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Saccà SC, Vernazza S, Iorio EL, Tirendi S, Bassi AM, Gandolfi S, Izzotti A. Molecular changes in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork. Correlations with retinal ganglion cell death and novel strategies for neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:151-188. [PMID: 32958211 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss. Although significant advances in ophthalmologic knowledge and practice have been made, some glaucoma mechanisms are not yet understood, therefore, up to now there is no effective treatment able to ensure healing. Indeed, either pharmacological or surgical approaches to this disease aim in lowering intraocular pressure, which is considered the only modifiable risk factor. However, it is well known that several factors and metabolites are equally (if not more) involved in glaucoma. Oxidative stress, for instance, plays a pivotal role in both glaucoma onset and progression because it is responsible for the trabecular meshwork cell damage and, consequently, for intraocular pressure increase as well as for glaucomatous damage cascade. This review at first shows accurately the molecular-derived dysfunctions in antioxidant system and in mitochondria homeostasis which due to both oxidative stress and aging, lead to a chronic inflammation state, the trabecular meshwork damage as well as the glaucoma neurodegeneration. Therefore, the main molecular events triggered by oxidative stress up to the proapoptotic signals that promote the ganglion cell death have been highlighted. The second part of this review, instead, describes some of neuroprotective agents such as polyphenols or polyunsaturated fatty acids as possible therapeutic source against the propagation of glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Saccà
- Policlinico San Martino University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience and sense organs, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gandolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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High-Dose Aspirin Reverses Tartrazine-Induced Cell Growth Dysregulation Independent of p53 Signaling and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Rat Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9096404. [PMID: 31032366 PMCID: PMC6457281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9096404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tartrazine, an azo dye used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals with the effects on cell cycle, is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the toxicity of tartrazine in rat brain with high-dose aspirin. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into (C) control, (T) tartrazine (700 mg/kg body weight [BW] at weeks 1 and 2), (A) aspirin (150 mg/kg [BW] at weeks 1, 2, and 3), and (TA) aspirin + tartrazine (150 mg/kg [BW] aspirin at weeks 1, 2, and 3 and 700 mg/kg [BW] tartrazine at weeks 1 and 2) groups. The expression of p53, B cell lymphoma-2 extra-large (Bcl-xL), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), p27, and Ki67 was evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. A histopathological analysis of brain tissue and oxidative stress level was assessed based on reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), and malondialdehyde levels. We found that Bcl-xL, Ki67, CDK2, and p27 were upregulated and p53 was downregulated in the tartrazine-treated group as compared to the control group. Aspirin administration reversed these changes except P53 expression. Tartrazine had no effect on lipid peroxidation but altered AA and GSH levels with no reversal by aspirin treatment. Histopathological analysis revealed that aspirin prevented tartrazine-induced damage including increased perivascular space and hemorrhage. These results indicate that aspirin protects the brain from tartrazine-induced toxicity independent of p53 signaling and antioxidant mechanisms.
