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Novak R, Salai G, Hrkac S, Vojtusek IK, Grgurevic L. Revisiting the Role of NAG across the Continuum of Kidney Disease. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040444. [PMID: 37106631 PMCID: PMC10136202 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic kidney diseases are an evolving continuum for which reliable biomarkers of early disease are lacking. The potential use of glycosidases, enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, in kidney disease detection has been under investigation since the 1960s. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is a glycosidase commonly found in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Due to its large molecular weight, plasma-soluble NAG cannot pass the glomerular filtration barrier; thus, increased urinary concentration of NAG (uNAG) may suggest injury to the proximal tubule. As the PTECs are the workhorses of the kidney that perform much of the filtration and reabsorption, they are a common starting point in acute and chronic kidney disease. NAG has previously been researched, and it is widely used as a valuable biomarker in both acute and chronic kidney disease, as well as in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and other chronic diseases leading to kidney failure. Here, we present an overview of the research pertaining to uNAG’s biomarker potential across the spectrum of kidney disease, with an additional emphasis on environmental nephrotoxic substance exposure. In spite of a large body of evidence strongly suggesting connections between uNAG levels and multiple kidney pathologies, focused clinical validation tests and knowledge on underlining molecular mechanisms are largely lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruder Novak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stela Hrkac
- Department of of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kovacevic Vojtusek
- Department of Nephrology, Arterial Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy, “Drago Perovic”, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Protective effect of Eprosartan against ischemic acute renal injury: Acting on NF-κB, caspase 3, and Sirtuin 1. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109690. [PMID: 36640709 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring frequently under major surgeries and sepsis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Eprosartan, an angiotensin II receptor type-1 (AT-1) antagonist, on the kidney I/R rat model. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were allocated into (i) Sham, (ii) Eprosartan, (iii) I/R, and (iv) Eprosartan + I/R groups. Animals in the last group received a single dose of Eprosartan (60 mg/kg) 1 h before kidney I/R. Renal oxidant/antioxidant, inflammatory (NF-κB p65, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α), and apoptotic (caspase-3, Bax, Bcl2) factors along with Sirtuin 1, Klotho, and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, and Sirtuin 3) factors were evaluated by Western blotting. Significant recovery of kidney function and increased levels of antioxidant markers were observed in the Eprosartan + I/R group. The Eprosartan anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated by significant downregulation of NF-κB and its downstream pro-inflammatory factors. Eprosartan pretreatment could also abolish I/R-induced alterations in the apoptotic parameters. Moreover, Eprosartan + I/R rats significantly presented higher levels of Sirtuin 1 content. In conclusion, Eprosartan exhibited nephroprotective effects against kidney damage induced by I/R in rats by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways along with increasing Sirtuin1 level.
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Taher RF, Raslan MA, Masoud MA, Nassar MI, Aboutabl ME. HPLC-ESI/MS profiling, phytoconstituent isolation and evaluation of renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats of Ficus spragueana Mildbr. & Burret. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5135. [PMID: 33818792 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ficus spragueana Mildbr. & Burret (family Moraceae) was reported to have various biological activities. However, its activity in treatment of renal injury has not been investigated yet. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of F. spragueana leaf extract on nephrotoxicity caused by gentamicin. Gentamicin is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic; nevertheless, it exhibits serious nephrotoxic adverse effects. HPLC-ESI/MS spectrometric analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 37 phenolic compounds. Moreover, five compounds were isolated from the leaf extract, and identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds were syringic acid (1), p-coumaric acid (2), 3',5' O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), luteolin-8-C-β-D glucopyranoside (orientin) (4) and 8-methoxy kaempferol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2) β-D-glucopyranoside] (5). The gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity model was used to evaluate the protective effect of F. spragueana on renal toxicity biomarkers throughout the development of acute kidney injury. Administration of extract led to improvement in kidney function through inhibition of kidney injury molecule-1, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and total bilirubin, as well as decreasing the inflammatory markers interlukin1-beta and myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, it reduced the oxidative stress by increasing reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity levels while decreasing malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content, and improved renal histopathological injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab F Taher
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A Raslan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Masoud
- Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud I Nassar
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona E Aboutabl
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID 60014618), Giza, Egypt
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Oyagbemi AA, Adejumobi OA, Ajibade TO, Asenuga ER, Afolabi JM, Ogunpolu BS, Falayi OO, Hassan FO, Nabofa EW, Olutayo Omobowale T, Ola-Davies OE, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Oguntibeju OO, Yakubu MA. Luteolin Attenuates Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure and Cardiac Complications Through Modulation of Kim-1/NF-κB/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:543-565. [PMID: 32938255 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1811442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) has been documented as a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the protective effect of Luteolin against ARF. In this study, forty-male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). Group A received normal saline. Group B received glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Groups C and D were pretreated with Luteolin 100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days, and thereafter administered Glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Administration of glycerol significantly increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. Renal protein carbonyl and xanthine oxidase increased significantly while significant reduction in the activity of renal glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase was observed in the glycerol intoxicated rats. Furthermore, administration of glycerol led to significant increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen together with reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Immunohistochemistry revealed that glycerol intoxication enhanced expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin (CTnI). However, Luteolin pretreatment normalized blood pressure, reduced markers of oxidative stress, renal damage, and improved NO bioavailability. Luteolin also downregulated the expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin. Together, Luteolin might open a novel therapeutic window for the treatment of acute renal failure and cardiac complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa Abiola Adejumobi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebunoluwa Racheal Asenuga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Enivwenaye Williams Nabofa
- Department of Physiology, Ben-Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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Pokkunuri ID, Lokhandwala MF, Banday AA. Protein disulfide isomerase inhibition impairs Keap1/Nrf2 signaling and mitochondrial function and induces apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F686-F696. [PMID: 32830535 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00049.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubular apoptosis plays a critical role in kidney health and disease. However, cellular molecules that trigger renal apoptosis remain elusive. Here, we evaluated the effect of inhibiting protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a critical thioredoxin chaperone protein, on apoptosis as well as the underlying mechanisms in human renal proximal tubular (HK2) cells. HK2 cells were transfected with PDI-specific siRNA in the absence and presence of an antioxidant, tempol. PDI siRNA transfection resulted in a decrease of ~70% in PDI protein expression and enzyme activity. PDI inhibition increased caspase-3 activity and induced profound cell apoptosis. Mitochondrial function, as assessed by mitochondrial cytochrome c levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, and ATP levels, was significantly reduced in PDI-inhibited cells. Also, PDI inhibition caused nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2; a redox-sensitive transcription factor) cytoplasmic sequestration, decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities, and increased oxidative stress. In PDI-inhibited cells, tempol reduced apoptosis, caspase-3 activity, and oxidative stress and also restored Nrf2 nuclear translocation and mitochondrial function. Silencing Nrf2 in the cells abrogated the beneficial effect of tempol, whereas Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (an Nrf2 regulatory protein) silencing protected cells from PDI inhibitory effects. Collectively, our data indicate that PDI inhibition diminishes Nrf2 nuclear translocation, causing oxidative stress that further triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and renal cell apoptosis. This study suggests an important role for PDI in renal cell apoptosis involving Nrf2 and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira D Pokkunuri
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mustafa F Lokhandwala
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anees Ahmad Banday
