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Cui J, Zhai Z, Wang S, Song X, Qiu T, Yu L, Zhai Q, Zhang H. The role and impact of abnormal vitamin levels in autism spectrum disorders. Food Funct 2024; 15:1099-1115. [PMID: 38221882 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder with a predominance of social behavioral disorders, has increased dramatically in various countries in recent decades. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors is believed to underlie ASD pathogenesis. Recent analyses have shown that abnormal vitamin levels in early life are associated with an increased risk of autism. As essential substances for growth and development, vitamins have been shown to have significant benefits for the nervous and immune systems. However, it is unknown whether certain vitamin types influence the emergence or manifestation of ASD symptoms. Several studies have focused on vitamin levels in children with autism, and neurotypical children have provided different insights into the types of vitamins and their intake. Here, we review the mechanisms and significance of several vitamins (A, B, C, D, E, and K) that are closely associated with the development of ASD in order to prevent, mitigate, and treat ASD. Efforts have been made to discover and develop new indicators for nutritional assessment of children with ASD to play a greater role in the early detection of ASD and therapeutic remission after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cui
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
- Department of child health care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's Hositipal of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Zidan Zhai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
- Department of child health care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's Hositipal of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
| | - Shumin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Ting Qiu
- Department of child health care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's Hositipal of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
- Department of child health care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's Hositipal of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Awasthi S, Kumar D, Dixit S, Mahdi AA, Gupta B, Agarwal GG, Pandey AK, Awasthi A, A. R. S, Bhat MA, Kar S, Mahanta BN, Mathew JL, Nair S, Singh CM, Singh K, Thekkumkara Surendran A. Association of dietary intake with micronutrient deficiency in Indian school children: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e104. [PMID: 37829085 PMCID: PMC10565204 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is necessary during childhood and early adolescence for adequate growth and development. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the association between dietary intake and blood levels of minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium) and vitamins (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and vitamin D) in urban school going children aged 6-16 years in India, in a multicentric cross-sectional study. Participants were enrolled from randomly selected schools in ten cities. Three-day food intake data was collected using a 24-h dietary recall method. The intake was dichotomised into adequate and inadequate. Blood samples were collected to assess levels of micronutrients. From April 2019 to February 2020, 2428 participants (50⋅2 % females) were recruited from 60 schools. Inadequate intake for calcium was in 93⋅4 % (246⋅5 ± 149⋅4 mg), iron 86⋅5 % (7⋅6 ± 3⋅0 mg), zinc 84⋅0 % (3⋅9 ± 2⋅4 mg), selenium 30⋅2 % (11⋅3 ± 9⋅7 mcg), folate 73⋅8 % (93⋅6 ± 55⋅4 mcg), vitamin B12 94⋅4 % (0⋅2 ± 0⋅4 mcg), vitamin A 96⋅0 % (101⋅7 ± 94⋅1 mcg), and vitamin D 100⋅0 % (0⋅4 ± 0⋅6 mcg). Controlling for sex and socioeconomic status, the odds of biochemical deficiency with inadequate intake for iron [AOR = 1⋅37 (95 % CI 1⋅07-1⋅76)], zinc [AOR = 5⋅14 (95 % CI 2⋅24-11⋅78)], selenium [AOR = 3⋅63 (95 % CI 2⋅70-4⋅89)], folate [AOR = 1⋅59 (95 % CI 1⋅25-2⋅03)], and vitamin B12 [AOR = 1⋅62 (95 %CI 1⋅07-2⋅45)]. Since there is a significant association between the inadequate intake and biochemical deficiencies of iron, zinc, selenium, folate, and vitamin B12, regular surveillance for adequacy of micronutrient intake must be undertaken to identify children at risk of deficiency, for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divas Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Dixit
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Barkha Gupta
- Lead-Nutritional Claims & Medical Affairs (Global HFD), HUL R&D Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Girdhar G. Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avivar Awasthi
- Department of Endocrinology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Somashekar A. R.
- Department of Pediatrics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mushtaq A. Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sonali Kar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - B. N. Mahanta
- Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Joseph L. Mathew
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suma Nair
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - C. M. Singh
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Singh S, Awasthi S, Kumar D, Sarraf SR, Pandey AK, Agarwal GG, Awasthi A, T. S. A, Mathew JL, Kar S, Nair S, Rao CR, Pande H, Mahanta BN, Bharti B, Singh CM, Singh K, Bhat MA, A. R. S, Awasthi R, Mahdi AA. Micronutrients and cognitive functions among urban school-going children and adolescents: A cross-sectional multicentric study from India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281247. [PMID: 36730336 PMCID: PMC9894395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micronutrient deficiency (MD) is associated with deficits in cognitive functioning of children. However, no comprehensive multicentric study has been conducted in India to explore the role of multiple MD in cognition of children and adolescents. The present study aimed to explore association of MD with level of general intelligence and specific cognitive functions, in urban school-going children and adolescents across ten cities of India. METHOD Cross-sectional multicentric study, enrolled participants aged 6-16 years. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, folate, vitamin A, D and B12. Colored Progressive Matrices / Standard Progressive Matrices (CPM/SPM), Coding, Digit Span and Arithmetic tests were used for the assessment of cognitive functions of participants. Height and weight measures were collected along with socio-economic status. RESULTS From April-2019 to February-2020, 2428 participants were recruited from 60 schools. No MD was found in 7.0% (134/1918), any one MD in 23.8% (457/1918) and ≥ 2 MD in 69.2% (1327/1918) participants. In presence of ≥ 2 MD, adjusted odds ratio (OR) for borderline or dull normal in CPM/SPM was 1.63, (95% CI: 1.05-2.52), coding was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.02-2.71), digit span was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.06-2.25) and arithmetic was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.17-2.53), controlling for gender, socioeconomic status and anthropometric indicators. CONCLUSION Since ≥ 2 MD were found in more than 2/3rd of participants and was associated with impairment in cognitive function, attempts must be made to ameliorate them on priority in school going children in India. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CTRI/2019/02/017783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Divas Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Rani Sarraf
- Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Girdhar G. Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avivar Awasthi
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Anish T. S.
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerela, India
| | - Joseph L. Mathew
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonali Kar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Suma Nair
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chythra R. Rao
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsh Pande
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - B. N. Mahanta
- Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bhavneet Bharti
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - C. M. Singh
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mushtaq A. Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Somashekar A. R.
