidal neurons to protect them against KA neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Md Sakirul Islam Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamiya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Doihara
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hamada
- Department of Human Anatomy, Oita University Fuculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoto Kobayashi
- Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Jolly S, Bazargani N, Quiroga AC, Pringle NP, Attwell D, Richardson WD, Li H. G protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 modulates astrocyte glutamate transporters and neuronal NMDA receptors and is neuroprotective in ischemia. Glia 2017; 66:47-61. [PMID: 28795439 PMCID: PMC5724489 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We show that the G protein‐coupled receptor GPR37‐like 1 (GPR37L1) is expressed in most astrocytes and some oligodendrocyte precursors in the mouse central nervous system. This contrasts with GPR37, which is mainly in mature oligodendrocytes. Comparison of wild type and Gpr37l1–/– mice showed that loss of GPR37L1 did not affect the input resistance or resting potential of astrocytes or neurons in the hippocampus. However, GPR37L1‐mediated signalling inhibited astrocyte glutamate transporters and – surprisingly, given its lack of expression in neurons – reduced neuronal NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity during prolonged activation of the receptors as occurs in ischemia. This effect on NMDAR signalling was not mediated by a change in the release of D‐serine or TNF‐α, two astrocyte‐derived agents known to modulate NMDAR function. After middle cerebral artery occlusion, Gpr37l1 expression was increased around the lesion. Neuronal death was increased by ∼40% in Gpr37l1–/– brain compared to wild type in an in vitro model of ischemia. Thus, GPR37L1 protects neurons during ischemia, presumably by modulating extracellular glutamate concentration and NMDAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jolly
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Narges Bazargani
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra C Quiroga
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P Pringle
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Li X, Nabeka H, Saito S, Shimokawa T, Khan MSI, Yamamiya K, Shan F, Gao H, Li C, Matsuda S. Expression of prosaposin and its receptors in the rat cerebellum after kainic acid injection. IBRO Rep 2017; 2:31-40. [PMID: 30135931 PMCID: PMC6084904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP), a highly conserved glycoprotein, is a precursor of saposins A–D. Accumulating evidence suggests that PSAP is a neurotrophic factor that induces differentiation and prevents death in a variety of neuronal cells through the active region within the saposin C domain both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, GPR37 and GPR37L1 were recognized as PSAP receptors. In this study, we examined the alteration in expression of PSAP and its receptors in the cerebellum using rats injected with kainic acid (KA). The results show that PSAP was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells and interneurons in the molecular layer, and that PSAP expression in both types of neurons was markedly enhanced following KA treatment. Immunoblotting revealed that the expression of GPR37 was diminished significantly three days after KA injection compared with control rats; however, no changes were observed through immunostaining. No discernable changes were found in GPR37L1. These findings may help us to understand the role of PSAP and the GPR37 and GPR37L1 receptors in alleviating the neural damage caused by KA.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Cerebellum
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- GPR37
- GPR37L1
- H-E staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- KA, kainic acid
- Kainic acid
- Neurodegeneration
- PSAP, prosaposin
- Prosaposin
- SSC, standard saline citrate
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Md Sakirul Islam Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamiya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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11