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Sibarani J, Tjahjodjati T, Atik N, Rachmadi D, Mustafa A. Urinary Cytochrome C and Caspase-3 as Novel Biomarker of Renal Function Impairment in Unilateral Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Model of Wistar Rats. Res Rep Urol 2020; 12:217-224. [PMID: 32695727 PMCID: PMC7340368 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s259237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prolonged obstruction in UPJO would lead to kidney destruction. It is important to find a non-invasive biomarker for early detection of renal impairment before definitive treatment for UPJO. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role of urinary cytochrome c and caspase-3 as a novel biomarker to predict renal function impairment in a UPJO model in Wistar rats. Methods Twenty-five male Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups. Group I consists of 5 rats without any treatment or model, group II consists of 5 rats (sham group), and group III consists of 15 rats with the unilateral partial ureteral obstruction model. After 4, 15, and 21 days of observation, the urine was collected and rats were sacrificed to collect the glomerular count in the kidney. Measurement of cytochrome c and caspase-3 was done using the ELISA method, while the glomerular count was done using a light microscope. Data were analyzed using factorial repeated measures ANOVA test and correlation test with Pearson and processed using SPSS version 20.0. Results The UPJO group has a significant increase in cytochrome c concentration and caspase-3 concentration compared to the control group and sham group (p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the normal glomerulus count of the UPJO group (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between the decrease in glomerulus count with the concentration of cytochrome c and caspase-3 in the UPJO group. Conclusion There was a significant relationship between the decrease in glomerulus count with the increase in the concentration of cytochrome c and caspase-3 in the UPJO group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jupiter Sibarani
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tjahjodjati Tjahjodjati
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dedi Rachmadi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Mustafa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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Kidney allograft fibrosis: what we learned from latest translational research studies. J Nephrol 2020; 33:1201-1211. [PMID: 32193834 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To add new molecular and pathogenetic insights into the biological machinery associated to kidney allograft fibrosis is a major research target in nephrology and organ transplant translational medicine. Interstitial fibrosis associated to tubular atrophy (IF/TA) is, in fact, an inevitable and progressive process that occurs in almost every type of chronic allograft injury (particularly in grafts from expanded criteria donors) characterized by profound remodeling and excessive production/deposition of fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) with a great clinical impact. IF/TA is detectable in more than 50% of kidney allografts at 2 years. However, although well studied, the complete cellular/biological network associated with IF/TA is only partially evaluated. In the last few years, then, thanks to the introduction of new biomolecular technologies, inflammation in scarred/fibrotic parenchyma areas (recently acknowledged by the BANFF classification) has been recognized as a pivotal element able to accelerate the onset and development of the allograft chronic damage. Therefore, in this review, we focused on some new pathogenetic elements involved in graft fibrosis (including epithelial/endothelial to mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, activation of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, fatty acids oxidation and cellular senescence) that, in our opinion, could become in future good candidates as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Feng J, Kong R, Xie L, Lu W, Zhang Y, Dong H, Jiang H. Clemaichinenoside protects renal tubular epithelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in vitro through activating the Nrf2/HO‐1 signalling pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:495-502. [PMID: 31785117 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Ranran Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Liyi Xie
- Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Wanhong Lu
- Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hongjuan Dong
- Department of Nephrology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hongli Jiang
- Blood Purification Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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Helmy MM, Mouneir SM. Reno-protective effect of linagliptin against gentamycin nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1133-1139. [PMID: 31675669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies demonstrated the reno-protective effects of two dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, saxagliptin and sitagliptin, against gentamycin-induced renal injury. However, none of these studies investigated whether renal DPP-4 contributes to the pathogenesis of this nephrotoxicity or not. This prompted us to test this hypothesis and to assess, for the first time, the potential reno-protective effect of linagliptin and whether this action is related or not to DPP-4 inhibition. Lingliptin was chosen since it is mainly excreted through a non-renal pathway and can therefore be used safely in individuals with renal injury. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered gentamycin (100 mg/kg/day, ip for 10 days) alone or combined with linagliptin (3 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days). Gentamycin was administered once daily during the last ten days of the linagliptin treatment. RESULTS Linagliptin administration ameliorated gentamycin-induced renal injury and restored renal functional, oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic and histopathological changes. Furthermore, the current study highlighted the role of increased plasma and renal DPP-4 in the pathogenesis of gentamycin renal insults and showed that the potential reno-protective effect of linagliptin is partly, mediated via inhibition of DPP-4, in addition to other antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions. CONCLUSION Linagliptin may serve as a beneficial adjutant to reduce gentamycin-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Helmy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Samar M Mouneir
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Iatrogenic Disease of the Genitourinary Tract. Adv Anat Pathol 2019; 26:171-185. [PMID: 30720471 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Iatrogenic disease is defined as illness caused by diagnostic procedures or treatment given by health care professionals. More recently described treatment complications involving the genitourinary tract include newly recognized variants of renal carcinoma in the setting of dialysis/end-stage renal disease, treatment effect in genitourinary carcinomas, and medical renal disease caused by drug therapies, including immunotherapy. The objective of this review is to cover iatrogenic inflammatory diseases, pseudotumors and tumors of the kidney, bladder, prostate, testis and paratestis of most interest to surgical pathologists. For this reason, disease caused by the following will not be covered: iatrogenic glomerulonephritis, self-inflicted injury including the introduction of foreign bodies, surgical error, drugs of abuse and herbal medications, and iatrogenic disease in the transplant setting including ischemia/reperfusion injury. Emphasis is placed upon commonly encountered diseases in order to ensure that the review is of utility to practicing pathologists. The clinical context, pathophysiology and histopathology of each disease entity are covered.
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Cho JH, Choi SY, Ryu HM, Oh EJ, Yook JM, Ahn JS, Jung HY, Choi JY, Park SH, Kim CD, Kim YL. Fimasartan attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating inflammation-related apoptosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:661-670. [PMID: 30402026 PMCID: PMC6205936 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.6.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fimasartan, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist, reduces myocyte damage and stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque through its anti-inflammatory effect in animal studies. We investigated the protective effects of pretreatment with fimasartan on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a mouse model of ischemic renal damage. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with or without 5 (IR-F5) or 10 (IR-F10) mg/kg/day fimasartan for 3 days. Renal ischemia was induced by clamping bilateral renal vascular pedicles for 30 min. Histology, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis assays were evaluated 24 h after IRI. Compared to the untreated group, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were significantly lower in the IR-F10 group. IR-F10 kidneys showed less tubular necrosis and interstitial fibrosis than untreated kidneys. The expression of F4/80, a macrophage infiltration marker, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, decreased in the IR-F10 group. High-dose fimasartan treatment attenuated the upregulation of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in ischemic kidneys. Fewer TUNEL positive cells were observed in IR-F10 compared to control mice. Fimasartan caused a significant decrease in caspase-3 activity and the level of Bax, and increased the Bcl-2 level. Fimasartan preserved renal function and tubular architecture from IRI in a mouse ischemic renal injury model. Fimasartan also attenuated upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and decreased apoptosis of renal tubular cells. Our results suggest that fimasartan inhibited the process of tubular injury by preventing apoptosis induced by the inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Soon-Youn Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hye-Myung Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ju-Min Yook
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hee-Yeon Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Renoprotective effect of the isoflavonoid biochanin A against cisplatin induced acute kidney injury in mice: Effect on inflammatory burden and p53 apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Gougol A, Dugum M, Dudekula A, Greer P, Slivka A, Whitcomb DC, Yadav D, Papachristou GI. Clinical outcomes of isolated renal failure compared to other forms of organ failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5431-5437. [PMID: 28839444 PMCID: PMC5550793 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i29.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess differences in clinical outcomes of isolated renal failure (RF) compared to other forms of organ failure (OF) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).
