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Li Y, Talbot CL, Chandravanshi B, Ksiazek A, Sood A, Chowdhury KH, Maschek JA, Cox J, Babu AKS, Paz HA, Babu PVA, Meyerholz DK, Wankhade UD, Holland W, Shyong Tai E, Summers SA, Chaurasia B. Cordyceps inhibits ceramide biosynthesis and improves insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7273. [PMID: 35508667 PMCID: PMC9068713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic ceramide accumulation in insulin-responsive tissues contributes to the development of obesity and impairs insulin sensitivity. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), the first enzyme essential for ceramide biosynthesis using myriocin in rodents reduces body weight and improves insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic indices. Myriocin was originally extracted from fruiting bodies of the fungus Isaria sinclairii and has been found abundant in a number of closely related fungal species such as the Cordyceps. Myriocin is not approved for human use but extracts from Cordyceps are routinely consumed as part of traditional Chinese medication for the treatment of numerous diseases including diabetes. Herein, we screened commercially available extracts of Cordyceps currently being consumed by humans, to identify Cordyceps containing myriocin and test the efficacy of Cordyceps extract containing myriocin in obese mice to improve energy and glucose homeostasis. We demonstrate that commercially available Cordyceps contain variable amounts of myriocin and treatment of mice with a human equivalent dose of Cordyceps extract containing myriocin, reduces ceramide accrual, increases energy expenditure, prevents diet-induced obesity, improves glucose homeostasis and resolves hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, these beneficial effects were due to increased adipose tissue browning/beiging, improved brown adipose tissue function and hepatic insulin sensitivity as well as alterations in the abundance of gut microbes such as Clostridium and Bilophila. Collectively, our data provide proof-of-principle that myriocin containing Cordyceps extract inhibit ceramide biosynthesis and attenuate metabolic impairments associated with obesity. Moreover, these studies identify commercially available Cordyceps as a readily available supplement to treat obesity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Lamar Talbot
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bhawna Chandravanshi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alec Ksiazek
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ayushi Sood
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kamrul Hasan Chowdhury
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Adhini Kuppuswamy Satheesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Henry A Paz
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Umesh D Wankhade
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - William Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bhagirath Chaurasia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Li Y, Xu G. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Jinshuibao Combined With ACEI/ARB in the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Ren Nutr 2019; 30:92-100. [PMID: 31201013 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2019.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to compare the relative efficacy and safety of jinshuibao (JSB) combined with angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. METHODS We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, China National Knowledge Internet, the Chinese Biomedical Database, and Wanfang database for articles from the building of the database to September 2018. RESULTS Fifty-one randomized controlled trials with 3,955 participants were included. The meta-analysis indicated that compared with the controls, JSB combined with ACEI/ARB group could remarkably improve the overall response rate (odds ratio 4.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.32-7.25) and reduce 24 h proteinuria (mean difference [MD] -0.16; 95% CI -0.19 to -0.13), urine albumin excretion ratio (MD -28.20; 95% CI -36.30 to -20.11), serum creatinine (MD -13.84; 95% CI -18.01 to -9.68), blood urea nitrogen (MD -1.00; 95% CI -1.36 to -0.63), systolic blood pressure (MD -4.57; 95% CI -6.78 to -2.37), diastolic blood pressure (MD -3.96; 95% CI -5.73 to -2.19), fasting blood glucose (MD -0.85; 95% CI -1.45 to -0.24), hemoglobin A1c (MD -0.52; 95% CI -0.83 to -0.21), serum total cholesterol (MD -0.53; 95% CI -0.86 to -0.20), and triglyceride (MD -0.53; 95% CI -0.55 to -0.51). CONCLUSIONS JSB combined with ACEI/ARB in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease is superior to the single application of ACEI/ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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Identification of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Its Artificially Cultured Ophiocordyceps Mycelia by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Orbitrap Fusion Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051013. [PMID: 29701667 PMCID: PMC6100002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cost of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, an important fungal drug used in Chinese medicine, has increased dramatically, and the counterfeits may have adverse health effects, a rapid and precise marker using the peptide mass spectrometry identification system could significantly enhance the regulatory capacity. In this study, we determined the marker peptides in the digested mixtures of fungal proteins in wild O. sinensis fruiting bodies and various commercially available mycelium fermented powders using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics. The results indicated the following marker peptides: TLLEAIDSIEPPK (m/z 713.39) was identified in the wild O. sinensis fruiting body, AVLSDAITLVR (m/z 579.34) was detected in the fermented O. sinensis mycelium powder, FAELLEK (m/z 849.47) was found in the fermented Ophiocordyceps mycelium powder, LESVVTSFTK (m/z 555.80) was discovered in the artificial Ophiocordyceps mycelium powder, and VPSSAVLR (m/z 414.75) was observed in O. mortierella mycelium powder. In order to verify the specificity and applicability of the method, the five marker peptides were synthesized and tested on all samples. All in all, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that mass spectrometry has been employed to detect the marker peptides of O.sinensis and its related products.
