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Thoen A, Alaerts K, Prinsen J, Steyaert J, Van Damme T. The Physiological and Clinical-Behavioral Effects of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Adolescents with Autism: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:419-438. [PMID: 38491260 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-024-09638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Adolescents with autism present lower levels of cardiac vagal modulation. It was hypothesized that Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRVB) increases cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with autism, resulting in positive effects on physiological and psychosocial parameters. It was also hypothesized that home-based HRVB training is feasible. In a single-blind, randomized sham-controlled pilot trial, adolescents with autism performed supervised HRVB (n = 24) or sham training (n = 20). Subsequently, half of the adolescents received HRVB training at home, whereas the other subset did not practice. Physiological, cortisol and behavioral data were collected during stress-provoking assessments before and after each training period. Supervised HRVB resulted in a late increase in cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with autism. Heart rate increased and cortisol decreased significantly immediately after supervised HRVB, but none of these effects remained after follow-up. Following supervised HRVB, no significant change in psychosocial functioning was found. Home-based HRVB was feasible, adolescents reported lower symptoms of stress, but a significant decrease in compliance rate was found. HRVB is feasible and effective in adolescents with autism given the late-emerging increases in cardiac vagal modulation and decrease in stress symptoms. Replicating this study with a larger sample and further exploration of the working mechanisms of HRVB are recommended. ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04628715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka Thoen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Adapted Physical Activity and Psychomotor Rehabilitation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - box 1510, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Kaat Alaerts
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 - box 1501, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jellina Prinsen
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 - box 1501, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jean Steyaert
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Child Psychiatry, UPC KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group of Developmental Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7h - box 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Adapted Physical Activity and Psychomotor Rehabilitation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - box 1510, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Child Psychiatry, UPC KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Xu X, Ma X, Ni H, Wang H, Wang T, Liu C, Song X, Dong GH. Mindfulness Meditation Training Reduces Gaming Cravings by Reshaping the Functional Connectivity Between the Default Mode Network and Executive Control-Related Brain Regions. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:827-836. [PMID: 38692393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet gaming disorder (IGD) can lead to psychological problems and cause behavioral problems in individuals. Traditional interventions have been ineffective in treating IGD. Meanwhile, mindfulness meditation (MM) is an emerging method that has proven to be effective for treating psychiatric disorders. In this study, MM was used to intervene in IGD and to explore its neural mechanism. METHODS Eighty participants were recruited through advertisements. Eventually, 61 completed the 1-month training (MM group, n = 31; progressive muscle relaxation [PMR] group, n = 30), including a pretest, 8 training sessions, and a posttest. Regional homogeneity and degree centrality were calculated, and the tests (pre- and post-) and group (MM and PMR) analysis of variance was performed. The overlapping results were obtained as region of interest for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Behavioral data and neurotransmitter availability maps were correlated with FC. RESULTS Compared with PMR, MM decreased the severity of addiction and game craving in IGD. Brain imaging results showed that the FC between and within the executive control and default mode networks/reward-related regions were enhanced. Significant negative correlations were observed between FC and dopamine receptor D2, dopamine transporter, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Significant positive correlations were observed between FCs and serotonin and aminobutyric acid receptors. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the effectiveness of MM in treating IGD. MM altered the default mode and enhanced top-down control over game cravings. These findings were revealed by the correlations between brain regions and behavioral and biochemical effects. The results show the neural mechanism of MM in reducing IGD and lay the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haosen Ni
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huabin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China; Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- NuanCun Mindful-living Mindfulness Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Song
- Center of Mindfulness, School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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Riis K, Samulski B, Neely KA, Laverdure P. Physical Activity for Anxiety for Autistic People: A Systematic Review. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06356-9. [PMID: 38755488 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Clinical anxiety is a common comorbidity in autistic people. Due to the prevalence of anxiety in the autism population and the adverse effects it causes, there is a critical need to develop effective interventions which address anxiety symptoms for autistic people. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of the use of physical activity as an intervention to reduce anxiety in autistic people. Three databases PubMed, PsychInfo, and Cochrane RCTs, were searched utilizing key terms. PRISMA systematic search procedures identified 44 studies meeting predetermined inclusion criteria. Participant characteristics, the type of physical activity performed, the nature of the physical activity program/delivery, anxiety-related outcomes, and research methodology was evaluated for each study. Each paper included was appraised and scored for risk of bias using Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions risk of bias tool. Titles and abstracts of 44 articles were reviewed and 8 articles met inclusion criteria which evaluated interventions. Evidence from 8 studies suggests that yoga, a community-based football program, an app-assisted walking program, group exercise programs, and horseback riding interventions reduced anxiety for autistic people. The studies included in this systematic review provide strong-to-moderate evidence that physical activity can reduce anxiety for autistic children and adults. However, additional research is needed to identify which mode of physical activity is most beneficial for anxiety reduction. Further, future research should evaluate frequency, duration, and intensity and their effects on anxiety for autistic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Riis
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA.
