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Lee S, Shin H, Bae J, Lee T, Kim M, Jeon HB, Lee KH, Yoo HY, Park C. Enhanced Enzymatic Synthesis of Puerarin Palmitate with Different Acyl Donors for Lipid Solubility Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:709. [PMID: 38255784 PMCID: PMC10815456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is a flavonoid known as a natural antioxidant found in the root of Pueraria robata. Its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects have attracted attention as a potential functional ingredient in various bioindustries. However, puerarin has limited bioavailability owing to its low lipid solubility and stability. Acylation is proposed as a synthesis method to overcome this limitation. In this study, lipase-catalyzed acylation of puerarin and various acyl donors was performed, and the enzymatic synthetic condition was optimized. Under the condition (20 g/L of Novozym 435, palmitic anhydride, 1:15, 40 °C, tetrahydrofuran (THF)), the synthesis of puerarin ester achieved a significantly high conversion (98.97%) within a short time (3 h). The molecule of the synthesized puerarin palmitate was identified by various analyses such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The lipid solubility and the radical scavenging activity were also evaluated. Puerarin palmitate showed a slight decrease in antioxidant activity, but lipid solubility was significantly improved, improving bioavailability. The high conversion achieved for puerarin esters in this study will provide the foundation for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmee Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.S.); (J.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Hyeonmi Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.S.); (J.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Jihyun Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.S.); (J.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.S.); (J.B.); (T.L.)
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (H.B.J.)
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (H.B.J.)
| | - Kang Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Dongyang Mirae University, Seoul 08221, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.S.); (J.B.); (T.L.)
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2
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Raslan MA. Natural Products for the Treatment of Drug Addiction: Narrative Review. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200702. [PMID: 36285806 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is considered a chronic disorder affecting the individual's life, his/her family and society. Up till now the treatment of drug addiction is considered a problematic issue. Synthetic drugs available for the treatment of drug addiction are few, of limited efficacy and associated with serious side effects. Therefore, there is a continuous search for better therapeutic agents for drug addiction. Natural products represent a promising source for drug addiction treatment. This review summaries drug addiction definition, its mechanism of action, its types, its diagnosis, factors affecting its development and different available approaches for its treatment especially the use of natural products. Six plants were discussed thoroughly in this review, including, Tabernanthe iboga Baill., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep, Hypericum perforatum L., Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Raslan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
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3
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Differential Influence of Pueraria lobata Root Extract and Its Main Isoflavones on Ghrelin Levels in Alcohol-Treated Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010025. [PMID: 35056082 PMCID: PMC8777655 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out on alcohol-preferring male Wistar rats. The following drugs were repeatedly (28×) administered: acamprosate (500 mg/kg, p.o.), naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg, i.p), and Pueraria lobata (kudzu) root extract (KU) (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and its isoflavones: daidzin (40 mg/kg, p.o.) and puerarin (150 mg/kg, p.o.). Their effects on a voluntary alcohol intake were assessed. KU and alcohol were also given for 9 days in an experiment on alcohol tolerance development. Finally, total and active ghrelin levels in peripheral blood serum were measured by ELISA method. Acamprosate, naltrexone, daidzin, and puerarin, reducing the alcohol intake, caused an increase in both forms of ghrelin levels. On the contrary, though KU inhibited the alcohol intake and alcohol tolerance development, it reduced ghrelin levels in alcohol-preferring rats. The changes of ghrelin concentration could play a role as an indicator of the currently used drugs. The other effect on the KU-induced shift in ghrelin levels in the presence of alcohol requires further detailed study.
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Eduardo PMC, Abrahao KP. Food composition can influence how much alcohol your animal model drinks: A mini-review about the role of isoflavones. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 46:6-12. [PMID: 34779005 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Standard laboratory diets used have similar concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates and fat, but the concentration of some micronutrients can vary considerably. For example, the concentration of isoflavones can vary between 20 mg and 600 mg per gram of diet. Exposure to different concentrations of isoflavones interacts with alcohol (EtOH) intake, thereby influencing the results of alcohol research. In this mini-review, we describe correlations between isoflavone concentrations and alcohol intake based on data from previously published work. Although the administration of low doses of isoflavones can decrease alcohol intake in rats, there is a positive correlation between the isoflavone content in diets and alcohol intake in mice. This interaction seems to depend on the dose, route of administration, and time of exposure to isoflavones and may be related to specific neurobiological mechanisms. The literature also indicates that isoflavones can interact with some of alcohol's molecular targets and with neural pathways crucial to the alcohol reward process. Given these findings, more attention should be given to the different types of laboratory diets used in alcohol studies to allow better comparison and replication of animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M C Eduardo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K P Abrahao
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Islam A, Islam MS, Uddin MN, Hasan MMI, Akanda MR. The potential health benefits of the isoflavone glycoside genistin. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:395-408. [PMID: 32253713 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genistin is a type of isoflavone glycoside and has a broad range of health benefits. It is found in a variety of dietary plants, such as soybean, kudzu (Japanese arrowroot), and other plant-based products. Genistin has been described to have several beneficial health impacts, such as decreasing the risk of osteoporosis and post-menopausal symptoms, as well as anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, cardioprotective, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-microbial activities. It may also assist individuals with metabolic syndrome. This review summarizes some of the molecular impacts and prospective roles of genistin in maintaining and treatment of health disorders. The review could help to develop novel genistin medicine with significant health benefits for application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowarul Islam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea
| | - Md Sadikul Islam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, South Korea
| | - Md Nazim Uddin
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Md Iqbal Hasan
- Department of Physiology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashedunnabi Akanda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh.