- Department of Pediatrics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Awasthi
- Prarthana Diabetic Care Centre, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Awasthi S, Kumar D, Mahdi AA, Agarwal GG, Pandey AK, Parveen H, Singh S, Awasthi R, Pande H, T. S. A, Mahanta BN, Singh CM, Mathew JL, Ahmad MK, Singh K, Bhat MA, A. R. S, Kar S, Nair S. Prevalence of specific micronutrient deficiencies in urban school going children and adolescence of India: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267003. [PMID: 35544476 PMCID: PMC9094555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Childhood and adolescence require adequate amount of micronutrients for normal growth and development. The primary objective of study was to assess the prevalence of deficiencies of Vitamins (Vitamin A, 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and Folate) and minerals (Calcium, Zinc, Selenium and Iron), among urban school going children aged 6–11 and 12–16 years in ten cities of India. Secondary objective was to find the association between micronutrient deficiencies with sociodemographic and anthropometric indicators. Methods A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted across India. Participants in the age groups of 6 to 11 years (group 1) and 12 to 16 years (group 2) were selected from randomly chosen schools from each center. Data on socio economic status, anthropometric measures was collected. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of micronutrients. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the prevalence of deficiencies. Associations were observed using chi square, student t test and ANOVA test. Results From April 2019 to February 2020, 2428 participants (1235 in group 1 and 1193 group 2) were recruited from 60 schools across ten cites. The prevalence of calcium and iron deficiency was 59.9% and 49.4% respectively. 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 39.7% and vitamin B12 in 33.4% of subjects. Folate, Selenium and Zinc were deficient in 22.2%, 10.4% and 6.8% of subjects respectively. Vitamin A deficiency least (1.6%). Anemia was prevalent in 17.6% subjects and was more common among females. Conclusion One or more micronutrient deficiencies are found in almost one half of school going children in urban area. Hence efforts must be made to combat these on priority. Trial registration number CTRI/2019/02/017783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Divas Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Girdhar G. Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hina Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Awasthi
- Prarthana Diabetic Care Centre, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harsh Pande
- Department of Pediatrics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anish T. S.
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerela, India
| | - B. N. Mahanta
- Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - C. M. Singh
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Joseph L. Mathew
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Kaleem Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mushtaq A. Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Somashekar A. R.
- Department of Pediatrics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonali Kar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Suma Nair
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Awasthi S, Kumar D, Singh S, Dixit S, Agarwal G, Mahdi AA. Prevalence of specific micronutrient deficiencies in urban school going children of India aged between 6 and 16 years: study protocol for a multicentric cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046783. [PMID: 34907037 PMCID: PMC8671943 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood and adolescence are the period of rapid physical and cognitive growth and development, requiring adequate nutrition. Malnutrition in the form of undernutrition or micronutrient deficiency or overweight/obesity affects the health, cognition and educational achievement of this age group. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, folate, vitamin A, 25 hydroxy vitamin D and vitamin B12 deficiencies in the serum and haemoglobin, ferritin and lead levels and its association with reported dietary intake and cognitive abilities, in urban school going children aged 6-16 years in 10 cities of India. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A multicentric cross-sectional study will be conducted to recruit 2400 participants (240 per site) across India. Participants will be selected using random sampling and will be categorised into age groups of 6-11 years and 12-16 years, with equal distribution. Data on socioeconomic status, anthropometric measures and 3-day dietary intake and cognitive performance will be collected. Blood samples will be collected for biochemical analysis of micronutrients. Findings will estimate the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and their association with dietary habits and cognitive functioning. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Study protocol has been reviewed and approved by institutional ethics committee of all 10 participating sites. Results will be shared and published in a peer-reviewed journal, so that the findings will be helpful for the stakeholders in planning nutritional interventions for targeted groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CTRI/2019/02/017783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divas Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Dixit
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Girdhar Agarwal
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hoang NTD, Orellana L, Gibson RS, Le TD, Worsley A, Sinclair AJ, Hoang NTT, Szymlek-Gay EA. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves micronutrient status in primary school children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3728. [PMID: 33580103 PMCID: PMC7881239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation on the biomarkers of iron, zinc, and vitamin A status across anthropometric status categories in Vietnamese school children. In this 22-week randomised controlled trial, 347 undernourished, normal weight, or overweight/obese children aged 6-9 years were allocated to receive every school day a multiple micronutrient supplement (10 mg iron, 10 mg zinc, 400 µg vitamin A) or a placebo. Haematological indices; circulating ferritin, zinc, and retinol (corrected for inflammation); and C-reactive protein were measured at baseline and 22 weeks. At week 22, linear mixed models showed that mean corpuscular volume increased by 0.3 fL, serum ferritin by 9.1 µg/L, plasma zinc by 0.9 µmol/L, and plasma retinol by 15%, and the prevalence of zinc deficiency decreased by 17.3% points in the intervention group compared to placebo. No intervention effects were found for other haematological indices, or the prevalence of anaemia. Multiple micronutrient supplementation for 22 weeks improved the biomarkers of zinc and vitamin A status and some biomarkers of iron status, and reduced the prevalence of zinc deficiency in Vietnamese school children.Trial registration: This trial was registered on 06/09/2016 at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12616001245482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan T D Hoang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Liliana Orellana
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rosalind S Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tuyen D Le
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Antenatal exposure to solar radiation and learning disabilities: Population cohort study of 422,512 children. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9356. [PMID: 31249320 PMCID: PMC6597711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning disability varies by month of conception. The underlying mechanism is unknown but vitamin D, necessary for normal brain development, is commonly deficient over winter in high latitude countries due to insufficient ultraviolet radiation. We linked the 2007-2016 Scottish School Pupil Censuses to Scottish maternity records and to sunshine hours and antenatal ultraviolet A/B radiation exposure derived from weather stations and satellites respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the associations between solar radiation, then ultraviolet B, and learning disabilities, adjusting for the potential confounding effects of month of conception and sex. Of the 422,512 eligible, singleton schoolchildren born at term in Scotland, 79,616 (18.8%) had a learning disability. Total antenatal sunshine hours (highest quintile; adjusted OR 0.89; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.93; p < 0.001) and ultraviolet B exposure (highest quintile; adjusted OR 0.55; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.60; p < 0.001) were inversely associated with learning disabilities with evidence of a dose-relationship. The latter association was independent of ultraviolet A exposure. Significant associations were demonstrated for exposure in all three trimesters. Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet B radiation may play a role in the seasonal patterning of learning disabilities. Further studies are required to corroborate findings and determine the effectiveness of supplements.
