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Xie G, Lin S, Wu F, Liu J. Nanomaterial-based ophthalmic drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115004. [PMID: 37433372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The low bioavailability and side effects of conventional drugs for eye disease necessitate the development of efficient drug delivery systems. Accompanying the developments of nanofabrication techniques, nanomaterials have been recognized as promising tools to overcome these challenges due to their flexible and programmable properties. Given the advances achieved in material science, a broad spectrum of functional nanomaterials capable of overcoming various ocular anterior and posterior segment barriers have been explored to satisfy the demands for ocular drug delivery. In this review, we first highlight the unique functions of nanomaterials suitable for carrying and transporting ocular drugs. Then, various functionalization strategies are emphasized to endow nanomaterials with superior performance in enhanced ophthalmic drug delivery. The rational design of several affecting factors is essential for ideal nanomaterial candidates and is depicted as well. Lastly, we introduce the current applications of nanomaterial-based delivery systems in the therapy of different ocular anterior and posterior segment diseases. The limitations of these delivery systems as well as potential solutions are also discussed. This work will inspire innovative design thinking for the development of nanotechnology-mediated strategies for advanced drug delivery and treatment toward ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Sisi Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Merkley MB, Soriano D, Jones KL, Summers JA. The Effects of Nitric Oxide on Choroidal Gene Expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.16.545343. [PMID: 37398322 PMCID: PMC10312785 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as an important biological mediator that controls several physiological functions, and evidence is now emerging that this molecule may play a significant role in the postnatal control of ocular growth and myopia development. We therefore sought to understand the role that nitric oxide plays in visually-guided ocular growth in order to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of this process. Methods Choroids were incubated in organ culture in the presence of the NO donor, PAPA-NONOate (1.5 mM). Following RNA extraction, bulk RNA-seq was used to quantify and compare choroidal gene expression in the presence and absence of PAPA-NONOate. We used bioinformatics to identify enriched canonical pathways, predicted diseases and functions, and regulatory effects of NO in the choroid. Results Upon treatment of normal chick choroids with the NO donor, PAPA-NONOate, we identified a total of 837 differentially expressed genes (259 upregulated genes, 578 down-regulated genes) compared with untreated controls. Among these, the top five upregulated genes were LSMEM1, STEAP4, HSPB9, and CCL19, and the top five down-regulated genes were CDCA3, SMC2, a novel gene (ENSALGALG00000050836), an uncharacterized gene (LOC107054158), and SPAG5. Bioinformatics predicted that NO treatment will activate pathways involved in cell and organismal death, necrosis, and cardiovascular system development, and inhibit pathways involved in cell proliferation, cell movement, and gene expression. Conclusions The findings reported herein may provide insight into possible effects of NO in the choroid during visually regulated eye growth, and help to identify targeted therapies for the treatment of myopia and other ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie B Merkley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States
| | - Diana Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, United States
| | | | - Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, United States
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3
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Kato K, Nagashima R, Matsubara H, Ikesugi K, Tsukitome H, Matsui Y, Nunome T, Sugimoto M, McCulloch DL, Kondo M. Transient Increase of Flicker Electroretinography Amplitudes after Cataract Surgery: Association with Postoperative Inflammation. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 3:100243. [PMID: 36545261 PMCID: PMC9762194 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the characteristics and cause of the increase in the amplitude of flicker electroretinography (ERG) after cataract surgery. Design Prospective, observational clinical study. Participants Thirty patients who underwent cataract surgery. Methods Flicker ERGs were recorded with the RETeval system without mydriasis. The central macular thickness (CMT) was measured by OCT and the aqueous flare value (AFV) by laser flare-cell photometry. These examinations were performed before surgery and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after surgery. Linear regression analysis through the origin was used to compare the correlations between the relative changes in flicker ERG amplitudes and the changes in the CMT and AFV at different times after the surgery. Main Outcome Measures The amplitude of flicker ERGs, CMT, and AFV. Results The mean amplitude of flicker ERGs increased significantly by 31% at 1 week after surgery (P < 0.001); a significant increase in the amplitudes was not present at 3 months after the surgery. The mean AFV was significantly increased at 1 day after surgery (P < 0.001), and the CMT was significantly increased at 1 to 3 months after surgery (P < 0.001). The changes in flicker ERG amplitudes at 1 week after surgery were significantly associated with the changes in the CMT at 1 to 3 months after surgery (P < 0.05), and they were weakly associated with the changes in AFV at 1 day after surgery (P = 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that the increase in the amplitude of flicker ERGs after cataract surgery is a transient phenomenon that has a peak at 1 week after surgery. The increase of flicker ERG amplitude was associated with measures that are frequently used to evaluate postoperative inflammation. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan,Correspondence: Kumiko Kato, MD, PhD, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Ryunosuke Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kengo Ikesugi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tsukitome
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takayasu Nunome
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sugimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Daphne L. McCulloch
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Roles of CSF2 as a modulator of inflammation during retinal degeneration. Cytokine 2022; 158:155996. [PMID: 35988458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) is a potent cytokine that stimulates myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. We have been analyzing the roles of microglia in retinal degeneration through the modulation of inflammation in the eye, and examined the roles of CSF2 in this process. Both subunits of the CSF2 receptor are expressed in microglia, but no evidence suggesting the involvement of CSF2 in inflammation in the degenerating eye has been reported. We found that Csf2 transcripts were induced in the early phase of in vitro mouse adult retina culture, used as degeneration models, suggesting that CSF2 induction is one of the earliest events occurring in the pathology of retinal degeneration. The administration of CSF2 into the retina after systemic NaIO3 treatment increased the number of microglia. To examine the roles of CSF2 in retinal inflammation, we overexpressed CSF2 in retinal explants. Induction of CSF2 activated microglia and Müller glia, and the layer structure of the retina was severely perturbed. CC motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), both of which are expressed in activated microglia, were strongly induced by the expression of CSF2 in the retina. The addition of CSF2 to primary retinal microglia and the microglial cell lines MG5 and BV2 showed statistically significant increase in Ccl2 and Il1b transcripts. Furthermore, CSF2 induced proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis in MG5 and/or BV2. The effects of CSF2 on microglia were mild, suggesting that CSF2 induced strong inflammation in the context of the retinal environment.
