1
|
Hirsch C, Schildknecht S. In Vitro Research Reproducibility: Keeping Up High Standards. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1484. [PMID: 31920667 PMCID: PMC6916005 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Concern regarding the reproducibility of observations in life science research has emerged in recent years, particularly in view of unfavorable experiences with preclinical in vivo research. The use of cell-based systems has increasingly replaced in vivo research and the application of in vitro models enjoys an ever-growing popularity. To avoid repeating past mistakes, high standards of reproducibility and reliability must be established and maintained in the field of in vitro biomedical research. Detailed guidance documenting the appropriate handling of cells has been authored, but was received with quite disparate perception by different branches in biomedical research. In that regard, we intend to raise awareness of the reproducibility issue among scientists in all branches of contemporary life science research and their individual responsibility in this matter. We have herein compiled a selection of the most susceptible steps of everyday in vitro cell culture routines that have the potential to influence cell quality and recommend practices to minimize the likelihood of poor cell quality impairing reproducibility with modest investment of time and resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Hirsch
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perez RA, Jung CR, Kim HW. Biomaterials and Culture Technologies for Regenerative Therapy of Liver Tissue. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27860372 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative approach has emerged to substitute the current extracorporeal technologies for the treatment of diseased and damaged liver tissue. This is based on the use of biomaterials that modulate the responses of hepatic cells through the unique matrix properties tuned to recapitulate regenerative functions. Cells in liver preserve their phenotype or differentiate through the interactions with extracellular matrix molecules. Therefore, the intrinsic properties of the engineered biomaterials, such as stiffness and surface topography, need to be tailored to induce appropriate cellular functions. The matrix physical stimuli can be combined with biochemical cues, such as immobilized functional groups or the delivered actions of signaling molecules. Furthermore, the external modulation of cells, through cocultures with nonparenchymal cells (e.g., endothelial cells) that can signal bioactive molecules, is another promising avenue to regenerate liver tissue. This review disseminates the recent approaches of regenerating liver tissue, with a focus on the development of biomaterials and the related culture technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Perez
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN); Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
- Regenerative Medicine Research Institute; Universitat Internacional de Catalunya; Barcelona 08017 Spain
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit; KRIBB; 125 Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN); Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science; Dankook University Dental College; Cheonan 330-714 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ECM proteins in a microporous scaffold influence hepatocyte morphology, function, and gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37427. [PMID: 27897167 PMCID: PMC5126637 DOI: 10.1038/srep37427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that a three-dimensional (3D) culture environment and the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins facilitate hepatocyte viability and maintenance of the liver-specific phenotype in vitro. However, it is not clear whether specific ECM components such as collagen or fibronectin differentially regulate such processes, especially in 3D scaffolds. In this study, a series of ECM-functionalized inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) microporous scaffolds were fabricated and their influence on Huh-7.5 cell proliferation, morphology, hepatic-specific functions, and patterns of gene expression were compared. Both collagen and fibronectin promoted albumin production and liver-specific gene expression of Huh-7.5 cells, compared with the bare ICC scaffold. Interestingly, cells in the fibronectin-functionalized scaffold exhibited different aggregation patterns to those in the collagen-functionalized scaffold, a variation that could be related to the distinct mRNA expression levels of cell adhesion-related genes. Based on these results, we can conclude that different ECM proteins, such as fibronectin and collagen, indeed play distinct roles in the phenotypic regulation of cells cultured in a 3D environment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Improved human endometrial stem cells differentiation into functional hepatocyte-like cells on a glycosaminoglycan/collagen-grafted polyethersulfone nanofibrous scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2516-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Minuth WW, Denk L. Bridging the gap between traditional cell cultures and bioreactors applied in regenerative medicine: practical experiences with the MINUSHEET perfusion culture system. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:179-96. [PMID: 25894791 PMCID: PMC4754254 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet specific requirements of developing tissues urgently needed in tissue engineering, biomaterial research and drug toxicity testing, a versatile perfusion culture system was developed. First an individual biomaterial is selected and then mounted in a MINUSHEET(®) tissue carrier. After sterilization the assembly is transferred by fine forceps to a 24 well culture plate for seeding cells or mounting tissue on it. To support spatial (3D) development a carrier can be placed in various types of perfusion culture containers. In the basic version a constant flow of culture medium provides contained tissue with always fresh nutrition and respiratory gas. For example, epithelia can be transferred to a gradient container, where they are exposed to different fluids at the luminal and basal side. To observe development of tissue under the microscope, in a different type of container a transparent lid and base are integrated. Finally, stem/progenitor cells are incubated in a container filled by an artificial interstitium to support spatial development. In the past years the described system was applied in numerous own and external investigations. To present an actual overview of resulting experimental data, the present paper was written.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Denk
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang K, David AE, Choi YS, Wu Y, Buschle-Diller G. Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2839-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Young-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Yonnie Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Gisela Buschle-Diller