METHODS Using a prospectively maintained database of patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to a tertiary medical center between 2003 and 2016, those with evidence of persistent OF were classified to renal, respiratory, cardiovascular, or multi-organ (2 or more organs). Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, etiology of acute pancreatitis, and clinical outcomes were prospectively recorded. Differences in clinical outcomes after development of isolated RF in comparison to other forms of OF were determined using independent t and Mann-Whitney U tests for continues variables, and χ2 test for discrete variables.
RESULTS Among 500 patients with acute pancreatitis, 111 patients developed persistent OF: mean age was 54 years, and 75 (67.6%) were male. Forty-three patients had isolated OF: 17 (15.3%) renal, 25 (21.6%) respiratory, and 1 (0.9%) patient with cardiovascular failure. No differences in demographics, etiology of acute pancreatitis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome scores, or development of pancreatic necrosis were seen between patients with isolated RF vs isolated respiratory failure. Patients with isolated RF were less likely to require nutritional support (76.5% vs 96%, P = 0.001), ICU admission (58.8% vs 100%, P = 0.001), and had shorter mean ICU stay (2.4 d vs 15.7 d, P < 0.001), compared to isolated respiratory failure. None of the patients with isolated RF or isolated respiratory failure died.
CONCLUSION Among patients with SAP per the Revised Atlanta Classification, approximately 15% develop isolated RF. This subgroup seems to have a less protracted clinical course compared to other forms of OF. Isolated RF might be weighed less than isolated respiratory failure in risk predictive modeling of acute pancreatitis.
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PGC-1α attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death by upregulating Nrf-2 via GSK3β inactivation mediated by activated p38 in HK-2 Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4319. [PMID: 28659586 PMCID: PMC5489530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury triggers acute kidney injury (AKI) by aggravating oxidative stress mediated mitochondria dysfunction. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a master player that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and the antioxidant response. We postulated that PGC-1α functions as cytoprotective effector in renal cells and that its regulation mechanism is coordinated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). In this study, to understand the effect and molecular mechanisms of PGC-1α, we developed an empty vector or PGC-1α-overexpressing stable cell lines in HK-2 cells (Mock or PGC-1α stable cells). PGC-1α overexpression increased the viability of cells affected by H2O2 mediated injury, protected against H2O2-mediated apoptotic events and inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation in the cytosol and mitochondria as compared to that in Mock cells. The cytoprotective effect of PGC-1α was related to Nrf-2 upregulation, which was counteracted by Nrf-2-specific knockdown. Using inhibitor of p38, we found that regulation of the p38/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)/Nrf-2 axis was involved in the protective effects of PGC-1α. Taken together, we suggest that PGC-1α protects human renal tubule cells from H2O2-mediated apoptotic injury by upregulating Nrf-2 via GSK3β inactivation mediated by activated p38.
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Fahmi T, Branch LD, Nima ZA, Jang DS, Savenka AV, Biris AS, Basnakian AG. Mechanism of graphene-induced cytotoxicity: Role of endonucleases. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1325-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - La Donna Branch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Dae Song Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System; Little Rock AR USA
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Randjelovic P, Veljkovic S, Stojiljkovic N, Sokolovic D, Ilic I. Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in animals: Current knowledge and future perspectives. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:388-399. [PMID: 28507482 PMCID: PMC5427480 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to high relative blood flow the kidney is prone to drug-induced damage. Aminoglycoside type antibiotic gentamicin is one of the leading cause of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. In recent years gentamicin nephrotoxicity is significantly reduced by shifting to once daily dosage as well as by eliminating known risk factors. Application of gentamicin is still related to serious side effects which are reported more often compared to other antibiotics. Because gentamicin is still heavily used and is highly efficient in treating infections, it is important to find mechanisms to reduce its nephrotoxicity. This aim can only be achieved through better understanding of kidney metabolism of gentamicin. This problem has been extensively researched in the last 20 years. The experimental results have provided evidence for almost complete understanding of mechanisms responsible for gentamicin nephrotoxicity. We now have well described morphological, biochemical and functional changes in kidney due to gentamicin application. During the years, this model has become so popular that now it is used as an experimental model for nephrotoxicity per se. This situation can mislead an ordinary reader of scientific literature that we know everything about it and there is nothing new to discover here. But quite opposite is true. The precise and complete mechanism of gentamicin nephrotoxicity is still point of speculation and an unfinished story. With emerge of new and versatile technics in biomedicine we have an opportunity to reexamine old beliefs and discover new facts. This review focuses on current knowledge in this area and gives some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Randjelovic
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Niš, Serbia
| | - Slavimir Veljkovic
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nenad Stojiljkovic
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Niš, Serbia
| | - Dušan Sokolovic
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ivan Ilic
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Niš, Serbia
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Abuelezz SA, Hendawy N, Abdel Gawad S. Alleviation of renal mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis underlies the protective effect of sitagliptin in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:523-32. [PMID: 27019059 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of sitagliptin on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. METHODS Wistar rats were allocated as follows: Gentamicin group: received gentamicin intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg/day); Gentamicin plus sitagliptin group: received simultaneous gentamicin and sitagliptin (30 mg/kg/day orally); Sitagliptin group: received only sitagliptin; and CONTROL GROUP received saline. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, urine protein levels and histopathology of kidney tissues were evaluated. The activity of mitochondrial enzyme complexes reflects the mitochondrial function. Oxidative stress biomarkers and immunohistochemical studies for apoptotic markers caspase-3 and bax were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Gentamicin causes significant elevation of BUN, serum creatinine and urine proteins. Oxidative stress was revealed by decreased superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity, glutathione depletion and increased malondialdehyde. Significant decrease in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial redox activity indicates mitochondrial dysfunction, along with significant elevation in renal caspase-3 and bax. The aforementioned markers and the histological injury in renal tubules were significantly reversed upon sitagliptin treatment. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that sitagliptin treatment attenuates renal dysfunction and structural damage through the reduction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Abuelezz
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology Department, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevien Hendawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology Department, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Gawad