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Ghahramani M, Shahsavani MB, Yousefi R. Increased chaperone activity of human αB-crystallin with incomplete oxidation as a new defense mechanism against oxidative stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140794. [PMID: 35643282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that production of the high levels of oxidants overwhelms the body's antioxidant defense system during diabetes mellitus. Under this circumstance, ocular lens proteins are one of the main molecular targets for oxidative damage. In the present study, the individual effect of partial and extensive oxidation on the structure and function of human αB-crystallin was investigated using electrophoresis and various spectroscopic methods. The results of our study suggested that widespread oxidation causes loss of the chaperone activity of this protein, while partial oxidation significantly enhances this activity. Our studies also suggested that partial and extensive oxidation induces the formation of different structures in this protein. In fact, the chaperone-active and chaperone-inactive states of this protein are respectively associated with a minor and extensive structural alteration. Moreover, the oligomeric size distribution shows an inverse relationship with the chaperone activity of this protein. Increasing the chaperone activity of this protein during partial oxidation may be a natural defense mechanism to overcome the damages caused by oxidative stress, especially in diabetes and other pathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahramani
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Shahsavani
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang F, Hadzic S, Roxlau ET, Fuehler B, Janise-Libawski A, Wimmer T, Lei B, Li SW, Weissmann N, Stieger K. Retinal tissue develops an inflammatory reaction to tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1459-1469. [PMID: 34264377 PMCID: PMC8455497 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As an alternative to conventional cigarettes (C-cigarette), electronic cigarettes (E-cigarette) have been globally promoted and are currently widely used. The increasing usage of E-cigarettes raises concerns with regard to short- (2 weeks), medium- (3 months), and long- (8 months) term consequences related to retinal tissue. In this report, a controlled study in mouse models was conducted to probe the comprehensive effects of E-cigarette vapor on retina, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and choroidal tissues by (1) comparing the effects of C-cigarette smoke and E-cigarette vapor on retina separately and (2) determining the effects of E-cigarette vapor on the RPE and analyzing the changes with regard to inflammatory (IL-1β, TNFα, iNOS) and angiogenic (VEGF, PEDF) mediators in retina/RPE/choroid by ELISA assays. The data showed that C-cigarette smoke exposure promoted an inflammatory reaction in the retina in vivo. Mice exposed to E-cigarette (nicotine-free) vapor developed inflammatory and angiogenic reactions more pronounced in RPE and choroid as compared to retinal tissue, while nicotine-containing E-cigarette vapor caused even a more serious reaction. Both inflammatory and pro-angiogenic reactions increased with the extension of exposure time. These results demonstrate that exposure to C-cigarette smoke is harmful to the retina. Likewise, the exposure to E-cigarette vapor (with or without nicotine) increases the occurrence and progression of inflammatory and angiogenic stimuli in the retina, which might also be related to the onset of wet AMD in humans. KEY MESSAGES: C-cigarette smoke exposure promotes an inflammatory reaction in the retina in vivo. Mice exposed to E-cigarette (nicotine-free) vapor develop inflammatory and angiogenic reactions more pronounced in RPE and choroid compared to retinal tissue, while nicotine-containing E-cigarette vapor causes even a more serious reaction. Both inflammatory and pro-angiogenic reactions increase with the extension of E-cigarette vapor exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stefan Hadzic
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elsa T Roxlau
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Baerbel Fuehler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Wimmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bo Lei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao-Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Beijing Aier-Intech Eye Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Knut Stieger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Reaction mechanisms relevant to the formation and utilization of [Ru(edta)(NO)] complexes in aqueous media. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111595. [PMID: 34555599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of Ru(edta) complexes (edta4- = ethylenediamineteraacetate) mediated reactions, including NO generation and its utilization, has not been systematically reviewed to date. This review aims to report the research progress that has been made in exploring the application of Ru(edta) complexes in trapping and generation of NO. Furthermore, utilization of the potential of Ru(edta) complexes to mimic NO synthase and nitrite reductase activity, including thermodynamics and kinetics of NO binding to Ru(edta) complexes, their NO scavenging (in vitro), and antitumor activity will be discussed. Also, the role of [Ru(edta)(NO)] in mediating electrochemical reduction of nitrite, S-nitrosylation of biological thiols, and cross-talk between NO and H2S, will be covered. Reports on the NO-related chemistry of Fe(edta) complexes showing similar behavior are contextualized in this review for comparison purposes. The research contributions compiled herein will provide in-depth mechanistic knowledge for understanding the diverse routes pertaining to the formation of the [Ru(edta)(NO)] species, and its role in effecting the aforementioned reactions of biochemical significance.
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8
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Lee HW, Lee DJ, Lim CS. Recent Research Trends of Two‐Photon Photosensitizer for Simultaneous Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Systems Research Ajou University Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Systems Research Ajou University Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Su Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Systems Research Ajou University Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea
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Mir JM, Maurya RC, Khan MW. NO, CO and H2S based pharmaceuticals in the mission of vision (eye health): a comprehensive review. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A set of well defined signaling molecules responsible for normal functioning of human physiology including nitric oxide along with carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide are referred as “gasotransmitters”. Due to their involvement in almost every system of a human body, the care of highly sensitive organs using these molecules as drugs represents highly fascinating area of research. In connection with these interesting aspects, the applied aspects of these gaseous molecules in maintaining healthy eye and vision have been targeted in this review. Several examples of eye-droppers including NORMs like latanoprost and nipradiol, CORMs like CORM-3 and CORM-A1, and Hydrogen sulfide releasing system like GYY4137 have been discussed in this context. Therefore the relation of these trio-gasotransmitters with the ophthalmic homeostasis on one hand, and de-infecting role on the other hand has been mainly highlighted. Some molecular systems capable of mimicking gasotransmitter action have also been introduced in connection with the titled theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Mir
- Coordination, Bioinorganic and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur , M.P. , India
- Department of Chemistry , Islamic University of Science and Technology , Awantipora , J&K 192122 , India
| | - Ram Charitra Maurya
- Coordination, Bioinorganic and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur , M.P. , India
| | - Mohd Washid Khan
- Coordination, Bioinorganic and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy , Rani Durgavati University , Jabalpur , M.P. , India
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Reduced Retinal Degeneration in an Oxidative Stress Organ Culture Model through an iNOS-Inhibitor. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050383. [PMID: 33925248 PMCID: PMC8145164 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for diseases of the retina, like glaucoma. In their pathogenesis, oxidative stress and the corresponding defense reactions play an important role. In porcine retinal organ cultures, hydrogen peroxide can be used to simulate oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated whether the treatment with an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor protects retinal cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, porcine retinal explants were damaged with hydrogen peroxide and treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Analyzes of the retina at four and eight days showed that a inhibitor was able to prevent degeneration in porcine retinas, since retinal ganglion cells were protected to some extent. Moreover, in the later course, there was also protection of other retinal cells (bipolar cells). Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a promising treatment option for retinal diseases. Abstract In retinal organ cultures, H2O2 can be used to simulate oxidative stress, which plays a role in the development of several retinal diseases including glaucoma. We investigated whether processes underlying oxidative stress can be prevented in retinal organ cultures by an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-inhibitor. To this end, porcine retinal explants were cultivated for four and eight days. Oxidative stress was induced via 300 µM H2O2 on day one for three hours. Treatment with the iNOS-inhibitor 1400 W was applied simultaneously, remaining for 72 h. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC), bipolar and amacrine cells, apoptosis, autophagy, and hypoxia were evaluated immunohistologically and by RT-qPCR. Additionally, RGC morphology was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. H2O2-induced RGCs loss after four days was prevented by the iNOS-inhibitor. Additionally, electron microscopy revealed a preservation from oxidative stress in iNOS-inhibitor treated retinas at four and eight days. A late rescue of bipolar cells was seen in iNOS-inhibitor treated retinas after eight days. Hypoxic stress and apoptosis almost reached the control situation after iNOS-inhibitor treatment, especially after four days. In sum, the iNOS-inhibitor was able to prevent strong H2O-induced degeneration in porcine retinas. Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a promising treatment option for retinal diseases.