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pekor C, Gerlach JC, Nettleship I, Schmelzer E. Induction of Hepatic and Endothelial Differentiation by Perfusion in a Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Model of Human Fetal Liver. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:705-15. [PMID: 25559936 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of functional engineered tissue constructs depends on high cell densities and appropriate vascularization. In this study we implemented a four-compartment three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor culture model for studying the effects of medium perfusion on endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic cell populations of primary human fetal liver in an in vivo-like environment. Human fetal liver cells were cultured in bioreactors configured to provide either perfusion or diffusion conditions. Metabolic activities of the cultures were monitored daily by measuring glucose consumption and lactate production. Cell viability during culture was analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hepatic functionality was determined by the release of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in culture medium samples. After 4 days of culture, cells were analyzed for the expression of a variety of endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic genes, as well as the surface marker expression of CD31 and CD34 in flow cytometry. We found that medium perfusion increased the gene expression of endothelial markers such as CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD140b, CD309, and CD144 while decreasing the gene expression of the erythrocyte-surface marker CD235a. Hepatic differentiation was promoted under perfusion conditions as demonstrated by lower AFP and higher albumin secretion compared with cultures not exposed to medium perfusion. Additionally, cultures exposed to medium perfusion gave higher rates of glucose consumption and lactate production, indicating increased metabolic activity. In conclusion, high-density bioreactors configured to provide constant medium perfusion significantly induced hepatic and endothelial cell differentiation and provided improved conditions for the culture of human fetal liver cells compared with cultures without perfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pekor
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Nettleship
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vivares A, Salle-Lefort S, Arabeyre-Fabre C, Ngo R, Penarier G, Bremond M, Moliner P, Gallas JF, Fabre G, Klieber S. Morphological behaviour and metabolic capacity of cryopreserved human primary hepatocytes cultivated in a perfused multiwell device. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:29-44. [PMID: 25068923 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.944612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The quantitative prediction of the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug from data obtained using human in vitro systems remains a significant challenge i.e. prediction of metabolic clearance in humans and estimation of the relative contribution of enzymes involved in the clearance. This has become particularly problematic for low turnover compounds. 2. Having human hepatocytes with stable cellular function over several days that adequately mimic the complexity of the physiological environment would be a major advance. Thus, we evaluated human hepatocytes, maintained in culture during 7 days in the microfluidic LiverChip™ system, in terms of morphological appearance, relative mRNA expression of phase I and II enzymes and transporters as a function of time, and metabolic capacity using probe substrates. 3. The results showed that mRNA levels of the major genes for enzymes involved in drug metabolism were well-maintained over a 7-day period of culture. Furthermore, after 4 days of culture, in the Liverchip™ device, human hepatocytes exhibited higher or similar CYPs activities compared to 1 day of culture in 2D-static conditions. 4. The functional data were supported by light/electron microscopies and immunohistochemistry showing viable tissue structure and well-differentiated human hepatocytes: presence of cell junctions, glycogen storage, and bile canaliculi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Vivares
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Plateform, SANOFI R&D , Montpellier , France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Design and functional testing of a multichamber perfusion platform for three-dimensional scaffolds. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:123974. [PMID: 24453787 PMCID: PMC3885203 DOI: 10.1155/2013/123974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion culture systems are widely used in tissue engineering applications for enhancing cell culture viability in the core of three-dimensional scaffolds. In this work, we present a multichamber confined-flow perfusion system, designed to provide a straightforward platform for three-dimensional dynamic cell cultures. The device comprises 6 culture chambers allowing independent and simultaneous experiments in controlled conditions. Each chamber consists of three parts: a housing, a deformable scaffold-holder cartridge, and a 7 mL reservoir, which couples water-tightly with the housing compressing the cartridge. Short-term dynamic cell seeding experiments were carried out with MC3T3-E1 cells seeded into polycaprolactone porous scaffolds. Preliminary results revealed that the application of flow perfusion through the scaffold favored the penetration of the cells to its interior, producing a more homogeneous distribution of cells with respect to dropwise or injection seeding methods. The culture chamber layout was conceived with the aim of simplifying the user operations under laminar flow hood and minimizing the risks for contamination during handling and operation. Furthermore, a compact size, a small number of components, and the use of bayonet couplings ensured a simple, fast, and sterility-promoting assembling. Finally, preliminary in vitro tests proved the efficacy of the system in enhancing cell seeding efficiency, opening the way for further studies addressing long-term scaffold colonization.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou M, Zhao F, Li J, Cheng Z, Tian X, Zhi X, Huang Y, Hu K. Long-term maintenance of human fetal hepatocytes and prolonged susceptibility to HBV infection by co-culture with non-parenchymal cells. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:185-93. [PMID: 24134944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Within a few days of being isolated, primary human hepatocytes undergo a rapid dedifferentiation process and lose susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in vitro. This fact has limited their further application. In this study, a convenient and feasible method of preventing this dedifferentiation was established, by co-culturing human fetal hepatocytes with hepatic non-parenchymal cells to maintain the differentiation features of human fetal hepatocytes. Isolated hepatic cells were seeded at a low density, and cultured in dimethyl sulfoxide-free medium for a month to allow rapid proliferation of non-parenchymal cells. Subsequently, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide was added to induce formation of typical hepatic islands, in which hepatocytic features could be further maintained for up to an additional 3 months. These hepatic islands, formed of piled-up hepatocytes, were surrounded and invaded by non-parenchymal cells. Protein expression profiles showed that the human fetal hepatocytes underwent a rapid maturation process, and the hepatocytic features were well preserved. Most importantly, these human fetal hepatocytes still exhibited susceptibility