- Faculty of Medicine, Histology Department, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Ye J, Li J, Xia R, Zhou M, Yu L. Prohibitin protects proximal tubule epithelial cells against oxidative injury through mitochondrial pathways. Free Radic Res 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1075654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Pre-stimulation of the kallikrein system in cisplatin-induced acute renal injury: An approach to renoprotection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Figueroa VA, Retamal MA, Cea LA, Salas JD, Vargas AA, Verdugo CA, Jara O, Martínez AD, Sáez JC. Extracellular gentamicin reduces the activity of connexin hemichannels and interferes with purinergic Ca(2+) signaling in HeLa cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:265. [PMID: 25237294 PMCID: PMC4154469 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junction channels (GJCs) and hemichannels (HCs) are composed of protein subunits termed connexins (Cxs) and are permeable to ions and small molecules. In most organs, GJCs communicate the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, while HCs communicate the intra and extracellular compartments. In this way, both channel types coordinate physiological responses of cell communities. Cx mutations explain several genetic diseases, including about 50% of autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss. However, the possible involvement of Cxs in the etiology of acquired hearing loss remains virtually unknown. Factors that induce post-lingual hearing loss are diverse, exposure to gentamicin an aminoglycoside antibiotic, being the most common. Gentamicin has been proposed to block GJCs, but its effect on HCs remains unknown. In this work, the effect of gentamicin on the functional state of HCs was studied and its effect on GJCs was reevaluated in HeLa cells stably transfected with Cxs. We focused on Cx26 because it is the main Cx expressed in the cochlea of mammals where it participates in purinergic signaling pathways. We found that gentamicin applied extracellularly reduces the activity of HCs, while dye transfer across GJCs was not affected. HCs were also blocked by streptomycin, another aminoglycoside antibiotic. Gentamicin also reduced the adenosine triphosphate release and the HC-dependent oscillations of cytosolic free-Ca2+ signal. Moreover, gentamicin drastically reduced the Cx26 HC-mediated membrane currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Therefore, the extracellular gentamicin-induced inhibition of Cx HCs may adversely affect autocrine and paracrine signaling, including the purinergic one, which might partially explain its ototoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania A Figueroa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Cea
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - José D Salas
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal A Vargas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian A Verdugo
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Jara
- Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Agustín D Martínez
- Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
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21
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Ma Z, Wei Q, Dong G, Huo Y, Dong Z. DNA damage response in renal ischemia-reperfusion and ATP-depletion injury of renal tubular cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1088-96. [PMID: 24726884 PMCID: PMC4038345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) that is characterized pathologically by tubular damage and cell death, followed by tubular repair, atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Recent work suggested the possible presence of DNA damage response (DDR) in AKI. However, the evidence is sketchy and the role and regulation of DDR in ischemic AKI remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated the induction of phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX, Chk2 and p53 during renal ischemia-reperfusion in mice, suggesting DDR in kidney tissues. DDR was also induced in vitro during the recovery or "reperfusion" of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) after ATP depletion. DDR in RPTCs was abrogated by supplying glucose to maintain ATP via glycolysis, indicating that the DDR depends on ATP depletion. The DDR was also suppressed by the general caspase inhibitor z-VAD and the overexpression of Bcl-2, supporting a role of apoptosis-associated DNA damage in the DDR. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, suppressed the phosphorylation of ATM and p53 and, to a less extent, Chk2, but NAC increased the phosphorylation and nuclear foci formation of H2AX. Interestingly, NAC increased apoptosis, which may account for the observed H2AX activation. Ku55933, an ATM inhibitor, blocked ATM phosphorylation and ameliorated the phosphorylation of Chk2 and p53, but it increased H2AX phosphorylation and nuclear foci formation. Ku55933 also increased apoptosis in RPTCs following ATP depletion. The results suggest that DDR occurs during renal ischemia-reperfusion in vivo and ATP-depletion injury in vitro. The DDR is partially induced by apoptosis and oxidative stress-related DNA damage. ATM, as a sensor in the DDR, may play a cytoprotective role against tubular cell injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guie Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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22
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Berger M, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Oliveira FMS, Caliari MV, Yates JR, Vieira MAR, Guimarães JA. Mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced by experimental Lonomia obliqua envenomation. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:459-83. [PMID: 24798088 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation causes acute kidney injury (AKI), which can be responsible for its deadly actions. This study evaluates the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction. To characterize L. obliqua venom effects, we subcutaneously injected rats and examined renal functional, morphological and biochemical parameters at several time points. We also performed discovery-based proteomic analysis to measure protein expression to identify molecular pathways of renal disease. L. obliqua envenomation causes acute tubular necrosis, which is associated with renal inflammation; formation of hematic casts, resulting from intravascular hemolysis; increase in vascular permeability and fibrosis. The dilation of Bowman's space and glomerular tuft is related to fluid leakage and intra-glomerular fibrin deposition, respectively, since tissue factor procoagulant activity increases in the kidney. Systemic hypotension also contributes to these alterations and to the sudden loss of basic renal functions, including filtration and excretion capacities, urinary concentration and maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In addition, envenomed kidneys increase the expression of proteins involved in cell stress, inflammation, tissue injury, heme-induced oxidative stress, coagulation and complement system activation. Finally, the localization of the venom in renal tissue agrees with morphological and functional alterations, suggesting also a direct nephrotoxic activity. In conclusion, the mechanisms of L. obliqua-induced AKI are complex involving mainly glomerular and tubular functional impairment and vascular alterations. These results are important to understand the mechanisms of renal injury and may suggest more efficient ways to prevent or attenuate the pathology of Lonomia's envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Berger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Singh M, Odeniyi DT, Apostolov EO, Savenka A, Fite T, Wangila GW, Walker RB, Basnakian AG. Protective effect of zinc-N-acetylcysteine on the rat kidney during cold storage. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1022-30. [PMID: 23825076 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00532.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold storage of kidneys before transplantation is problematic because of the limited survival time of the allografts. In this study, zinc-N-acetylcysteine (ZnNAC) was shown to be a potent endonuclease inhibitor and antioxidant, and it was tested as a potential additive to a cold storage solution for kidney preservation. Exposure of normal rat kidney NRK-52E cells to ZnNAC resulted in zinc delivery to the cells as determined by TFL-Zn fluorophore and partial protection of the cells against injury by cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution (UWS) as measured by propidium iodide assay. Ex vivo, rat kidneys demonstrated time- and temperature-dependent DNA fragmentation as assessed by TUNEL assay, indicating irreversible cell death. DNA fragmentation was faster in the medulla than in the cortex, and tubules were affected more than glomeruli. Perfusion of rat kidneys with cold ZnNAC solution in UWS significantly inhibited cell death both in the cortex and medulla at concentrations of 0.3-30 mM compared with UWS alone, with a maximum effect at 1-10 mM ZnNAC. Cold storage of the kidney significantly increased quantities of cleaved caspase-3 and endonuclease G (EndoG) in the tissue, which were abolished by 10 mM ZnNAC, indicating its ability to suppress both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death. Therefore, supplementation of UWS with ZnNAC can decrease DNA fragmentation and protect kidney allografts from cell death due to cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, no. 638, Little Rock, AR 72205.