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Nabeka H, Uematsu K, Takechi H, Shimokawa T, Yamamiya K, Li C, Doihara T, Saito S, Kobayashi N, Matsuda S. Prosaposin overexpression following kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110534. [PMID: 25461957 PMCID: PMC4251898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because excessive glutamate release is believed to play a pivotal role in numerous neuropathological disorders, such as ischemia or seizure, we aimed to investigate whether intrinsic prosaposin (PS), a neuroprotective factor when supplied exogenously in vivo or in vitro, is up-regulated after the excitotoxicity induced by kainic acid (KA), a glutamate analog. In the present study, PS immunoreactivity and its mRNA expression in the hippocampal and cortical neurons showed significant increases on day 3 after KA injection, and high PS levels were maintained even after 3 weeks. The increase in PS, but not saposins, detected by immunoblot analysis suggests that the increase in PS-like immunoreactivity after KA injection was not due to an increase in saposins as lysosomal enzymes after neuronal damage, but rather to an increase in PS as a neurotrophic factor to improve neuronal survival. Furthermore, several neurons with slender nuclei inside/outside of the pyramidal layer showed more intense PS mRNA expression than other pyramidal neurons. Based on the results from double immunostaining using anti-PS and anti-GABA antibodies, these neurons were shown to be GABAergic interneurons in the extra- and intra-pyramidal layers. In the cerebral cortex, several large neurons in the V layer showed very intense PS mRNA expression 3 days after KA injection. The choroid plexus showed intense PS mRNA expression even in the normal rat, and the intensity increased significantly after KA injection. The present study indicates that inhibitory interneurons as well as stimulated hippocampal pyramidal and cortical neurons synthesize PS for neuronal survival, and the choroid plexus is highly activated to synthesize PS, which may prevent neurons from excitotoxic neuronal damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates axonal transport and increased production of neurotrophic factor PS after KA injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Keigo Uematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takechi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimiko Yamamiya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takuya Doihara
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naoto Kobayashi
- Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Meyer RC, Giddens MM, Coleman BM, Hall RA. The protective role of prosaposin and its receptors in the nervous system. Brain Res 2014; 1585:1-12. [PMID: 25130661 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (also known as SGP-1) is an intriguing multifunctional protein that plays roles both intracellularly, as a regulator of lysosomal enzyme function, and extracellularly, as a secreted factor with neuroprotective and glioprotective effects. Following secretion, prosaposin can undergo endocytosis via an interaction with the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 1 (LRP1). The ability of secreted prosaposin to promote protective effects in the nervous system is known to involve activation of G proteins, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1 have recently been shown to mediate signaling induced by both prosaposin and a fragment of prosaposin known as prosaptide. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of prosaposin, its receptors and their importance in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michelle M Giddens
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brilee M Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Temporal changes in prosaposin expression in the rat dentate gyrus after birth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95883. [PMID: 24871372 PMCID: PMC4037173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus occurs constitutively throughout postnatal life. Adult neurogenesis includes a multistep process that ends with the formation of a postmitotic and functionally integrated new neuron. During adult neurogenesis, various markers are expressed, including GFAP, nestin, Pax6, polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), doublecortin, TUC-4, Tuj-1, and calretinin. Prosaposin is the precursor of saposins A–D; it is found in various organs and can be excreted. Strong prosaposin expression has been demonstrated in the developing brain including the hippocampus, and its neurotrophic activity has been proposed. This study investigated changes in prosaposin in the dentate gyrus of young and adult rats using double immunohistochemistry with antibodies to prosaposin, PSA-NCAM, and NeuN. Prosaposin immunoreactivity was intense in the dentate gyrus at postnatal day 3 (P3) and P7, but decreased gradually after P14. In the dentate gyrus at P28, immature PSA-NCAM-positive neurons localized exclusively in the subgranular zone were prosaposin-negative, whereas mature Neu-N-positive neurons were positive for prosaposin. Furthermore, these prosaposin-negative immature neurons were saposin B-positive, suggesting that the neurons take up and degrade prosaposin. In situ hybridization assays showed that prosaposin in the adult dentate gyrus is dominantly the Pro+9 type, a secreted type of prosaposin. These results imply that prosaposin secreted from mature neurons stimulates proliferation and maturation of immature neurons in the dentate gyrus.