to HBV infection after long-term maintenance, for as long as 10 weeks. This co-culture method has overcome the pre-existing disadvantages of primary human hepatocytes for virological studies, and provides a valuable approach to long-term maintenance of primary human hepatocytes for studies of HBV infection for prolonged periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nibourg GAA, Hoekstra R, van der Hoeven TV, Ackermans MT, Hakvoort TBM, van Gulik TM, Chamuleau RAFM. Increased hepatic functionality of the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG cultured in the AMC bioreactor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1860-8. [PMID: 23770120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of a bioartificial liver (BAL) depends on the availability of a human cell source with high hepatic functionality, such as the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. This cell line has demonstrated high hepatic functionality, but the effect of BAL culture on its functionality in time is not known. Therefore, we studied the characteristics of the HepaRG-AMC-BAL over time, and compared the functionality of the HepaRG-AMC-BAL with monolayer cultures of HepaRG cells, normalized for protein (bioactive mass) and DNA (cell number). Histological analysis of 14-day-old BALs demonstrated functional heterogeneity similar to that of monolayer cultures. Hepatic functionality of the HepaRG-AMC-BALs increased during 2-3 weeks of culture. The majority of the measured protein-normalized hepatic functions were already higher in day 14 BAL cultures compared to monolayer cultures, including ammonia elimination (3.2-fold), urea production (1.5-fold), conversion of (15)N-ammonia into (15)N-urea (1.4-fold), and cytochrome P450 3A4 activity (7.9-fold). Lactate production in monolayer cultures switched into lactate consumption in the BAL cultures, a hallmark of primary hepatocytes. When normalized for DNA, only cytochrome P450 3A4 activity was 2.5-fold higher in the BAL cultures compared to monolayer cultures and lactate production switched to consumption, whereas urea production and (15)N-urea production were 1.5- to 2-fold lower. The different outcomes for protein and DNA normalized functions probably relate to a smaller cell volume of HepaRG cells when cultured in the AMC-BAL. Cell damage was 4-fold lower in day 14 BAL cultures compared to monolayer cultures. Transcript levels of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2B6, 3A4 and 3A7 genes and of regulatory genes hepatic nuclear factor 4α and pregnane X receptor increased in time in BAL cultures and reached higher levels than in monolayer cultures. Lastly, metabolism of amino acids, particularly the alanine consumption and ornithine production of HepaRG-AMC-BALs more resembled that of primary hepatocytes than monolayer HepaRG cultures. We conclude therefore that BAL culture of HepaRG cells increases its hepatic functionality, particularly when normalized for biomass, both over time, and compared to monolayer, and this is associated with a reduction in cell damage, upregulation of both regulatory and structural hepatic genes, and changes in amino-acid metabolism. These results underline the potential of HepaRG cells for BAL application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert A A Nibourg
- Department of Surgery (Surgical Laboratory), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
YANG ZHIYUN, WANG LI, HOU YIXIN, WANG XIANBO. Effects of matrine on oval cell-mediated liver regeneration and expression of RBP-Jκ and HES1. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1533-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
13
|
Minuth WW, Denk L. Supportive development of functional tissues for biomedical research using the MINUSHEET® perfusion system. Clin Transl Med 2012; 1:22. [PMID: 23369669 PMCID: PMC3560978 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional tissues generated under in vitro conditions are urgently needed in biomedical research. However, the engineering of tissues is rather difficult, since their development is influenced by numerous parameters. In consequence, a versatile culture system was developed to respond the unmet needs. Optimal adhesion for cells in this system is reached by the selection of individual biomaterials. To protect cells during handling and culture, the biomaterial is mounted onto a MINUSHEET® tissue carrier. While adherence of cells takes place in the static environment of a 24 well culture plate, generation of tissues is accomplished in one of several available perfusion culture containers. In the basic version a continuous flow of always fresh culture medium is provided to the developing tissue. In a gradient perfusion culture container epithelia are exposed to different fluids at the luminal and basal sides. Another special container with a transparent lid and base enables microscopic visualization of ongoing tissue development. A further container exhibits a flexible silicone lid to apply force onto the developing tissue thereby mimicking mechanical load that is required for developing connective and muscular tissue. Finally, stem/progenitor cells are kept at the interface of an artificial polyester interstitium within a perfusion culture container offering for example an optimal environment for the spatial development of renal tubules. The system presented here was evaluated by various research groups. As a result a variety of publications including most interesting applications were published. In the present paper these data were reviewed and analyzed. All of the results point out that the cell biological profile of engineered tissues can be strongly improved, when the introduced perfusion culture technique is applied in combination with specific biomaterials supporting primary adhesion of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adwan H, Fuller B, Seldon C, Davidson B, Seifalian A. Modifying three-dimensional scaffolds from novel nanocomposite materials using dissolvable porogen particles for use in liver tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl 2012; 28:250-61. [PMID: 22532408 PMCID: PMC4107826 DOI: 10.1177/0885328212445404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although hepatocytes have a remarkable regenerative power, the rapidity of acute liver
failure makes liver transplantation the only definitive treatment. Attempts to
incorporate engineered three-dimensional liver tissue in bioartificial liver devices or
in implantable tissue constructs, to treat or bridge patients to self-recovery, were met
with many challenges, amongst which is to find suitable polymeric matrices. We studied
the feasibility of utilising nanocomposite polymers in three-dimensional scaffolds for
hepatocytes. Materials and methods: Hepatocytes (HepG2) were seeded on a flat sheet and in three-dimensional scaffolds made
of a nanocomposite polymer (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane [POSS]-modified
polycaprolactone urea urethane) alone as well as with porogen particles, i.e. glucose,
sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride. The scaffold architecture, cell attachment and
morphology were studied with scanning electron microscopy, and we assessed cell
viability and functionality. Results: Cell attachment to the scaffolds was demonstrated. The scaffold made with glucose
particles as porogen showed a narrower range of pore size with higher porosity and
better inter-pore communications and seemed to encourage near normal cell morphology.