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Du B, Jin N, Zhu X, Lu D, Jin C, Li Z, Han C, Zhang Y, Lai D, Liu K, Wei R. A prospective study of serum metabolomic and lipidomic changes in myopic children and adolescents. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108182. [PMID: 32781198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is a prevalent eye disorder, especially among children and adolescents in eastern Asian countries. Multiple measures have already been taken to prevent and treat myopia, including atropine and dopamine. However, the serum metabolic picture of myopia has not yet been studied as a whole and remains largely unclear. In this paper, a prospective and panoramic study was carried out to find out the whole serum metabolomic and lipidomic picture of myopia. METHODS With untargeted mass spectrometry (MS), myopia among 211 children and adolescents was studied. The MS features were first grouped across the samples. Then, compound annotation was carried out based on these features. Finally, the metabolite features were mapped to pathways, whose biological functions in myopia were studied and discussed. RESULTS A total of 275 metabolite features were derived from 92 aligned MS peak groups with significant fold changes, and then mapped to 33 pathways. By a comprehensive consideration of significance, fold change, importance score and appearance in different omics, 9 pathways were selected, and their biological functions were further analyzed. Among these selected pathways, 5 pathways were related with oxidative stress, a validated phenomenon during myopia development, while 5 pathways were related with dopamine receptor D2, whose molecular function in myopia treatment is not fully understood. A total of 177 metabolite features from 45 peak groups were related with the studied pathways. CONCLUSION This prospective study shed light on the whole picture of metabolomic mechanism underlying myopia and provided guidance to further elucidation of compounds and pathways in this whole picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiurui Zhu
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Daqian Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunle Han
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Donghai Lai
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Tianjin Yunjian Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Hurst J, Mueller-Buehl AM, Hofmann L, Kuehn S, Herms F, Schnichels S, Joachim SC. iNOS-inhibitor driven neuroprotection in a porcine retina organ culture model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4312-4323. [PMID: 32130787 PMCID: PMC7171393 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various retinal diseases, especially when hypoxic processes are involved. This degeneration can be simulated by incubating porcine retinal explants with CoCl2. Here, the therapeutic potential of iNOS‐inhibitor 1400W was evaluated. Degeneration through CoCl2 and treatment with the 1400W were applied simultaneously to porcine retinae explants. Three groups were compared: control, CoCl2, and CoCl2 + iNOS‐inhibitor (1400W). At days 4 and 8, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), bipolar, and amacrine cells were analysed. Furthermore, the influence on the glia cells and different stress markers were evaluated. Treatment with CoCl2 resulted in a significant loss of RGCs already after 4 days, which was counteracted by the iNOS‐inhibitor. Expression of HIF‐1α and its downstream targets confirmed the effective treatment with 1400W. After 8 days, the CoCl2 group displayed a significant loss in amacrine cells and also a drastic reduction in bipolar cells was observed, which was prevented by 1400W. The decrease in microglia could not be prevented by the inhibitor. CoCl2 induces strong degeneration in porcine retinae by mimicking hypoxia, damaging certain retinal cell types. Treatment with the iNOS‐inhibitor counteracted these effects to some extent, by preventing loss of retinal ganglion and bipolar cells. Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a very promising treatment for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hurst
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Mueller-Buehl
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Hofmann
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fenja Herms
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, University Eye Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Alhalwani AY, Davey RL, Kaul N, Barbee SA, Alex Huffman J. Modification of lactoferrin by peroxynitrite reduces its antibacterial activity and changes protein structure. Proteins 2019; 88:166-174. [PMID: 31295370 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein that plays important physiological roles as one of the most concentrated proteins in many human and other mammalian fluids and tissues. In particular, LF provides antibacterial properties to human milk, saliva, and tear fluid. LF also protects against stress-induced lipid peroxidation at inflammation sites through its iron-binding ability. Previous studies have shown that LF can be efficiently nitrated via biologically relevant mediators such as peroxynitrite (ONOO- ), which are also present at high intracellular concentrations during inflammation and nitrosative stress. Here, we examine changes in antibacterial properties and structure of LF following ONOO- treatment. The reaction induces nitration of tyrosine and tryptophan residues, which are commonly used as biomarker molecules for several diseases. Treatment with ONOO- at a 10/1 M ratio of ONOO- to tyrosine inhibited all antibacterial activity exhibited by native LF. Secondary structural changes in LF were assessed using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Nitration products with and without the addition of Fe3+ show significant reduction in alpha-helical properties, suggesting partial protein unfolding. Iron-binding capacity of LF was also reduced after treatment with ONOO- , suggesting a decreased ability of LF to protect against cellular damage. LC-MS/MS spectrometry was used to identify LF peptide fragments nitrated by ONOO- , including tyrosine residue Y92 located in the iron-binding region. These results suggest that posttranslational modification of LF by ONOO- could be an important pathway to exacerbate infection, for example, in inflamed tissues and to reduce the ability of LF to act as an immune responder and decrease oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Y Alhalwani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rachel L Davey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Navneeta Kaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Scott A Barbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - J Alex Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
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15
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Barmas-Alamdari D, D’Souza HS, Kapoor KG, Wagner AL. Intravitreal Ziv-Aflibercept: A Comprehensive Review. Semin Ophthalmol 2019; 34:420-435. [DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2019.1641526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley S. D’Souza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
- Ophthalmology Research, Wagner Macula and Retina Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Kapil G. Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
- Ophthalmology Research, Wagner Macula and Retina Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Alan L. Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
- Ophthalmology Research, Wagner Macula and Retina Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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16
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Jia Y, Dai J, Zhang L, Xia H. Effect of Exogenous Zinc on MsrB1 Expression and Protein Oxidation in Human Lens Epithelial Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:60-64. [PMID: 30306419 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been related to zinc deficiency, resulting in protein oxidation and age-related decline of methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) activity. This study was designed to investigate the levels of methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (MsrB1) mRNA and oxidized proteins in human lens epithelial (hLE) cells after treatment with exogenous zinc. The role of exogenous zinc in regulation of MsrB1 gene expression and protein oxidation in hLE cells was studied by MTT assay, oxidized protein measurement kit, and real-time PCR. The results showed that hLE cell viability was significantly decreased by MsrB1 gene knockdown or peroxynitrite (ONOO-) treatment, while it was significantly increased after treatment with exogenous zinc (P < 0.05). Protein carbonyl content in hLE cell by MsrB1 gene knockdown or ONOO- treatment was significantly decreased after treatment with ZnSO4 (P < 0.01). And exogenous zinc could increase the level of MsrB1 in hLE cell under normal (P < 0.001) and oxidative stress (P < 0.01) conditions. In conclusion, exogenous zinc could protect hLE cells against MsrB1 gene knockdown or ONOO--induced cell death by upregulation of MsrB1 involved in the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xia
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Association of Dietary Nitrate Intake with the 15-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118:2311-2314. [PMID: 30342988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate, found predominantly in green leafy vegetables and beetroot, is a precursor of nitric oxide. Under- or overproduction of nitric oxide is implicated in the etiology of several eye diseases. However, the potential influence of dietary nitrate intake on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE To investigate the temporal association between dietary nitrate intake (from both vegetable and nonvegetable sources) and the 15-year incidence of AMD, independent of potential confounders. DESIGN A longitudinal cohort study conducted from 1992-1994 to 2007-2009. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The Blue Mountains Eye Study is a population-based study of adults aged 49+ at baseline, from a region west of Sydney, Australia. At baseline, 2,856 participants with complete dietary data and AMD information were examined, and of these, 2,037 participants were re-examined 15 years later and thus included in incidence analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED Incidence of AMD (main outcome) was assessed from retinal photographs. Dietary intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Nitrate intake from vegetables and nonvegetable sources was calculated by use of a validated comprehensive database. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, energy intake, fish consumption, and AMD risk alleles (complement factor H and age-related maculopathy susceptibility-2 single nucleotide polymorphisms), participants in the third quartile compared with those in the first quartile (reference group) of total nitrate and total vegetable nitrate intake had reduced risk of incident early AMD: odds ratio (OR) 0.61 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.90) and OR 0.65 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.96), respectively. Significant associations were not observed between the fourth vs first quartile of total nitrate and vegetable nitrate intake with incident early AMD: OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.08) and OR 0.69 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.00), respectively. Nonsignificant associations were also observed with 15-year incidence of late AMD and total nonvegetable nitrate intake. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings could have important implications, if the association between total nitrate intake and vegetable nitrate intake and 15-year incidence of early AMD is confirmed in other observational or intervention studies.
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Yadav A, Choudhary R, Bodakhe SH. Role of Nitric Oxide in the Development of Cataract Formation in CdCl2-induced Hypertensive Animals. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1454-1464. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1501490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
| | - Rajesh Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
| | - Surendra H. Bodakhe
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
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19
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Kim J, Kang H, Choi H, Jo A, Oh DR, Kim Y, Im S, Lee SG, Jeong KI, Ryu GC, Choi C. Aqueous Extract of Perilla frutescens var. acuta Relaxes the Ciliary Smooth Muscle by Increasing NO/cGMP Content In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071777. [PMID: 30029520 PMCID: PMC6100439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta (PFA) are commonly used as a traditional medicine in Korea, Japan, and China. We previously showed that PFA attenuates eye fatigue by improving visual accommodation through a clinical study. However, detailed mechanisms and chemical compounds have not been studied. In this study, we analyzed the active compounds in an aqueous extract of PFA involved in ciliary muscle relaxation in vitro and in vivo. NMR and MS analyses showed that the PFA extract contained mainly luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide and apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide. The composition after freeze-drying and spray-drying was similar. Freeze-dried PFA (50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, and 200 µg/mL) increased nitric oxide and cGMP levels in ciliary muscle cells isolated from the eyes of rats. [Ca2+]i decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Sprague-Dawley rats treated with freeze-dried PFA (200 mg/kg, orally) showed significantly increased cGMP levels compared with the control group and irradiated with white light. Our results suggest that PFA extract has the potential to reduce eye fatigue by relaxing ciliary muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Kim
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Huwon Kang
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Hakjoon Choi
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Ara Jo
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Dooi-Ri Oh
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Yujin Kim
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Sojeong Im
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
| | - Kyeong-In Jeong
- Department of Optometry and optic science Dong-Shin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Geun-Chang Ryu
- Department of Optometry and optic science Dong-Shin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Chulyung Choi
- Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea.