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6
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Zhou Y, Xue R, Wang J, Ren H. Puerarin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis through miR-21-mediated PTEN/AKT signaling to suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8882. [PMID: 32294699 PMCID: PMC7162583 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary malignant tumors of the liver worldwide. Liver resection and transplantation are currently the only effective treatments; however, recurrence and metastasis rates are still high. Previous studies have shown that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in HCC invasion and metastasis. Inhibition of EMT has become a new therapeutic strategy for tumors. Recently, puerarin, a well-characterized component of traditional Chinese medicine, has been isolated from Pueraria radix and exerts positive effects on many diseases, particularly cancers. In this study, CCK-8, EdU immunofluorescence, colony formation, wound healing, and migration assays were used to detect the effects of puerarin on HCC cells. We further analyzed the relationship between puerarin and miR-21/PTEN/EMT markers in HCC cell lines. Our results showed that HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor formation, and metastasis were reduced by puerarin in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, puerarin inhibited the EMT process of HCC by affecting the expression of Slug and Snail. Moreover, oncogenic miR-21 was inhibited by puerarin, coupled with an increase in the tumor suppressor gene PTEN. Increasing miR-21 expression or decreasing PTEN expression reversed the inhibition effects of puerarin in HCC. These data confirmed that puerarin affects HCC through the miR-21/PTEN/EMT regulatory axis. Overall, puerarin may represent a chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agent for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruifeng Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Singh L, Joshi T, Tewari D, Echeverría J, Mocan A, Sah AN, Parvanov E, Tzvetkov NT, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Poznański P, Huminiecki L, Sacharczuk M, Jóźwik A, Horbańczuk JO, Feder-Kubis J, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1593. [PMID: 32116660 PMCID: PMC7034411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of several diseases and thus is of a major concern for society. Worldwide alcohol consumption has increased by many folds over the past decades. This urgently calls for intervention and relapse counteract measures. Modern pharmacological solutions induce complete alcohol self-restraint and prevent relapse, but they have many side effects. Natural products are most promising as they cause fewer adverse effects. Here we discuss in detail the medicinal plants used in various traditional/folklore medicine systems for targeting alcohol abuse. We also comprehensively describe preclinical and clinical studies done on some of these plants along with the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Singh
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation & Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, Almora, India
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Emil Parvanov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Division BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department Global R&D, NTZ Lab Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Piotr Poznański
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O. Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kim S, Yoo G, Lee T, Lee J, Kang K, Yang H, Park Y, Kim S. Simultaneous determination of two diterpenoids, continentalic acid and kaurenoic acid, in the water extract of Aralia continentalis and their wound-healing activity. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_344_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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9
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Liu J, Shi YC, Lee DYW. Applications of Pueraria lobata in treating diabetics and reducing alcohol drinking. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2019; 11:141-149. [PMID: 32831815 PMCID: PMC7434045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pueraria lobata is one of the most important medicinal herbs used traditionally in China. According to Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease), it has been used traditionally to relieve body heat, eye soring, dry mouth, headache associated with high blood pressure, and stiff neck problems. Modern studies in the 1970s revealed that isoflavonoids extracted from P. lobata were the bioactive components of an herbal remedy namely Yufeng Ningxin Tablets for the treatment of patients after stroke. This article reviews recent application of P. lobota in the treatment of diabetics and in reducing alcohol drinking. In view of its low toxicity profile, P. lobota stands an excellent chance to be developed as a phytomedicine for treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | | | - David Yue-Wei Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Plant-Extract Synthesized and Traditionally Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles on Alcohol-Induced Inflammatory Activity in SH-SY5Y Cells In Vitro. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040070. [PMID: 29244731 PMCID: PMC5744094 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes potential beneficial and adverse effects of plant-extract synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on ethanol toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Although kudzu root extract (K), edible-gum extract (G), alone or in combination (KG), reduced Au3+ into AuNPs, the extract’s composition and the reaction temperature determined their size (AuNPKG(90<50<37) << AuNPK(90,50<37) < AuNPG(90<50); the subscript KG, K, or G is extract identification and numerical vales are reaction temperature in Celsius) and biological properties (AuNPKG(90,50>37) << AuNPK(90,50>37) < AuNPG(90,50)). The surface of each AuNP contained the extract’s active ingredients, that were analyzed and confirmed using laser desorption ionization (LDI)) and low-matrix laser desorption-ionization (LMALDI). AuNPKG-50 was (i) least toxic to SH-SY5Y cells, but most effective in suppressing the adverse effects of ethanol on SH-SY5Y cells, and (ii) more effective than a combination of free kudzu and gum extracts. The beneficial and adverse effects of AuNPs may have been modified by the formation of proteins corona. This study provides a proof of concept for possible application of plant-extract synthesized AuNPs in mitigating ethanol toxicity.