There was a steady increase of albumin secretion throughout the experiment while the
control (monolayer cell culture) showed a steep decrease after day 7. At the end of the
experiment, there was no significant difference in viability and functionality between
the scaffolds and the control. Conclusion: In this initial study, porogen particles were used to modify the scaffolds produced
from the novel polymer. Although there was no significance against the control in
functionality and viability, the demonstrable attachment on scanning electron microscopy
suggest potential roles for this polymer and in particular for scaffolds made with
glucose particles in liver tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussamuddin Adwan
- University Department of Surgery, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saxena A, Ackbar R, Höllwarth M. Tissue Engineering for the Neonatal and Pediatric Patients. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.3.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
16
|
Ng R, Zang R, Yang KK, Liu N, Yang ST. Three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds with microstructures and nanotextures for tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
17
|
Au AY, Hasenwinkel JM, Frondoza CG. Silybin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators in canine hepatocyte cultures. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:120-9. [PMID: 21395602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are highly susceptible to cytokine stimulation and are fundamental to liver function. We established primary canine hepatocyte cultures to study effects of anti-inflammatory agents with hepatoprotective properties. Hepatocyte cultures were incubated with control media alone, silybin (SB), or the more bioavailable silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (SPC), followed by activation with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β; 10 ng/mL). Inflammatory response was measured by prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2) ), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production and also nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation. Hepatocyte cultures continued production of the phenotypic marker albumin for more than 7 days in culture. IL-1β exposure increased PGE(2) , IL-8, and MCP-1 production, which was paralleled by NF-κB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Pretreatment with SB and SPC significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced production of pro-inflammatory markers and attenuated NF-κB nuclear translocation. We demonstrate for the first time that primary canine hepatocyte cultures can be maintained in culture without phenotypic loss. The observation that hepatocyte cultures respond to pro-inflammatory IL-1β activation indicates hepatocytes as primary cellular targets of extrinsic IL-1β. The ability of SB and SPC to inhibit hepatocyte culture activation by IL-1β reinforces the notion of their hepatoprotective effects. Our primary canine hepatocyte culture model facilitates identification of hepatoprotective agents and their mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y Au
- Research and Development, Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, MD 21040, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miki T, Ring A, Gerlach J. Hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells is promoted by three-dimensional dynamic perfusion culture conditions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:557-68. [PMID: 21210720 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) holds great promise to provide a source of human hepatocytes for use in drug discovery, toxicology, hepatitis research, and extracorporeal bioartificial liver support. There are, however, limitations to induce fully functional hepatocytes on conventional two-dimensional (2D) static culture. It had been shown that dynamic three-dimensional (3D) perfusion culture is superior to induce maturation in fetal hepatocytes and prolong hepatic functions of primary adult hepatocytes. We investigated the potential of using a four-compartment 3D perfusion culture to induce hepatic differentiation in hESC. Undifferentiated hESC were inoculated into hollow fiber-based 3D perfusion bioreactors with integral oxygenation. Hepatic differentiation was induced with a multistep growth factor cocktail protocol. Parallel controls were operated under equal perfusion conditions without the growth factor supplementations to allow for spontaneous differentiation, as well as in conventional 2D static conditions using growth factors. Metabolism, hepatocyte-specific gene expression, protein expression, and hepatic function were evaluated after 20 days. Significantly upregulated hepatic gene expression was observed in the hepatic differentiation 3D culture group. Ammonia metabolism activity and albumin production was observed in the 3D directed differentiation culture. Drug-induced cytochrome P450 gene expression was increased with rifampicin induction. Using flow cytometry analysis the mature hepatocyte marker asialoglycoprotein receptor was found on up to 30% of the cells in the 3D system with directed hepatic differentiation. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed structural formation of hepatic and biliary marker-positive cells. In contrast to 2D culture, the 3D perfusion culture induced more functional maturation in hESC-derived hepatic cells. 3D perfusion bioreactor technologies may be useful for further studies on generating hESC-derived hepatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim BS, Park IK, Hoshiba T, Jiang HL, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Cho CS. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Li TZ, Kim JH, Cho HH, Lee HS, Kim KS, Lee SW, Suh H. Therapeutic potential of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiated with growth-factor-free coculture method in liver-injured rats. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 16:2649-59. [PMID: 20367252 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation by growth factors may be improper due to possibility of clinical risk. We have previously developed a growth-factor-free coculture method and observed rat MSCs differentiated into hepatic progenitor cells. This study was aimed to validate hepatic differentiation potential in vivo. MSCs from bone marrow of green fluorescent protein-transgenic Sprague-Dawley rats were cocultured with hepatocytes from normal Sprague-Dawley rats, sharing growth-factor-free media. After 14 days, cells were implanted into the spleen of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injured rats and kept for 4 weeks. Fibrosis remarkably decreased in CCl4/cocultured MSC at weeks 1, 3, and 4. Immunohistochemistry revealed that albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) expression was high in CCl4/cocultured MSC only at week 1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed that CCl4/cocultured MSC had reduced alpha-fetoprotein expression at week 4, whereas CK18 and CK19 exhibited stronger expression. Albumin in CCl4/cocultured MSC increased at week 4 only in protein level. We assume that cocultured MSCs had stayed at hepatic progenitor stage until week 3, and differentiated into hepatocytes or bile-ductal epithelial cells afterward. Hepatic progenitor cells from MSC differentiation in the growth-factor-free coculture system may contribute to the therapeutic effect for liver disease in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhu Li
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Ring A, Gerlach J, Peters G, Pazin BJ, Minervini CF, Turner ME, Thompson RL, Triolo F, Gridelli B, Miki T. Hepatic Maturation of Human Fetal Hepatocytes in Four-Compartment Three-Dimensional Perfusion Culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:835-45. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ring
- Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitäts Medizin Berlin, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Gerlach
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Grant Peters
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin J. Pazin
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Crescenzio F. Minervini
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Fabio Triolo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, ISMETT—Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Gridelli
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, ISMETT—Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies, Palermo, Italy