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Sun HQ, Zhu ZY, Yang XY, Meng M, Dai LC, Zhang YM. Preliminary characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a novel functional polysaccharide from Astragalus residue fermented by Paecilomyces sinensis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An Astragalus residue was reutilized through solid-state fermentation by Paecilomyces sinensis, which is a member of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Xue-Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Li-Cui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Yong-Min Zhang
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06
- Insititut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- CNRS UMR 8232
- 75005 Paris
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Huang CW, Hong TW, Wang YJ, Chen KC, Pei JC, Chuang TY, Lai WS, Tsai SH, Chu R, Chen WC, Sheen LY, Takahashi S, Ding ST, Shen TL. Ophiocordyceps formosana improves hyperglycemia and depression-like behavior in an STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:310. [PMID: 27553852 PMCID: PMC4995616 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background A newly defined Cordyceps species, Ophiocordyceps formosana (O. formosana) has been implicated in multitudinous bioactivities, including lowering glucose and cholesterol levels and modulating the immune system. However, few literatures demonstrate sufficient evidence to support these proposed functions. Although the use of Cordyceps spp. has been previously addressed to improve insulin insensitivity and improve the detrimental symptoms of depression; its mechanistic nature remains unsettled. Herein, we reveal the effects of O. formosana in ameliorating hyperglycemia accompanied with depression. Methods Diabetes was induced in mice by employing streptozotocin(STZ), a chemical that is toxic to insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas. These streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice showed combined symptoms of hyperglycemia and depressive behaviors. Twenty-four STZ-induced mice were randomly divided into 3 groups subjected to oral gavage with 100 μL solution of either PBS or 25 mg/mL Ophiocordyceps formosana extract (OFE) or 2 mg/mL rosiglitazone (Rosi, positive control group). Treatments were administered once per day for 28 days. An additional 6 mice without STZ induction were treated with PBS to serve as the control group. Insulin sensitivity was measured by a glucose tolerance test and levels of adiponectin in plasma and adipose tissue were also quantified. Behavioral tests were conducted and levels of monoamines in various brain regions relating to depression were evaluated. Results HPLC analysis uncovered three major constituents, adenosine, D-mannitol and cordycepin, within O. formosana similar to other prestigious medicinal Cordyceps spp.. STZ-induced diabetic mice demonstrated decreased body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue, while these symptoms were recovered in mice receiving OFE treatment. Moreover, the OFE group displayed improved insulin sensitivity and elevated adiponectin within the plasma and adipose tissue. The anti-depressive effect of OFE was observed in various depression-related behavior tests. Concurrently, neurotransmitters, like 5-HT and dopamine in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus were found to be up-regulated in OFE-treated mice. Conclusions Our findings illustrated, for the first time, the medicinal merits of O. formosana on Type I diabetes and hyperglycemia-induced depression. OFE were found to promote the expression of adiponectin, which is an adipokine involved in insulin sensitivity and hold anti-depressive effects. In addition, OFE administration also displayed altered levels of neurotransmitters in certain brain regions that may have contributed to its anti-depressive effect. Collectively, this current study provided insights to the potential therapeutic effects of O. formosana extracts in regards to hyperglycemia and its depressive complications.