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Bjørklund G, Waly MI, Al-Farsi Y, Saad K, Dadar M, Rahman MM, Elhoufey A, Chirumbolo S, Jóźwik-Pruska J, Kałużna-Czaplińska J. The Role of Vitamins in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know? J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:373-387. [PMID: 30607900 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin or mineral supplementation is considered to be the most commonly used medical treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in addition to other interventions such as neurological and psychological interventions. There is not much evidence of therapeutic efficacy between vitamin and mineral supplementation and improvements in ASD. However, several researchers have noted that patients with ASD have various metabolic and nutritional abnormalities including issues with sulfation, methylation, glutathione redox imbalances, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. There is some evidence that vitamin and mineral supplementation may support these basic physiologic processes. Recently, the nutritional status of ASD patients has been gaining focus in this particular area. Pointing out the nutritional status as a potential etiological factor for attention/communication disorders, more importance has been given to this particular point. Moreover, autistic specific considerations like the feature and behavior of ASD might be increased or at least fall in the higher risk due to the sub-optimal nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Mostafa I Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yahya Al-Farsi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Amira Elhoufey
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Jagoda Jóźwik-Pruska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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The Effect of a High-Dose Vitamin B Multivitamin Supplement on the Relationship between Brain Metabolism and Blood Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Control Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121860. [PMID: 30513795 PMCID: PMC6316433 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet rich in B-group vitamins is essential for optimal body and brain function, and insufficient amounts of such vitamins have been associated with higher levels of neural inflammation and oxidative stress, as marked by increased blood plasma homocysteine. Neural biomarkers of oxidative stress quantified through proton magnetic spectroscopy (1H-MRS) are not well understood, and the relationship between such neural and blood biomarkers is seldom studied. The current study addresses this gap by investigating the direct effect of 6-month high-dose B-group vitamin supplementation on neural and blood biomarkers of metabolism. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 32 healthy adults (20 female, 12 male) aged 30–65 years underwent blood tests (vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine levels) and 1H-MRS of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) before and after supplementation. Results confirmed the supplement was effective in increasing vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 levels and reducing homocysteine, whereas there was no change in folate levels. There were significant relationships between vitamin B6 and N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine, as well as between vitamin B12 and creatine (ps < 0.05), whereas NAA in the PCC increased, albeit not significantly (p > 0.05). Together these data provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of high-dose B-group supplementation in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation through increasing oxidative metabolism. It may also promote myelination, cellular metabolism, and energy storage.
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Bationo JF, Zeba AN, Abbeddou S, Coulibaly ND, Sombier OO, Sheftel J, Bassole IHN, Barro N, Ouedraogo JB, Tanumihardjo SA. Serum Carotenoids Reveal Poor Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Burkina Faso. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1422. [PMID: 30287727 PMCID: PMC6213241 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of fruits and vegetables are well-documented. Those rich in provitamin A carotenoids are good sources of vitamin A. This cross-sectional study indirectly assessed fruit and vegetable intakes using serum carotenoids in 193 schoolchildren aged 7 to 12 years in the Western part of Burkina Faso. The mean total serum carotenoid concentration was 0.23 ± 0.29 µmol/L, which included α- and β-carotene, lutein, and β-cryptoxanthin, and determined with serum retinol concentrations in a single analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. Serum retinol concentration was 0.80 ± 0.35 µmol/L with 46% of children (n = 88) having low values <0.7 µmol/L. Total serum carotene (the sum of α- and β-carotene) concentration was 0.13 ± 0.24 µmol/L, well below the reference range of 0.9⁻3.7 µmol carotene/L used to assess habitual intake of fruits and vegetables. Individual carotenoid concentrations were determined for α-carotene (0.01 ± 0.05 µmol/L), β-carotene (0.17 ± 0.24 µmol/L), β-cryptoxanthin (0.07 ± 0.06 µmol/L), and lutein (0.06 ± 0.05 µmol/L). These results confirm the previously measured high prevalence of low serum vitamin A concentrations and adds information about low serum carotenoids among schoolchildren suggesting that they have low intakes of provitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustin N Zeba
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Nadine D Coulibaly
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Olivier O Sombier
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nutritional Sciences Department; Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Nicolas Barro
- Université Ouaga 1 Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean Bosco Ouedraogo
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nutritional Sciences Department; Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Protzko J. Raising IQ among school-aged children: Five meta-analyses and a review of randomized controlled trials. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Mitra-Ganguli T, Kalita S, Bhushan S, Stough C, Kean J, Wang N, Sethi V, Khadilkar A. A Randomized, Double-Blind Study Assessing Changes in Cognitive Function in Indian School Children Receiving a Combination of Bacopa monnieri and Micronutrient Supplementation vs. Placebo. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:678. [PMID: 29204115 PMCID: PMC5699204 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated a chronic cognitive enhancing effect of Bacopa monnieri across different ages and cognitive impairment associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies in children. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 4-month supplementation with a combination of B. monnieri extract and multiple micronutrients on cognitive functions in Indian school children aged 7–12 years. This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, single-center study in which 300 children were randomized to receive a beverage either fortified with B. monnieri and multiple micronutrients (“fortified”) or a non-fortified isocaloric equivalent (“control”) twice-daily for 4 months. Cognitive function was assessed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Test Battery (CANTAB) administered at baseline, Day 60 and Day 121. The primary endpoint was change in short-term memory (working memory) from baseline in subjects receiving “fortified” vs. “control” beverages after 4 months. Secondary endpoints included sustained attention, episodic memory, and executive function. The “fortified” beverage did not significantly improve short-term memory or any of the secondary outcomes tested relative to the “control” beverage. However, the spatial working memory “strategy” score showed significant improvement on Day 60 (difference between groups in change from baseline: −0.55; p < 0.05), but not on Day 121 due to the active intervention. Study products were well-tolerated. Reasons for these unexpected findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Con Stough
- Swinburne Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Victoria, BC, Australia
| | - James Kean
- Swinburne Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Victoria, BC, Australia
| | - Nan Wang
- GSK Research and Development Centre, Haryana, India
| | - Vidhu Sethi
- GSK Research and Development Centre, Haryana, India
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- Jehangir Clinical Development Centre Pvt. Ltd., Jehangir Hospital Premises, Maharashtra, India
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Lam LF, Lawlis TR. Feeding the brain – The effects of micronutrient interventions on cognitive performance among school-aged children: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:1007-1014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mackay DF, Smith GCS, Cooper SA, Wood R, King A, Clark DN, Pell JP. Month of Conception and Learning Disabilities: A Record-Linkage Study of 801,592 Children. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:485-493. [PMID: 27651381 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning disabilities have profound, long-lasting health sequelae. Affected children born over the course of 1 year in the United States of America generated an estimated lifetime cost of $51.2 billion. Results from some studies have suggested that autistic spectrum disorder may vary by season of birth, but there have been few studies in which investigators examined whether this is also true of other causes of learning disabilities. We undertook Scotland-wide record linkage of education (annual pupil census) and maternity (Scottish Morbidity Record 02) databases for 801,592 singleton children attending Scottish schools in 2006-2011. We modeled monthly rates using principal sine and cosine transformations of the month number and demonstrated cyclicity in the percentage of children with special educational needs. Rates were highest among children conceived in the first quarter of the year (January-March) and lowest among those conceived in the third (July-September) (8.9% vs 7.6%; P < 0.001). Seasonal variations were specific to autistic spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, and learning difficulties (e.g., dyslexia) and were absent for sensory or motor/physical impairments and mental, physical, or communication problems. Seasonality accounted for 11.4% (95% confidence interval: 9.0, 13.7) of all cases. Some biologically plausible causes of this variation, such as infection and maternal vitamin D levels, are potentially amendable to intervention.