| | - Brittany Samulski
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Kristina A Neely
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Rd, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
| | - Patricia Laverdure
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Agius H, Luoto AK, Backman A, Eriksdotter C, Jayaram-Lindström N, Bölte S, Hirvikoski T. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for autistic adults: A feasibility study in an outpatient context. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:403-414. [PMID: 37190953 PMCID: PMC10851647 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231172809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autistic adults report high stress levels and difficulties dealing with everyday stressors. Mindfulness-based stress reduction groups aim to help regulate stress responses. We asked 50 autistic adults, without intellectual disability, to participate in a study of mindfulness-based stress reduction. The group program was made accessible through clear group leader communication and good program predictability, as well as reduced exposure to disturbing sensory stimuli. The mindfulness and yoga based exercises from the original mindfulness-based stress reduction program were included. The participants were positive and would even recommend an autistic friend to participate in a mindfulness-based stress reduction group. They reported that mindfulness-based stress reduction could lower symptoms of stress and improved stress coping. We still need to investigate these effects further in larger studies. The findings of this work show that mindfulness-based stress reduction groups can be adapted for autistic adults and that the participants overall were positive to the intervention and the group format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Agius
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Backman
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sven Bölte
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
- Curtin University, Australia
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Sweden
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Bhati M, Thakre S, Anjankar A. Nissl Granules, Axonal Regeneration, and Regenerative Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e47872. [PMID: 38022048 PMCID: PMC10681117 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nissl granules, traditionally recognized for their pivotal role in protein synthesis within neuronal cell bodies, are emerging as intriguing components with far-reaching implications in the realm of regenerative therapeutics. This abstract encapsulates the essence of a comprehensive review, exploring the nexus between Nissl granules, axonal regeneration, and their transformative applications in regenerative medicine. The molecular intricacies of Nissl granules form the foundation of this exploration, unraveling their dynamic role in orchestrating cellular responses, particularly in the context of axonal regeneration. As we delve into the interplay between Nissl granules and regenerative processes, this review highlights the diverse mechanisms through which these granules contribute to neuronal repair and recovery. Beyond their conventional association with neurobiology, recent advancements underscore the translational potential of Nissl granules as therapeutic agents. Insights into their involvement in enhancing axonal regeneration prompt a reconsideration of these granules as key players in the broader field of regenerative medicine. The abstract encapsulates evidence suggesting that modulating Nissl granule-related pathways holds promise for augmenting tissue regeneration, extending their applicability beyond the confines of the nervous system. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for medical professionals, researchers, and clinicians seeking to comprehend the multifaceted role of Nissl granules in regenerative therapeutics. By illuminating the intricate connections between Nissl granules, axonal regeneration, and therapeutic applications, this work aspires to catalyze further research and innovation, ultimately contributing to the evolution of regenerative strategies that harness the innate reparative capacities within cellular constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Bhati
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swedaj Thakre
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Ashish Anjankar
- Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Loftus T, Mathersul DC, Ooi M, Yau SH. The efficacy of mindfulness-based therapy for anxiety, social skills, and aggressive behaviors in children and young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1079471. [PMID: 36993931 PMCID: PMC10040538 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1079471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe purpose of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for improving anxiety, social skills, and aggressive behaviors in children and young people (CYP) with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); summarize the results across clinic, home, and school contexts; and evaluate the quality of these interventions for clinical practice.MethodsA search of the PsycINFO, Medline (Ovid), Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted in June 2021, and no date restrictions were applied. Inclusion criteria were quantitative or qualitative research implementing a mindfulness-based intervention for CYP aged 6–25 years with a diagnosis of ASD, Pervasive Development Disorder, or Asperger’s Syndrome.ResultsWe identified 23 articles for inclusion including within subject pre- and post-testing, multiple baselines, and randomized control trials, among other research designs. Of these, a quality analysis conducted using an ASD research-specific risk of bias tool found over half (14) were of weak methodological quality, whereas only four and five were found to be of strong and adequate quality, respectively.DiscussionWhile the results of this systematic review suggest promising evidence for the use of mindfulness-based interventions to improve anxiety, social skills, and aggressive behaviors in CYP with ASD, results should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations resulting from the overall weak quality of the studies.The review protocol was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021259125) and can be viewed at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=259125
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Affiliation(s)
- Tundi Loftus