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng MH, Ye C, Braddock M, Chen YP. Liver tissue engineering: promises and prospects of new technology. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:349-60. [PMID: 20053145 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903479655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Today, many patients suffer from acute liver failure and hepatoma. This is an area of high unmet clinical need as these conditions are associated with very high mortality. There is an urgent need to develop techniques that will enable liver tissue engineering or generate a bioartificial liver, which will maintain or improve liver function or offer the possibility of liver replacement. Liver tissue engineering is an innovative way of constructing an implantable liver and has the potential to alleviate the shortage of organ donors for orthotopic liver transplantation. In this review we describe, from an engineering perspective, progress in the field of liver tissue engineering, including three main aspects involving cell sources, scaffolds and vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Zheng
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Minuth WW, Denk L, Glashauser A. A modular culture system for the generation of multiple specialized tissues. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2945-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
25
|
Yates C, Shepard CR, Papworth G, Dash A, Beer Stolz D, Tannenbaum S, Griffith L, Wells A. Novel three-dimensional organotypic liver bioreactor to directly visualize early events in metastatic progression. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 97:225-46. [PMID: 17419948 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)97010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic seeding leads to most of the morbidity from carcinomas. However, little is known of this key event as current methods to study the cellular behaviors utilize nonrepresentative in vitro models or follow indirect subsequent developments in vivo. Therefore, we developed a system to visualize over a multiday to multiweek period the interactions between tumor cells and target organ parenchyma. We employ an ex vivo microscale perfusion culture system that provides a tissue-relevant environment to assess metastatic seeding behavior. The bioreactor recreates many features of the fluid flow, scale, and biological functionality of a hepatic parenchyma, a common site of metastatic spread for a wide range of carcinomas. As a test of this model, prostate and breast carcinoma cells were introduced. Tumor cell invasion and expansion could be observed by two-photon microscopy of red fluorescent protein (RFP)- and CellTracker-labeled carcinoma cells against a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled hepatic tissue bed over a 14-day period. Tumors visible to the naked eye could be formed by day 25, without evident necrosis in the >0.3-mm tumor mass. These tumor cells failed to grow in the absence of the supporting three-dimensional (3D) hepatic microtissue, suggesting paracrine or stromal support function for the liver structure in tumor progression. Initial ultrastructural studies suggest that early during the tumor-parenchyma interactions, there are extensive interactions between and accommodations of the cancer and host cells, suggesting that the tumor-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) reverts, at least transiently, to promote metastatic seeding. In sum, our 3D ex vivo organotypic liver tissue system presents a critical vehicle to examine tumor-host interactions during cancer metastasis and/or invasion. It also circumvents current limitations in assays to assess early events in metastasis, and provides new approaches to study molecular events during tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Yates
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
The use of vitrification to preserve primary rat hepatocyte monolayer on collagen-coated poly(ethylene-terephthalate) surfaces for a hybrid liver support system. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
27
|
Fiegel HC, Kneser U, Kluth D, Metzger R, Till H, Rolle U. Development of hepatic tissue engineering. Pediatr Surg Int 2009; 25:667-73. [PMID: 19488762 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is still the only treatment for end-staged liver diseases in children. However, donor organ shortage and immunosuppression are major limitations. Thus, approaches of hepatocyte transplantation are under investigation. Using cells might permit mass expansion, cryopreservation, and the ex vivo genetic modification of cells. For the development of cell-transplantation techniques, the use of three-dimensional scaffolds as carrier was shown to be advantageous. Polymeric matrices permit the formation of a neo-tissue and stimulation by the modification of the matrix surface. Another important issue is to define the right cell type for transplantation. Adult hepatocytes have a limited growth and differentiation potential. In contrast, fetal liver cells (FLC) possess an enormous growth and a bipotential differentiation potential. Thus, these cells may be very attractive as a cell resource for developing cell-based liver replacement. A third major issue in this approach is the neo-vascularization. Therefore, the transplantation in a recently developed model using a microsurgically created arterioveno-venous (AV) loop as a central vessel for the neo-tissue was used for transplantation of FLC in a fibrin-matrix. Initial results indicated that the transplantation of FLC using the AV-loop transplantation model may be promising for the development of highly vascularized in vivo tissue-engineered liver support systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Cornelius Fiegel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Goethe-University of Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Beier JP, Horch RE, Arkudas A, Polykandriotis E, Bleiziffer O, Adamek E, Hess A, Kneser U. De novo generation of axially vascularized tissue in a large animal model. Microsurgery 2009; 29:42-51. [PMID: 18853419 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
De novo generation of axially vascularized tissue with clinically relevant dimensions in a large animal model and implementation of clinically established imaging modalities for in vivo evaluation of vascularization. To be used for reconstruction of tissue defects, engineered grafts need to be axially vascularized to enable transplantation without graft loss due to hypoxia. Limitations to dimensions in small animal models had not yet been overcome, which is necessary to yield clinical relevance. Anatomical studies of groin and axillary regions in eight merino sheep were followed by microsurgical creation of an arteriovenous loop (AV-loop), embedded in an isolation chamber filled with fibrin matrix. Constructs were implanted in the groin of six sheep for up to 6 weeks. Course of vascularization in de novo forming tissue was assessed by sequential computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in vivo, as well as by postexplantational micro-computed tomography and histology. A vascular axis was constantly found epifascially at the medial aspect of all sheep's thighs, which was used for AV-loop creation. Patency of AV-loop could be visualized by CTA and MRA scans during 1-6 weeks. Complex 3D-vessel-reconstruction revealed increasing axial vascularization of the fibrin matrix and growing connective tissue within the isolation chamber, which was confirmed by micro-computed tomography and histology postexplantation. De novo formation of axially vascularized tissue was demonstrated for the first time ever in a large animal model, paving the way for the first application of tissue engineering vascularized grafts with clinically relevant dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justus P Beier