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Klupp NL, Kiat H, Bensoussan A, Steiner GZ, Chang DH. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29540. [PMID: 27511742 PMCID: PMC4980683 DOI: 10.1038/srep29540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of hyperglycaemia and other cardiovascular risk components of metabolic syndrome using a prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eighty-four participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were randomised to one of three intervention groups: Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum with Cordyceps sinensis, or placebo. The dosage was 3 g/day of Ganoderma lucidum, with or without Cordyceps sinensis, for 16 weeks. The primary outcome measure was blood glucose (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA1c] and fasting plasma glucose [FPG]); a number of secondary outcome measures were also tested. Data from the two intervention groups were combined. The combined intervention had no effect on any of the primary (baseline-adjusted difference in means: HbA1c = 0.13%, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.60], p = 0.60; FPG = 0.03 mmol/L, 95% CI [-0.90, 0.96], p = 0.95) or secondary outcome measures over the course of the 16-week trial, and no overall increased risk of adverse events with either active treatment. Evidence from this randomised clinical trial does not support the use of Ganoderma lucidum for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in people with diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome. This Clinical Trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on November 23, 2006. Trial ID: ACTRN12606000485538 and can be accessed here: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=81705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerida L. Klupp
- The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University NSW, Australia
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Z. Steiner
- The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis H. Chang
- The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW, Australia
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Shashidhar GM, Giridhar P, Manohar B. Functional polysaccharides from medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis as a potent food supplement: extraction, characterization and therapeutic potentials – a systematic review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13539c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a rich source of novel polysaccharides, Cordyceps sinensis (CS), one of the valued traditional Chinese medicinal fungi, is a major focus of many natural products research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Shashidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi
- India
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
| | - P. Giridhar
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysore
- India
| | - B. Manohar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi
- India
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
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9
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Zhang DW, Wang ZL, Qi W, Zhao GY. The effects of Cordyceps sinensis phytoestrogen on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:484. [PMID: 25496560 PMCID: PMC4302055 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones are naturally occurring plant chemicals belonging to the "phytoestrogen" class. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of isoflavones obtained from Cordyceps sinensis (CSIF) on development of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. METHODS After the rats were treated orally with CSIF, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin (OC), homocysteine (HCY), C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), estradiol and interferonγ (IFN-γ) level were examined. At the same time, the urine calcium, plasma calcium, plasma phosphorus and the mass of uterus, thymus and body were also examined. RESULTS The beneficial effects of CSIF on improvement of osteoporosis in rats were attributable mainly to decrease ALP activity, TRAP activity, CTX level and IFN-γ level. At the same time, CSIF also increase the OC and estradiol level in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. The histological examination clearly showed that dietary CSIF can prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. CONCLUSION The significant estrogenic activity of CSIF demonstrated that CSIF has significant estrogenic effects in OVX rats.
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Brigham A, Bryan JK, Ceurvels J, Conquer J, Costa D, Culwell S, Giese N, Hashmi S, Hawkins EB, Isaac R, Le TD, LeBlanc Y, Liu A, Rusie-Seamon E, Grimes Serrano JM, Tanguay-Colucci S, Weissner W, Zhou S. Cordyceps (Cordyceps spp.): An Evidence-Based Systematic Review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/act.2013.19606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Brigham
- Former pharmacy students at Northeastern University, in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Kathryn Bryan
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - James Ceurvels
- Former pharmacy students at Northeastern University, in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Conquer
- President of RGB Consulting, in London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn Costa
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha Culwell
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Giese
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Sadaf Hashmi
- A clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at the Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, in Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Richard Isaac
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Thuy-Duong Le
- A former pharmacy student at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Yvonne LeBlanc
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Liu
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Erica Rusie-Seamon
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Wendy Weissner
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Zhou
- The Natural Standard Research Collaboration, in Somerville, Massachusetts