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Mangot AG, Murthy VS, Jamale S. Pattern of prescription, dispensation and administration of disulfiram among patients with alcohol use disorder attending a general hospital psychiatry unit in rural India. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 28:170-174. [PMID: 28784380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disulfiram was the first medication approved to treat alcohol dependence and has been found to be safe and efficacious. This cross sectional, observational, qualitative study was conducted with the aim to assess the pattern of dispensation of disulfiram among patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Data was collected using a customized questionnaire consisting of 32 questions regarding socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric history, pattern of dispensation of disulfiram/disulfiram-like product (DLP) and related knowledge. Descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables were used for analysing the data using Microsoft Excel 2013. RESULTS Thirty seven percent (n=100) of the total patients with ADS (n=268) screened had a history of administration of disulfiram/DLP. Tablets were the commonest (60%) formulation of disulfiram/DLP advised by the dispenser, only 4% of whom were psychiatrists. Surreptitious administration was preferred by family members (76%). Majority of the patients (44%) received the medication only once or twice. LIMITATIONS The actual product - disulfiram and/or DLP - could not be chemically tested to confirm the identity. Considering the socio-economic and cultural background where the study was conducted, it would be difficult to generalize the findings. DISCUSSION Disulfiram/DLP was prescribed by physicians and faith healers alike. They seem to promote surreptitious administration of disulfiram with full agreement of relatives, thereby potentially exposing the patient to life threatening complications. Hence it is recommended that disulfiram prescription should involve stricter guidelines and DLP like kudzu in traditional/herbal products should also be brought under the same purview as disulfiram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajish G Mangot
- Department of Psychiatry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, District Satara, Maharashtra, 415110, India.
| | - Vasantmeghna S Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, District Satara, Maharashtra, 415110, India
| | - Shubhangi Jamale
- Department of Psychiatry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, District Satara, Maharashtra, 415110, India
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12
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Huang FJ, Chan WH. Apoptotic effects on maturation of mouse oocytes, fertilization and fetal development by puerarin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:380-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1126842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Liang J, Olsen RW. Alcohol use disorders and current pharmacological therapies: the role of GABA(A) receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:981-93. [PMID: 25066321 PMCID: PMC4125717 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are defined as alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, which create large problems both for society and for the drinkers themselves. To date, no therapeutic can effectively solve these problems. Understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to AUD is critically important for developing effective and safe pharmacological therapies. Benzodiazepines (BZs) are used to reduce the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. However, frequent use of BZs causes cross-tolerance, dependence, and cross-addiction to alcohol. The FDA-approved naltrexone and acamprosate have shown mixed results in clinical trials. Naltrexone is effective to treat alcohol dependence (decreased length and frequency of drinking bouts), but its severe side effects, including withdrawal symptoms, are difficult to overcome. Acamprosate showed efficacy for treating alcohol dependence in European trials, but two large US trials have failed to confirm the efficacy. Another FDA-approved medication, disulfiram, does not diminish craving, and it causes a peripheral neuropathy. Kudzu is the only natural medication mentioned by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, but its mechanisms of action are not yet established. It has been recently shown that dihydromyricetin, a flavonoid purified from Hovenia, has unique effects on GABAA receptors and blocks ethanol intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholic animal models. In this article, we review the role of GABAA receptors in the treatment of AUD and currently available and potentially novel pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard W Olsen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Ulbricht C, Costa D, Dam C, D'Auria D, Giese N, Isaac R, LeBlanc Y, Rusie E, Weissner W, Windsor RC. An evidence-based systematic review of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 12:36-104. [PMID: 24848872 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.904123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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15
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Singh AK, Jiang Y, Gupta S, Younus M, Ramzan M. Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Nano-Formulated Puerarin and Curcumin in Rats Subjected to the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. J Med Food 2013; 16:899-911. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Shveta Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mohamod Younus
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mohamod Ramzan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Kumari S, Raines JM, Martin JM, Rodriguez JM. Thermal stability of kudzu root (Pueraria Radix) isoflavones as additives to beef patties. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:1578-85. [PMID: 25745227 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kudzu root, Pueraria radix, extracts are a rich source of isoflavones. This study investigates the thermal stability of Pueraria radix extracts as a natural nutraceutical supplement in beef patties. The extract contained puerarin, diadzin, genistin, ononin, daidzein, glycitein, calycosin, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A; however, puerarin, daidzein and glycitein were the main components. The isoflavones concentrations in the spiked beef patties with kudzu root extracts were unaffected by cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumari
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - J M Raines
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 310 President's Circle, P. O. Box CR, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - J M Martin
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - J M Rodriguez
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 310 President's Circle, P. O. Box CR, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA ; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
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Wang Y, Wang WL, Xie WL, Li LZ, Sun J, Sun WJ, Gong HY. Puerarin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and protects against cell death in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells via ER-dependent MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:787-96. [PMID: 23639192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin, the main isoflavone glycoside found in the Chinese herb radix of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, has received increasing attention because of its possible role in the prevention of osteoporosis. Previously, we showed that puerarin could inhibit the bone absorption of osteoclasts and promote long bone growth in fetal mouse in vitro. Further study confirmed that puerarin stimulated proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in rat. However, the mechanisms underlying its actions on human bone cells have not been well defined. Here we show that puerarin increases proliferation and differentiation and opposes cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells containing two estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms. Puerarin promotes proliferation by altering cell cycle distribution whereas puerarin-mediated survival may be associated with up-regulation of Bcl-xL expression. Treatment with the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 abolishes the above actions of puerarin on osteoblast-derived cells. Using small interfering double-stranded RNA technology, we further demonstrate that the effects of puerarin on proliferation, differentiation and survival are mediated by both ERα and ERβ. Moreover, we also demonstrate that puerarin functions at least partially through activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling. This agent also shows much weaker effect on breast epithelial cell growth than that of estrogen. Therefore, puerarin will be a promising agent that prevents or retards osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental Hazard, Tianjin, People's China.