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang TT, Hughes-Fulford M. Monolayer and spheroid culture of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells demonstrate distinct global gene expression patterns and functional phenotypes. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:559-67. [PMID: 18724832 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding cell biology of three-dimensional (3D) biological structures is important for more complete appreciation of in vivo tissue function and advancing ex vivo organ engineering efforts. To elucidate how 3D structure may affect hepatocyte cellular responses, we compared global gene expression of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells cultured as monolayers on tissue culture dishes (TCDs) or as spheroids within rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors. HepG2 cells grown in RWVs form spheroids up to 100 mum in diameter within 72 h and up to 1 mm with long-term culture. The actin cytoskeleton in monolayer cells show stress fiber formation while spheroids have cortical actin organization. Global gene expression analysis demonstrates upregulation of structural genes such as extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, and adhesion molecules in monolayers, whereas RWV spheroids show upregulation of metabolic and synthetic genes, suggesting functional differences. Indeed, liver-specific functions of cytochrome P450 activity and albumin production are higher in the spheroids. Enhanced liver functions require maintenance of 3D structure and environment, because transfer of spheroids to a TCD results in spheroid disintegration and subsequent loss of function. These findings illustrate the importance of physical environment on cellular organization and its effects on hepatocyte processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xiong A, Austin TW, Lagasse E, Uchida N, Tamaki S, Bordier BB, Weissman IL, Glenn JS, Millan MT. Isolation of human fetal liver progenitors and their enhanced proliferation by three-dimensional coculture with endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 14:995-1006. [PMID: 19230124 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells, characterized by the coexpression of biliary and hepatocyte lineage markers and the ability to form colonies in culture, were isolated by flow cytometry from primary human fetal livers. These prospectively isolated liver progenitor cells supported hepatitis D virus infection, expressed, and produced albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, as tracked by albumin- and alpha-fetoprotein-driven lentiviral promoter reporter constructs and measured by ELISA, respectively. Coculture in three-dimensional (3D) fibrin gel with endothelial cells resulted in the formation of vascular structures by the endothelial cells and increased proliferation of liver progenitors. The enhanced proliferation of liver progenitors that was observed when liver progenitors and endothelial cells were cultured in direct contact was not achieved when liver progenitors and endothelial cells were cultured on adjacent but separate matrices and when they were cultured across transwell membranes. In conclusion, coculture of liver progenitors and endothelial cells in three-dimensional matrix resulted in enhanced liver progenitor proliferation and function. This coculture methodology offers a novel coculture system that could be applied for the development of engineered liver tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anming Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xiong A, Austin TW, Lagasse E, Uchida N, Tamaki S, Bordier BB, Weissman IL, Glenn JS, Millan MT. Isolation of human fetal liver progenitors and their enhanced proliferation by three-dimensional coculture with endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009. [PMID: 19230124 DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells, characterized by the coexpression of biliary and hepatocyte lineage markers and the ability to form colonies in culture, were isolated by flow cytometry from primary human fetal livers. These prospectively isolated liver progenitor cells supported hepatitis D virus infection, expressed, and produced albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, as tracked by albumin- and alpha-fetoprotein-driven lentiviral promoter reporter constructs and measured by ELISA, respectively. Coculture in three-dimensional (3D) fibrin gel with endothelial cells resulted in the formation of vascular structures by the endothelial cells and increased proliferation of liver progenitors. The enhanced proliferation of liver progenitors that was observed when liver progenitors and endothelial cells were cultured in direct contact was not achieved when liver progenitors and endothelial cells were cultured on adjacent but separate matrices and when they were cultured across transwell membranes. In conclusion, coculture of liver progenitors and endothelial cells in three-dimensional matrix resulted in enhanced liver progenitor proliferation and function. This coculture methodology offers a novel coculture system that could be applied for the development of engineered liver tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anming Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Walsh CL, Babin BM, Kasinskas RW, Foster JA, McGarry MJ, Forbes NS. A multipurpose microfluidic device designed to mimic microenvironment gradients and develop targeted cancer therapeutics. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:545-54. [PMID: 19190790 PMCID: PMC2855303 DOI: 10.1039/b810571e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of cellular microenvironments in tumors severely limits the efficacy of most cancer therapies. We have designed a microfluidic device that mimics the microenvironment gradients present in tumors that will enable the development of more effective cancer therapies. Tumor cell masses were formed within micron-scale chambers exposed to medium perfusion on one side to create linear nutrient gradients. The optical accessibility of the PDMS and glass device enables quantitative transmitted and fluorescence microscopy of all regions of the cell masses. Time-lapse microscopy was used to measure the growth rate and show that the device can be used for long-term efficacy studies. Fluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate that the cell mass contained viable, apoptotic, and acidic regions similar to in vivo tumors. The diffusion coefficient of doxorubicin was accurately measured, and the accumulation of therapeutic bacteria was quantified. The device is simple to construct, and it can easily be reproduced to create an array of in vitro tumors. Because microenvironment gradients and penetration play critical roles controlling drug efficacy, we believe that this microfluidic device will be vital for understanding the behavior of common cancer drugs in solid tumors and designing novel intratumorally targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Walsh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant Street. Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Growth factor-free cultured rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells towards hepatic progenitor cell differentiation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
34
|
Wen F, Chang S, Toh YC, Arooz T, Zhuo L, Teoh SH, Yu H. Development of dual-compartment perfusion bioreactor for serial coculture of hepatocytes and stellate cells in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-collagen scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87:154-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
35
|
Douglas T, Haugen HJ. Coating of polyurethane scaffolds with collagen: comparison of coating and cross-linking techniques. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:2713-2719. [PMID: 18283534 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Collagen has been coated successfully onto numerous hydrophilic polymer scaffolds to improve cell adhesion. Due to the hydrophobic nature of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), coating with aqueous collagen solution is problematic for such scaffolds. This study facilitated the coating of TPU with collagen and compared cross-linking and coating techniques. Three different cross-linking methods were compared. Both thermal and glutaraldehyde methods showed proof of cross-linking; however glutaraldehyde seemed to be superior to the other methods. The use of human urine as a wetting agent and the chemical glutaraldehyde had no effect on a cytotoxicity test performed by means of a WST-1 assay with a fibroblastic cell line. Three different coating techniques for porous TPU scaffolds were also investigated: ultrasound, pressurized air and injection. Of these, injection performed best. This method facilitated a coating of 100% of the porous scaffolds examined, which was verified by staining, FTIR and SEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Douglas
- Institute of Material Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Footprinting of Human Hepatic Stem Cells and Hepatoblasts Cultured in Hyaluronan-Matrix Hydrogels. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1547-55. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
37
|
Zhang SC, Wang YJ, Chen Z, Liu T, Liu J. Preliminary study of the viability of neonatal mini-porcine hepatocytes in extracorporeal circulation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:3787-3792. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i36.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the viability of neonatal mini-porcine hepatocytes in extracorporeal circulation.