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Qi W, Zhang Y, Yan YB, Lei W, Wu ZX, Liu N, Liu S, Shi L, Fan Y. The Protective Effect of Cordymin, a Peptide Purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, on Diabetic Osteopenia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:985636. [PMID: 24174985 PMCID: PMC3794654 DOI: 10.1155/2013/985636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of cordymin on diabetic osteopenia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and the possible mechanisms involved. The diabetic rats received daily intraperitoneal injection with cordymin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Cordymin could restore the circulating blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and insulin levels in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the treatment of diabetic rats with cordymin could partially reverse the β cells death and decrease the total antioxidant status (TAOS) in the diabetic rats. The results may directly and indirectly account for the possible mechanism of the beneficial effect of cordymin on diabetic osteopenia, which was confirmed with the increased bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). All those findings indicate that cordymin may play a protective role in diabetic osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- The Surgery Department of 520th Hospital of PLA, Mian Yang 621000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ya-bo Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zi-xiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong-ChongXiaCao ( Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and Related Bioactive Ingredients. J Tradit Complement Med 2013; 3:16-32. [PMID: 24716152 PMCID: PMC3924981 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn.Cordyceps sinensis), which was originally used in traditional Tibetan and Chinese medicine, is called either "yartsa gunbu" or "DongChongXiaCao ( Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo)" ("winter worm-summer grass"), respectively. The extremely high price of DongChongXiaCao, approximately USD $20,000 to 40,000 per kg, has led to it being regarded as "soft gold" in China. The multi-fungi hypothesis has been proposed for DongChongXiaCao; however, Hirsutella sinensis is the anamorph of O. sinensis. In Chinese, the meaning of "DongChongXiaCao" is different for O. sinensis, Cordyceps spp., and Cordyceps sp. Over 30 bioactivities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, have been reported for wild DongChongXiaCao and for the mycelia and culture supernatants of O. sinensis. These bioactivities derive from over 20 bioactive ingredients, mainly extracellular polysaccharides, intracellular polysaccharides, cordycepin, adenosine, mannitol, and sterols. Other bioactive components have been found as well, including two peptides (cordymin and myriocin), melanin, lovastatin, γ-aminobutyric acid, and cordysinins. Recently, the bioactivities of O. sinensis were described, and they include antiarteriosclerosis, antidepression, and antiosteoporosis activities, photoprotection, prevention and treatment of bowel injury, promotion of endurance capacity, and learning-memory improvement. H. sinensis has the ability to accelerate leukocyte recovery, stimulate lymphocyte proliferation, antidiabetes, and improve kidney injury. Starting January 1(st), 2013, regulation will dictate that one fungus can only have one name, which will end the system of using separate names for anamorphs. The anamorph name "H. sinensis" has changed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Lo
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chienyan Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Yanchao Township, Kao-Hsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Lin
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Healthcare and Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hao Hsu
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Healthcare and Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
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Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in DongChongXiaCao (冬蟲夏草 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and Related Bioactive Ingredients. J Tradit Complement Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lo HC, Hsu TH, Tu ST, Lin KC. Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of Natural and Fermented Cordyceps sinensis in Rats with Diabetes Induced by Nicotinamide and Streptozotocin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 34:819-32. [PMID: 17080547 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x06004314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, attenuated diabetes-induced weight loss, polydipsia, and hyperglycemia in rats. In the present study, we further compared the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the fermented mycelia and broth of Cordyceps sinensis with that of the fruiting bodies. Male Wistar rats orally administered a placebo (STZ group), fruiting bodies (FB group, 1 g/day), fermented mycelia (MCS group, 1 g/day), fermented broth (BCS group, 1 g/day), or fermented mycelia plus broth (XCS group, 0.5 g/day of each) of Cordyceps sinensis (d1 to d28) were injected with nicotinamide (200 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) on d15. Rats fed with a placebo and injected with saline served as the control (CON) group. The amount of water and food consumption (d15 to d29), the 2-hour-postprandial blood glucose concentrations (d21 and d28), and the serum concentrations of fructosamine (d29) were significantly lower in the FB, MCS, BCS, and XCS groups than in the STZ group (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). The diabetic rats had significantly higher blood glucose concentrations as measured by the oral glucose tolerance test than the control rats; moreover, these changes were significantly reduced by ingesting the fruiting bodies, fermented mycelia and/or broth of Cordyceps sinensis. Our results revealed that the fermented mycelia and broth of Cordyceps sinensis have anti-hyperglycemic activities similar to those of the fruiting bodies. Therefore, the fermented products of Cordyceps sinensis could be developed as potential anti-diabetic agents or functional foods for persons with a high risk of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Lo
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang-Jung Christian University, Tainan, 71101, Taiwan, ROC
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Effects of Extract from Solid-State Fermented Cordyceps sinensis on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:743107. [PMID: 22474523 PMCID: PMC3296307 DOI: 10.1155/2012/743107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease in the world, and a wide range of drugs, including Chinese herbs, have been evaluated for the treatment of associated metabolic disorders. This study investigated the potential hypoglycemic and renoprotective effects of an extract from the solid-state fermented mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis (CS). We employed the KK/HIJ diabetic mouse model, in which the mice were provided with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce hyperglycemia, followed by the administration of CS or rosiglitazone for 4 consecutive weeks. Several parameters were evaluated, including changes in body weight, plasma lipid profiles, oral glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, and plasma insulin concentrations. Our results show that the CS extract significantly elevated HDL/LDL ratios at 4 weeks and decreased body weight gain at 8 weeks. Interestingly, CS treatment did not lead to obvious improvements in hyperglycemia or resistance to insulin, while in vitro MTT assays indicated that CS protects pancreatic beta cells against the toxic effects of STZ. CS also enhanced renal NKA activity and reduced the accumulation of mesangial matrix and collagen deposition. In conclusion, CS extract can potentially preserve β-cell function and offer renoprotection, which may afford a promising therapy for DM.