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Plotnikov EY, Pulkova NV, Pevzner IB, Zorova LD, Silachev DN, Morosanova MA, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Inflammatory pre-conditioning of mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells improves their immunomodulatory potency in acute pyelonephritis in rats. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:679-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Lee KE, Kim EY, Kim CS, Choi JS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Park JS, Jung YD, Kim SH, Lee JU, Kim SW. Macrophage-stimulating protein attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human renal HK-2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:304-11. [PMID: 23726950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) and its receptor, recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), play an important role in cell proliferation and migration. We have investigated the role of MSP in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced renal tubular apoptosis. Human renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were incubated with H2O2 for 24h in the presence of different concentrations of MSP, and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was determined by semiquantitative immunoblotting. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry analysis after HK-2 cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated annexin V protein and propidium iodide. H2O2 treatment decreased cell viability in HK-2 cells; this was counteracted by MSP pretreatment. H2O2 treatment induced an increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, and the number of condensed nuclei, which was also counteracted by MSP. Flow cytometry analysis showed H2O2-induced apoptosis, and its prevention by MSP treatment. Increased protein expression of phospho-p38 MAPK was attenuated by MSP, while phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase were not affected. H2O2 induced NF-κB activation and IκB-α degradation, but the increased nuclear NF-κB activation was counteracted by MSP or by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. H2O2 treatment decreased expression of phospho-PI3K and phospho-Akt, which was reversed by MSP pretreatment. These findings suggest that MSP attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells by modulating the p38 and NF-κB, as well as PI3K/Akt, signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Gentle ME, Shi S, Daehn I, Zhang T, Qi H, Yu L, D'Agati VD, Schlondorff DO, Bottinger EP. Epithelial cell TGFβ signaling induces acute tubular injury and interstitial inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:787-99. [PMID: 23539761 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signaling plays a central role in the development of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Previous in vivo studies involved systemic alteration of TGFβ signaling, however, limiting conclusions about the direct role of TGFβ in tubular cell injury. Here, we generated a double transgenic mouse that inducibly expresses a ligand-independent constitutively active TGFβ receptor type 1 (TβR1) kinase specifically in tubular epithelial cells, with expression restricted by the Pax8 promoter. In this model, activation of TGFβ signaling in the tubular epithelium alone was sufficient to cause AKI characterized by marked tubular cell apoptosis and necrosis, oxidative stress, dedifferentiation and regenerative cell proliferation, reduced renal function, and interstitial accumulation of inflammatory cells. This tubular injury was associated with mitochondrial-derived generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but cell damage and apoptosis were partially independent of mitochondrial-derived ROS. TβR1 signaling-induced tubular injury also associated with significant leukocyte infiltration consisting of F4/80(+) macrophages, CD11c(+) F4/80(+) dendritic cells, CD11c(+) F4/80(-) Ly6C(high) dendritic cells/monocytes, and T cells. Inhibition of mitochondrial-derived ROS significantly reduced accumulation of CD11c(+) F4/80(+) dendritic cells and T cells, suggesting a role for ROS in the activation and recruitment of the adaptive immune response to tubular injury. Taken together, these results suggest that TGFβ signaling in the tubular epithelium alone is sufficient to cause acute tubular injury and inflammation; therefore, TGFβ may be a mechanistic link between acute injury and chronic progression of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Gentle
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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Wang YF, Shyu HW, Chang YC, Tseng WC, Huang YL, Lin KH, Chou MC, Liu HL, Chen CY. Nickel (II)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human proximal tubule cells through a ROS- and mitochondria-mediated pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 259:177-86. [PMID: 22245127 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nickel compounds are known to be toxic and carcinogenic in kidney and lung. In this present study, we investigated the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria in nickel (II) acetate-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in the HK-2 human renal cell line. The results showed that the cytotoxic effects of nickel (II) involved significant cell death and DNA damage. Nickel (II) increased the generation of ROS and induced a noticeable reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Analysis of the sub-G1 phase showed a significant increase in apoptosis in HK-2 cells after nickel (II) treatment. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) not only inhibited nickel (II)-induced cell death and DNA damage, but also significantly prevented nickel (II)-induced loss of MMP and apoptosis. Cell apoptosis triggered by nickel (II) was characterized by the reduced protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and the induced the protein expression of Bad, Bcl-Xs, Bax, cytochrome c and caspases 9, 3 and 6. The regulation of the expression of Bcl-2-family proteins, the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspases 9, 3 and 6 were inhibited in the presence of NAC. These results suggest that nickel (II) induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HK-2 cells via ROS generation and that the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway may be involved in the positive regulation of nickel (II)-induced renal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Choi HN, Park YH, Kim JH, Kang MJ, Jeong SM, Kim HH, Kim JI. Renoprotective and antioxidant effects of Saururus chinensis Baill in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Nutr Res Pract 2011; 5:365-9. [PMID: 21994532 PMCID: PMC3180688 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the preventive effect of Saururus chinensis Baill against renal damage induced by a high-fructose diet in rats. The rats (n = 30) were fed either a cornstarch-based (65%), high-fructose (65%), or high-fructose (64.5%) diet with 0.5% S. chinensis Baill extract for 10 weeks. Twenty-four hour urine collections were obtained and the animals were sacrificed after an overnight fast. Serum urea and creatinine and urine albumin were measured using colorimetric methods, and creatinine clearance was determined. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the kidney were determined. Kidney samples were also examined histologically. The fructose-fed rats showed renal dysfunction, indicated by decreased creatinine clearance, increased albumin in the urine, and increased urea and creatinine in the serum. These renal function parameters were comparable to control levels in rats that consumed S. chinensis Baill. Fructose consumption increased renal TBARS and reduced GSH and SOD activity, whereas these levels were near-normal in the rats consuming S. chinensis Baill. The kidneys of fructose-fed rats showed glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial matrix expansion, and tubule dilation. These pathological changes were not seen in the rats that consumed S. chinensis Baill. Therefore, S. chinensis Baill effectively alleviated fructose-induced renal damage in these rats, at least partially due to antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Neul Choi
- School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyungnam 621-749, Korea
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Structural features and bioactivities of the chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:543-7. [PMID: 21704066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies (3500-600 cm(-1)) showed some different bands of chitosan. The absorption at 3439 cm(-1) is stretching vibration of -OH and -NH(2) bonds, indicating the association of the hydrogen-bond between them. The bands at 1659, 1599 and 1321 cm(-1) are attributable to the peaks of stretching vibrations of amide I (ν((C=O))), II (δ((N-H))), and the peak of stretching and bending vibrations of III (ν((C-N))) (δ((N-H))). The chitosan showed strong free radical scavenging activities. Pretreatment with chitosan significantly prevented the decrease of antioxidant enzymes activities and the increase of p-JNK at 3 h after renal ischemia and reduced renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Ning WB, Hu GY, Peng ZZ, Wang L, Wang W, Chen JY, Zheng X, Li J, Tao LJ. Fluorofenidone inhibits Ang II-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells through blockage of the Fas/FasL pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1327-32. [PMID: 21586345 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of fluorofenidone on Ang II-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells and the related signaling pathway. METHODS Rat proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were used to examine the anti-apoptosis effects of fluorofenidone. Cell proliferation was assessed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Apoptosis was examined by AO/EB staining and TUNEL assay. The expression of Fas/FasL pathway members, including Fas, FasL, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 was detected by real-time RT-PCR and/or Western blot, respectively. The activity of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 was detected by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Fluorofenidone didn't affect the proliferation of NRK-52E cells, but significantly inhibited the apoptosis of NRK-52E cells induced by Ang II. Fluorofenidone significantly reduced Ang II-induced increases in Fas, FasL, Bax, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 at the mRNA level. Consistent with these observations, fluorofenidone also prevented Ang II-mediated up-regulation of FasL and Bax at the protein level. Additionally, Ang II-induced activation of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 as well as Ang II-initiated downregulation of Bcl-2 at both mRNA and protein levels was all prevented by fluorofenidone. CONCLUSIONS Fluorofenidone can inhibit Ang II-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells through blockage of the Fas/FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-bin Ning