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Lukas SE, Penetar D, Su Z, Geaghan T, Maywalt M, Tracy M, Rodolico J, Palmer C, Ma Z, Lee DYW. A standardized kudzu extract (NPI-031) reduces alcohol consumption in nontreatment-seeking male heavy drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:65-73. [PMID: 23070022 PMCID: PMC3562758 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that short-term treatment with a standardized kudzu extract (NPI-031) reduced alcohol drinking by men and women in a natural setting. The present study was conducted in nontreatment-seeking heavy drinkers to assess the safety and efficacy of 4 weeks of kudzu extract in an outpatient setting. METHOD This randomized between-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involved 2 weeks of baseline, 4 weeks of treatment, and 2 weeks of follow-up. Seventeen men (21-33 years) who reported drinking 27.6 ± 6.5 drinks/week with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence took either kudzu extract (250 mg isoflavones, t.i.d.) or matched placebo on a daily basis. They reported alcohol consumption and desire to use alcohol using a wrist actigraphy device; twice weekly laboratory visits were scheduled to monitor medication adherence and adverse events. RESULTS Medication adherence was excellent and there were no adverse events and changes in vital signs, blood chemistry, and renal or liver function. There was no effect on alcohol craving, but kudzu extract significantly reduced the number of drinks consumed each week by 34-57 %, reduced the number of heavy drinking days, and significantly increased the percent of days abstinent and the number of consecutive days of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS A standardized formulation of kudzu extract produced minimal side effects, was well-tolerated, and resulted in a modest reduction in alcohol consumption in young nontreatment-seeking heavy drinkers. Additional studies using treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent persons will be necessary to determine the usefulness of this herbal preparation in reducing alcohol use in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Lukas
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory/MIC, Mail Stop 319 McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Effects of Puerariae Radix Extract on Endotoxin Receptors and TNF-α Expression Induced by Gut-Derived Endotoxin in Chronic Alcoholic Liver Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:234987. [PMID: 23133491 PMCID: PMC3485520 DOI: 10.1155/2012/234987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) is one of the earliest medicinal plants used to treat alcohol abuse in traditional Chinese medicine for more than a millennium. However, little is known about its effects on chronic alcoholic liver injury. Therefore, the present study observed the effects of puerariae radix extract (RPE) on chronic alcoholic liver injury as well as Kupffer cells (KCs) activation to release tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced by gut-derived endotoxin in rats and macrophage cell line. RPE was observed to alleviate the pathological changes and lipids deposition in liver tissues as well as the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity. Meanwhile, RPE inhibited KCs activation and subsequent hepatic TNF-α expression and downregulated the protein expression of endotoxin receptors, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), CD14, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR4 in chronic alcohol intake rats. Furthermore, an in vitro study showed that RPE inhibited the expression of TNF-α and endotoxin receptors, CD14 and TLR4, induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. In summary, this study demonstrated that RPE mitigated liver damage and lipid deposition induced by chronic alcohol intake in rats, as well as TNF-α release, protein expression of endotoxin receptors in vivo or in vitro.
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Niu Y, Li H, Dong J, Wang H, Hashi Y, Chen S. Identification of isoflavonoids in Radix Puerariae for quality control using on-line high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry coupled with post-column derivatization. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Alcoholism is a medical, social, and economic problem where treatment methods mostly include difficult and long-lasting psychotherapy and, in some cases, quite controversial pharmacological approaches. A number of medicinal plants and pure natural compounds are reported to have preventive and therapeutic effects on alcoholism and alcohol dependency, but their constituents, efficacy and mechanism of action are mostly unknown so far. Recently, kudzu [ Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi], St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L.), danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.), ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.), Japanese raisin tree ( Hovenia dulcis Thunb.), ibogaine ( Tabernanthe iboga H. Bn.), evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis L.), prickly pear fruit ( Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.), purple passionflower ( Passiflora incarnata L.), thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.), fenugreek seed ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and many others drew the attention of researchers. Can, therefore, drugs of natural origin be helpful in the treatment of alcoholism or in decreasing alcohol consumption?