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Guo J, Li C, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang J. Vanadium-Enriched Cordyceps sinensis, a Contemporary Treatment Approach to Both Diabetes and Depression in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:450316. [PMID: 21799679 PMCID: PMC3136498 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This article studies a contemporary treatment approach toward both diabetes and depression management by vanadium-enriched Cordyceps sinensis (VECS). Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats were used in the study. After the rats were administered with VECS, a significant reduction in blood glucose levels was seen (P < .05) and the levels of serum insulin increased significantly (P < .05). At the same time, the study revealed a significant decrease in immobility with a corresponding increase in the swimming and climbing behavior in hyperglycemic rats following VECS treatment. The results described herein demonstrate that VECS is a contemporary treatment approach that advocates an aggressive stance toward both diabetes and depression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Qi W, Yan YB, Wang PJ, Lei W. The co-effect of Cordyceps sinensis and strontium on osteoporosis in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 141:216-23. [PMID: 20443075 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The co-effect of Cordyceps sinensi (CS; caterpillar fungus) and strontium on ovariectomized osteopenic rats was studied in this paper. After the rats were treated orally with CS, strontium (SR), and CS rich in strontium (CSS), respectively, the urine calcium, plasma calcium, plasma phosphorus, bone mineral content, mechanical testing, and the mass of uterus, thymus, and body were examined. Both CSS and SR have a positive effect on mechanical strength and mineral content of ovariectomized osteopenic rats. However, femoral neck strength in the CSS-treated group was higher than those in the SR-treated groups. CSS and SR significantly decreased urinary calcium excretion and plasma total calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations. On the contrary, CS and CSS significantly increased weights of atrophic uteri and weights of body and also decreased the thymus mass in animals, whereas SR did not exhibit any such effects. Our experiments have demonstrated that CSS possess a preferable effect against the decrease of bone strength and bone mineral mass caused by osteoporosis. It was caused by the co-effect of CS and strontium. The mechanism of it includes decreases bone resorption, increases bone formation, increases in body weight, and enhances 17β-estradiol-producing as well as enhancing the immune functions in animals. The data provide an important proof of concept that CSS might be a new potential therapy for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xi Jing hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
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Liu Z, Li P, Zhao D, Tang H, Guo J. Anti-inflammation Effects of Cordyceps sinensis Mycelium in Focal Cerebral Ischemic Injury Rats. Inflammation 2010; 34:639-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu Z, Li P, Zhao D, Tang H, Guo J. Protective effect of extract of Cordyceps sinensis in middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Behav Brain Funct 2010; 6:61. [PMID: 20955613 PMCID: PMC2984477 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic hypoxic brain injury often causes irreversible brain damage. The lack of effective and widely applicable pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke patients may explain a growing interest in traditional medicines. From the point of view of "self-medication" or "preventive medicine," Cordyceps sinensis was used in the prevention of cerebral ischemia in this paper. Methods The right middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used in the study. The effects of Cordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar fungus) extract on mortality rate, neurobehavior, grip strength, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione content, Lipid Peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase activity, catalase activity, Na+K+ATPase activity and glutathione S transferase activity in a rat model were studied respectively. Results Cordyceps sinensis extract significantly improved the outcome in rats after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in terms of neurobehavioral function. At the same time, supplementation of Cordyceps sinensis extract significantly boosted the defense mechanism against cerebral ischemia by increasing antioxidants activity related to lesion pathogenesis. Restoration of the antioxidant homeostasis in the brain after reperfusion may have helped the brain recover from ischemic injury. Conclusions These experimental results suggest that complement Cordyceps sinensis extract is protective after cerebral ischemia in specific way. The administration of Cordyceps sinensis extract significantly reduced focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. The defense mechanism against cerebral ischemia was by increasing antioxidants activity related to lesion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R China
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Guo JY, Han CC, Liu YM. A Contemporary Treatment Approach to Both Diabetes and Depression by Cordyceps sinensis, Rich in Vanadium. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2010; 7:387-9. [PMID: 19948751 PMCID: PMC2887337 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can be associated with anxiety and depression. Both diabetes and depression negatively interact, in that depression leads to poor metabolic control and hyperglycemia exacerbates depression. We hypothesize one novel vanadium complex of vanadium-enriched Cordyceps sinensis (VECS), which is beneficial in preventing depression in diabetes, and influences the long-term course of glycemic control. Vanadium compounds have the ability to imitate the action of insulin, and this mimicry may have further favorable effects on the level of treatment satisfaction and mood. C. sinensis has an antidepressant-like activity, and attenuates the diabetes-induced increase in blood glucose concentrations. We suggest that the VECS may be a potential strategy for contemporary treatment of depression and diabetes through the co-effect of C. sinensis and vanadium. The validity of the hypothesis can most simply be tested by examining blood glucose levels, and swimming and climbing behavior in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People’s Republic of China and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chao Han