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The Effects of Nutrition Awareness and Knowledge on Health Habits and Performance Among Pharmacy Students in Egypt. J Community Health 2016; 42:213-220. [PMID: 27613737 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-016-0245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of pharmacy students to assess the relation between nutritional knowledge and awareness of university students and their nutrition habits and health related performance and indicators. The students were subjected to a questionnaire designed to approach four health related topics including nutrition literacy, health awareness, nutritional habits and health related performance. Answers on each topic were collected and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5 software including a measure of gender differences and correlative studies. No significant difference between genders in the overall responses but discrepancies in certain questions were observed. Female students showed higher awareness of nutrition concepts and practices but poor implementation from their side was observed. The study revealed that a positive and significant correlation existed between health related performance and nutrition literacy (r = 0.32). Healthier eating habits and lifestyle were associated more with nutrition conscious students (r = 0.73) than knowledgeable students (r = 0.56). It was concluded that knowledge alone is not enough to stimulate individuals to practice healthy habits. Other implementations are required to raise awareness of the issues at hand.
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Adams MS, Adams RB, Wessman CA, Demmig-Adams B. Nutritional Cues Tie Living Organisms to Their Environment and Its Sustainability. Front Nutr 2016; 3:28. [PMID: 27570764 PMCID: PMC4981599 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We connect modern, intensive agriculture's role in environmental degradation to its role in producing nutritionally unbalanced foods, and delineate specific approaches to reduce agriculture's environmental impact, while producing healthful foods. We call attention to recently discovered genetic programs used by all living organisms to respond to their environment, and present a model of how these programs change body composition and function (of humans and their crop plants and livestock alike) in response to environmental cues. We propose that production of nutritionally balanced crops and livestock requires careful consideration of how these plants and animals are grown; the composition of plant food is modulated by growing conditions, body composition of livestock reflects their feed; composition and function of human body and brain are strongly affected by how food plants and animals are produced. We selected four nutritional features not only involved in (i) governing human health by modulating these genetic programs, but (ii) also affected by agricultural practices. These nutritional features are fat composition (especially saturated fat and the ratio of polyunsaturated omega-6 oils to omega-3 oils), carbohydrate composition (especially the proportion of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index, such as sugars and quick-burning starches) and the level of antioxidant micronutrients. We not only outline threats to human health presented by the current environment, but also potential gains in quality-of-life in a future environment designed to optimize human wellness using insights into the gene-programing effect of diet- and other lifestyle-related factors. These gains could extend beyond optimal human physical and mental health to gains in workforce productivity. The same changes in agricultural practices required to achieve these gains in human health are also needed to support environmental health and sustainable food production. The resulting vision of optimal human health and environmental health, supported by sustainable practices, is intended as an inspiring image of what sustainability has to offer to individuals and society. Our goal is to provide a transparent overview and illustrations intelligible not only to non-experts in each of the other respective areas involved but also to policy makers and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Adams
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert B. Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carol A. Wessman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Sacheck JM, Van Rompay MI, Olson EM, Chomitz VR, Goodman E, Gordon CM, Eliasziw M, Holick MF, Economos CD. Recruitment and retention of urban schoolchildren into a randomized double-blind vitamin D supplementation trial. Clin Trials 2014; 12:45-53. [PMID: 25349179 DOI: 10.1177/1740774514556551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While rarely used for supplementation trials in the United States, schools present a practical alternative to a clinical setting. PURPOSE We describe the successful recruitment and retention of urban schoolchildren into a 6-month randomized, double-blind vitamin D3 supplementation trial. METHODS Boston-area urban schoolchildren, aged 8-15 years, were recruited in 2011-2012 through classroom and auditorium presentations. Informed consent forms in five languages were sent home to parents. Retention methods included regular telephone calls and gift cards for completed study visits. RESULTS In total, 691 schoolchildren enrolled. Their mean (standard deviation) age was 11.7 (1.4) years; 59% were racial/ethnic minorities and 68% qualified for free or reduced-price school meals. Multi-level, culturally sensitive, creative approaches contributed to success in recruitment and retention. Of 691 participants, 81% completed the 6-month intervention period. Reasons for attrition included missed appointments and fear of a blood draw. More children from households with higher incomes were retained than those from households with lower incomes (85% vs 79%, respectively, P = 0.04). LIMITATIONS The need for three fasting blood draws over the 6-month supplementation period was a limiting factor in the recruitment and retention of children in this study. CONCLUSION Recruitment of urban children into a school-based randomized controlled trial represents a feasible approach for a supplementation study. Particular attention to children of lower socioeconomic status may enhance participation and retention when conducting intervention studies among diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sacheck
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Van Rompay
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Olson
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Virginia R Chomitz
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goodman
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Gordon
- Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and Endocrinology, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Misha Eliasziw
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Christina D Economos
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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The effects of theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on fluid intelligence. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:322-31. [PMID: 24998643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore the influence of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on resting brain activity and on measures of fluid intelligence. Theta tACS was applied to the left parietal and left frontal brain areas of healthy participants after which resting electroencephalogram (EEG) data was recorded. Following sham/active stimulation, the participants solved two tests of fluid intelligence while their EEG was recorded. The results showed that active theta tACS affected spectral power in theta and alpha frequency bands. In addition, active theta tACS improved performance on tests of fluid intelligence. This influence was more pronounced in the group of participants that received stimulation to the left parietal area than in the group of participants that received stimulation to the left frontal area. Left parietal tACS increased performance on the difficult test items of both tests (RAPM and PF&C) whereas left frontal tACS increased performance only on the easy test items of one test (RAPM). The observed behavioral tACS influences were also accompanied by changes in neuroelectric activity. The behavioral and neuroelectric data tentatively support the P-FIT neurobiological model of intelligence.