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Dolch ME, Choukèr A, Hornuss C, Frey L, Irlbeck M, Praun S, Leidlmair C, Villinger J, Schelling G. Quantification of propionaldehyde in breath of patients after lung transplantation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:157-64. [PMID: 25862413 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) have been identified to contribute significantly to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by initiating chain reactions with polyunsaturated membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) resulting in the generation of several aldehydes and ketones. Due to their volatile nature these LPO products can be measured noninvasively in breath. We hypothesized that one of these markers, namely propionaldehyde, will be increased in lung and heart-lung transplant patients where severe oxidative stress due to I/R injury with early graft dysfunction represents one of the major postoperative complications resulting in prolonged ventilation and increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Expiratory air measurements for acetone, isoprene, and propionaldehyde were performed in seven patients after lung (n = 5) or heart-lung (n = 2) transplantation, ventilated patients (n = 12), and healthy volunteers (n = 17) using online ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry. Increased concentrations of acetone (transplanted: 3812 [2347-12498]; ventilated: 1255 [276-1959]; healthy: 631 [520-784] ppbv; P < .001) and propionaldehyde (transplanted: 270 [70-424]; ventilated: 82 [41.8-142]; healthy: 1.7 [0.1-11.8] ppbv; P < .001) were found in expiratory air of transplanted and ventilated patients. Propionaldehyde resulting from spontaneous fragmentation of peroxides due to free radical-induced LPO after I/R injury in patients after lung or heart-lung transplantation can be quantified in expired breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Dolch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich-Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - A Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich-Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Hornuss
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich-Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - L Frey
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich-Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Irlbeck
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich-Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Praun
- VF Services GmbH, 6067 Absam, Austria
| | | | | | - G Schelling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Munich-Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Can urinary excretion rate of 8-isoprostrane and malonaldehyde predict postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aging? Neurol Sci 2013; 34:1665-9. [PMID: 23380806 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about oxidative stress in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aging. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary excretion rate of 8-isoprostane:creatinine (U8-isoPG:Cr) and malonaldehyde:creatinine (UMDA:Cr) to predict short-term POCD in elderly patients undergoing general and orthopedic surgery. 72 patients aged above 65 years were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Each patient underwent cognitive testing to determine POCD performed by an investigator before surgery and 1 week after surgery. Morning urine was collected at baseline, 1, 2, and 7 days postoperatively. U8-isoPG was performed using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and UMDA levels were measured by chemiluminescence detection. Creatinine levels were also analyzed if differences in the oxidative biomarkers were observed in the urine creatinine concentration. (1). Of 72 patients who completed cognitive testing, postoperative cognitive dysfunction was detected in 29.2 % (n = 21) of patients in 7 days. (2) U8-isoPG:Cr levels in 7 days postoperatively were significantly higher in POCD patients compared with the non-POCD group (p = 0.01). When measuring change from baseline, U8-isoPG:Cr levels were higher than that of control groups (p = 0.01). (3) UMDA:Cr levels were significantly elevated in 1 and 2 days postoperatively in both groups (p < 0.05). U8-isoPG:Cr level seems to be a valuable marker to detect lipid peroxidation early in POCD patients. However, it will also be important to take into account or reduce potential confounders to improve the identification of changes in the status of oxidative stress as a marker for POCD.
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Plasma levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and hospital mortality in severe head injury: a multivariate analysis. J Crit Care 2011; 27:523.e11-9. [PMID: 21803537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between biomarkers of oxidative stress and the prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the association between plasma levels of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive species [TBARS]) and protein oxidation (carbonyl) biomarkers and the hospital mortality of patients with severe TBI. METHODS Plasma levels of TBARS and carbonyl were determined in 79 consecutive patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] ≤8) at a median of 12 hours (interquartile range [IQ] 25-75, 6.5-19.0), 30 hours (IQ 25-75, 24.7-37.0), and 70 (IQ 25-75, 55.0-78.5) hours after TBI and were compared with age- and sex-matched controls. The association between the TBARS and carbonyl levels and the hospital mortality was analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 34.8 years. Eighty-six percent were male. The TBARS and carbonyl levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls. There was a trend (P = .09) for higher plasma levels of TBARS and carbonyl proteins at 12 hours, but not at 30 or 70 hours, after trauma in nonsurvivors than in survivors. These findings were not confirmed after the adjustments by multiple logistic regression analysis. The final model showed a higher adjusted odds ratio for death for patients with admission GCS lower than 5 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-12.13; P = .01) than those with higher GCS scores. Abnormal pupils were also associated with higher mortality (OR = 3.97; 95% CI, 1.22-12.13; P = .02). There was a nonsignificant trend for association between glucose greater than or equal to 150 mm/dL in the first 12 hours and death than levels between 70 and 149 mg/dL (OR = 2.92; 95% CI, 0.96-9.02; P = .06). CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of TBARS and carbonyl increase significantly in the first 70 hours after severe TBI but are not independently associated with the hospital mortality.