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Abstract
Improved mechanistic understanding of renal cell death in acute kidney injury (AKI) has generated new therapeutic targets. Clearly, the classic lesion of acute tubular necrosis is not adequate to describe the consequences of renal ischemia, nephrotoxin exposure, or sepsis on glomerular filtration rate. Experimental evidence supports a pathogenic role for apoptosis in AKI. Interestingly, proximal tubule epithelial cells are highly susceptible to apoptosis, and injury at this site contributes to organ failure. During apoptosis, well-orchestrated events converge at the mitochondrion, the organelle that integrates life and death signals generated by the BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein family. Death requires the 'perfect storm' for outer mitochondrial membrane injury to release its cellular 'executioners'. The complexity of this process affords new targets for effective interventions, both before and after renal insults. Inhibiting apoptosis appears to be critical, because circulating factors released by the injured kidney induce apoptosis and inflammation in distant organs including the heart, lung, liver, and brain, potentially contributing to the high morbidity and mortality associated with AKI. Manipulation of known stress kinases upstream of mitochondrial injury, induction of endogenous, anti-apoptotic proteins, and improved understanding of the timing and consequences of renal cell apoptosis will inevitably improve the outcome of human AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Havasi
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Kim YH, Choi JH, Rim HK, Kang HJ, Chang SG, Park JH, Park HJ, Choi JW, Kim SD, Lee KT. 23-Hydroxytormentic Acid and Niga-Ichgoside F1 Isolated from Rubus coreanus Attenuate Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity by Reducing Oxidative Stress in Renal Epithelial LLC-PK1 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:906-11. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hong-Kun Rim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hyun-Jun Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Sung-Goo Chang
- Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hee-Juhn Park
- Department of Botanical Resources, Sangji University
| | | | - Soo-Dong Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
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Islambulchilar M, Sattari MR, Sardashti M, Lotfipour F. Effect of Taurine on the antimicrobial efficiency of Gentamicin. Adv Pharm Bull 2011; 1:69-74. [PMID: 24312759 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2011.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Gentamicin is mainly used in severe infections caused by gram-negatives. However toxicity including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity is one of the most important complications of its treatment. The production of free radicals seems to be involved in gentamicin toxicity mechanism. Taurine, a major intracellular free β-amino acid, is known to be an endogenous antioxidant. So potentially the co-therapy of taurine and gentamicin would reduce the adverse effects of the antibiotic. OBJECTIVES In this study, we wished to know the effect of taurine on the antibiotic capacity of gentamicin. METHODS strainsof P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis were used as test organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin in the presence and absence of taurine at quantities from 40 to 2 mg/L were determined using macro-dilution method. RESULTS MICs were determined in the various concentrations of taurine for bacterial indicators. The MIC values of gentamicin for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli remained unchanged in the values of 2.5, 5 and 20 μg/ml respectively in the absence and presences of different concentrations of taurine. The bactericidal activity of gentamicin against S. epidermidis was increased by addition of taurine in the concentrations higher than 6 mg/L. CONCLUSION According to our study the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against the indicator microorganisms were not interfere with taurine at selected concentrations. Further in vivo studies are needed to establish if a combination of gentamicin and taurine would have the same effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Islambulchilar
- School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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A transgenic mouse model for studying the role of the parathyroid hormone-related protein system in renal injury. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:290874. [PMID: 21052497 PMCID: PMC2967837 DOI: 10.1155/2011/290874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone- (PTH-) related protein (PTHrP) and its receptor, the PTH1 receptor (PTH1R), are widely expressed in the kidney, where PTHrP exerts a modulatory action on renal function. PTHrP is known to be upregulated in several experimental nephropathies such as acute renal failure (ARF), obstructive nephropathy (ON) as well as diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this paper, we will discuss the functional consequences of chronic PTHrP overexpression in the damaged kidney using a transgenic mouse strain overexpressing PTHrP in the renal proximal tubule. In both ARF and ON, PTHrP displays proinflammatory and profibrogenic actions including the induction of epithelia to mesenquima transition. Moreover, PTHrP participates in the mechanisms of renal hypertrophy as well as proteinuria in experimental DN. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a critical factor in the progression of renal injury, appears to be, at least in part, responsible for endogenous PTHrP upregulation in these pathophysiological settings. These findings provide novel insights into the well-known protective effects of Ang II antagonists in renal diseases, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches.
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Quiros Y, Vicente-Vicente L, Morales AI, Lopez-Novoa JM, Lopez-Hernandez FJ. An Integrative Overview on the Mechanisms Underlying the Renal Tubular Cytotoxicity of Gentamicin. Toxicol Sci 2010; 119:245-56. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ye J, Li J, Yu Y, Wei Q, Deng W, Yu L. L-carnitine attenuates oxidant injury in HK-2 cells via ROS-mitochondria pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 161:58-66. [PMID: 20093144 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as the possible mechanism of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. L-carnitine is an endogenous mitochondrial membrane compound and could effectively protect ischemia-reperfusion injury in the kidney. To elucidate the nephroprotective effects of L-carnitine, here we assessed the effect of L-carnitine on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated oxidative stress in the human proximal tubule epithelial cell line, HK-2 cells. The results showed that pretreatment with L-carnitine 12h inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced cell viability loss, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. Also L-carnitine promoted endogenous antioxidant defense components including total antioxidative capacity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. In parallel, cell apoptosis triggered by H(2)O(2) characterized with the DNA fragment and caspase-3 activity were also inhibited by L-carnitine. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cell apoptosis including membrane potential loss, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax and the release of cytochrome c were abrogated in the presence of L-carnitine. These results suggested that L-carnitine could protect HK-2 cells from H(2)O(2)-induced injury through the inhibition of oxidative damage, mitochondria dysfunction and ultimately inhibition of cell apoptosis, which indicates that L-carnitine may be a promising approach for the treatment of oxidative stress in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Ye
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Risk factors and outcome of acute renal failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Crit Care 2009; 25:225-9. [PMID: 19781906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most common causes of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Here, we aimed to investigate the risk factors of ARF in patients with SAP, assess the prognosis of patients with SAP and ARF, and seek potential measures to prevent ARF. METHOD A cross-sectional study was performed to analyze the data from patients with SAP. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, including 15 indices such as age, history of renal disease, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, hypoxemia, abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and others. Univariate analysis was also used to compare the prognosis between the groups of patients with SAP with and without ARF. RESULTS There was a significant difference in age, history of renal disease, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, hypoxemia, and ACS between the groups with and without ARF. Patients with SAP and ARF had significantly longer average length of stay and intensive care unit length of stay and higher infection rate of the pancreas and mortality rate. CONCLUSION The significant risk factors for ARF in patients with SAP include history of renal disease, hypoxemia, and ACS. Measures that can prevent ARF include homeostasis maintenance, adequate perfusion of the kidneys, adequate oxygenation, and abdominal decompression to avoid ACS.