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Dietary patterns and cognitive ability among 12- to 13 year-old adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. Public Health Nutr 2014; 18:303-12. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980014000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to identify dietary patterns and determine the relationship between dietary patterns and cognitive ability among 12- to 13 year-old Malay adolescents in the urban areas of Gombak district in Selangor, Malaysia.DesignData on sociodemographic background were obtained from parents. Height and weight were measured and BMI-for-age was determined. Adolescents were interviewed on their habitual dietary intakes using a semi-quantitative FFQ. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability in a one-to-one manner. Dietary patterns were constructed using principal component analysis based on thirty-eight food groups of the semi-quantitative FFQ.SettingUrban secondary public schools in the district of Gombak in Selangor, Malaysia.SubjectsMalay adolescents aged 12 to 13 years (n 416).ResultsThe mean general cognitive ability score was 101·8 (sd 12·4). Four major dietary patterns were identified and labelled as ‘refined-grain pattern’, ‘snack-food pattern’, ‘plant-based food pattern’ and ‘high-energy food pattern’. These dietary patterns explained 39·1 % of the variance in the habitual dietary intakes of the adolescents. The refined-grain pattern was negatively associated with processing speed, which is a construct of general cognitive ability. The high-energy food pattern was negatively associated with general cognitive ability, perceptual reasoning and processing speed. Monthly household income and parents’ educational attainment were positively associated with all of the cognitive measures. In multivariate analysis, only the high-energy food pattern was found to contribute significantly towards general cognitive ability after controlling for socio-economic status.ConclusionsConsumption of foods in the high-energy food pattern contributed towards general cognitive ability after controlling for socio-economic status. However, the contribution was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Shenkin
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Liverpool; UK
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22
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Skórka A, Gieruszczak-Białek D, Pieścik M, Szajewska H. Effects of prenatal and/or postnatal (maternal and/or child) folic acid supplementation on the mental performance of children. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:959-64. [PMID: 22823344 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.515042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that a deficiency in folic acid during early, critical central nervous system development may result in persistent cognitive and behavioral effects. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence regarding whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and early life influences mental performance outcomes in children. The following electronic databases were searched through December 2009 for studies relevant to mental performance and folic acid: MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library; additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Of 8 RCTs identified, only 2 met the inclusion criteria. Both studies involved periconceptional, multivitamin-containing, folic acid supplementation. Evidence from these 2 RCTs suggests that such supplementation does not affect the postnatal mental development of infants at a mean age of 11 mo, the developmental quotient (DQ) at 2 y of age, or the intelligence quotient (IQ) and Goodenough man drawing test quotient (DrQ) at 6 y of age. We conclude that the use of multivitamin-containing folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with no benefit to the mental performance of children. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the very limited number of studies included in this systemic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Skórka
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Frensham LJ, Bryan J, Parletta N. Influences of micronutrient and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cognition, learning, and behavior: methodological considerations and implications for children and adolescents in developed societies. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:594-610. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W. Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr 2011. [PMID: 22151477 DOI: 10.1186/1471–2431–11–111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin/mineral supplements are among the most commonly used treatments for autism, but the research on their use for treating autism has been limited. METHOD This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled three month vitamin/mineral treatment study. The study involved 141 children and adults with autism, and pre and post symptoms of autism were assessed. None of the participants had taken a vitamin/mineral supplement in the two months prior to the start of the study. For a subset of the participants (53 children ages 5-16) pre and post measurements of nutritional and metabolic status were also conducted. RESULTS The vitamin/mineral supplement was generally well-tolerated, and individually titrated to optimum benefit. Levels of many vitamins, minerals, and biomarkers improved/increased showing good compliance and absorption. Statistically significant improvements in metabolic status were many including: total sulfate (+17%, p = 0.001), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; +6%, p = 0.003), reduced glutathione (+17%, p = 0.0008), ratio of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH; -27%, p = 0.002), nitrotyrosine (-29%, p = 0.004), ATP (+25%, p = 0.000001), NADH (+28%, p = 0.0002), and NADPH (+30%, p = 0.001). Most of these metabolic biomarkers improved to normal or near-normal levels.The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than the placebo group on the Parental Global Impressions-Revised (PGI-R, Average Change, p = 0.008), and on the subscores for Hyperactivity (p = 0.003), Tantrumming (p = 0.009), Overall (p = 0.02), and Receptive Language (p = 0.03). For the other three assessment tools the difference between treatment group and placebo group was not statistically significant.Regression analysis revealed that the degree of improvement on the Average Change of the PGI-R was strongly associated with several biomarkers (adj. R2 = 0.61, p < 0.0005) with the initial levels of biotin and vitamin K being the most significant (p < 0.05); both biotin and vitamin K are made by beneficial intestinal flora. CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin/mineral supplementation is beneficial in improving the nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism, including improvements in methylation, glutathione, oxidative stress, sulfation, ATP, NADH, and NADPH. The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than did the placebo group on the PGI-R Average Change. This suggests that a vitamin/mineral supplement is a reasonable adjunct therapy to consider for most children and adults with autism. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01225198.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Adams
- Autism/Asperger's Research Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W. Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:111. [PMID: 22151477 PMCID: PMC3266205 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin/mineral supplements are among the most commonly used treatments for autism, but the research on their use for treating autism has been limited. METHOD This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled three month vitamin/mineral treatment study. The study involved 141 children and adults with autism, and pre and post symptoms of autism were assessed. None of the participants had taken a vitamin/mineral supplement in the two months prior to the start of the study. For a subset of the participants (53 children ages 5-16) pre and post measurements of nutritional and metabolic status were also conducted. RESULTS The vitamin/mineral supplement was generally well-tolerated, and individually titrated to optimum benefit. Levels of many vitamins, minerals, and biomarkers improved/increased showing good compliance and absorption. Statistically significant improvements in metabolic status were many including: total sulfate (+17%, p = 0.001), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; +6%, p = 0.003), reduced glutathione (+17%, p = 0.0008), ratio of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH; -27%, p = 0.002), nitrotyrosine (-29%, p = 0.004), ATP (+25%, p = 0.000001), NADH (+28%, p = 0.0002), and NADPH (+30%, p = 0.001). Most of these metabolic biomarkers improved to normal or near-normal levels.The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than the placebo group on the Parental Global Impressions-Revised (PGI-R, Average Change, p = 0.008), and on the subscores for Hyperactivity (p = 0.003), Tantrumming (p = 0.009), Overall (p = 0.02), and Receptive Language (p = 0.03). For the other three assessment tools the difference between treatment group and placebo group was not statistically significant.Regression analysis revealed that the degree of improvement on the Average Change of the PGI-R was strongly associated with several biomarkers (adj. R2 = 0.61, p < 0.0005) with the initial levels of biotin and vitamin K being the most significant (p < 0.05); both biotin and vitamin K are made by beneficial intestinal flora. CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin/mineral supplementation is beneficial in improving the nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism, including improvements in methylation, glutathione, oxidative stress, sulfation, ATP, NADH, and NADPH. The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than did the placebo group on the PGI-R Average Change. This suggests that a vitamin/mineral supplement is a reasonable adjunct therapy to consider for most children and adults with autism. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01225198.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Adams