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People’s Republic of China and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People’s Republic of China and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Abstract
Cordyceps species, including C. sinensis, C. militaris, C. pruinosa and C. ophioglossoides, are prized traditional medicinal materials. The aim of this article is to review the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps species. The chemical constituents include cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) and its derivatives, ergosterol, polysaccharides, a glycoprotein and peptides containing α-aminoisobutyric acid. They include anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti-ageing, neuroprotective and renoprotective effects. Polysaccharide accounts for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, steroidogenic and hypolipidaemic effects. Cordycepin contributes to the anti-tumour, insecticidal and antibacterial activity. Ergosterol exhibits anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activity. A DNase has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Hsu TL, Cheng SC, Yang WB, Chin SW, Chen BH, Huang MT, Hsieh SL, Wong CH. Profiling carbohydrate-receptor interaction with recombinant innate immunity receptor-Fc fusion proteins. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34479-89. [PMID: 19837675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.065961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes is controlled by host immune cells, which are equipped with many innate immunity receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and immunoglobulin-like receptors. Our studies indicate that the immune modulating properties of many herbal drugs, for instance, the medicinal fungus Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) and Cordyceps sinensis, could be attributed to their polysaccharide components. These polysaccharides specifically interact with and activate surface receptors involved in innate immunity. However, due to the complexity of polysaccharides and their various sources from medicinal fungi, quantitative analysis of medicinal polysaccharide extracts with regard to their functions represents a major challenge. To profile carbohydrate-immune receptor interactions, the extracellular domains of 17 receptors were cloned as Fc-fusion proteins, such that their interactions with immobilized polysaccharides could be probed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results show that several innate immune receptors, including Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, Langerin, Kupffer cell receptor, macrophage mannose receptor, TLR2, and TLR4, interact with the polysaccharide extracts from G. lucidum (GLPS). This analysis revealed distinct polysaccharide profiles from different sources of medicinal fungi, and the innate immune receptor-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay described here can serve as a high-throughput profiling method for the characterization and quality control of medicinal polysaccharides. It also provides a means to dissect the molecular mechanism of medicinal polysaccharide-induced immunomodulation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ling Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Han EK, Jin YX, Yoo YS, Jung EJ, Lee JY, Chung CK. Effect of Artemisia capillaris and Paecilomyces japonica on the Reduction of Hepatotoxicity and Lipid Metabolism Induced by Ethanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.8.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Paterson RRM. Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1469-95. [PMID: 18343466 PMCID: PMC7111646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are growing in popularity. However, are they effective? Cordyceps is not studied as systematically for bioactivity as another TCM, Ganoderma. Cordyceps is fascinating per se, especially because of the pathogenic lifestyle on Lepidopteron insects. The combination of the fungus and dead insect has been used as a TCM for centuries. However, the natural fungus has been harvested to the extent that it is an endangered species. The effectiveness has been attributed to the Chinese philosophical concept of Yin and Yang and can this be compatible with scientific philosophy? A vast literature exists, some of which is scientific, although others are popular myth, and even hype. Cordyceps sinensis is the most explored species followed by Cordyceps militaris. However, taxonomic concepts were confused until a recent revision, with undefined material being used that cannot be verified. Holomorphism is relevant and contamination might account for some of the activity. The role of the insect has been ignored. Some of the analytical methodologies are poor. Data on the "old" compound cordycepin are still being published: ergosterol and related compounds are reported despite being universal to fungi. There is too much work on crude extracts rather than pure compounds with water and methanol solvents being over-represented in this respect (although methanol is an effective solvent). Excessive speculation exists as to the curative properties. However, there are some excellent pharmacological data and relating to apoptosis. For example, some preparations are active against cancers or diabetes which should be fully investigated. Polysaccharides and secondary metabolites are of particular interest. The use of genuine anamorphic forms in bioreactors is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Yang BK, Kim GN, Jeong YT, Jeong H, Mehta P, Song CH. Hypoglycemic Effects of Exo-biopolymers Produced by Five Different Medicinal Mushrooms in STZ-induced Diabetic Rats. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:45-49. [PMID: 23997607 PMCID: PMC3755251 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.1.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemic effects of exo-biopolymers (EBP) produced by submerged mycelial cultures of Coriolus versicolor, Cordyceps sinensis, Paecilomyces japonica, Armillariella mellea, and Fomes fomentarius were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The rats from each experimental group were orally administered with EBPs (100 mg/kg BW) daily for 2 weeks. Though the hypoglycemic effect was achieved in all the cases, however, C. versicolor EBP proved as the most potent one. The administration of the C. versicolor EBP substantially reduced (29.9%) the plasma glucose level as compared to the saline administered group (control). It also reduced the plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels by 9.22, 23.83, 16.93, and 27.31%, respectively. The sugar and amino acid compositions of this EBP were also analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Keun Yang