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Cheng D, Jenner AM, Shui G, Cheong WF, Mitchell TW, Nealon JR, Kim WS, McCann H, Wenk MR, Halliday GM, Garner B. Lipid pathway alterations in Parkinson's disease primary visual cortex. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17299. [PMID: 21387008 PMCID: PMC3046155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a lipidomics analysis of human Parkinson's disease tissues. We have focused on the primary visual cortex, a region that is devoid of pathological changes and Lewy bodies; and two additional regions, the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex which contain Lewy bodies at different disease stages but do not have as severe degeneration as the substantia nigra. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry lipidomics techniques for an initial screen of 200 lipid species, significant changes in 79 sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid and cholesterol species were detected in the visual cortex of Parkinson's disease patients (n = 10) compared to controls (n = 10) as assessed by two-sided unpaired t-test (p-value <0.05). False discovery rate analysis confirmed that 73 of these 79 lipid species were significantly changed in the visual cortex (q-value <0.05). By contrast, changes in 17 and 12 lipid species were identified in the Parkinson's disease amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex, respectively, compared to controls; none of which remained significant after false discovery rate analysis. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques, 6 out of 7 oxysterols analysed from both non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways were also selectively increased in the Parkinson's disease visual cortex. Many of these changes in visual cortex lipids were correlated with relevant changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and an oxidative stress response as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data indicate that changes in lipid metabolism occur in the Parkinson's disease visual cortex in the absence of obvious pathology. This suggests that normalization of lipid metabolism and/or oxidative stress status in the visual cortex may represent a novel route for treatment of non-motor symptoms, such as visual hallucinations, that are experienced by a majority of Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Cheng
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Jenner
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fun Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Nealon
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Woojin S. Kim
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heather McCann
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Mashir A, Dweik RA. Exhaled breath analysis: The new interface between medicine and engineering. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2009; 20:420-425. [PMID: 20948990 PMCID: PMC2952965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath testing is becoming an increasingly important non-invasive diagnostic method that can be used in the evaluation of health and disease states in the lung and beyond. Potential advantages of breath tests over other conventional medical tests include their non-invasive nature, low cost, and safety. To advance in this area further, however, there has to be a close collaboration between technical experts and engineers who have devices looking for clinical application(s), the medical experts who have the clinical problems looking for a test/biomarker that can be helpful in diagnosis or monitoring, and industry/commercial experts who can build and commercialize the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alquam Mashir
- Department of Pathobiology/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Raed A. Dweik
- Department of Pathobiology/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine/Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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Lord HL, Rosenfeld J, Raha S, Hamadeh MJ. Automated derivatization and analysis of malondialdehyde using column switching sample preparation HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:387-401. [PMID: 18196531 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Analyte derivatization is advantageous for the analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress in biological samples. Conventionally, however, derivatization is time consuming, error-prone and has limited options for automation. We have addressed these challenges for the solid phase analytical derivatization of MDA from small volume tissue homogenate samples. A manual derivatization method was first developed using Amberlite XAD-2 (12 mg) as the solid phase. Subsequently an automated column switching process was developed that provided simultaneous derivatization and extraction of the MDA-DH hydrazone product on a cartridge packed with XAD-2, followed by quantitative elution of the product to an analytical LC column (Waters NovoPak C18, 3.9 x 150 mm). The LOD was 0.02 microg/mL and recovery was quantitative. The method was linear (r(2) >0.999) with precision < 5% from the LOQ (0.06 microg/mL) to at least 35 microg/mL. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of small volume (30 microL) mouse tissue homogenate samples. Endogenous levels of MDA in the tissues ranged from 20 to 40 nmol/g tissue (ca. 0.1-0.2 microg/mL homogenate). Compared to conventional MDA analyses, the current method has advantages in automation, selectivity, precision and sensitivity for analysis from very small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lord