- Autism/Asperger's Research Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Refined carbohydrate intake in relation to non-verbal intelligence among Tehrani schoolchildren. Public Health Nutr 2011; 15:1925-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011003302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveNutrition has long been considered one of the most important environmental factors affecting human intelligence. Although carbohydrates are the most widely studied nutrient for their possible effects on cognition, limited data are available linking usual refined carbohydrate intake and intelligence. The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between long-term refined carbohydrate intake and non-verbal intelligence among schoolchildren.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTehran, Iran.SubjectsIn this cross-sectional study, 245 students aged 6–7 years were selected from 129 elementary schools in two western regions of Tehran. Anthropometric measurements were carried out. Non-verbal intelligence and refined carbohydrate consumption were determined using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices test and a modified sixty-seven-item FFQ, respectively. Data about potential confounding variables were collected. Linear regression analysis was applied to examine the relationship between non-verbal intelligence scores and refined carbohydrate consumption.ResultsIndividuals in top tertile of refined carbohydrate intake had lower mean non-verbal intelligence scores in the crude model (P < 0·038). This association remained significant after controlling for age, gender, birth date, birth order and breast-feeding pattern (P = 0·045). However, further adjustments for mother's age, mother's education, father's education, parental occupation and BMI made the association statistically non-significant. We found a significant inverse association between refined carbohydrate consumption and non-verbal intelligence scores in regression models (β = −11·359, P < 0·001). This relationship remained significant in multivariate analysis after controlling for potential confounders (β = −8·495, P = 0·038).ConclusionsThe study provides evidence indicating an inverse relationship between refined carbohydrate consumption and non-verbal intelligence among Tehrani children aged 6–7 years. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W. Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:34. [PMID: 21651783 PMCID: PMC3135510 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between relative metabolic disturbances and developmental disorders is an emerging research focus. This study compares the nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism with that of neurotypical children and investigates the possible association of autism severity with biomarkers. Method Participants were children ages 5-16 years in Arizona with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (n = 55) compared with non-sibling, neurotypical controls (n = 44) of similar age, gender and geographical distribution. Neither group had taken any vitamin/mineral supplements in the two months prior to sample collection. Autism severity was assessed using the Pervasive Development Disorder Behavior Inventory (PDD-BI), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), and Severity of Autism Scale (SAS). Study measurements included: vitamins, biomarkers of vitamin status, minerals, plasma amino acids, plasma glutathione, and biomarkers of oxidative stress, methylation, sulfation and energy production. Results Biomarkers of children with autism compared to those of controls using a t-test or Wilcoxon test found the following statistically significant differences (p < 0.001): Low levels of biotin, plasma glutathione, RBC SAM, plasma uridine, plasma ATP, RBC NADH, RBC NADPH, plasma sulfate (free and total), and plasma tryptophan; also high levels of oxidative stress markers and plasma glutamate. Levels of biomarkers for the neurotypical controls were in good agreement with accessed published reference ranges. In the Autism group, mean levels of vitamins, minerals, and most amino acids commonly measured in clinical care were within published reference ranges. A stepwise, multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated significant associations between several groups of biomarkers with all three autism severity scales, including vitamins (adjusted R2 of 0.25-0.57), minerals (adj. R2 of 0.22-0.38), and plasma amino acids (adj. R2 of 0.22-0.39). Conclusion The autism group had many statistically significant differences in their nutritional and metabolic status, including biomarkers indicative of vitamin insufficiency, increased oxidative stress, reduced capacity for energy transport, sulfation and detoxification. Several of the biomarker groups were significantly associated with variations in the severity of autism. These nutritional and metabolic differences are generally in agreement with other published results and are likely amenable to nutritional supplementation. Research investigating treatment and its relationship to the co-morbidities and etiology of autism is warranted.
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Stough C, Camfield D, Kure C, Tarasuik J, Downey L, Lloyd J, Zangara A, Scholey A, Reynolds J. Improving general intelligence with a nutrient-based pharmacological intervention. INTELLIGENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nordstrom BR, Gao Y, Glenn AL, Peskin M, Rudo-Hutt AS, Schug RA, Yang Y, Raine A. Neurocriminology. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2011; 75:255-83. [PMID: 22078483 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380858-5.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades there has been an explosion of research into the biological correlates to antisocial behavior. This chapter reviews the state of current research on the topic, including a review of the genetics, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological studies in delinquent and antisocial populations. Special attention is paid to the biopsychosocial model and gene-environment interactions in producing antisocial behavior.
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Perlman AI, Worobey J, O'Sullivan Maillet J, Touger-Decker R, Hom DL, Smith JK. Multivitamin/Mineral supplementation does not affect standardized assessment of academic performance in elementary school children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:1089-93. [PMID: 20630168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Limited research suggests that micronutrient supplementation may have a positive effect on the academic performance and behavior of school-aged children. To determine the effect of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on academic performance, students in grades three through six (approximate age range=8 to 12 years old) were recruited from 37 parochial schools in northern New Jersey to participate in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted during the 2004-2005 academic school year. Participants were randomized to receive either a standard children's multivitamin/mineral supplement (MVM) or a placebo. MVM or placebo was administered in school only during lunch or snack period by a teacher or study personnel who were blinded to group assignment. The main outcome measured was change in scores on Terra Nova, a standardized achievement test administered by the State of New Jersey, at the beginning of March 2005 compared to March 2004. Compared with placebo, participants receiving MVM supplements showed no statistically significant improvement for Terra Nova National Percentile total scores by treatment assignment or for any of the subject area scores using repeated measures analysis of variance. No significant improvements were observed in secondary end points: number of days absent from school, tardiness, or grade point average. In conclusion, the in-school daily consumption of an MVM supplement by third- through sixth-grade inner-city children did not lead to improved school performance based upon standardized testing, grade point average, and absenteeism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Perlman
- Department of Primary Care, University of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Health Related Professions, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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Eilander A, Gera T, Sachdev HS, Transler C, van der Knaap HC, Kok FJ, Osendarp SJ. Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:115-30. [PMID: 19889823 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although multiple micronutrient interventions have been shown to benefit children's intellectual development, a thorough evaluation of the totality of evidence is currently lacking to direct public health policy. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the present literature and to quantify the effect of multiple micronutrients on cognitive performance in schoolchildren. METHODS The Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge and local medical databases were searched for trials published from 1970 to 2008. Randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of > or =3 micronutrients compared with placebo on cognition in healthy children aged 0-18 y were included following protocol. Data were extracted by 2 independent researchers. The cognitive tests used in the trials were grouped into several cognitive domains (eg, fluid and crystallized intelligence), and pooled effect size estimates were calculated per domain. Heterogeneity was explored through sensitivity and meta-regression techniques. RESULTS Three trials were retrieved in children aged <5 y, and 17 trials were retrieved in children aged 5-16 y. For the older children, pooled random-effect estimates for intervention were 0.14 SD (95% CI: -0.02, 0.29; P = 0.083) for fluid intelligence and -0.03 SD (95% CI: -0.21, 0.15; P = 0.74) for crystallized intelligence, both of which were based on 12 trials. Four trials yielded an overall effect of 0.30 SD (95% CI: 0.01, 0.58; P = 0.044) for academic performance. For other cognitive domains, no significant effects were found. CONCLUSIONS Multiple micronutrient supplementation may be associated with a marginal increase in fluid intelligence and academic performance in healthy schoolchildren but not with crystallized intelligence. More research is required, however, before public health recommendations can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Eilander
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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Tupe RP, Chiplonkar SA. Zinc Supplementation Improved Cognitive Performance and Taste Acuity in Indian Adolescent Girls. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28:388-96. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10718101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lynn R. What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Development Quotients of infants. INTELLIGENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A systematic review of the effect of dietary exposure that could be achieved through normal dietary intake on learning and performance of school-aged children of relevance to UK schools. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:927-36. [PMID: 18377677 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508957998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to perform a systematic in-depth review of the best evidence from controlled trial studies that have investigated the effects of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education and performance in school-aged children (4-18 years) from the UK and other developed countries. The twenty-nine studies identified for the review examined the effects of breakfast consumption, sugar intake, fish oil and vitamin supplementation and 'good diets'. In summary, the studies included in the present review suggest there is insufficient evidence to identify any effect of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education or performance of school-aged children from the developed world. However, there is emerging evidence for the effects of certain fatty acids which appear to be a function of dose and time. Further research is required in settings of relevance to the UK and must be of high quality, representative of all populations, undertaken for longer durations and use universal validated measures of educational attainment. However, challenges in terms of interpreting the results of such studies within the context of factors such as family and community context, poverty, disease and the rate of individual maturation and neurodevelopment will remain. Whilst the importance of diet in educational attainment remains under investigation, the evidence for promotion of lower-fat, -salt and -sugar diets, high in fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates, as well as promotion of physical activity remains unequivocal in terms of health outcomes for all schoolchildren.