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20
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Koriyama Y, Furukawa A. S-Nitrosylation Regulates Cell Survival and Death in the Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:50-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Hu W, Xie M, Zhao H, Tang Y, Yao S, He T, Ye C, Wang Q, Lu X, Huang W, Fan Q. Nitric oxide activatable photosensitizer accompanying extremely elevated two-photon absorption for efficient fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2017; 9:999-1005. [PMID: 29629167 PMCID: PMC5875019 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04044j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A nitric oxide (NO) activatable photosensitizer was constructed for efficient fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy.
Elevated nitric oxide (NO) levels perform an important pathological role in various inflammatory diseases. Developing NO-activatable theranostic materials with a two-photon excitation (TPE) feature is highly promising for precision imaging and therapy, but constructing such materials is still a tremendous challenge. Here, we present the first example of a NO-activatable fluorescent photosensitizer (DBB-NO) accompanying extremely NO-elevated two-photon absorption (TPA) for efficient fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Upon responding to NO, DBB-NO shows not only a remarkably enhanced fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF, 0.17% vs. 9.3%) and singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ, 1.2% vs. 82%) but also an extremely elevated TPA cross-section (δ, 270 vs. 2800 GM). Simultaneous enhancement of ΦΔ, ΦF and δ allows unprecedented two-photon fluorescence brightness (δ × ΦF = 260.4 GM) and two-photon PDT (TP-PDT) efficiency (δ × ΦΔ = 2296 GM) which precedes the value for a commercial two-photon photosensitizer by two orders of magnitude. With these merits, the proof-of-concept applications of NO-activatable two-photon fluorescence imaging and TP-PDT in activated macrophages (in which NO is overproduced) were readily realized. This work may open up many opportunities for constructing two-photon theranostic materials with other pathological condition-activatable features for precise theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Hu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , China . .,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China .
| | - Meng Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Yufu Tang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Song Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province , College of Physics Science & Technology , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Tingchao He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province , College of Physics Science & Technology , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Chuanxiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province , College of Physics Science & Technology , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China .
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China .
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China . .,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) , Xi'an 710072 , China
| | - Quli Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , China .
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22
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Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Old and New Promising Treatments. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2017; 2017:4320408. [PMID: 30723498 PMCID: PMC5664381 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4320408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a major global cause of blindness, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for the neurodegenerative damage are not clear. Undoubtedly, the high intraocular pressure (IOP) and the secondary ischemic and mechanical damage of the optic nerve have a crucial role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Several studies specifically analyzed the events that lead to nerve fiber layer thinning, showing the importance of both intra- and extracellular factors. In parallel, many neuroprotective substances have been tested for their efficacy and safety in hindering the negative effects that lead to RGC death. New formulations of these compounds, also suitable for chronic oral administration, are likely to be used in clinical practice in the future along with conventional therapies, in order to control the progression of the visual impairment due to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This review illustrates some of these old and new promising agents for the adjuvant treatment of POAG, with particular emphasis on forskolin and melatonin.
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23
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Blangetti M, Rolando B, Marini E, Chegaev K, Guglielmo S, Lazzarato L, Lucarini L, Masini E, Fruttero R. gem-Dinitroalkyl Benzenes: A Novel Class of IOP-Lowering Agents for the Treatment of Ocular Hypertension. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1054-1059. [PMID: 29057050 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness worldwide. Nitric oxide has recently received particular attention as a potential antiglaucoma agent. In this work, gem-dinitroalkyl benzenes are evaluated for their capability to act as a new class of IOP lowering agents. These derivatives have been endowed with a variety of NO-release capacities and found to relax contracted rat aorta strips in a concentration-dependent manner. They have been studied for their IOP-lowering activity in a transient ocular hypertensive rabbit model at 1% dose. The most effective IOP-lowering products were compounds 9-11 and 13, whose activity was similar to that of Molsidomine 120 min after administration. Compounds 9 and 13 were selected for evaluation using carbomer-induced glaucoma as the chronic model of IOP. They cause a significant reduction in IOP in the first 24 h, and their activity is maintained over 5 days, displaying a Molsidomine-like profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Blangetti
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Konstantin Chegaev
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Guglielmo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- Dipartimento
di Neuroscienze, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence (FI), Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Dipartimento
di Neuroscienze, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence (FI), Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Protective role of antioxidant compounds against peroxynitrite-mediated modification of R54C mutant αA-crystallin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 629:43-53. [PMID: 28720375 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a highly potent reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, peroxynitrite (PON) has endogenous production in the eye ball and contributes to a variety of ocular disorders. In the current study the structural characteristics, chaperone-like activity and conformational stability of R54C mutant αA-crystallin (αA-Cry) were studied upon modification with PON and in the presence of three antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) using gel electrophoresis and different spectroscopy methods. The results of both fluorescence analysis and gel electrophoresis suggested that PON modification leads to dityrosine-mediated intermolecular cross-linking of this cataractogenic mutant protein. Also, the propensity of R54C mutant αA-Cry for disulfide cross-linking was increased upon PON modification. In addition, the PON-modified protein indicated structural alteration, reduced chemical stability and different pattern of proteolysis. Upon modification with PON, mutant αA-Cry displayed a significant increase in the chaperone-like activity against aggregation of γ-crystallin and insulin. In addition, different antioxidant compounds indicated a prominent role in neutralizing the PON damaging effects on structural integrity and stability of this protein. The results of this study may highlight the importance of antioxidant-rich foods or potent antioxidant supplements in protection of lens crystallins against PON-mediated structural damages and cataract development.