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Ponnusamy M, Pang M, Annamaraju PK, Zhang Z, Gong R, Chin YE, Zhuang S. Transglutaminase-1 protects renal epithelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through activation of STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1361-70. [PMID: 19710241 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00251.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies showed that transglutaminase-1 (TGase-1) is uniquely expressed in mouse renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) and mediates cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the role of TGase-1 in cell survival and the survival signaling pathways regulated by TGase-1 in RPTC following oxidant injury. Exposure of RPTC to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulted in apoptosis and an increase in TGase activity. Inhibition of TGase activity with monodansylcadervine (MDC), a TGase inhibitor, or knockdown of TGase-1 with small interference (si)RNA enhanced apoptosis and decreased cell survival in H2O2-treated RPTC. Conversely, overexpression of TGase-1 rendered RPTC more resistant to H2O2 toxicity and MDC treatment blocked this response. Concurrent with RPTC apoptosis, phosphorylation of AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), and glucogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) were observed. Pretreatment of cells with MDC or TGase-1 siRNA inhibited phosphorylation of all these molecules. Inhibition of either the AKT or STAT3 pathway potentiated H2O2-induced cell death and increased GSK-3beta activity by dephosphorylation at serine 9. Furthermore, treatment with GSK-3beta inhibitors reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis and abolished the death-promoting effect of AKT and STAT3 inhibition. Therefore, we have identified TGase-1 as a novel survival factor in renal epithelial cells and it contributes to cell survival through activation of the AKT and STAT3 signaling pathways following oxidant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugavel Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Li QZ, Zhou J, Yang R, Yan M, Ye Q, Liu K, Liu S, Shao X, Li L, Zhou XJ, Wakeland EK, Mohan C. The lupus-susceptibility gene kallikrein downmodulates antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis. Genes Immun 2009; 10:503-8. [PMID: 19262577 PMCID: PMC2742360 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sle3 is a NZM2410/NZW-derived lupus-susceptibility interval on murine chromosome 7, which is associated with spontaneous lupus nephritis (SLN), and also anti-GBM-induced glomerulonephritis (GN). The tissue kallikrein gene cluster is located within the Sle3 interval and constitutes potential candidate genes for this locus. We have recently reported that renal kallikrein expression was upregulated by anti-GBM antibody challenge in a strain-specific manner and that it was significantly underexpressed in the anti-GBM-sensitive strains, including B6.Sle3. Further sequencing and functional studies reported earlier provided evidence that kallikreins could constitute disease genes in lupus. In this report, we have used an adenoviral vector to deliver the klk1 gene to B6.Sle3 congenics to directly test if kallikreins might have a protective effect against anti-GBM-induced nephritis. Our data show that klk1 gene delivery ameliorated anti-GBM-induced nephritis in B6.Sle3 congenics. Taken together with earlier studies, these findings indicate that kallikreins play an important protective role in autoantibody-initiated GN and could constitute potential candidate genes for anti-GBM-induced GN and SLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Z Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Wang Y, Pei DS, Ji HX, Xing SH. Protective effect of a standardized Ginkgo extract (ginaton) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppressing the activation of JNK signal pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:923-931. [PMID: 18929474 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new standardized Ginkgo extract (ginaton) destined for i.v. injection was investigated in rats for its protective effect on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. We report on the elucidation of the downstream mechanism of action of JNK on the renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, which can be explained as the decrease in JNK phosphorylation at 20 min and c-Jun phosphorylation (Ser63/73) at 3h after renal ischemia. At the same time, ginaton attenuated the increased expression of FasL at 3h and caspase3 immunoreactivity at 6h after renal ischemia. Furthermore, ginaton significantly decreased renal epithelial tubular cell apoptosis induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, alleviating renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. These results cumulatively indicate that ginaton could suppress the JNK-c-Jun-FasL-caspase3 signaling cascade, protecting renal tubular epithelial cells against ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis, which implies that antioxidants may be a potential and effective agent for prevention of the ischemic/reperfusion injury through the suppression extrinsic apoptotic signal pathway induced by JNK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, PR China
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A. Abdin A, I. Draz E, I. Sarhan N. Evaluation of the Chemoprotective Role of N-Acetylcysteine on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: New Aspect of an Old Drug. INT J PHARMACOL 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.339.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Renal cell apoptosis induced by nephrotoxic drugs: cellular and molecular mechanisms and potential approaches to modulation. Apoptosis 2008; 13:11-32. [PMID: 17968659 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a central role not only in the physiological processes of kidney growth and remodeling, but also in various human renal diseases and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. We present in a synthetic fashion the main molecular and cellular pathways leading to drug-induced apoptosis in kidney and the mechanisms regulating it. We illustrate them using three main nephrotoxic drugs (cisplatin, gentamicin, and cyclosporine A). We discuss the main regulators and effectors that have emerged as key targets for the design of therapeutic strategies. Novel approaches using gene therapy, antisense strategies, recombinant proteins, or compounds obtained from both classical organic and combinatorial chemistry are examined. Finally, key issues that need to be addressed for the success of apoptosis-based therapies are underlined.
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Immunolocalization of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 in kidney of gentamicin-, mercury-, or chromium-treated rats: relationship to renal distributions of iNOS and nitrotyrosine. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:397-409. [PMID: 18441258 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308315832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical studies for kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), renal papillary antigen-1 (RPA-1), and renal papillary antigen-2 (RPA-2) were conducted to explore their relationship to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day Gen, sc, for 3 days), mercury (0.25 mg Hg/kg, iv, single dose), or chromium (5 mg Cr/kg, sc, single dose) and kidney tissue was examined 24 hours or 72 hours after the last dose of the nephrotoxicant. Another group of kidneys was evaluated 24 hours after rats were administered 3 daily doses (50, 100, 150, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day) of Gen. Gen- and Cr-treated rats exhibited increased immunoreactivity of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 largely in the S1/S2 segments and to a lesser extent in the S3 segments of the proximal tubule of the kidney, whereas Hg-treated rats showed increased immunoreactivity of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 in the S3 segments. Up-regulation of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 expression correlated with injured tubular epithelial cells and also correlated with immunoreactivity of iNOS and nitrotyrosine. It is possible that iNOS activation with nitrotyrosine production in injured nephron segments may be involved in the induction of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 following exposure to nephrotoxicants.