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Association between Unhealthful Eating Patterns and Unfavorable Overall School Performance in Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1935-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Any theory of autism's etiology must take into account its strong genetic basis while explaining its striking epidemiology. The apparent increase in the prevalence of autism over the last 20 years corresponds with increasing medical advice to avoid the sun, advice that has probably lowered vitamin D levels and would theoretically greatly lower activated vitamin D (calcitriol) levels in developing brains. Animal data has repeatedly shown that severe vitamin D deficiency during gestation dysregulates dozens of proteins involved in brain development and leads to rat pups with increased brain size and enlarged ventricles, abnormalities similar to those found in autistic children. Children with the Williams Syndrome, who can have greatly elevated calcitriol levels in early infancy, usually have phenotypes that are the opposite of autism. Children with vitamin D deficient rickets have several autistic markers that apparently disappear with high-dose vitamin D treatment. Estrogen and testosterone have very different effects on calcitriol's metabolism, differences that may explain the striking male/female sex ratios in autism. Calcitriol down-regulates production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain, cytokines that have been associated with autism. Consumption of vitamin D containing fish during pregnancy reduces autistic symptoms in offspring. Autism is more common in areas of impaired UVB penetration such as poleward latitudes, urban areas, areas with high air pollution, and areas of high precipitation. Autism is more common in dark-skinned persons and severe maternal vitamin D deficiency is exceptionally common the dark-skinned. CONCLUSION simple Gaussian distributions of the enzyme that activates neural calcitriol combined with widespread gestational and/or early childhood vitamin D deficiency may explain both the genetics and epidemiology of autism. If so, much of the disease is iatrogenic, brought on by medical advice to avoid the sun. Several types of studies could easily test the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jacob Cannell
- Atascadero State Hospital, Psychiatry, 10333 El Camino Real, Atascadero, CA 93423, United States.
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McCann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:931-45. [PMID: 17413089 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review, intended for a broad scientific readership, summarizes evidence relevant to whether a causal relation exists between dietary iron deficiency with (ID+A) or without (ID-A) anemia during development and deficits in subsequent cognitive or behavioral performance. An overview of expert opinion and major evidence in humans and animals is provided. Cognitive and behavioral effects observed in humans with ID-A and in animals with ID+/-A are provided in tables. The degree to which 5 conditions of causality are satisfied and whether deleterious effects of ID-A might be expected to occur are discussed. On the basis of the existing literature, our major conclusions are as follows. Although most of the 5 conditions of causality (association, plausible biological mechanisms, dose response, ability to manipulate the effect, and specificity of cause and effect) are partially satisfied in humans, animals, or both, a causal connection has not been clearly established. In animals, deficits in motor activity are consistently associated with severe ID+A, but adverse effects on performance in tests that target cognitive function have not been clearly shown. Resistance to iron treatment was observed in most trials of children <2 y of age with ID+A, but not in older children. Similar observations were made in rodents when ID+A occurred before rather than after weaning. In children >2 y of age and in adolescents with ID-A, evidence suggests cognitive or behavioral deficits; however, the surprisingly small number of studies conducted in either humans or animals prevents a thorough assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.
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Ask AS, Hernes S, Aarek I, Johannessen G, Haugen M. Changes in dietary pattern in 15 year old adolescents following a 4 month dietary intervention with school breakfast--a pilot study. Nutr J 2006; 5:33. [PMID: 17150115 PMCID: PMC1713247 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies on impact of meals served in school have been published. However, implications of school meals are an actual issue of both public and political concern in several countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate if breakfast served in a lower secondary school could improve dietary habits and school performance among the students. METHODS All students in 10th grade in a lower secondary school, consisting of two school classes, were invited to participate in a controlled study. The students in one class were offered a free breakfast at the beginning of each school day for 4 months, while the students in the second class were controls. Both classes were educated in the importance of healthy eating, and a data program enabling them to evaluate dietary intake was introduced. The students answered two questionnaires, one on school performance and one short food frequency questionnaire, four weeks before study start and one week after. Body weight and height were measured by the school nurse at the beginning and end of the study. Because of few students in each group, non-parametrical statistic analyses were used. RESULTS All students in the intervention group had breakfast at school during the intervention. One week after the intervention the students in the class who received breakfast had returned to their normal breakfast pattern. In the control group the frequency of a lunch intake had increase, as compared to before study start (p < 0.01). An improved food pattern was seen among the male students in the intervention group, as measured by a healthy eating index after the intervention (p < 0.01). Body Mass Index increased statistically significant in both males and females in the control group (p < 0,01 for males and p < 0.05 for females), but not in the intervention group. Improvement in school performance following school breakfast was not found, but the males in the intervention group reported a significant increase in school contentment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In a lower secondary school class served breakfast for 4 months, dietary intake changed to a more healthy profile and weight gain was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Ask
- Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Margaretha Haugen
- Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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Gagné L. Should Everyone Take Supplements? Explore (NY) 2006; 2:162-5. [PMID: 16781631 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Arija V, Esparó G, Fernández-Ballart J, Murphy MM, Biarnés E, Canals J. Nutritional status and performance in test of verbal and non-verbal intelligence in 6 year old children. INTELLIGENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McGrath N, Bellinger D, Robins J, Msamanga GI, Tronick E, Fawzi WW. Effect of maternal multivitamin supplementation on the mental and psychomotor development of children who are born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Tanzania. Pediatrics 2006; 117:e216-25. [PMID: 16452331 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association between maternal multivitamin supplementation and the mental and psychomotor development of children who are born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Tanzania, as secondary endpoints in a randomized trial that investigated the effect of maternal multivitamin supplementation on HIV-1 vertical transmission and progression. METHODS The Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition, were administered at 6, 12, and 18 months of age to a subset of children (N = 327). We assessed the effect of vitamin A and multivitamin (vitamins B, C, and E) supplementation using linear regression models and Cox proportional hazard models for the Mental Development Index, the Psychomotor Development Index, and raw scores separately. RESULTS Multivitamin supplementation was associated significantly with a mean increase in Psychomotor Development Index score of 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 0.1-5.1). Multivitamins were also significantly protective against the risk for developmental delay on the motor scale (relative risk: 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.2-0.7) but not on the Mental Development Index. Vitamin A supplementation had no significant effect on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal multivitamin supplements provide a low-cost intervention to reduce the risk for developmental delays among infants who are born to HIV-positive mothers in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala McGrath