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25
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Moghadam SS, Oryan A, Kurganov BI, Tamaddon AM, Alavianehr MM, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Yousefi R. The structural damages of lens crystallins induced by peroxynitrite and methylglyoxal, two causative players in diabetic complications and preventive role of lens antioxidant components. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:74-88. [PMID: 28472684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (PON) and methylglyoxal (MGO), two diabetes-associated compounds, are believed to be important causative players in development of diabetic cataracts. In the current study, different spectroscopic methods, gel electrophoresis, lens culture and microscopic assessments were applied to examine the impact of individual, subsequent or simultaneous modification of lens crystallins with MGO and PON on their structure, oligomerization and aggregation. The protein modifications were confirmed with detection of the significantly increased quantity of carbonyl groups and decreased levels of sulfhydryl, tyrosine and tryptophan. Also, lens proteins modification with these chemical agents was accompanied with important structural alteration, oligomerization, disulfide/chromophore mediated protein crosslinking and important proteolytic instability. All these structural damages were more pronounced when the lens proteins were modified in the presence of both mentioned chemical agents, either in sequential or simultaneous manner. Ascorbic acid and glutathione, as the main components of lens antioxidant defense mechanism, were also capable to markedly prevent the damaging effects of PON and MGO on lens crystallins, as indicated by gel electrophoresis. The results of this study may highlight the importance of lens antioxidant defense system in protection of crystallins against the structural insults induced by PON and MGO during chronic hyperglycemia in the diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Sasan Moghadam
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Boris I Kurganov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Ali-Mohammad Tamaddon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Carr BC, Emigh CE, Bennett LD, Pansick AD, Birch DG, Nguyen C. TOWARDS A TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: Intravitreal Toxicity and Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. Retina 2017; 37:22-31. [PMID: 27380429 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to determine the maximum tolerated dose of a single intravitreal injection of aminoguanidine and 1400W, 2 inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase, in rabbit eyes. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase has already been shown to be beneficial in various animal models of diabetic eye disease. METHODS Groups of 4 New Zealand white rabbits were injected with balanced salt solution in the right eye and a single dose of either aminoguanidine (5, 1, 0.25 mg) or 1400W (2 mg and 0.4 mg) in the left eye. Toxicity was assessed by slit-lamp and fundus examination, intraocular pressure and pachymetric measurements, and electrophysiologic and histologic analysis. RESULTS Eyes injected with high doses of aminoguanidine (5 mg) or 1400W (2 mg) demonstrated severe retinal vascular attenuation and infarction. Lower doses of intravitreal aminoguanidine (1 mg) and 1400W (0.4 mg) caused no significant toxic ocular effects in rabbit eyes. CONCLUSION If the difference in vitreal volume between rabbit eyes and human eyes is taken into account, aminoguanidine (2.7 mg) and 1400W (1 mg) would be reasonable intravitreal doses to test for safety and efficacy in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cameron Carr
- *Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and †Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas
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Bonilha VL, Bell BA, Rayborn ME, Samuels IS, King A, Hollyfield JG, Xie C, Cai H. Absence of DJ-1 causes age-related retinal abnormalities in association with increased oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:226-237. [PMID: 28088625 PMCID: PMC5328840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress alters physiological function in most biological tissues and can lead to cell death. In the retina, oxidative stress initiates a cascade of events leading to focal loss of RPE and photoreceptors, which is thought to be a major contributing factor to geographic atrophy. Despite these implications, the molecular regulation of RPE oxidative stress under normal and pathological conditions remains largely unknown. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in regulating RPE and photoreceptors oxidative stress response is greatly needed. To this end we evaluated photoreceptor and RPE changes in mice deficient in DJ-1, a protein that is thought to be important in protecting cells from oxidative stress. Young (3 months) and aged (18 months) DJ-1 knockout (DJ-1 KO) and age-matched wild-type mice were examined. In both group of aged mice, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) showed the presence of a few autofluorescent foci. The 18 month-old DJ-1 KO retinas were also characterized by a noticeable increase in RPE fluorescence to wild-type. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging demonstrated that all retinal layers were present in the eyes of both DJ-1 KO groups. ERG comparisons showed that older DJ-1 KO mice had reduced sensitivity under dark- and light-adapted conditions compared to age-matched control. Histologically, the RPE contained prominent vacuoles in young DJ-1 KO group with the appearance of enlarged irregularly shaped RPE cells in the older group. These were also evident in OCT and in whole mount RPE/choroid preparations labeled with phalloidin. Photoreceptors in the older DJ-1 KO mice displayed decreased immunoreactivity to rhodopsin and localized reduction in cone markers compared to the wild-type control group. Lower levels of activated Nrf2 were evident in retina/RPE lysates in both young and old DJ-1 KO mouse groups compared to wild-type control levels. Conversely, higher levels of protein carbonyl derivatives and iNOS immunoreactivity were detected in retina/RPE lysates from both young and old DJ-1 KO mice. These results demonstrate that DJ-1 KO mice display progressive signs of retinal/RPE degeneration in association with higher levels of oxidative stress markers. Collectively this analysis indicates that DJ-1 plays an important role in protecting photoreceptors and RPE from oxidative damage during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Brent A Bell
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mary E Rayborn
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ivy S Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anna King
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joe G Hollyfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Shukla P, Verma H, Patel S, Patra PK, Bhaskar LVKS. Ocular manifestations of sickle cell disease and genetic susceptibility for refractive errors. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2017; 7:89-93. [PMID: 29018763 PMCID: PMC5602154 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common and serious form of an inherited blood disorder that lead to higher risk of early mortality. SCD patients are at high risk for developing multiorgan acute and chronic complications linked with significant morbidity and mortality. Some of the ophthalmological complications of SCD include retinal changes, refractive errors, vitreous hemorrhage, and abnormalities of the cornea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study includes 96 SCD patients. A dilated comprehensive eye examination was performed to know the status of retinopathy. Refractive errors were measured in all patients. In patients with >10 years of age, cycloplegia was not performed before autorefractometry. A subset of fifty patients' genotyping was done for NOS3 27-base pair (bp) variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) and IL4 intron-3 VNTR polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-electrophoresis. Chi-square test was performed to test the association between the polymorphisms and refractive errors. RESULTS The results of the present study revealed that 63.5% of patients have myopia followed by 19.8% hyperopia. NOS3 27-bp VNTR genotypes significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.0001). Although IL4 70-bp VNTR increased the risk of developing refractive errors, it is not statistically significant. However, NOS3 27-bp VNTR significantly reduced the risk of development of myopia. CONCLUSION In summary, our study documents the prevalence of refractive errors along with some retinal changes in Indian SCD patients. Further, this study demonstrates that the NOS3 VNTR contributes to the susceptibility to development of myopia in SCD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Shukla
- Research Division, Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Henu Verma
- Research Division, Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Santosh Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - P K Patra
- Research Division, Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - L V K S Bhaskar
- Research Division, Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Goyal S, Lyzogubov VV, Ali O, Bora PS, Bora NS, Uwaydat SH. Effect of aspirin on models of retinal pigment epithelium pathology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44:610-617. [PMID: 26861462 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize the effect of aspirin (ASA) in mouse models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal degeneration. METHODS In vivo: Male C57BL/6 mice were given ASA in food or regular rodent diet. CNV was induced by argon laser photocoagulation. Subretinal injections of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) were administered to induce retinal degeneration. CNV size, laser spot area and mean intensity of VEGF in the laser injured zones were measured. In the PEG injected eyes the thickness of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid was measured. In vitro: Human ARPE-19 cells were treated with 0.5 or 2.0 mM/L of ASA for 72 h. ELISA was used to measure the concentration of VEGF and CCL-2 in the supernatants. Additionally, damaged RPE monolayer was treated with ASA (0.5 or 2.0 mM/L) and vehicle separately. Size of damaged area was measured. ELISA was used to measure secretion of VEGF-A and CCL-2 by damaged cells after 24 h. RESULTS No statistically significant effect of ASA on CNV size, laser spot size or VEGF expression was noted in CNV model. In the PEG model, ASA did not have any effect on RPE and choroid thickness; however, a significant increase in RPE atrophy was observed (P = 0.02 + 38%). In addition, ASA had a significant effect on the ability of the RPE cells to regenerate and become confluent after mechanical damage. CONCLUSIONS ASA at doses consumed clinically for various medical causes may not worsen CNV in human subjects. However, ASA may increase RPE atrophy when consumed over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunali Goyal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Valeriy V Lyzogubov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Omair Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Puran S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nalini S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sami H Uwaydat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Kim J, Jo K, Lee IS, Kim CS, Kim JS. The Extract of Aster Koraiensis Prevents Retinal Pericyte Apoptosis in Diabetic Rats and Its Active Compound, Chlorogenic Acid Inhibits AGE Formation and AGE/RAGE Interaction. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090585. [PMID: 27657123 PMCID: PMC5037569 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal capillary cell loss is a hallmark of early diabetic retinal changes. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are believed to contribute to retinal microvascular cell loss in diabetic retinopathy. In this study, the protective effects of Aster koraiensis extract (AKE) against damage to retinal vascular cells were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. To examine this issue further, AGE accumulation, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated using retinal trypsin digests from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the diabetic rats, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling)-positive retinal microvascular cells were markedly increased. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that AGEs were accumulated within the retinal microvascular cells, and this accumulation paralleled the activation of NF-κB and the expression of iNOS in the diabetic rats. However, AKE prevented retinal microvascular cell apoptosis through the inhibition of AGE accumulation and NF-κB activation. Moreover, to determine the active compounds of AKE, two major compounds, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, were tested in an in vitro assay. Among these compounds, chlorogenic acid significantly reduced AGE formation as well as AGE/RAGE (receptor for AGEs) binding activity. These results suggest that AKE, particularly chlorogenic acid, is useful in inhibiting AGE accumulation in retinal vessels and exerts a preventive effect against the injuries of diabetic retinal vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Ik-Soo Lee