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Saito S, Saito K, Nabeka H, Shimokawa T, Kobayashi N, Matsuda S. Differential expression of the alternatively spliced forms of prosaposin mRNAs in rat choroid plexus. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:231-42. [PMID: 24414178 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prosaposin has two distinct profiles. One is a precursor form that is processed into saposins thus promoting lysosomal sphingolipid hydrolase function, whereas the other is an intact form that is not processed into saposins but is abundant in certain tissues and secretory fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid. In rats, alternative splicing in the prosaposin gene generates mRNAs with and without a 9-base insertion (Pro+9 and Pro+0 mRNAs, respectively). Pro+9 mRNA is reported to be preferentially expressed in tissues in which the intact form of prosaposin dominates, whereas Pro+0 mRNA is preferentially expressed in tissues in which the precursor dominates. The expression patterns of Pro+9 and Pro+0 mRNAs in the rat choroid plexus are examined in the present study. The specificities of 36-mer oligonucleotide probes used to detect the 9-base insertion by in situ hybridization were demonstrated by dot-blot hybridization. Next, these probes were used for in situ hybridization, which showed predominant expression of Pro+0 mRNA and weak expression of Pro+9 mRNA in the choroid plexus. These expression patterns were confirmed by reverse transcription plus the polymerase chain reaction with AlwI restriction enzyme treatment. Expression of the intact form of prosaposin in the choroid plexus was assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Because the choroid plexus is responsible for the generation of cerebrospinal fluid containing the intact form of prosaposin, the present study raises the possibility that Pro+0 mRNA is related to the intact form in the choroid plexus and that the alternatively spliced forms of mRNAs do not simply correspond to the precursor and intact forms of prosaposin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1128, Japan,
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15
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Gao HL, Li C, Nabeka H, Shimokawa T, Kobayashi N, Saito S, Wang ZY, Cao YM, Matsuda S. Decrease in prosaposin in the Dystrophic mdx mouse brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80032. [PMID: 24244600 PMCID: PMC3828254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by a mutation in the X-linked dystrophin gene induces metabolic and structural disorders in the brain. A lack of dystrophin in brain structures is involved in impaired cognitive function. Prosaposin (PS), a neurotrophic factor, is abundant in the choroid plexus and various brain regions. We investigated whether PS serves as a link between dystrophin loss and gross and/or ultrastructural brain abnormalities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The distribution of PS in the brains of juvenile and adult mdx mice was investigated by immunochemistry, Western blotting, and in situ hybridization. Immunochemistry revealed lower levels of PS in the cytoplasm of neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and choroid plexus in mdx mice. Western blotting confirmed that PS levels were lower in these brain regions in both juveniles and adults. Even with low PS production in the choroids plexus, there was no significant PS decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In situ hybridization revealed that the primary form of PS mRNA in both normal and mdx mice was Pro+9, a secretory-type PS, and the hybridization signals for Pro+9 in the above-mentioned brain regions were weaker in mdx mice than in normal mice. We also investigated mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Stronger activation of ERK1/2 was observed in mdx mice, ERK1/2 activity was positively correlated with PS activity, and exogenous PS18 stimulated both p-ERK1/2 and PS in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Low levels of PS and its receptors suggest the participation of PS in some pathological changes in the brains of mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ling Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naoto Kobayashi
- Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Shimokawa T, Nabeka H, Yamamiya K, Wakisaka H, Takeuchi T, Kobayashi N, Matsuda S. Distribution of prosaposin in rat lymphatic tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:685-93. [PMID: 23420452 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) is as a trophic factor and an activator protein for sphingolipid hydrolase in lysosomes. We generated a specific antibody to PSAP and examined the spatiotemporal distribution of PSAP-immunoreactive (PSAP-IR) cells in the lymphatic tissues of Wistar rats. Immunoblots of tissue homogenates separated electrophoretically showed a single band for PSAP in brain but two bands in spleen. PSAP-IR cells were distributed in both the red and white pulp of the spleen, in both the cortex and medulla of the thymus and in mesenteric lymph nodes. Many PSAP-IR cells were found in the dome portion of Peyer's patches and the number of PSAP-IR cells increased with the age of the rat. To identify the PSAP-IR cells, double- and triple-immunostainings were performed with antibodies against PSAP, CD68 and CD1d. The large number of double- and triple-positive cells suggested that antigen-presenting cells contained much PSAP in these lymphatic tissues. Intense expression of PSAP mRNA, examined by in situ hybridisation, was observed in the red pulp and corona of the spleen. In rats, the PSAP gene generates two alternative splicing forms of mRNA: Pro+9 containing a 9-base insertion and Pro+0 without the insertion. We examined the expression patterns of the alternative splicing forms of PSAP mRNA in the spleen. The presence of both types of mRNA (Pro+9 and Pro+0) indicated that the spleen contains various types of prosaposin-producing and/or secreting cells. These findings suggest diverse functions for PSAP in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan.