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sivakumar B, Nair KM, Sreeramulu D, Suryanarayana P, Ravinder P, Shatrugna V, Kumar PA, Raghunath M, Rao VV, Balakrishna N, Kumar PU, Raghuramulu N. Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: biochemical status. Nutrition 2006; 22:S15-25. [PMID: 16426959 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of a daily intake of a micronutrient-fortified beverage for 14 mo on indicators of biochemical status of important micronutrients in schoolchildren. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, matched-pair, cluster, randomization study design was used. Biochemical indicators of micronutrient status were evaluated at baseline and at the end of 14 mo on a subsample in nine matched pairs. Prevalence (percentage) of subclinical deficiency, mean, and mean increments of each indicator were compared between supplemented and placebo groups. RESULTS Extent of inadequacy at baseline was more or less 100% for folic acid, 65% for vitamins B2 and B6, and 55% for vitamins C and A. Prevalence of anemia among subjects was 55%, with inadequacy of vitamin B12 being 40% and that of vitamin D being 30%. No subject had inadequacy of iodine based on urinary iodine. Supplementation of a micronutrient-enriched beverage for 14 mo significantly improved the status of many of the nutrients. The effect was significant with respect to vitamins A, B2, and B12, folic acid, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in children who received the supplement compared with those who received only placebo. Hemoglobin status improved only in children who had anemia in the supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of multiple subclinical micronutrient deficiencies are high in middle-income Indian school children. Daily consumption of a micronutrient-enriched beverage had positive effects that were confined to those nutrients that were inadequate at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battiprolu Sivakumar
- Division of Biophysics, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India.
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McCann JC, Hudes M, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relationship between dietary availability of choline during development and cognitive function in offspring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30:696-712. [PMID: 16504295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review is part of a series intended for non-specialists that will provide an overview of evidence for causal relationships between micronutrient deficiencies and brain function. Here, we review 34 studies in rodents linking the availability of choline during gestation and perinatal development to neurological function or performance of offspring in cognitive and behavioral tests. Experimental designs, major results, and statistical criteria are summarized in Tables 1-4. Based on our reading of the literature, the evidence suggests that choline supplementation during development results in improved performance of offspring in cognitive or behavioral tests, and in changes in a variety of neurological functional indicators: (1) enhanced performance was observed, particularly on more difficult tasks; (2) increases (choline supplementation) or decreases (choline deficiency) were observed in electrophysiological responsiveness and size of neurons in offspring; and (3) supplementation resulted in some protection against adverse effects of several neurotoxic agents (including alcohol) in offspring. Discussion topics include methodological issues, such as the importance of independent replication, causal criteria, and uncertainties in interpreting test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609-1673, USA.
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Abstract
Education is one of the most important aspects of human resource development. Poor school performance not only results in the child having a low self-esteem, but also causes significant stress to the parents. There are many reasons for children to under perform at school, such as, medical problems, below average intelligence, specific learning disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, emotional problems, poor socio-cultural home environment, psychiatric disorders and even environmental causes. The information provided by the parents, classroom teacher and school counselor about the child's academic difficulties guides the pediatrician to form an initial diagnosis. However, a multidisciplinary evaluation by an ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, counselor, clinical psychologist, special educator, and child psychiatrist is usually necessary before making the final diagnosis. It is important to find the reason(s) for a child's poor school performance and come up with a treatment plan early so that the child can perform up to full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Karande
- Learning Disability Clinic, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India.
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McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/82.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA (JCM and BNA)
| | - Bruce N Ames
- From the Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA (JCM and BNA)
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Dani J, Burrill C, Demmig‐Adams B. The remarkable role of nutrition in learning and behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1108/00346650510605658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:281-95. [PMID: 16087970 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is part of a series intended for nonspecialists that will summarize evidence relevant to the question of whether causal relations exist between micronutrient deficiencies and brain function. Here, we focus on experiments that used cognitive or behavioral tests as outcome measures in experimental designs that were known to or were likely to result in altered brain concentrations of the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during the perinatal period of "brain growth spurt." Experimental designs reviewed include observational breastfeeding studies and randomized controlled trials in humans and studies in rodents and nonhuman primates. This review is based on a large number of expert reviews and commentaries and on some 50 recent studies in humans and animals that have not yet been included in published reviews. Expert opinion regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the major experimental systems and uncertainties associated with interpreting results is summarized. On the basis of our reading of this literature, we conclude that evidence from several types of studies, particularly studies in animals, suggests that, within the context of specific experimental designs, changes in brain concentrations of DHA are positively associated with changes in cognitive or behavioral performance. Additional experimental information required to conclude that a causal association exists is discussed, as are uncertainties associated with applying results from specific experimental designs to the question of whether infant formula should be supplemented with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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Adams JB, Holloway C. Pilot Study of a Moderate Dose Multivitamin/Mineral Supplement for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10:1033-9. [PMID: 15673999 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of a moderate dose multivitamin/mineral supplement on children with autistic spectrum disorder. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-month study. SUBJECTS Twenty (20) children with autistic spectrum disorder, ages 3-8 years. RESULTS A Global Impressions parental questionnaire found that the supplement group reported statistically significant improvements in sleep and gastrointestinal problems compared to the placebo group. An evaluation of vitamin B(6) levels prior to the study found that the autistic children had substantially elevated levels of B6 compared to a control group of typical children (75% higher, p < 0.0000001). Vitamin C levels were measured at the end of the study, and the placebo group had levels that were significantly below average for typical children, whereas the supplement group had near-average levels. DISCUSSION The finding of high vitamin B(6) levels is consistent with recent reports of low levels of pyridoxal-5-phosphate and low activity of pyridoxal kinase (i.e., pyridoxal is only poorly converted to pyridoxal-5-phosphate, the enzymatically active form). This may explain the functional need for high-dose vitamin B(6) supplementation in many children and adults with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Adams
- Arizona State University, PO Box 876006, Tempe, AZ 85287-6006, USA.
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