METHODS: A hepatocyte circulation system was constructed with Cello artificial capillary culture equipment and freshly isolated hepatocyte suspensions were circulated at 50 mL/min in vitro. The viability, function and morphological characteristics of hepatocytes were examined within 8 hours.
RESULTS: After 4 hours circulation, the viability and adherence ratio of hepatocytes were 76.1% ± 1.4% and 62.8% ± 1.8%, respectively, and the ratio of amino clearance was about 62.7% ± 14.6% of that in the control group. However, with time, many fragments of hepatocytes were observed in the circulating suspensions, as well as a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01). The cell viability and adherence ratio, synthesis of urea and albumin, and the clearance rate of ammonia also decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Porcine hepatocyte suspensions can be applied to BAL system in a circulation condition in order to strengthen the mass exchange. However, these cells need to be changed regularly to maintain cellular viability and the supporting effects of BAL.
Collapse
|
38
|
Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Chen Y, Yamamoto T, Yuasa T, Misawa H, Takei J, Tanaka N, Kobayashi N. Self-assembling peptide nanofiber as a novel culture system for isolated porcine hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2007; 15:921-7. [PMID: 17299997 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshly isolated porcine hepatocytes are a very attractive cell source in the cell-based therapies to treat liver failure because of unlimited availability. However, due to the loss of hepatocyte functions in vitro, there is a need to develop a functional culture system to keep the cells metabolically active. Here we compared the effect of a self-assembling peptide nanofiber (SAPNF) as an extracellular matrix (ECM) with collagen type I on hepatocyte metabolic and secretion activities following hepatocyte isolation. Isolated porcine hepatocytes were cultured in SAPNF and collagen type I. Morphological assessment at different time points was performed by using SEM and phase contrast microscope. Metabolic and secretion activities were comparatively performed in the groups, by means of ammonia, lidocaine, and diazepam as well as albumin. Hepatocytes cultured on SAPNF revealed a three-dimensional spheroidal formation, thus maintaining cell differentiation status during 2 weeks of culture. On the other hand, hepatocytes in collagen revealed a spread shape, and by day 14 no hepatocyte-like cells were observed, but cells with long shape were present, thus revealing a degree of dedifferentiation in collagen culture. Hepatocytes in SAPNF were capable of drug-metabolizing activities and albumin secretion in higher ratio than those cultured on collagen. The present work clearly demonstrates the usefulness of SAPNF for maintaining differentiated functions of porcine hepatocytes in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Seifert HH, Meyer A, Cronauer MV, Hatina J, Müller M, Rieder H, Hoffmann MJ, Ackermann R, Schulz WA. A new and reliable culture system for superficial low-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. World J Urol 2007; 25:297-302. [PMID: 17440731 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-007-0166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bladder cancer culture systems have been developed in recent years. However, reports about successful primary cultures of superficial urothelial carcinomas (UC) are sparse. Based on the specific growth requirements of UC described previously, we developed a new and reliable culture system for superficial low-grade UC. Between November 2002 and April 2006, 64 primary cultures of bladder cancer specimens were performed. After incubating the specimens overnight in 0.1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, tumour cells could easily be separated from the submucosal tissue. Subsequently, cells were seeded in a low-calcium culture medium supplemented with 1% serum, growth factors, non-essential amino acids and glycine. The malignant origin of the cultured cells was demonstrated by spectral karyotyping. Overall culture success rate leading to a homogenous tumour cell population without fibroblast contamination was 63%. Culture success could be remarkably enhanced by the addition of glycine to the culture medium. Interestingly, 86.4% of pTa tumours were cultured successfully compared to only 50% of the pT1 and 38% of advanced stage tumours, respectively. G1 and G2 tumours grew significantly better than G3 tumours (86, 73 and 41%, respectively). Up to three passages of low-grade UC primary cultures were possible. We describe a new and reliable culture system, which is highly successful for primary culture and passage of low-grade UC of the bladder. Therefore, this culture system can widely be used for functional experiments on early stage bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Helge Seifert
- Department of Urology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu Y, Yu H, Chang S, Magalhães R, Kuleshova LL. Vitreous Cryopreservation of Cell–Biomaterial Constructs Involving Encapsulated Hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:649-58. [PMID: 17362134 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We put forward a new strategy for cryopreservation, namely vitrification or ice-free preservation, of cell-biomaterial constructs for tissue-engineering applications. In this study, for a period of 6 days, we tested vitrified and control hepatocytes entrapped at 2 different cell densities (1.5 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(6) cells/mL) in 2 types of engineered collagen matrices (M- and G-collagen) as models to evaluate efficacy and universality of the developed vitrification method. The nature of collagens caused differences in capsule sizes (100-200 microm versus 350-450 microm). The developed method included rapid step-wise introduction of microencapsulated hepatocytes to vitrification solution (40v/v% ethylene glycol 0.6 M sucrose in medium) and their direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. Vitrification did not affect viability and functions of the microencapsulated hepatocytes, which exhibited trends similar to those of untreated controls in the decline of their functions and the rate of cell death during continuous culture, irrespective of physical and chemical properties of the biomaterial and cell density. For control and vitrification, the percentage of live cells varied from 80.3% +/- 0.9% to 82.3% +/- 1.4% in capsules formed by M-collagen, from 82.8% +/- 1.1% to 85.0% +/- 3.3% in capsules formed by G-collagen with cells entrapped at low density, and from 84.4% +/- 1.3% to 86.8% +/- 0.6% in capsules formed by G-collagen with cells entrapped at high density (p > 0.05). Within the same day, the maximum relative change in cell viability and functions between control and vitrification was 4% and 16%, respectively. The developed vitrification approach, which is an alternative to freezing, can be applied to other tissue-engineered constructs with comparable sizes, various cell numbers, and various properties of the biomaterials involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wu