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17
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Xue B, Chen J, Gao H, Saito S, Kobayashi N, Shimokawa T, Nabeka H, Sano A, Matsuda S. Chronological changes in prosaposin in the developing rat brain. Neurosci Res 2011; 71:22-34. [PMID: 21684311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin is the precursor protein of four glycoproteins, saposins A, B, C, and D, which activate sphingolipid hydrolases in lysosomes. Besides this role, intact prosaposin is also known as a potent neurotrophic factor that prevents neuronal cell death and stimulates neurite outgrowth in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the present study, we examined chronological changes in prosaposin immunoreactivity in the rat brain using immunofluorescence staining and Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemistry. In the hippocampal regions CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, the strongest staining of prosaposin was observed on postnatal day 1. The prosaposin immunoreactivity then decreased gradually until postnatal day 28. But in the cerebral cortex, prosaposin staining intensity increased from postnatal day 1 to 14, then decreased until postnatal day 28. The prosaposin immunoreactivity co-localized with the lysosomal granules labeled by an anti-Cathepsin D antibody, indicating that prosaposin mainly localized in the lysosomes of the neurons. We also examined the chronological changes in prosaposin mRNA and its two alternatively spliced variants using in situ hybridization. We found that both the mRNA forms, especially the one without a nine-base insertion, increased significantly from embryonic day 15 to postnatal day 7, then decreased gradually until postnatal day 28. Abundant prosaposin expression in the perinatal stages indicates a potential role of prosaposin in the early development of the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xue
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Integrated Basic Medical Science, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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18
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Fang M, He X, Zhang W, Zhou X, Nie Q, Zhang X. Transcript variants, expression, and polymorphisms of the pig prosaposin gene. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:481-9. [PMID: 21563967 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin (PASP) is a sphingolipid hydrolysis protein that plays roles in both the nervous and reproduction systems. In this study, we cloned the pig PASP gene and studied its genomic organization, polymorphism, and expression pattern. Two PASP transcripts, TV1 (HQ245644) and TV2 (HQ245646), were identified in pig. TV1 was the complete transcript that encoded 527 amino acids, whereas TV2 was 9 bp shorter due to an exon 8 deletion. The pig PASP gene spanned over 34 kb in length on chromosome 14 (SSC14), and consisted of 15 exons and 14 introns. The pig PASP gene (TV1 and TV2) expressed predominantly in the cerebellum, lymphnode, pituitary, abdominal fat, hypothalamus, and cerebrum in both females and males. PASP TV1 expressed mainly in teh cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary, heart, subcutaneous fat, and foreleg muscle, while TV2 was expressed in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and lymphnode. In foreleg muscle, the predominant transcript was TV2 in males and TV1 in females. Some potential transcriptional elements were predicted in 5' flanking region (~3000 bp) of the PASP gene, and they were TATA boxes, RORE, Sp1, SRY, oct-1, Cdx A, and cap. Additionally, we identified 68 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 9 indels in the pig PASP gene, and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (C77932320T or L15F; C77928094T or P191L; A77917401G or K522R) were nonsynonymous substitutions. These results provide useful information for future functional investigations of the pig PASP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Fang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Costain WJ, Haqqani AS, Rasquinha I, Giguere MS, Slinn J, Zurakowski B, Stanimirovic DB. Proteomic analysis of synaptosomal protein expression reveals that cerebral ischemia alters lysosomal Psap processing. Proteomics 2011; 10:3272-91. [PMID: 20718007 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (CI) induces dramatic changes in synaptic structure and function that precedes delayed post-ischemic neuronal death. Here, a proteomic analysis was used to identify the effects of focal CI on synaptosomal protein levels. Contralateral and ipsilateral synaptosomes, prepared from adult mice subjected to 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion, were isolated following 3, 6 and 20 h of reperfusion. Synaptosomal protein samples (n=3) were labeled using the cleavable ICAT system prior to analysis with nanoLC-MS/MS. Each sample was analyzed by LC-MS to identify differential expressions using InDEPT software and differentially expressed peptides were identified by targeted LC-MS/MS. A total of 62 differentially expressed proteins were identified and Gene Ontology classification (cellular component) indicated that the majority of the proteins were located in the mitochondria and other components consistent with synaptic localization. The observed alterations in synaptic protein levels poorly correlated with gene expression, indicating the involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in determining post-ischemic synaptic protein content. Additionally, immunohistochemistry analysis of prosaposin (Psap) and saposin C (SapC) indicates that CI disrupts Psap processing and glycosphingolipid metabolism. These results demonstrate that the synapse is adversely affected by CI and may play a role in mediating post-ischemic neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard J Costain