- Research Center for Processing & Application of Agricultural Products, Daegu University, Gyungsan, Gyungbuk 712-714, Korea
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Nishizawa K, Torii K, Kawasaki A, Katada M, Ito M, Terashita K, Aiso S, Matsuoka M. Antidepressant-Like Effect of Cordyceps sinensis in the Mouse Tail Suspension Test. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1758-62. [PMID: 17827735 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis (CS) has been known as a component of traditional medicines that elicit various biological effects such as anti-fatigue, immunomodulatory, and hypoglycemic actions. Since it has been well-established that fatigue is closely related to depression, we used the tail suspension test (TST) in mice to examine the antidepressant-like effects of hot water extract (HWCS) and supercritical fluid extract (SCCS) of CS. Immobility time in the TST was reduced by administration of SCCS (2.5-10 ml/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently though it was not reduced by treatment with HWCS (500-2000 mg/kg, p.o.). Neither HWCS nor SCCS altered locomotor activity in the open field test, excluding the possibility that the effect of SCCS is due to activation of locomotion. Pretreatment with prazosin (an adrenoreceptor antagonist) or sulpiride (a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist) reduced the effect of SCCS on the immobility time. In contrast, pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor) did not alter the anti-immobility effect of SCCS. The last finding is consistent with an additional observation that SCCS had no effect on head twitch response induced by 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in mice. Taken altogether, these results suggest that SCCS may elicit an antidepressant-like effect by affecting the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems, but not by affecting the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nishizawa
- Noevir-Keio Research Laboratory, Noevir Co., Ltd, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Zhang G, Huang Y, Bian Y, Wong JH, Ng TB, Wang H. Hypoglycemic activity of the fungi Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Tricholoma mongolicum, and Omphalia lapidescens in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:1152-6. [PMID: 16575562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Crude extracts were prepared from fruiting bodies and mycelia of the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, and a polysaccharide-enriched fraction was obtained after extraction with hot water and ethanol precipitation. Polysaccharide-enriched fractions were similarly prepared from Cordyceps sinensis, Omphalia lapidescens, and Tricholoma mongolicum. The various aforementioned preparations were orally administered into different groups of adult rats 24 h before an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight), and subsequently daily for another 4 days. The dosage used was 10 mg/kg body weight for polysaccharide-enriched preparations and 100 mg/kg body weight for crude extracts. Control rats received distilled water instead of crude extract or polysaccharide-enriched preparation. It was found in the control rats that plasma glucose level rose from about 90 mg/dl before streptozotocin injection to levels that were maintained at about 300 mg/dl postinjection. All preparations produced hypoglycemic effects. C. militaris polysaccharide-enriched fraction displayed a more prominent effect than that of C. sinensis polysaccharide-enriched fraction which in turn was more potent than that of O. lapidescens and T. mongolicum polysaccharide-enriched fractions. The hypoglycemic effect of C. militaris polysaccharide-enriched fraction was dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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Dong CH, Yao YJ. Nutritional requirements of mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in submerged culture. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 99:483-92. [PMID: 16108789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The nutritional requirements for mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in semi-synthetic liquid media were investigated. The results provide a basis for further physiological study and industrial fermentation of the fungus. METHODS AND RESULTS Nutritional requirements, including 17 carbohydrates, 16 nitrogen compounds, nine vitamins, four macro-elements, four trace-elements and eight ratios of carbon to nitrogen, were studied for their effects on the mycelial growth in submerged cultures of C. sinensis by using one-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal matrix methods. Among these variables, sucrose, peptone, folic acid, calcium, zinc and a carbon to nitrogen ratio 12 : 1 were identified as the requirements for the optimum mycelial growth. The concentrations of sucrose, peptone and yeast extract were optimized and the effects of medium composition on mycelial growth were found to be in the order sucrose > yeast extract > peptone. The optimal concentration for mycelial growth was determined as 50 g l(-1) sucrose, 10 g l(-1) peptone and 3 g l(-1) yeast extract. CONCLUSIONS Under optimal culture conditions, over 22 g l(-1) of mycelial biomass could be obtained after 40 days in submerged cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Cordyceps sinensis, one of the most valued medicinal fungi, is shown to grow in axenic culture. This is the first report on nutritional requirements and design of a simplified semi-synthetic medium for mycelial growth of this psychrophilic species, which grows slowly below 20 degrees C. The results of this study will facilitate research on mass production of the fungus under defined culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Dong
- Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Hwang HJ, Kim SW, Lim JM, Joo JH, Kim HO, Kim HM, Yun JW. Hypoglycemic effect of crude exopolysaccharides produced by a medicinal mushroom Phellinus baumii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2005; 76:3069-80. [PMID: 15850599 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antidiabetic effect of the crude exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced from submerged mycelial culture of Phellinus baumii in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. The produced EPS consisted of two different heteropolysaccharides and two proteoglycans. The food intake of the diabetic control rats (STZ) was increased by 28.1%, whereas body weight gain was reduced by 44.1% as compared to the nondiabetic animals (NC). The plasma glucose level in the EPS-fed rats (EPS) was substantially reduced by 52.3% as compared to the diabetic rats (STZ), which is the highest hypoglycemic effect among mushroom-derived materials documented in literature. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly decreased by administration of P. baumii EPS, thereby exhibiting a remedial role in liver function. The significant increase in weights of liver, spleen, and kidney was observed in diabetic groups (both STZ and EPS) compared to NC. The results suggest that orally administrated P. baumii EPS exhibited considerable hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats and that these EPS may be useful for the management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyungsan, Kyungbuk 712-714, Korea