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marijana Zovko-Končić
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Lech Chrostek
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
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Cai RL, Li M, Xie SH, Song Y, Zou ZM, Zhu CY, Qi Y. Antihypertensive effect of total flavone extracts from Puerariae Radix. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:177-183. [PMID: 20933075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antihypertensive effect of total flavone extracts from Puerariae Radix (FEPR). To explore the hemodynamic profiles and pertinent mechanism of the extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute and chronic antihypertensive effects of FEPR were examined in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) and reno-hypertensive rats (two kidneys one clip model, 2K1C). Anesthetized dogs were used to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of FEPR. The determination of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro and plasma renin activity (PRA) and endothelin (ET) in vivo were used to study the pilot mechanism of FEPR. Moreover, the toxicity study of FEPR was evaluated. RESULTS FEPR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.v.) notably reduced the blood pressure of SHRs in a short time period. A two-week administration of FEPR (45, 90 and 180 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased the blood pressure of both 2K1C rats and SHRs. The results of hemodynamic study in anesthetized dogs showed that, left ventricular end systolic pressure and left ventricular dP/dt(max) had shown no significant difference between FEPR-treated dogs and those from the control group, while the cerebral blood flow increased significantly in FEPR-treated groups. FEPR significantly inhibited the ACE activities in vitro dose dependently, and inhibited the PRA in vivo, while the content of ET showed no difference in the FEPR treated group comparing with the control group. CONCLUSIONS FEPR shows significantly blood pressure lowering and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) decreasing effect, which can partly be explained by the involvement of the Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Lan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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Zhang Z, Li S, Jiang J, Yu P, Liang J, Wang Y. Preventive effects of Flos Perariae (Gehua) water extract and its active ingredient puerarin in rodent alcoholism models. Chin Med 2010; 5:36. [PMID: 20974012 PMCID: PMC2984509 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Puerariae is used in Chinese medicine to treat alcohol addiction and intoxication. The present study investigates the effects of Flos puerariae lobatae water extract (FPE) and its active ingredient puerarin on alcoholism using rodent models. METHODS Alcoholic animals were given FPE or puerarin by oral intubation prior or after alcohol treatment. The loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay was used to evaluate sedative/hypnotic effects. Changes of gama-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) subunits induced by alcohol treatment in hippocampus were measured with western blot. In alcoholic mice, body weight gain was monitored throughout the experiments. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) levels in liver were measured. RESULTS FPE and puerarin pretreatment significantly prolonged the time of LORR induced by diazepam in acute alcoholic rat. Puerarin increased expression of gama-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha1 subunit and decreased expression of alpha4 subunit. In chronic alcoholic mice, puerarin pretreatment significantly increased body weight and liver ADH activity in a dose-dependent manner. Puerarin pretreatment, but not post-treatment, can reverse the changes of gama-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit expression and increase ADH activity in alcoholism models. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that FPE and its active ingredient puerarin have preventive effects on alcoholism related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Mun JG, Grannan MD, Lachcik PJ, Rogers RB, Yousef GG, Grace MH, Janle EM, Wu QL, Simon JE, Weaver CM, Lila MA. Tracking deposition of a 14C-radiolabeled kudzu hairy root-derived isoflavone-rich fraction into bone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1224-35. [PMID: 20851832 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hairy roots were induced in four genotypes from three kudzu species (Pueraria montana var. lobata, P. lobata and P. phaseoloides) in vitro using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to stimulate rapid secondary metabolite synthesis. Hairy roots from P. montana var. lobata (United States Department of Agriculture no. PI 434246) yielded the highest puerarin and total isoflavone content and the greatest new biomass per growth cycle among the genotypes evaluated. Hairy roots from this genotype were selected for radiolabeling using (14)C-sucrose as a carbon source. Isoflavones from radiolabeled kudzu hairy root cultures were extracted with 80% methanol, partitioned by solvent extraction, and then subfractionated by Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration. Radiolabeled isoflavones were isolated in a highly enriched fraction, which contained predominantly puerarin, daidzin and malonyl-daidzin and had an average radioactivity of 8.614 MBq/g (232.8 μCi/g) dry fraction. The (14)C-radiolabeled, isoflavone-rich fraction was orally administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight to male Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with a jugular catheter, a subcutaneous ultrafiltrate probe and a brain microdialysate probe. Serum, interstitial fluid, brain microdialysate, urine and feces were collected using a Culex(®) Automated Blood Collection System for 24 h. At the end of this period, rats were sacrificed and major tissues were collected. Analysis by a scintillation counter confirmed that a bolus dose of (14)C-radiolabeled, isoflavone-rich kudzu fraction reached bone tissues, which accumulated 0.011%, 0.09% and 0.003% of the administered dose in femur, tibia and vertebrae, respectively. Femurs extracted with 80% methanol were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and were found to contain trace quantities of puerarin, daidzein and puerarin glucuronide. This study demonstrates that kudzu isoflavones and metabolites are capable of reaching bone tissues, where they may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis and the promotion of bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Mun