- Glycosyltransferases and Neuroglycomics, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The molecular genetic research on panic disorder (PD) has grown tremendously in the past decade. Although the data from twin and family studies suggest an involvement of genetic factors in the familial transmission of PD with the heritability estimate near 40%, the genetic substrate underlying panicogenesis is not yet understood. The linkage studies so far have suggested that chromosomal regions 13q, 14q, 22q, 4q31-q34, and probably 9q31 are associated with the transmission of PD phenotypes. To date, more than 350 candidate genes have been examined in association studies of PD, but most of these results remain inconsistent, negative, or not clearly replicated. Only Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene has been implicated in susceptibility to PD by several studies in independent samples and confirmed in a recent meta-analysis. However, the specific role of this genetic variation in PD requires additional analysis considering its gender- and ethnicity-dependent effect and putative impact on cognitive functions. The recent advantages in bioinformatics and genotyping technologies, including genome-wide association and gene expression methods, provide the means for far more comprehensive discovery in PD. The progress in clinical and neurobiological concepts of PD may further guide genetic research through the current controversies to more definitive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Donner J, Pirkola S, Silander K, Kananen L, Terwilliger JD, Lönnqvist J, Peltonen L, Hovatta I. An association analysis of murine anxiety genes in humans implicates novel candidate genes for anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:672-680. [PMID: 18639233 PMCID: PMC2682432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human anxiety disorders are complex diseases with largely unknown etiology. We have taken a cross-species approach to identify genes that regulate anxiety-like behavior with inbred mouse strains that differ in their innate anxiety levels as a model. We previously identified 17 genes with expression levels that correlate with anxiety behavior across the studied strains. In the present study, we tested their 13 known human homologues as candidate genes for human anxiety disorders with a genetic association study. METHODS We describe an anxiety disorder study sample derived from a Finnish population-based cohort and consisting of 321 patients and 653 carefully matched control subjects, all interviewed to obtain DSM-IV diagnoses. We genotyped altogether 208 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (all non-synonymous SNPs, SNPs that alter potential microRNA binding sites, and gap-filling SNPs selected on the basis of HapMap information) from the investigated anxiety candidate genes. RESULTS Specific alleles and haplotypes of six of the examined genes revealed some evidence for association (p < or = .01). The most significant evidence for association with different anxiety disorder subtypes were: p = .0009 with ALAD (delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase) in social phobia, p = .009 with DYNLL2 (dynein light chain 2) in generalized anxiety disorder, and p = .004 with PSAP (prosaposin) in panic disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that variants in these genes might predispose to specific human anxiety disorders. These results illustrate the potential utility of cross-species approaches in identification of candidate genes for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Donner
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Pirkola
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Kananen
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph D Terwilliger
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Genetics and Development, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Medical Genetics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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The secretion and maturation of prosaposin and procathepsin D are blocked in embryonic neural progenitor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1480-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Expression patterns in alternative splicing forms of prosaposin mRNA in the rat facial nerve nucleus after facial nerve transection. Neurosci Res 2007; 60:82-94. [PMID: 18022721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin acts as a neurotrophic factor, in addition to its role as the precursor protein for saposins A, B, C, and D, which are activators for specific sphingolipid hydrolases in lysosomes. In rats, the prosaposin gene generates two alternative splicing forms of mRNA: Pro+9 containing a 9-base insertion and Pro+0 without. The expression of these mRNAs changes after brain injury. We examined the expression patterns of the alternative splicing forms of prosaposin mRNA in the rat facial nerve nucleus for 52 days following facial nerve transection. Pro+0 mRNA increased within 3 days of transection, peaked after 5-10 days, and remained significantly elevated for 21 days. In contrast, the expression of Pro+9 mRNA was constant throughout the regenerative period. Prosaposin mRNA expression increased not only in facial motoneurons, but also in microglia during facial nerve regeneration. Our findings indicate that the saposin B domain of prosaposin, which is the domain affected by alternative splicing, plays an important role in both neurons and microglia during neuroregeneration.