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Wu J, Li X, Fang H, Yi Y, Chen D, Long Y, Gao X, Wei X, Chen CYO. Investigation of synergistic mechanism and identification of interaction site of aldose reductase with the combination of gigantol and syringic acid for prevention of diabetic cataract. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:286. [PMID: 27520089 PMCID: PMC4983052 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gigantol and syringic acid (SA) have been shown to synergistically prevent formation of diabetic cataract (DC). However, the exact mechanism of this effect is unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of these compounds on the activity of aldose reductase (AR) and cataract formation. METHODS We examined the synergistic anti-cataract efficacy of gigantol and SA in the high glucose- and streptozotocin -induced DC rat model; synergism was evaluated using Jin's formula. We investigated possible mechanisms of action by measuring AR expression and activity and levels of sorbitol using enzyme kinetics, Western blot, and RT-PCR. Finally, we examined binding interaction between AR and both compounds using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant proteins, and enzyme kinetics. RESULTS Combination treatment of gigantol and SA synergistically protected both HLECs(human lens epithelial cells) grown in vitro and DC formation in STZ-induced rats in vivo. Synergism was attributed to inhibition of AR activity, downregulation of AR expression via impaired transcription, and decreased sorbitol levels. Enzyme kinetics studies showed that the activity of an AR Asn160Ala mutant protein was significantly decreased compared to wild-type AR, confirming that Asn160 is a key residue for interaction between AR and both compounds. CONCLUSION Combined administration of gigantol and SA synergize to enhance anti-cataract efficacy. The synergistic effect is mainly attributed to disruption of the polyol pathway and inhibition of AR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanqun Yi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 02111, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 02111, Boston, MA, USA
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Khoshaman K, Yousefi R, Tamaddon AM, Saso L, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. The impact of Hydrogen peroxide on structure, stability and functional properties of Human R12C mutant αA-crystallin: The imperative insights into pathomechanism of the associated congenital cataract incidence. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:819-30. [PMID: 26459035 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative stress in eye lens which occurs during inflammation and under chronic hyperglycemia has been already indicated in the pathogenesis of cataract disorders. The aim of this study was to examine structural and functional properties of R12C mutant αA-Crystallin (αA-Cry) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The study was done using different spectroscopic techniques and gel mobility shift assay. According to results of our study, H2O2 oxidation strongly compromises the chaperone function of the R12C mutant but not of wild-type αA-Cry. Also, it affects the structural properties of both wild-type and mutant proteins, albeit to different degree. The H2O2 exposure promotes extensive disulfide mediated oligomerization of the R12C mutant but not of the wild-type as revealed by gel mobility shift assay and dynamic light scattering. Moreover, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the mutant protein demonstrates severe conformational and protease instability and increased amyloidogenic propensity. The obtained results suggest that incubation of R12C mutant recombinant αA-Cry with hydrogen peroxide accelerates the molecular events which have been already implicated in the pathomechanism of cataract development. Taken together these results suggest that individuals carrying the R12C mutation are at an increased risk to develop early-onset cataract under condition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Khoshaman
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Oxidative stress in myopia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:750637. [PMID: 25922643 PMCID: PMC4397465 DOI: 10.1155/2015/750637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myopia affected approximately 1.6 billion people worldwide in 2000, and it is expected to increase to 2.5 billion by 2020. Although optical problems can be corrected by optics or surgical procedures, normal myopia and high myopia are still an unsolved medical problem. They frequently predispose people who have them to suffer from other eye pathologies: retinal detachment, glaucoma, macular hemorrhage, cataracts, and so on being one of the main causes of visual deterioration and blindness. Genetic and environmental factors have been associated with myopia. Nevertheless, lack of knowledge in the underlying physiopathological molecular mechanisms has not permitted an adequate diagnosis, prevention, or treatment to be found. Nowadays several pieces of evidence indicate that oxidative stress may help explain the altered regulatory pathways in myopia and the appearance of associated eye diseases. On the one hand, oxidative damage associated with hypoxia myopic can alter the neuromodulation that nitric oxide and dopamine have in eye growth. On the other hand, radical superoxide or peroxynitrite production damage retina, vitreous, lens, and so on contributing to the appearance of retinopathies, retinal detachment, cataracts and so on. The objective of this review is to suggest that oxidative stress is one of the key pieces that can help solve this complex eye problem.
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Ghahramani M, Yousefi R, Khoshaman K, Alavianmehr MM. The impact of calcium ion on structure and aggregation propensity of peroxynitrite-modified lens crystallins: New insights into the pathogenesis of cataract disorders. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 125:170-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Vapaatalo H, Kotikoski H, Oksala O. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of intraocular pressure: a possibility for glaucoma treatment. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ramkumar HL, Tuo J, Shen DF, Zhang J, Cao X, Chew EY, Chan CC. Nutrient supplementation with n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin decrease A2E accumulation and VEGF expression in the retinas of Ccl2/Cx3cr1-deficient mice on Crb1rd8 background. J Nutr 2013; 143:1129-35. [PMID: 23677863 PMCID: PMC3681547 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.169649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Age-Related Eye Diseases Study 2 (AREDS2) clinical trial is assessing the effects of higher dietary xanthophyll (lutein and zeaxanthin) and long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake on progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study's purpose was to examine the retinal effects of the AREDS2 formulation on Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2(-/-))/CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1(-/-)) mice on Crumbs homolog 1 retinal degeneration phenotype 8 (Crb1(rd8)) background (DKO), which develop focal retinal lesions with certain features similar to AMD. DKO and C57BL/6N rd8 background mice (WT) were bred and randomized into 4 groups. Two groups, WT mice on AREDS2 diet (A-WT) and DKO mice on AREDS2 diet (A-DKO), were supplemented daily with 1.76 μmol of lutein, 35.1 μmol of zeaxanthin, 215 μmol EPA, and 107 μmol of DHA, and 2 control groups, WT mice on control diet (C-WT) and DKO mice on control diet (C-DKO), were fed an isocaloric diet. All mice had monthly fundus photos and were killed after 3 mo for biochemical and histologic analyses. After 3 mo, 81% of A-DKO mice had lesion regression compared with 25% of C-DKO mice (P < 0.05). Toxic retinal 2-[2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1E,3E,5E,7E-octatetra-enyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-[4-methyl-6(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) 1E,3E,5E,7E-hexatrienyl]-pyridinium (A2E) concentrations were significantly lower in A-DKO compared with C-DKO mice. The outer nuclear layer thickness in A-DKO mice was significantly greater than that in C-DKO mice. Retinal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α), Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), interleukin1beta (IL-1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) was significantly lower in A-DKO compared with C-DKO mice. Xanthophylls and LCPUFAs have antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and antiangiogenic properties. Our data provide potential mechanisms by which the AREDS2 formula has a protective effect on retinal lesions in DKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema L. Ramkumar
- Laboratory of Immunology,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD,Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoguang Cao
- Laboratory of Immunology,Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology,Histology Core, and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Next-generation sequencing analysis of gene regulation in the rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 127:13-31. [PMID: 23775346 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the genes, biochemical signaling pathways, and biological themes involved in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on the RNA transcriptome of rats with the Penn et al. (Pediatr Res 36:724-731, 1994) oxygen-induced retinopathy model of ROP at the height of vascular abnormality, postnatal day (P) 19, and normalized to age-matched, room-air-reared littermate controls. Eight custom-developed pathways with potential relevance to known ROP sequelae were evaluated for significant regulation in ROP: The three major Wnt signaling pathways, canonical, planar cell polarity (PCP), and Wnt/Ca(2+); two signaling pathways mediated by the Rho GTPases RhoA and Cdc42, which are, respectively, thought to intersect with canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling; nitric oxide signaling pathways mediated by two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS); and the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway. Regulation of other biological pathways and themes was detected by gene ontology using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and the NIH's Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery's GO terms databases. RESULTS Canonical Wnt signaling was found to be regulated, but the non-canonical PCP and Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways were not. Nitric oxide signaling, as measured by the activation of nNOS and eNOS, was also regulated, as was RA signaling. Biological themes related to protein translation (ribosomes), neural signaling, inflammation and immunity, cell cycle, and cell death were (among others) highly regulated in ROP rats. CONCLUSIONS These several genes and pathways identified by NGS might provide novel targets for intervention in ROP.