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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Chen CC, Chan WH. Impact effects of puerarin on mouse embryonic development. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:530-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lu L, Liu Y, Zhu W, Shi J, Liu Y, Ling W, Kosten TR. Traditional medicine in the treatment of drug addiction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 35:1-11. [PMID: 19152199 DOI: 10.1080/00952990802455469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate clinical trials and neurochemical mechanisms of the action of traditional herbal remedies and acupuncture for treating drug addiction. METHODS We used computerized literature searches in English and Chinese and examined texts written before these computerized databases existed. We used search terms of treatment and neurobiology of herbal medicines, and acupuncture for drug abuse and dependence. RESULTS Acupuncture showed evidence for clinical efficacy and relevant neurobiological mechanisms in opiate withdrawal, but it showed poor efficacy for alcohol and nicotine withdrawal or relapse prevention, and no large studies supported its efficacy for cocaine in well-designed clinical trials. Clinical trials were rare for herbal remedies. Radix Puerariae showed the most promising efficacy for alcoholism by acting through daidzin, which inhibits mitocochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and leads to disulfiram-like alcohol reactions. Peyote also has some evidence for alcoholism treatment among Native Americans. Ginseng and Kava lack efficacy data in addictions, and Kava can be hepatotoxic. Thunbergia laurifolia can protect against alcoholic liver toxicity. Withania somnifera and Salvia miltiorrhiza have no efficacy data, but can reduce morphine tolerance and alcohol intake, respectively, in animal models. CONCLUSIONS Traditional herbal treatments can compliment pharmacotherapies for drug withdrawal and possibly relapse prevention with less expense and perhaps fewer side effects with notable exceptions. Both acupuncture and herbal treatments need testing as adjuncts to reduce doses and durations of standard pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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BEHERE RISHIKESHV, MURALIDHARAN KESAVAN, BENEGAL VIVEK. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of substance use disorders-a review of the evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009; 28:292-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lowe ED, Gao GY, Johnson LN, Keung WM. Structure of daidzin, a naturally occurring anti-alcohol-addiction agent, in complex with human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4482-7. [PMID: 18613661 DOI: 10.1021/jm800488j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ALDH2*2 gene encoding the inactive variant form of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) protects nearly all carriers of this gene from alcoholism. Inhibition of ALDH2 has hence become a possible strategy to treat alcoholism. The natural product 7-O-glucosyl-4'-hydroxyisoflavone (daidzin), isolated from the kudzu vine ( Peruraria lobata), is a specific inhibitor of ALDH2 and suppresses ethanol consumption. Daidzin is the active principle in a herbal remedy for "alcohol addiction" and provides a lead for the design of improved ALDH2. The structure of daidzin/ALDH2 in complex at 2.4 A resolution shows the isoflavone moiety of daidzin binding close to the aldehyde substrate-binding site in a hydrophobic cleft and the glucosyl function binding to a hydrophobic patch immediately outside the isoflavone-binding pocket. These observations provide an explanation for both the specificity and affinity of daidzin (IC50 =80 nM) and the affinity of analogues with different substituents at the glucosyl position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Lowe
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford, Rex Richards Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Singh AK, Jiang Y, Benlhabib E, Gupta S. Herbal mixtures consisting of puerarin and either polyenylphosphatidylcholine or curcumin provide comprehensive protection against alcohol-related disorders in P rats receiving free choice water and 15% ethanol in pure water. J Med Food 2007; 10:526-42. [PMID: 17887948 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol drinking has been associated with the development of a number of abnormalities, including neuron-behavioral disorders, liver, pancreas, and heart-related diseases and inflammation and immune disorders. Because diverse mechanisms are involved in the development of these disorders, the commonly used receptor- or enzyme-specific drugs do not provide comprehensive protection against the adverse effects of alcoholism. This study describes possible therapeutic potency of puerarin (PU) from kudzu root, polyenylphosphatidylcholine from soy (SPCh), and curcumin (CU) from turmeric against alcohol's addiction-related and inflammatory-related abnormalities in alcohol-preferring P rats receiving free choice water and 15% ethanol in water. P-rats were fed once daily either the vehicle (for control) or different doses of PU, SPCh, CU, PU + SPCh, or PU + CU. The rats were divided in two groups: one received water alone, and the other free choice water and ethanol. Four rats from each group were fitted with electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes for EEG recording. After 70 days of alcohol drinking, alcohol was withdrawn for 2 weeks, and the withdrawal symptoms were assessed. This study showed that alcohol drinking for 70 days (1) caused liver inflammation characterized by elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and (2) dysregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pleurisy. Alcohol withdrawal after 70 days of drinking generated severe withdrawal symptoms including seizure-type EEG activity. PU suppressed the addiction-mediated abnormalities but did not affect the inflammation-related abnormalities, while SPCh or CU suppressed only the inflammation-related abnormalities in alcohol-drinking rats subjected to LPS-induced pleurisy. A combination of PU with SPCh or CU suppressed both the addiction-related and inflammation-related abnormalities of alcohol drinking. Therefore, a mixture consisting of PU and either SPCh or CU may provide alternative therapy for alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Singh AK, Gupta S, Jiang Y. Oxidative stress and protein oxidation in the brain of water drinking and alcohol drinking rats administered the HIV envelope protein, gp120. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1478-93. [PMID: 18067547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Possible roles of oxidative stress and protein oxidation on alcohol-induced augmentation of cerebral neuropathy in gp120 administered alcohol preferring rats drinking either pure water (W rats) or a free-choice ethanol and water (E rats) for 90 days. This study showed that peripherally administered gp120 accumulated into the brain, liver, and RBCs samples from water drinking - gp120 administered rats (Wg rats) and ethanol drinking - gp120 administered rats (Eg rats), although gp120 levels in samples from Eg rats were significantly greater than the levels in samples from Wg rats. The brain samples from ethanol drinking-saline administered (EC) and Wg rats exhibited comparable levels of free radicals that were significantly lower than the levels in Eg rats. Peroxiredoxin-I (PrxI) activity in the brain samples exhibited the following pattern: Wg >> >> WC >> EC > Eg. Total protein-carbonyl and carbonylated hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide precursor protein levels, but not N-acetylaspartate or N-acetyl aspartylglutamate or total protein-thiol levels, paralleled the free radical levels in the brain of all four groups. This suggests PrxI inhibition may be more sensitive indicator of oxidative stress than measuring free radicals or metabolites. As PrxI oxidation in WC, Wg, and EC rats was reversible, while PrxI oxidation in Eg rats was not, we suggest that alcohol drinking and gp120 together hyperoxidized and inactivated PrxI that suppressed free radical neutralization in the brain of Eg rats. In conclusion, chronic alcohol drinking, by carbonylating and hyperoxidizing free radical neutralization proteins, augmented the gp120-induced oxidative stress that may be associated with an increase in severity of the brain neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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Singh AK, Jiang Y, Gupta S. Effects of chronic alcohol drinking on receptor-binding, internalization, and degradation of human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope protein gp120 in hepatocytes. Alcohol 2007; 41:591-606. [PMID: 17980997 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although alcohol drinking increases susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, possible mechanisms underlying the effects of alcohol are not yet known. Since the HIV envelope protein gp120 plays a key role in progression of HIV infection, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity and degradation of gp120 in hepatocytes isolated from liver of alcohol-preferring rats drinking either 15% ethanol in water or pure water for 70 days. The hypothesis was that alcohol drinking augmented the toxicity, but suppressed degradation of gp120. Hepatocytes from water-drinking rats (C-cells) or ethanol-drinking rats (Et-cells) were treated with laptacystin, anti-CD4 antibodies, CCR5 antagonist, or mannose, followed by [(125)I]gp120 or native gp120. At predetermined intervals, control (C) and ethanol exposed (Et) cells were analyzed for toxicity and degradation of gp120. In C-cells, [(125)I]gp120 binding and internalization peaked within 5-45 min and remained elevated for up to 10h and then decreased gradually. In Et-cells, [(125)I]gp120 binding peaked comparably to C-cells, but the binding remained to the peak level throughout the experimental period. C-cells exhibited the lysosomal/ubiquitin-mediated degradation of intracellular gp120, resulting in released gp120 fragments into the incubation medium that suppressed gp120-CD4 binding, improved cell viability, and inhibited gp120-induced apoptosis. Ethanol drinking suppressed gp120 degradation in and release of gp120 fragments from hepatocytes. The incubation medium of Et-cells did not suppress gp120-CD4 binding or the gp120-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. Thus, chronic alcohol drinking augmented the adverse effects of gp120 possibly by suppressing its degradation in hepatocytes. The present observation also suggests that a number of CCR5 or ubiquitin-based therapeutic drugs may not be effective in suppressing HIV infection in alcohol-drinking subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Yarnell
- Botanical Medicine Academy, Vashon, Washington and Bastyr University, Kenmore, Washington
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Penetar DM, Teter CJ, Ma Z, Tracy M, Lee DYW, Lukas SE. Pharmacokinetic Profile of the Isoflavone Puerarin After Acute and Repeated Administration of a Novel Kudzu Extract to Human Volunteers. J Altern Complement Med 2006; 12:543-8. [PMID: 16884345 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.12.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of puerarin, the major isoflavone found in a kudzu (Pueraria lobata) extract after acute and repeated administration. METHODS Participants were given either single or repeated doses of kudzu extract, and blood samples were collected for either 8 or 72 hours for subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses of puerarin. RESULTS Using WinNonlin pharmacokinetic data analysis software, puerarin was found to be rapidly absorbed via the oral route, reach peak levels at 2 hours, and have a half-life of approximately 4.3 hours. The elimination half-life was not significantly altered after repeated administration. CONCLUSIONS A formulation of kudzu extract delivers a large amount of the principal isoflavone in a rapid manner. The elimination rate constants and the mono-exponential decline in blood levels suggest that a one compartment model adequately explains how puerarin is handled by the body. Three times a day dosing is recommended as accumulation will not occur, and plasma levels remain at levels that are biologically active, even 8 hours after the last steady-state dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Penetar
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Abstract
Alcoholism is a serious problem throughout the world. The development of alcoholism remedies have medical, social and economical significance. In view of the pitfalls of psychological dependence and adverse behavioural effects of synthetic drugs, the development of low toxicity and high efficiency medicines derived from natural products exhibits expansive market prospects. Based on these considerations, we summarize briefly folk application of traditional hangover remedies and clinical application of herbal complex and patent medicines for alcoholism treatment. We have reviewed the effects of natural medicines on intake, absorption and metabolism of alcohol, as well as the protective effects on alcohol-induced acute and chronic tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejon, South Korea