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Mühlfriedel S, Kirsch F, Gruss P, Chowdhury K, Stoykova A. Novel genes differentially expressed in cortical regions during late neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:33-50. [PMID: 17614941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential gene expression across the embryonic cerebral cortex is assumed to play a role in the subdivision of the cortex into distinct areas with specific morphology, physiology and function. In a search for genes that may be involved in the cortical regionalization during late neurogenesis in mouse, we performed an extensive in-situ expression analysis at embryonic day (E)16 and E18. The examined candidate genes were selected beforehand by a microarray screen by virtue of their preferential expression in the anlagen of the motor, somatosensory, visual and cingulate cortices or hippocampus. We present new information about graded or regionally enriched expression of 25 genes (nine of which are novel genes) across the mouse embryonic cortex, in progenitor cells as well as in the cortical plate. The established differential expression of most of these genes is persistent at both stages studied, suggesting that their expression is regulated by an intrinsic programme. For some of the genes, the concept of intrinsic regulation is further substantiated by the high similarity of the reported expression patterns at E16 and E18 and published data from earlier stages. Few genes with robust expression in the E16 caudal cortex showed a more restricted pattern at E18, possibly because of their response to extrinsic cues. In addition, several genes appeared to be suitable novel markers for amygdalar and diencephalic nuclei. Taken together, our findings reveal novel molecular partitions of the late mouse cortex that are in accordance with the model of a leading role of intrinsic mechanisms in cortical arealization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mühlfriedel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Hozumi I, Uchida Y, Watabe K, Sakamoto T, Inuzuka T. Growth inhibitory factor (GIF) can protect from brain damage due to stab wounds in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2006; 395:220-3. [PMID: 16314047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of growth inhibitory factor (GIF), also called metallothionein-III (MT-III), in brain damage using a stab wound model. The administration of 3 microM purified rat GIF (prGIF) provided significantly improved brain repair compared with controls, whereas the administration of 15 microM prGIF reduced brain repair compared with controls. To maintain the continuous effect of GIF, we generated an adenoviral vector encoding rat GIF and the myc epitope (AxCArGIFM) and administered an appropriate amount (1 x 10(8) pfu) of AxCArGIFM on the basis of the optimal dosage determined in a previous study on avulsion of the facial nerve. The administration of AxCArGIFM provided significantly improved histological and biochemical parameters of brain repair compared with controls administered AxCALacZ (adenovirus encoding bacterial beta-galactosidase gene as a reporter; 1 x 10(8) pfu). These results show that GIF can protect from brain damage in certain appropriate conditions in vivo and in vitro. The optimal dosage is very important for the treatment in vivo, particularly that for GIF. Our findings show the double-edged effects of GIF. MTs including MT-III are promising as therapeutic agents not only for tissue repair following acute brain injury, but also for some neurodegenerative diseases because they have multifunctional potential including anti-oxidation effects and may have some effect on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Hozumi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan.