- Tissue Engineering Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fiegel HC, Lange C, Kneser U, Lambrecht W, Zander AR, Rogiers X, Kluth D. Fetal and adult liver stem cells for liver regeneration and tissue engineering. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 10:577-87. [PMID: 16989722 PMCID: PMC3933144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For the development of innovative cell-based liver directed therapies, e.g. liver tissue engineering, the use of stem cells might be very attractive to overcome the limitation of donor liver tissue. Liver specific differentiation of embryonic, fetal or adult stem cells is currently under investigation. Different types of fetal liver (stem) cells during development were identified, and their advantageous growth potential and bipotential differentiation capacity were shown. However, ethical and legal issues have to be addressed before using fetal cells. Use of adult stem cells is clinically established, e.g. transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. Other bone marrow derived liver stem cells might be mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, the transdifferentiation potential is still in question due to the observation of cellular fusion in several in vivo experiments. In vitro experiments revealed a crucial role of the environment (e.g. growth factors and extracellular matrix) for specific differentiation of stem cells. Co-cultured liver cells also seemed to be important for hepatic gene expression of MSC. For successful liver cell transplantation, a novel approach of tissue engineering by orthotopic transplantation of gel-immobilized cells could be promising, providing optimal environment for the injected cells. Moreover, an orthotopic tissue engineering approach using bipotential stem cells could lead to a repopulation of the recipients liver with healthy liver and biliary cells, thus providing both hepatic functions and biliary excretion. Future studies have to investigate, which stem cell and environmental conditions would be most suitable for the use of stem cells for liver regeneration or tissue engineering approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Fiegel
- Pediatric Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bruns H, Kneser U, Holzhüter S, Roth B, Kluth J, Kaufmann PM, Kluth D, Fiegel HC. Injectable Liver: A Novel Approach Using Fibrin Gel as a Matrix for Culture and Intrahepatic Transplantation of Hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:1718-26. [PMID: 16411817 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation and tissue engineering with liver cells are currently under investigation as experimental therapies for certain liver diseases. In this study we evaluated a fibrin-based gel matrix as carrier for hepatocytes in culture. Furthermore, a novel technique for direct intrahepatic injection of fibrin gel-immobilized hepatocytes was developed and evaluated in a rat model. Hepatocytes were harvested from rats. Fibrin matrix was generated with modified fibrin sealant. Cells, in medium containing epidermal growth factor and insulin, were seeded in a drop of fibrin matrix onto plastic culture dishes. Cell numbers were assessed by DNA content. Hepatocyte differentiation was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistology (IH) for cytokeratin (CK)-18 and albumin. PKH26-labeled fibrin gel-immobilized hepatocytes were transplanted into liver by direct injection underneath the capsule. Fluorescence microscopy of explanted liver was performed to identify PKH26+ donor cells. Neotissue was characterized by IH for the markers CK-18, ED1, and desmin. Culture in a fibrin matrix allowed stable cell numbers and three-dimensional neotissue formation. RT-PCR and IH showed preservation of liver-specific markers CK-18 and albumin in vitro. Transplanted cells were identified by fluorescence microscopy after 2 and 7 days. CK-18 and desmin staining showed integration of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells into the host liver. Fibrin matrix is an appropriate environment for hepatocytes in culture. Direct intrahepatic injection of fibrin gel-immobilized hepatocytes is technically feasible. We conclude that fibrin gel immobilization is an attractive tool for the development of tissue engineering-based liver support systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Bruns
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nagaki M, Naito T, Ohnishi H, Akaike T, Muto Y, Moriwaki H. Effects of plasma from patients with fulminant hepatic failure on function of primary rat hepatocytes in three-dimensional culture. Liver Int 2005; 25:1010-7. [PMID: 16162161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM As biotechnology continues to advance, a bioartificial liver is expected to be developed for the treatment of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) whose liver dysfunction is potentially reversible or for providing liver support as a bridge to liver transplantation. While monolayer-cultured hepatocytes rapidly lose their capacity to express many liver-specific functions over time when cultured, spherical-shaped hepatocytes in three-dimensional culture with the use of extracellular matrix components sustain long-term survival by maintaining differentiated hepatocyte functions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sufficient functions of viable spherical-shaped hepatocytes could be maintained in plasma of patients with FHF in order to use these cells in an extracorporeal system. METHODS Hepatocyte functions were evaluated under monolayer or three-dimensional culture in FHF plasma. RESULTS Primary rat hepatocytes on poly-N-p-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide (PVLA) formed spheroids even in FHF plasma and maintained their spherical shapes in FHF plasma as long as in medium. Spherical-shaped hepatocytes on PVLA cultured in FHF plasma showed higher activity in albumin secretion, urea formation, and gluconeogenesis than those in normal human plasma or medium. As being cultured in medium, hepatocytes on PVLA cultured in plasma were also superior to cells on collagen in regard to albumin secretion, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that FHF plasma is not toxic to rat hepatocyte spheroids and that hepatocyte spheroids have potential use in the development of a bioartificial liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nagaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Heng BC, Yu H, Yin Y, Lim SG, Cao T. Factors influencing stem cell differentiation into the hepatic lineage in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:975-87. [PMID: 15955203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A major area of research in transplantation medicine is the potential application of stem cells in liver regeneration. This would require well-defined and efficient protocols for directing the differentiation of stem cells into the hepatic lineage, followed by their selective purification and proliferation in vitro. The development of such protocols would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation of stem cells into divergent lineages upon transplantation, as well as reduce the risk of teratoma formation in the case of embryonic stem cells. Additionally, such protocols could provide useful in vitro models for studying hepatogenesis and liver metabolism. The development of pharmokinetic and cytotoxicity/genotoxicity screening tests for newly developed biomaterials and drugs, could also utilize protocols developed for the hepatic differentiation of stem cells. Hence, this review critically examines the various strategies that could be employed to direct the differentiation of stem cells into the hepatic lineage in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|