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Yu Z, Li W. Induction of apoptosis by puerarin in colon cancer HT-29 cells. Cancer Lett 2005; 238:53-60. [PMID: 16055262 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin was isolated from Pueraria radix and has beneficial effects on cardiovascular, neurological, and hyperglycemic disorders. The current study showed that puerarin also possessed anti-cancer properties. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTT) assay revealed a dose-dependent reduction of HT-29 cellular growth in response to puerarin treatment. Apoptosis was observed following treatments ;with >or=25 microM puerarin, as reflected by the appearance of the subdiploid fraction and NDA fragmentations. We then investigated effects of puerarin on expression of apoptosis-associated genes and the results revealed an increase of bax and decreases of c-myc and bcl-2. Finally, puerarin treatment significantly increased the activation of caspase-3, a key executioner of apoptosis. These findings indicate that puerarin may act as a chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agent in colon cancer cells by reducing cell viability and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Yu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent studies that have examined the efficacy of natural and complementary therapies as treatments for substance use disorders and their complications. RECENT FINDINGS Despite increasing interest in natural and complementary therapies for substance use disorders, rigorous clinical studies in this area are few in number. Recent clinical studies, although preliminary, have reported potential therapeutic effects for hypericum in the treatment of smoking cessation, for prickly pear extract in the prevention of alcohol hangover and magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to methadone treatment. Other clinical studies have reported negative findings for ginkgo as an adjunctive treatment for cocaine dependence, for artichoke in prevention of alcohol hangover, and acupuncture for alcohol withdrawal. Relevant findings from animal studies are also discussed. Neither vitamin E nor Liv 52 had a useful effect in alcohol-related liver disease. A study of silymarin in baboons, which was undertaken in an attempt to untangle the conflicting findings of human studies, reported a potential for this compound to prevent liver injury. There is increasing awareness of safety issues associated with complementary therapies. Safety issues pertinent to substance use treatment are discussed in this review. SUMMARY Several pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders are solidly evidence-based and improve both individual and public health outcomes. At this stage, there remains insufficient evidence to support the use of natural and complementary therapies as a primary intervention for substance use disorders. Further clinical trials are required to clarify the potential role of particular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Dean
- Kids in Mind Research, Mater Child and Youth Mental Health Service and Mater Pharmacy Services, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Singh AK, Jiang Y. Differential activation of NF kappa B/RelA-p50 and NF kappa B/p50-p50 in control and alcohol-drinking rats subjected to carrageenin-induced pleurisy. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 13:255-62. [PMID: 15545056 PMCID: PMC1781568 DOI: 10.1080/09629350400003035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrageenin (CAR) injection into the pleural cavity causes local inflammation called carrageenin-induced pleurisy (CAR-IP). Inflammation onset is characterized by an activation of pro-inflammatory NFkappaB, RelA-p50, while inflammation resolution is characterized by an activation of an anti-inflammatory NFkappaB, p50-p50, that re-establishes homeostasis, an essential process for an organism's survival. Although chronic alcohol intake disrupts inflammation, the mechanism behind the development of inflammatory disorder in alcoholics is not yet known. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to study the effects of ethanol intake on CAR-IP and NFkappaB activation in pleural fluid neutrophils in P rats. METHODS Alcohol-preferring, P rats were given free choice of alcohol (15% ethanol) and water or water alone (for control) for 15 days. Then, each rat was injected with 0.2 ml of 2% CAR into the pleural cavity under light ether anesthesia. At different time intervals after the CAR injection, rats were anesthetized and their blood and pleural fluid samples were collected. Pleural fluid inflammatory cells were identified with Turk's or Wright-Giemsa staining. Different cell types were sorted using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Pleural fluid neutrophils were examined for apoptosis and activation of the two NFkappaB subspecies. RESULTS In control rats, fluid began to accumulate in the pleural cavity 0.5 h after, which peaked 24 h after, CAR injection. Then, the values declined gradually. The increase in pleural fluid correlated with RelA-p50 activation, while the decline in pleural fluid correlated with p50-p50 activation and apoptosis in neutrophils. In alcohol-drinking rats, pleural fluid remained elevated for up to 6 days after CAR injection. Neutrophils from alcohol-drinking rats exhibited suppressed apoptosis, augmented RelA-p50 activation, and suppressed p50-p50 activation. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol intake prolonged inflammation in P rats. An alcohol-induced upregulation of RelA-p50 activation and downregulation of p50-p50 activation may be causally related to the alcohol-induced inflammation dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul Campus, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Benlhabib E, Baker JI, Keyler DE, Singh AK. Effects of Purified Puerarin on Voluntary Alcohol Intake and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms in P Rats Receiving Free Access to Water and Alcohol. J Med Food 2004; 7:180-6. [PMID: 15298765 DOI: 10.1089/1096620041224102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol preferring (P) rats, given "free choice" of water, exhibited daily intake of 60-75 g of water/kg of body weight. When given "free choice" of water and 15% ethanol, P rats consumed 7-13 g of alcohol/kg. Their water intake decreased proportionally to the alcohol intake, but total fluid intake did not differ significantly. Alcohol withdrawal after 50 days of alcohol drinking caused withdrawal symptoms such as hypersensitivity, poor coordination, and tremors. A daily 50 mg/kg dose of puerarin (PU) caused approximately 50% suppression in alcohol intake, but did not affect body weight and food and total fluid intake in P rats receiving "free choice" of water and 15% ethanol. Alcohol ingestion gradually returned to the control level despite consistent PU intake. However, alcohol intake following alcohol withdrawal was suppressed in PU-fed P rats. PU suppressed the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Thus, withdrawal symptoms do not occur in PU-fed rats even though their alcohol ingestion is comparable to that in control P rats. Brain, plasma, and liver samples were analyzed for the presence of kudzu root isoflavones, which are mostly PU (>90% of total isoflavones) and a trace amount of daidzin. Liver samples obtained from PU-fed P rats contained 20-30 microg/g of PU. An important observation was that plasma or brain samples obtained from PU-fed or alcohol + PU-fed rats did not contain PU. This study indicated that PU feeding transiently suppressed alcohol intake and abolished withdrawal symptoms at a time when alcohol intake had returned to the control level. The absence of PU in plasma and brain indicates the possibility that some nonspecific mechanism may be involved in the anti-alcoholism effects of PU in P rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhabib Benlhabib
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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