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26
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Miller RM, Kiser GL, Kaysser-Kranich TM, Lockner RJ, Palaniappan C, Federoff HJ. Robust dysregulation of gene expression in substantia nigra and striatum in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21:305-13. [PMID: 16143538 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genomics approaches are now widely utilized to study a myriad of human diseases. These powerful techniques, when combined with data analysis tools, detect changes in transcript abundance in diseased tissue relative to control. We hypothesize that specific differential gene expression underlies important pathogenic processes in Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and consequent loss of dopamine in the striatum. We have therefore examined gene expression levels in the human parkinsonian nigrostriatal pathway, and compared them with those of neurologically normal controls. Using unsupervised clustering methods, we demonstrate that relatively few genes' expression levels can effectively distinguish between disease and control brains. Further, we identify several interesting patterns of gene expression that illuminate pathogenic cascades in Parkinson's disease. In particular is the robust loss of synaptic gene expression in diseased substantia nigra and striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Miller
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Lauc G, Heffer-Lauc M. Shedding and uptake of gangliosides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1760:584-602. [PMID: 16388904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have very different biosynthetic origin, but they have one thing in common: they are both comprised of a relatively large hydrophilic moiety tethered to a membrane by a relatively small lipid tail. Both gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins can be actively shed from the membrane of one cell and taken up by other cells by insertion of their lipid anchors into the cell membrane. The process of shedding and uptake of gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins has been independently discovered in several disciplines during the last few decades, but these discoveries were largely ignored by people working in other areas of science. By bringing together results from these, sometimes very distant disciplines, in this review, we give an overview of current knowledge about shedding and uptake of gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins. Tumor cells and some pathogens apparently misuse this process for their own advantage, but its real physiological functions remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Lauc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Osijek School of Medicine, Croatia.
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Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Lussier JG, Theoret CL. Profiling of differentially expressed genes in wound margin biopsies of horses using suppression subtractive hybridization. Physiol Genomics 2005; 22:157-70. [PMID: 15870397 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00018.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed gene expression may disrupt the normal process of repair and lead to pathological situations resulting in excessive scarring. To prevent and treat impaired healing, it is necessary to first define baseline gene expression during normal repair. The objective of this study was to compare gene expression in normal intact skin (IS) and wound margin (WM) biopsies using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify genes differentially expressed during wound repair in horses. Tissue samples included both normal IS and biopsies from 7-day-old wounds. IS cDNAs were subtracted from WM cDNAs to establish a subtracted (WM-IS) cDNA library; 226 nonredundant cDNAs were identified. Detection of genes previously shown to be expressed 7 days after trauma, including the pro-α2-chain of type 1 pro-collagen (COL1A2), annexin A2, the pro-α3-chain of type 6 pro-collagen, β-actin, fibroblast growth factor 7, laminin receptor 1, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), secreted protein acidic cystein rich, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, supported the validity of the experimental design. A RT-PCR assay confirmed an increase or induction of the cDNAs of specific genes (COL1A2, MMP1, dermatan sulfate proteoglycan 2, cluster differentiation 68, cluster differentiation 163, and disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 9) within wound biopsies. Among these, COL1A2 and MMP1 had previously been documented in horses; 68.8% of the cDNAs had not previously been attributed a role during wound repair, of which spermidine/spermine- N-acetyltransferase, serin proteinase inhibitor B10, and sorting nexin 9 were highly expressed and whose known functions in other processes made them potential candidates in regulating the proliferative response to wounding. In conclusion, we identified novel genes that are differentially expressed in equine wound biopsies and that may modulate repair. Future experiments must correlate changes in mRNA levels for precise molecules with spatiotemporal protein expression within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Lefebvre-Lavoie