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Tundi Loftus,
| | - Danielle C. Mathersul
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Ooi
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Shu H. Yau
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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How to Make the Unpredictable Foreseeable? Effective Forms of Assistance for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030407. [PMID: 36766512 PMCID: PMC9914931 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatology in patients with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is very heterogeneous. The symptoms they present include communication difficulties, behavior problems, upbringing problems from their parents, and comorbidities (e.g., epilepsy, intellectual disability). A predictable and stable environment and the continuity of therapeutic interactions are crucial in this population. The COVID-19 pandemic has created much concern, and the need for home isolation to limit the spread of the virus has disrupted the functioning routine of children/adolescents with ASD. Are there effective diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives to limit the consequences of disturbing the daily routine of young patients during the unpredictable times of the pandemic? Modern technology and telemedicine have come to the rescue. This narrative review aims to present a change in the impact profile in the era of isolation and assess the directions of changes that specialists may choose when dealing with patients with ASD.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Thool A. Asperger Syndrome (AS): A Review Article. Cureus 2022; 14:e31395. [PMID: 36514569 PMCID: PMC9742637 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) known as Asperger syndrome (AS) is characterized by severe issues with interpersonal, verbal, and nonverbal communication as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and activities. Although there is no known cause for ASD, various genetic as well as non-genetic risk factors that may act either alone or in combination to induce ASD have been identified. The occurrence of ASD has been increasing worldwide. Co-occurring neuropsychological diseases are frequently present as well. The premise for diagnosis is the observation of abnormal conduct, with diagnostic criteria emphasizing limitations in social interaction and communication as well as constrained, repetitive behavioral patterns, activities, or hobbies. The degree of the illness and the presence of intellectual impairment have a significant impact on the prognosis. Like autism, Asperger's can neither be prevented nor treated. There is no specific medical therapy that can effectively cure all of the symptoms of autism. However, medications may be used as adjuvant therapy for maladaptive behaviors and co-occurring mental problems. The treatment aims to reduce core impairments, increase functional ability, and reduce harmful behaviors that could limit functional skills. It is crucial to provide proper care, establish supportive networks for individuals who are affected and their families, and use effective therapies to enhance functioning and results.
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Kemeny B, Burk S, Hutchins D, Gramlich C. Therapeutic Riding or Mindfulness: Comparative Effectiveness of Two Recreational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 52:2438-2462. [PMID: 34131850 PMCID: PMC8204925 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic riding (THR) and HeartMath (HM) mindfulness-based interventions have promise for reducing stress in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. In three 10-week periods, this study compared THR, HM, and control on salivary cortisol, self-reported stress, parent-reported social responsiveness, and heart-rate variability. This crossover design included 27 participants (12-21 years) randomly assigned to order of intervention. Findings suggest that HM and THR manualized protocols are equally beneficial in decreasing cortisol levels immediately following a session, but HM sessions had more impact on heart-rate variability. There was no significant effect on follow-up cortisol levels within a week after either intervention, but THR had more impact on decreasing some self-reported stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Kemeny
- Department of Recreational Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 106 Patterson Hall, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA
| | - Steffanie Burk
- Department of Equine Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, USA
| | - Deborah Hutchins
- Department of Recreational Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 106 Patterson Hall, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA
| | - Courtney Gramlich
- Storm Harbor Equestrian Center, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, USA
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Zhang D, Lee EKP, Mak ECW, Ho CY, Wong SYS. Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review. Br Med Bull 2021; 138:41-57. [PMID: 33884400 PMCID: PMC8083197 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is an overall review on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). SOURCES OF DATA We identified studies in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, AMED, Web of Science and Google Scholar using keywords including 'mindfulness', 'meditation', and 'review', 'meta-analysis' or their variations. AREAS OF AGREEMENT MBIs are effective for improving many biopsychosocial conditions, including depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, addiction, psychosis, pain, hypertension, weight control, cancer-related symptoms and prosocial behaviours. It is found to be beneficial in the healthcare settings, in schools and workplace but further research is warranted to look into its efficacy on different problems. MBIs are relatively safe, but ethical aspects should be considered. Mechanisms are suggested in both empirical and neurophysiological findings. Cost-effectiveness is found in treating some health conditions. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Inconclusive or only preliminary evidence on the effects of MBIs on PTSD, ADHD, ASD, eating disorders, loneliness and physical symptoms of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and respiratory conditions. Furthermore, some beneficial effects are not confirmed in subgroup populations. Cost-effectiveness is yet to confirm for many health conditions and populations. GROWING POINTS Many mindfulness systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate low quality of included studies, hence high-quality studies with adequate sample size and longer follow-up period are needed. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH More research is needed on online mindfulness trainings and interventions to improve biopsychosocial health during the COVID-19 pandemic; Deeper understanding of the mechanisms of MBIs integrating both empirical and neurophysiological findings; Long-term compliance and effects of MBIs; and development of mindfulness plus (mindfulness+) or personalized mindfulness programs to elevate the effectiveness for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Zhang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Thomas Jing Mindfulness Centre for Research and Training, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric K P Lee