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Gong YX, Li SP, Li P, Liu JJ, Wang YT. Simultaneous determination of six main nucleosides and bases in natural and cultured Cordyceps by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1055:215-21. [PMID: 15560499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is described for simultaneous determination of six main nucleosides and bases including adenine, uracil, adenosine, guanosine, uridine and inosine in Cordyceps by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Chemometric optimization based on central composite design was employed to find the optimum resolution. The optimum factor space was defined by three parameters: buffer concentration, pH and concentration of acetonitrile as organic modifier. Resolution (Rs) was employed to evaluate the response function. A running buffer composed of 500 mM boric acid, adjusted pH to 8.6 with sodium hydroxide and 12.2% acetonitrile as modifier was found to be the most appropriate for the separation. The contents of the six components were determined by using adenosine monophosphate as an internal standard. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 32 peaks in CE profiles from the tested 12 samples showed that natural and cultured Cordyceps were in different clusters. Adenosine and inosine were extracted as markers for discrimination of natural Cordyceps. The result of clustering based on the two peaks characteristics was in excellent agreement with that based on 32 peaks'. Thus, adenosine and inosine could be used as markers for quality control of natural and cultured Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Gong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China
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Lo HC, Tu ST, Lin KC, Lin SC. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the fruiting body of Cordyceps in diabetic rats induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Life Sci 2004; 74:2897-908. [PMID: 15050427 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Little scientific evidence exists to support the numerous herbs used to improve diabetes-related metabolic disorders. Cordyceps, a Chinese herbal medicine with fruiting body and carcass, has been proposed to have multiple medicinal activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fruiting body and carcass of Cordyceps on hyperglycemia. Male Wistar rats administered with placebo (STZ group), 1 g of fruiting body (FB group), 1 g of carcass (CC group), or 1g of fruiting body plus carcass (CF group) of Cordyceps for four weeks (d1 to d28) were injected with nicotinamide (200 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) on d15. Animals fed with placebo and injected with saline acted as the controls (CON group). The results showed that water intake (d15 to d29), changes in fasting blood glucose concentration (d15 to d26), and serum concentrations of fructosamine (d29) were significantly greater in the STZ, CC and CF groups than in the CON and FB groups (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.05). The diabetic rats had significantly lower weight gain and higher blood glucose response in oral glucose tolerance test than the control rats; and these changes were significantly reduced by administrating the fruiting body of Cordyceps. Our results revealed that fruiting body, not carcass, of Cordyceps attenuated the diabetes-induced weight loss, polydipsia and hyperglycemia, and these improvements suggest that fruiting body of Cordyceps has a potential to be the functional food for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Lo
- Department of Bioscience technology, Chang-Jung Christian University, Tainan, 711, Taiwan
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Huang BM, Hsiao KY, Chuang PC, Wu MH, Pan HA, Tsai SJ. Upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and ovarian 17beta-estradiol in human granulosa-lutein cells by Cordyceps sinensis mycelium. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1358-64. [PMID: 14711788 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.022855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that 17beta-estradiol (E2) directly influences the quality of maturing oocytes and thus the outcome of assisted reproduction treatment. Although Cordyceps sinensis (CS) mycelium, a Chinese herbal medicine, is believed to enhance libido and fertility in both sexes, the mechanism of its effect in women has not been determined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of CS on steroidogenic enzyme expression and E2 biosynthesis in human granulosa-lutein cells (GLC). We found that CS induced E2 production by GLC in a dose- and time-dependent manner and that a 3-h treatment with CS induced increased levels of mRNAs coding for the P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), and aromatase. Western blot analysis demonstrated that, after treatment with CS for 3 h, protein levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase were upregulated while P450scc and 3beta-HSD levels showed no substantial change. New protein synthesis was required for CS-induced E2 production because it was abrogated by cycloheximide pretreatment. Addition of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, thus bypassing the need for StAR protein, did not induce as much E2 production as CS treatment, indicating that upregulation of StAR protein was not the only factor contributing to CS-induced steroidogenesis. Cotreatment of GLCs with CS and aminoglutethimide, an aromatase inhibitor, completely abolished CS-induced E2 production. In conclusion, treatment of GLCs with CS results in increased E2 production due, at least in part, to increased StAR and aromatase expression. These data may help in the development of treatment regimens to improve the success rate of in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hockaday TDR. Two herbal preparations, Cordyceps Cs4 and Cogent db: do they act on blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes as "viscous dietary fibers?". J Altern Complement Med 2002; 8:403-5. [PMID: 12230899 DOI: 10.1089/107555302760253586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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