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Yildirim Z, Yildirim F, Uçgun NI, Sepici-Dinçel A. The role of the cytokines in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:50-3. [PMID: 23550261 PMCID: PMC3580249 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the mechanism of the development of pseudoexfoliation (PSX) syndrome via both cytokine formation and endothelial vasorelaxing and growth factors that will provide us new therapeutic insights for the treatment. METHODS This is a cross sectional study included two groups; Group 1: control patients with nuclear cataract (n=20, aged 51-80 years). Group 2: PSX patients with nuclear cataract (n=18, aged 50-90 years). Patients with other ophthalmic problems and systemic diseases were excluded. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitrotyrosine levels were determined through serum samples by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Nitrite-nitrate levels were measured with photometric endpoint determination. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, VEGF, IL-1β, nitrite-nitrate and nitrotyrosine. The significant results were the mean IL-6 levels that were higher in PSX group 2 (37.68±29.52 pg/mL) compared to that in control group 1 (15.32±10.08 pg/mL) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Several interacting and extending biochemical pathways may lead to the promotion of VEGF and IL-6 expressions. IL-6 which is the only altered marker in our study may indirectly cause an increase of vascular permeability and neovascularization. We suggest inflammation as a factor that can be involved in etiopathogenesis of PSX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Yildirim
- Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Etimesgut 06770, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Yildirim
- Duatepe Government Hospital, Clinic of Internal Medicine, Polatli 06900, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nil Irem Uçgun
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Second Ophthalmology Clinic, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sepici-Dinçel
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Beşevler 06500, Ankara, Turkey
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Pan L, Hu JL, Wang WJ, Zhang XJ, Wei J, Liu ZD, Zhang YH, Xu HM. Molecular mechanisms of (R,R)ZX-5 on NO synthesis and its anti-angiogenic effect. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2717-2726. [PMID: 22489120 PMCID: PMC3317683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
(R,R)ZX-5 is a NO regulatory compound, which could significantly increase choroidal blood flow in New Zealand rabbit. The aim of this paper is to investigate the molecular mechanism of (R,R)ZX-5 promoting NO production. Besides this, we also investigated the antiangiogenic activity of (R,R)ZX-5. Analysis of Western blot showed that (R,R)ZX-5 up-regulated the expression of Akt, p-Akt (Thr473), eNOS and p-eNOS (Ser1177), down-regulated the expression of Cyclin D1 in human retinal endothelial cells and escalated the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. Additionally, (R,R)ZX-5 inhibited the growth of blood vessels in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. It is concluded that (R,R)ZX-5 promotes choroidal blood flow through PI3K/Akt-eNOS and Akt-Ca2+-eNOS pathways. Additionally, (R,R)ZX-5 can inhibit angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
| | - Jia-Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
| | - Jin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
| | - Yi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of China Pharmaceutical, Nanjing 210009, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (Y.-H.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-025-83271007 (H.-M.X.); +86-025-86635503 (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Han-Mei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.P.); (J.-L.H.); (W.-J.W.); (X.-J.Z.); (J.W.); (Z.-D.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (Y.-H.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-025-83271007 (H.-M.X.); +86-025-86635503 (Y.-H.Z.)
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Russell-Randall KR, Dortch-Carnes J. Kappa opioid receptor localization and coupling to nitric oxide production in cells of the anterior chamber. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5233-9. [PMID: 21666232 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was designed to determine whether kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are localized to cells of the inflow and outflow pathways of the eye and if activation of these receptors has an effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, because these effects could play a role in KOR agonist-mediated reduction of IOP. METHODS Human nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPCE) and trabecular meshwork (HTM-3) cells were treated with spiradoline (SPR), a selective KOR agonist, or estradiol, for 24 hours. Some cells were pretreated with the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) or the nonselective NO synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of SPR. Immunofluorescent localization of KORs was determined in isolated rabbit iris-ciliary bodies (ICBs) and NPCE and HTM-3 cells. RESULTS Immunohistochemical data show the localization of KORs to the rabbit ICB and more specifically to the ciliary epithelial layer. KORs were also found on cell membranes of NPCE and HTM-3 cells. Treatment of both these cell types with spiradoline caused concentration-dependent increases in the release of NO. Spiradoline-induced release of NO from both cell types was inhibited by pretreatment with norBNI and L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study show the presence of KORs on rabbit ICBs and also on NPCE and HTM cells. Activation of these KORs on both cell types resulted in KOR-mediated increases in NO production. These findings provide evidence that previously demonstrated KOR-mediated reduction in IOP could be caused, in part, by NO production in both the ciliary body and the trabecular meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Russell-Randall
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA.
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Pinard CL, Gauvin D, Moreau M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Troncy E. Measurements of canine aqueous humor inflammatory mediators and the effect of carprofen following anterior chamber paracentesis. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:296-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wong VHY, Bui BV, Vingrys AJ. Clinical and experimental links between diabetes and glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 2010; 94:4-23. [PMID: 21091536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. It is a multifactorial condition, the risk factors for which are increasingly well defined from large-scale epidemiological studies. One risk factor that remains controversial is the presence of diabetes. It has been proposed that diabetic eyes are at greater risk of injury from external stressors, such as elevated intraocular pressure. Alternatively, diabetes may cause ganglion cell loss, which becomes additive to a glaucomatous ganglion cell injury. Several clinical trials have considered whether a link exists between diabetes and glaucoma. In this review, we outline these studies and consider the causes for their lack of concordant findings. We also review the biochemical and cellular similarities between the two conditions. Moreover, we review the available literature that attempts to answer the question of whether the presence of diabetes increases the risk of developing glaucoma. At present, laboratory studies provide robust evidence for an association between diabetes and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Pang JJ, Gao F, Wu SM. Light responses and morphology of bNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:2456-74. [PMID: 20503422 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by NO synthase (NOS), modulates the function of all retinal neurons and ocular blood vessels and participates in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. To further understand the regulation of ocular NO release, we systematically studied the morphology, topography, and light responses of NOS-containing amacrine cells (NOACs) in dark-adapted mouse retina. Immunohistological staining for neuronal NOS (bNOS), combined with retrograde labeling of ganglion cells (GCs) with Neurobiotin (NB, a gap junction permeable dye) and Lucifer yellow (LY, a less permeable dye), was used to identify NOACs. The light responses of ACs were recorded under whole-cell voltage clamp conditions and cell morphology was examined with a confocal microscope. We found that in dark-adapted conditions bNOS-immunoreactivity (IR) was present primarily in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. bNOS-IR somas were negative for LY, thus they were identified as ACs; nearly 6% of the cells were labeled by NB but not by LY, indicating that they were dye-coupled with GCs. Three morphological subtypes of NOACs (NI, NII, and displaced) were identified. The cell density, intercellular distance, and the distribution of NOACs were studied in whole retinas. Light evoked depolarizing highly sensitive ON-OFF responses in NI cells and less sensitive OFF responses in NII cells. Frequent (1-2 Hz) or abrupt change of light intensity evoked larger peak responses. The possibility for light to modify NO release from NOACs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jie Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Xu HM, Wei J, Pan L, Lin H, Wang W, Zhang Y, Shen Z. The mechanism of (R,R) ZX-5 on increasing NO release. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3323-33. [PMID: 20957097 PMCID: PMC2956097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(R,R) ZX-5 has been proven to have positive effects on choroidal blood flow without affecting the sclera and ciliary bodies in New Zealand white rabbits. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of (R,R) ZX-5 on improving the choroidal blood flow and promoting NO production. HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were used to determine the production of eNOS, p-eNOS, AKT and Erk1/2 by Western blot analysis. iNOS and eNOS mRNA levels were investigated by RT-PCR and the effect of (R,R) ZX-5 on NO production were determined by eNOS activity assay. We found (R,R) ZX-5 upregulated protein expression of eNOS and iNOS, increased NO production, and reduced ERK and Akt protein level. Therefore, (R,R) ZX-5 may promote the choroidal blood flow in New Zealand white rabbits without affecting the blood flow in the iris or ciliary bodies via increasing NO production. These results suggest that (R,R) ZX-5 may function to cure and prevent Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Mei Xu
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (J.W.); (L.P.); (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (J.W.); (L.P.); (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (J.W.); (L.P.); (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Hongying Lin
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (J.W.); (L.P.); (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (J.W.); (L.P.); (H.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, University of China Pharmaceutical, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zilong Shen
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China; E-Mails: (H.-M.X.); (J.W.); (L.P.); (H.L.); (W.W.)