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Bledsoe G, Shen B, Yao YY, Hagiwara M, Mizell B, Teuton M, Grass D, Chao L, Chao J. Role of Tissue Kallikrein in Prevention and Recovery of Gentamicin-Induced Renal Injury. Toxicol Sci 2008; 102:433-43. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Dietrich J, Han R, Yang Y, Mayer-Pröschel M, Noble M. CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. J Biol 2007; 5:22. [PMID: 17125495 PMCID: PMC2000477 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy in cancer patients can be associated with serious short- and long-term adverse neurological effects, such as leukoencephalopathy and cognitive impairment, even when therapy is delivered systemically. The underlying cellular basis for these adverse effects is poorly understood. Results We found that three mainstream chemotherapeutic agents – carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, and cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine), representing two DNA cross-linking agents and an antimetabolite, respectively – applied at clinically relevant exposure levels to cultured cells are more toxic for the progenitor cells of the CNS and for nondividing oligodendrocytes than they are for multiple cancer cell lines. Enhancement of cell death and suppression of cell division were seen in vitro and in vivo. When administered systemically in mice, these chemotherapeutic agents were associated with increased cell death and decreased cell division in the subventricular zone, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the corpus callosum of the CNS. In some cases, cell division was reduced, and cell death increased, for weeks after drug administration ended. Conclusion Identifying neural populations at risk during any cancer treatment is of great importance in developing means of reducing neurotoxicity and preserving quality of life in long-term survivors. Thus, as well as providing possible explanations for the adverse neurological effects of systemic chemotherapy, the strong correlations between our in vitro and in vivo analyses indicate that the same approaches we used to identify the reported toxicities can also provide rapid in vitro screens for analyzing new therapies and discovering means of achieving selective protection or targeted killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Dietrich
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ruolan Han
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Yin X, Apostolov EO, Shah SV, Wang X, Bogdanov KV, Buzder T, Stewart AG, Basnakian AG. Induction of renal endonuclease G by cisplatin is reduced in DNase I-deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2544-53. [PMID: 17675668 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity from the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin is associated with DNA fragmentation and cell death. We have recently demonstrated that DNase I knockout mice are significantly protected against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, but it is unknown whether the DNA fragmentation that occurs is produced by DNase I or another endonuclease. In this study we assessed the expression of several endonucleases involved in cell death after injection of cisplatin and found that the expression of endonuclease G (EndoG) increased whereas the expression of DNase I decreased almost to zero. Immunostaining showed that some nuclei contained both fragmented DNA and EndoG, suggesting that EndoG may cause DNA fragmentation induced by cisplatin. The increase in expression of EndoG was greater in wild-type mice than in DNase I knockout mice, indicating a potential link between the two endonucleases. In support of such a link, overexpression of DNase I in cultured mouse tubular epithelial cells also induced EndoG. Furthermore, gene silencing of EndoG in vitro provided significant protection against cell death. Taken together, our data suggest that both DNase I and EndoG mediate cisplatin injury to tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Djamali A. Oxidative stress as a common pathway to chronic tubulointerstitial injury in kidney allografts. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F445-55. [PMID: 17459952 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00037.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for kidney transplantation is to dissect out the identifiable causes of chronic allograft tubulointerstitial fibrosis and to develop cause-specific treatment strategies. There has been a recent interest in the role of oxidative stress (OS) as a mediator of injury in chronic allograft tubular atrophy (TA) and interstitial fibrosis (IF). A review of the literature and data from my laboratory studying chronic allograft TA/IF in rat, rhesus monkey, and human kidneys suggests that OS is increased in graft-infiltrating macrophages, activated myofibroblasts, interstitium, and areas of tubular injury. Chronic allograft OS may be induced by inflammation, abnormal tissue oxygenation, immunosuppressant drugs, and comorbid clinical conditions including diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria, anemia, and dyslipidemia. Moreover, OS-induced chronic TA/IF is associated with signaling pathways including inflammation, apoptosis, hypoxia, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Most of these injury pathways participate in a self-perpetuating cycle with OS. In conclusion, evidence suggests that OS is a common mechanism of injury in chronic allograft TA/IF. However, most available data demonstrate a correlation and no causal relationship. Furthermore, the extent to which TA/IF is dependent on OS is unknown. These questions may be answered by prospective randomized placebo-control trials examining the role of select antioxidants in the prevention of chronic allograft TA/IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjang Djamali
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53713, USA.
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Reyes-Martin P, Alique M, Parra T, Hornedo JPD, Lucio-Cazana J. Cyclooxygenase-independent inhibition of H2O2-induced cell death by S-ketoprofen in renal cells. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55:295-302. [PMID: 17291778 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The stress response of the distal tubule to oxidative attack may be relevant to recovery from acute renal failure. In distal tubular Madin-Darby cells (MDCK), H(2)O(2) induced up-regulation of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), prostaglandin-E(2) production and caspase-independent cell death. Cell death was inhibited by S-ketoprofen, but not by the much weaker COX inhibitor R-ketoprofen. Interestingly, we identified 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin-J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonist, as a lethal prostaglandin whose effect was reproduced by the PPAR-gamma agonist ciglitazone. Nevertheless, H(2)O(2)-induced cell death was unaffected by other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or all-trans-retinoic acid. Moreover, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 prevented 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2)-induced cell death, but not H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662 showed no affect on the cell death. These results indicated that protection by S-ketoprofen was COX-independent and PPARgamma independent. Moreover, the IC(50) value of the action of S-ketoprofen for the inhibition of H(2)O(2)-induced MDCK cell death ( approximately equal 140microM) was much higher than the IC(50) value for the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activities ( approximately equal 1microM). Further design of S-ketoprofen derivatives devoid of COX inhibitory activity will give opportunity to protect the kidney against oxidative attack while avoiding unwanted effects of NSAID.
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Ho FY, Tsang WP, Kong SK, Kwok TT. The critical role of caspases activation in hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1131-7. [PMID: 16716256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia/reoxygenation insult can be found in many tissues, including heart, brain, and tumor. It is believed that cell death may be resulted after cells were subjected to chronic hypoxia or reoxygenation after chronic hypoxia. The molecular mechanism for reoxygenation induced cell death is so far not clear and will require further study, in particular, to be distinguished from the pathways associated only with chronic hypoxia. In this study, the cell death mechanism in human squamous carcinoma A431 cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation insult is examined. It is demonstrated that although caspase-9 and -3 were activated during both hypoxia and reoxygenation, only those caspases activated during reoxygenation were responsible for reoxygenation induced apoptosis. Activation of caspase-9 and -3 during reoxygenation is believed to be triggered by the ROS formation at the time of reoxygenation. Addition of catalase during reoxygenation was found to attenuate reoxygenation induced apoptosis and caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Ma YL, Zhu X, Rivera PM, Tøien Ø, Barnes BM, LaManna JC, Smith MA, Drew KL. Absence of cellular stress in brain after hypoxia induced by arousal from hibernation in Arctic ground squirrels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1297-306. [PMID: 15976308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00260.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although hypoxia tolerance in heterothermic mammals is well established, it is unclear whether the adaptive significance stems from hypoxia or other cellular challenge associated with euthermy, hibernation, or arousal. In the present study, blood gases, hemoglobin O2 saturation (S(O2), and indexes of cellular and physiological stress were measured during hibernation and euthermy and after arousal thermogenesis. Results show that arterial O2 tension (Pa(O2)) and S(O2) are severely diminished during arousal and that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha accumulates in brain. Despite evidence of hypoxia, neither cellular nor oxidative stress, as indicated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels and oxidative modification of biomolecules, was observed during late arousal from hibernation. Compared with rats, hibernating Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) are well oxygenated with no evidence of cellular stress, inflammatory response, neuronal pathology, or oxidative modification following the period of high metabolic demand necessary for arousal. In contrast, euthermic Arctic ground squirrels experience mild, chronic hypoxia with low S(O2) and accumulation of HIF-1alpha and iNOS and demonstrate the greatest degree of cellular stress in brain. These results suggest that Arctic ground squirrels experience and tolerate endogenous hypoxia during euthermy and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Long Ma
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Alaska Basic Neuroscience Program, Box 757000, 902 N. Koyukuk Dr., Irving I Rm. 311, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
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