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Cohen T, Auerbach W, Ravid L, Bodennec J, Fein A, Futerman AH, Joyner AL, Horowitz M. The exon 8-containing prosaposin gene splice variant is dispensable for mouse development, lysosomal function, and secretion. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2431-40. [PMID: 15743835 PMCID: PMC1061615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.6.2431-2440.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin is a multifunctional protein with diverse functions. Intracellularly, prosaposin is a precursor of four sphingolipid activator proteins, saposins A to D, which are required for hydrolysis of sphingolipids by several lysosomal exohydrolases. Secreted prosaposin has been implicated as a neurotrophic, myelinotrophic, and myotrophic factor as well as a spermatogenic factor. It has also been implicated in fertilization. The human and the mouse prosaposin gene has a 9-bp exon (exon 8) that is alternatively spliced, resulting in an isoform with three extra amino acids, Gln-Asp-Gln, within the saposin B domain. Alternative splicing in the prosaposin gene is conserved from fish to humans, tissue specific, and regulated in the brain during development and nerve regeneration-degeneration processes. To elucidate the physiological role of alternative splicing, we have generated a mouse lacking exon 8 by homologous recombination. The exon 8 prosaposin mutant mice are healthy and fertile with no obvious phenotype. No changes were detected in prosaposin secretion or in accumulation and metabolism of gangliosides, sulfatides, neutral glycosphingolipids, neutral phospholipids, other neutral lipids, and ceramide. These data strongly indicate that the prosaposin variant containing the exon 8-encoded three amino acids is dispensable for normal mouse development and fertility as well as for prosaposin secretion and its lysosomal function, at least in the presence of the prosaposin variant missing the exon 8-encoded three amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsadok Cohen
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Cohen T, Ravid L, Altman N, Madar-Shapiro L, Fein A, Weil M, Horowitz M. Conservation of expression and alternative splicing in the prosaposin gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 129:8-19. [PMID: 15469878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin is the precursor of four lysosomal activator molecules known as saposins A, B, C and D. It is also secreted and was proposed to be a neurotrophic factor. The neurotrophic function was attributed to the amino terminus of saposin C. In man, mouse and rat prosaposin is transcribed to two major isoforms differing in the inclusion of 9 bps of exon 8 within the saposin B domain. In the present study, we show that there is evolutionary conservation of the prosaposin structure and alternative splicing in chick and zebrafish as well. Moreover, there is conservation in prosaposin expression as tested immunohistochemically in the mouse and chick developing brain. We developed a sensitive assay to quantitate the prosaposin alternatively spliced forms. Our results indicate that, in mouse brain, skeletal and cardiac muscle the exon 8-containing RNA is most abundant, while it is almost absent from visceral and smooth muscle-containing organs. We observed temporal and differential expression of the alternatively spliced prosaposin mRNAs in mouse and chick brain as well as during development. The elevation in the abundance of exon 8-containing prosaposin RNA during mouse and chick brain development may suggest a role for the exon 8-containing prosaposin form in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsadok Cohen
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Unuma K, Chen J, Saito S, Kobayashi N, Sato K, Saito K, Wakisaka H, Mominoki K, Sano A, Matsuda S. Changes in expression of prosaposin in the rat facial nerve nucleus after facial nerve transection. Neurosci Res 2005; 52:220-7. [PMID: 15927723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 03/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin is the precursor of saposins A, B, C and D, which are activators of sphingolipid hydrolases. In addition, unprocessed prosaposin functions as a neurotrophic factor in the central and peripheral nervous systems by acting to prevent neuronal apoptosis, to elongate neurites and to facilitate myelination. In this study, the expression pattern of prosaposin in the facial nerve nucleus after facial nerve transection was examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Prosaposin immunoreactivity in the neurons on the operated side facial nerve nucleus showed a biphasic pattern: it was significantly increased on day 3 after transection, decreased dramatically on day 7, started to increase gradually on day 14 and reached another peak on day 21 after transection. Significant increases in the levels of prosaposin mRNA were identified in the neurons on the operated side, suggesting that prosaposin was synthesized vigorously by the neurons themselves in the case of facial nerve transection. The diverse changes in prosaposin immunoreactivity during the process of facial nerve regeneration may reflect the diverse neurotrophic activities of prosaposin in facial motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Unuma
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Integrated Basic Medical Science, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-shi, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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