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:; Tel.:+086-025-832-713-89; Fax: +086-025-833-097-02
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KIOM-79 Prevents Lens Epithelial Cell Apoptosis and Lens Opacification in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20953387 PMCID: PMC2952320 DOI: 10.1155/2011/717921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Damage of lens epithelial cells (LECs) has been implicated in cataract formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of KIOM-79, a combination of four plant extracts, on LECs. We examined the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in LECs during cataract development using the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. KIOM-79 was orally administered by gavage to ZDF rats once a day for 13 weeks. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay, and NF-κB activation and iNOS expression were studied by southwestern histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In diabetic cataractous lenses, TUNEL-positive LECs were markedly increased 20-fold, and AGEs were highly accumulated (2.7-fold) in LECs. In addition, both NF-κB activation, and iNOS expression were significantly enhanced 3- to 5-fold, respectively, compared to levels found in normal ZL rats. However, the administration of KIOM-79 delayed the development of diabetic cataracts and prevented LEC apoptosis (70%) through the inhibition of AGEs, NF-κB-activation and iNOS expression. These observations suggest that KIOM-79 is useful in inhibiting diabetic cataractogenesis and acts through an antiapoptotic mechanism to protect LECs from injury.
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Kim J, Kim OS, Kim CS, Kim NH, Kim JS. Cytotoxic role of methylglyoxal in rat retinal pericytes: Involvement of a nuclear factor-kappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:86-93. [PMID: 20621070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic metabolite, is produced from glycolysis. Elevated levels of MGO are observed in a number of diabetic complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. Loss of retinal pericyte, a hallmark of early diabetic retinal changes, leads to the development of formation of microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages and neovasculization. Herein, we evaluated the cytotoxic role of MGO in retinal pericytes and further investigated the signaling pathway leading to cell death. Rat primary retinal pericytes were exposed to 400muM MGO for 6h. Retinal vessels were prepared from intravitreally MGO-injected rat eyes. We demonstrated apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in cultured pericytes treated with MGO and MGO-injected retinal vessels. In MGO-treated pericytes, TUNEL-positive nuclei were markedly increased, and NF-kappaB was translocalized into the nuclei of pericytes, which paralleled the expression of iNOS. The treatment of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (an NF-kappaB inhibitor) or l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (an iNOS inhibitor) prevented apoptosis of MGO-treated pericytes. In addition, in intravitreally MGO-injected rat eyes, TUNEL and caspase-3-positive pericytes were significantly increased, and activated NF-kappaB and iNOS were highly expressed. These results suggest that the increased expression of NF-kappaB and iNOS caused by MGO is involved in rat retinal pericyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Diabetic Complications Research Center, Division of Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) Integrated Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 483 Exporo, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea
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Kim J, Kim CS, Sohn E, Kim H, Jeong IH, Kim JS. Lens epithelial cell apoptosis initiates diabetic cataractogenesis in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:811-8. [PMID: 20162295 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that damage of lens epithelial cell (LEC) may play an important role in cataract formation. Nitric oxide is involved in cataract development. Here, we investigated the relationship between LEC damage and iNOS expression in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. METHODS At 21 weeks of age, the eyes were enucleated and the lens opacity was then examined. Apoptosis were detected by TUNEL assay, and the expression of iNOS and NF-kappaB activation were studied by immunohistochemistry and southwestern histochemistry respectively. RESULTS In 21-week-old male ZDF rats, cataract was developed, TUNEL-positive LECs were markedly increased, and the expression levels of iNOS mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated. The expression pattern of iNOS was closely correlated with apoptotic change of LECs. In addition, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were accumulated in cytoplasm of LECs. Activated NF-kappaB was mainly detected in nucleus of LECs. CONCLUSIONS The higher expressions of AGEs, NF-kappaB and iNOS in LECs of diabetic rats suggest that these factors are involved in apoptosis of LEC alterations related to diabetic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Diabetic Complications Research Center, Division of Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) Integrated Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Exporo, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea.
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Zhuang P, Shen Y, Chiou GCY. Effects of flavone on the oxidation-induced injury of retinal pigment epithelium cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2010; 3:99-103. [PMID: 22553529 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2010.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of flavone on oxidation-induced injury in retinal pigment epithelium cells. METHODS In in vivo studies, NaIO(3)-induced RPE degeneration in rat eyes was treated with 0.5% flavone eye drops 3 times a day for 1 week before and 4 weeks after NaIO(3) injection. At the end of 2 and 4 weeks, all rats were measured c-wave by electroretinogram (ERG). In in vitro studies, ARPE-19 cells were treated with hypoxia, H(2)O(2), NaN(3) and t-BHP to induce cell damages. MTT assay was used to measure the viable cells. RESULTS The ERG c-wave results showed that flavone reversed NaIO(3)-induced injury at the end of 4 weeks. In vitro results showed flavone reversed the various oxidants-induced injuries in RPE cells. CONCLUSION Flavone could prevent the RPE from oxidation-induced injury both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhuang
- Institute of Ocular Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Fang IM, Yang CH, Yang CM, Chen MS. Comparative effects of fatty acids on proinflammatory gene cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:739-50. [PMID: 19437483 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fat modification is a promising approach to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, which types of fatty acids carry a greater risk for AMD remains unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of 18-carbon fatty acids with different degrees of unsaturation on the expression of the proinflammatory genes cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Additionally, we investigated whether lutein could modulate these genes induced by fatty acids in RPE. Treatment with oleic acid, linoleic acid (LA), or linolenic acid increased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes and the production of prostaglandin E(2 )and nitric oxide (NO) in RPE, whereas the saturated fatty acid stearic acid had little effect on these genes. Of the fatty acids studied, LA had the greatest effects on the induction of these genes. Furthermore, LA also induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activation the most. Lutein inhibited LA-induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggested that specific unsaturated fatty acids, particularly LA, can stimulate RPE cells to express proinflammatory genes, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. Lutein inhibited the expression of these genes induced by LA through blockade of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Mo Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ito S, Wu GS, Kimoto T, Hisatomi T, Ishibashi T, Rao NA. Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in photoreceptor cells. Curr Eye Res 2009; 28:17-24. [PMID: 14704910 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.28.1.17.23488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the mechanisms of peroxynitrite-induced photoreceptor cell damage, using retinal cultures and a peroxynitrite donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). METHODS Retinal explants obtained from 20-day-old Lewis rat pups, were exposed to SIN-1 for varying lengths of time at varying concentrations. Apoptosis in the photoreceptor cells was detected using the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and a DNA fragmentation assay. Selected retinal samples were processed for an ultrastructural analysis to confirm apoptosis. The retinas exposed to SIN-1 were tested for the expression of caspase-3 by immunohistochemistry and a Western blot analysis. The retinas were also evaluated for the prevention of apoptosis in the presence of the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk). RESULTS The retinal explants exposed to SIN-1 showed a significant increase in the presence of TUNEL-positive photoreceptor cells. Similarly lineal increases in TUNEL-positive cells were seen in the presence of increasing concentrations of SIN-1. DNA ladder formation was seen with the exposure of SIN-1. Ultrastructurally, SIN-1 exposed retinas revealed typical apoptotic changes in the photoreceptor cell nuclei. The retinas preincubated with urate for 6 hours and exposed to SIN-1 for 16 hours showed significantly fewer TUNEL-positive cells compared to the retinas exposed to SIN-1 alone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the retinas exposed to SIN-1 showed the expression of caspase-3. This expression, as well as the number of apoptotic photoreceptors, significantly decreased in the presence of Z-VAD-fmk. CONCLUSIONS These results show that peroxynitrite induces apoptosis in photoreceptor cells and that such retinal damage appears to be mediated by caspase-3. The apoptotic process can be minimized by peroxynitrite scavenger urate, as well as by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ito
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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