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Dohi K, Satoh K, Nakamachi T, Yofu S, Hiratsuka K, Nakamura S, Ohtaki H, Yoshikawa T, Shioda S, Aruga T. Does edaravone (MCI- 186) act as an antioxidant and a neuroprotector in experimental traumatic brain injury? Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:281-7. [PMID: 17115943 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.9.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Edaravone (MCI-186) is a novel synthetic free radical scavenger intended to have neuroprotective effect against ischemic insult. It is currently used on patients with cerebral infarction. Here, we note beneficial pharmaceutical effects of edaravone in rat experimental traumatic brain injury. Under specific experimental conditions, edaravone minimized traumatic brain injury by functioning as a synthetic antioxidant. Clinical trials testing the efficacy of edaravone are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Dohi
- Showa University, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Vuceljić M, Zunić G, Romić P, Jevtić M. Relation between both oxidative and metabolic-osmotic cell damages and initial injury severity in bombing casualties. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2006; 63:545-51. [PMID: 16796019 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0606545v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We have recently reported the development of oxidative cell damages in bombing casualties within a very early period after the initial injury. The aim of this study, was to investigate malondialdehyde (MDA), as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and osmolal gap (OG), as a good indicator of metabolic cell damages and to assess their relationship with the initial severity of the injury in bombing casualties. METHODS The study included the males (n = 52), injured during the bombing with the Injury Severity Score (ISS) ranging from 3 to 66. The whole group of casualties was devided into a group of less severely (ISS < 25, n = 24) and a group of severely (ISS > or = 26, n = 28) injured males. The uninjured volunteers (n = 10) were the controls. Osmolality, MDA, sodium, glucose, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin and total protein levels were measured in the venous blood, sampled daily, within a ten-day period. RESULTS In both groups of casualties, MDA and OG levels increased, total protein levels decreased, while other parameters were within the control limits. MDA alterations correlated with ISS (r = 0.414, p < 0.01), while a statistically significant correlation between OG and ISS was not obtained. Interestingly, in spite of some differences in MDA and OG trends, at the end of the examined period they were at the similar level in both groups. CONCLUSION The initial oxidative damages of the cellular membrane with intracellular metabolic disorders contributed to the gradual development of metabolic-osmotic damages of cells, which, consequently caused the OG increase. In the bombing casualties, oxidative cell damages were dependent on the initial injury severity, while metabolic-osmotic cell damages were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vuceljić
- Military Medical Academy, Institute for Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Bao F, John SM, Chen Y, Mathison RD, Weaver LC. The tripeptide phenylalanine-(d) glutamate-(d) glycine modulates leukocyte infiltration and oxidative damage in rat injured spinal cord. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1011-22. [PMID: 16581192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptide, phenylalanine-glutamate-glycine (FEG) and its d-isomeric form phenylalanine-(D) glutamate-(D) glycine (feG), derived from submandibular gland peptide-T, significantly reduce the allergic inflammatory response and leukocyte trafficking and neutrophil migration into intestine, heart and lungs. Due to these actions, we hypothesized that feG would attenuate the early inflammatory response to spinal cord injury, reduce free radical production and improve neurological outcomes, like other leukocyte-limiting strategies we have used previously. We tested this using a clip compression model of spinal cord injury in rats. Following spinal cord injury at the 4th thoracic cord segment, we quantified leukocyte infiltration, free radical formation and oxidative damage at the lesion site after feG or control peptide phenylalanine-(D) aspartate-(D) glycine treatment. In rats treated with feG at 2 and 12 h, or 6 and 12 h after spinal cord injury, mean myeloperoxidase activity and ED-1 expression were significantly lower ( approximately 40%) than in controls at 24 h. Free radical formation generated in injured spinal cord was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate as a fluorescent probe. Free radical production in the injured cord increased significantly after spinal cord injury and feG treatment significantly reduced this free radical production. Oxidative enzymes, lipid peroxidation and cell death were also significantly ( approximately 40%), gp91 ( approximately 30%), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels ( approximately 35%), 4-hydroxynonenal-bound protein ( approximately 35%) and caspase-3 ( approximately 32%). Early administration of feG decreases infiltration of inflammatory cells into the injured spinal cord and intraspinal free radical formation, thereby reducing oxidative damage and secondary cell death after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bao
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Laboratory of Spinal Cord Injury, BioTherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
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