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Thomas Jing Mindfulness Centre for Research and Training, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eva C W Mak
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Thomas Jing Mindfulness Centre for Research and Training, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Y Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Thomas Jing Mindfulness Centre for Research and Training, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel Y S Wong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Thomas Jing Mindfulness Centre for Research and Training, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hartley M, Due C, Dorstyn D. Barriers and facilitators to engaging individuals and families with autism spectrum disorder in mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies: a meta-synthesis. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4590-4601. [PMID: 34033733 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1921859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Third-wave psychological therapies can benefit individuals and families living with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, little is known about individuals' perceptions and experiences of therapy. This meta-synthesis aimed to capture participants' own reflections of mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies, including potential barriers and facilitators to therapy engagement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Database searches identified 10 independent studies targeting caregivers (Nstudies = 3), dyadic parent-child interventions (Nstudies = 6), or adults with ASD (Nstudies = 1). Studies were subject to quality assessment and thematically analysed. RESULTS Caregivers highlighted a need to adapt the length and frequency of daily mindfulness practice around busy lifestyles. Adults with ASD also identified therapy barriers, although these data were less robust. Children with ASD focused on therapy benefits. CONCLUSIONS All three participant groups commented on the importance of mindfulness as a method to enhance self-awareness, self-regulation and self-care. Peer support provided in group-based therapy was also seen as beneficial. Future research should examine the application of mindfulness therapies to adults with ASD, with little currently known about this cohort's therapy experiences. Whether traditional mindfulness approaches can be effectively modified to accommodate ongoing, cumulative daily demands these families experience also requires investigation.Implications for rehabilitationIndividuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their caregivers often experience high levels of anxiety and stress.Mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies can enhance an individual's self-awareness and self-regulation, thereby reducing distress - with benefits extending to familiesGroup-based therapy is an important adjunct to the support of caregivers developing mindfulness-awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hartley
- The School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Clemence Due
- The School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Diana Dorstyn
- The School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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The efficacy of meditation-based mind-body interventions for mental disorders: A meta-review of 17 meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 134:181-191. [PMID: 33388701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the potential efficacy of meditation-based mind-body interventions (MBIs) within mental health care. We conducted a systematic metareview of the published randomized control trial (RCT) evidence. MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycARTICLES and EMBASE were searched from inception to 06/2020 examining MBIs (mindfulness, qigong, tai chi, yoga) as add-on or monotherapy versus no treatment, minimal treatment and passive and active control conditions in people with a mental disorder. The quality of the methods of the included meta-analyses using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) and the methodological quality of the RCTs using AMSTAR-Plus. Sixteen (94%) of 17 meta-analyses had good overall methodological quality. The content validity of the included RCTs was considered good in 9 (53%) meta-analyses. In meta-analyses with good methodological quality (AMSTAR 8≤) and content validity (AMSTAR+ 4≤), large effect sizes (0.80 or higher) were observed for mindfulness in schizophrenia and in ADHD, a moderate (0.50 ≤ 0.80) effect size for mindfulness in PTSD and a small (0.20 < 0.50) effect size for yoga in schizophrenia No serious adverse events were reported (n RCTs = 43, n in the MBI arms = 1774), while the attrition rates were comparable with the rates in passive and active control conditions. Our meta-review demonstrates that mindfulness and to a lesser extent yoga may serve as an efficacious supplement to pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy and can be complementary in healthy lifestyle interventions for people with mental disorders. Meta-analytic evidence of high methodological quality and content validity of included trials is currently lacking for qigong and tai chi.
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Lunsky Y, Albaum C, Baskin A, Hastings RP, Hutton S, Steel L, Wang W, Weiss J. Group Virtual Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Parents of Autistic Adolescents and Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3959-3969. [PMID: 33420938 PMCID: PMC7796683 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based approaches have been shown to be effective in improving the mental health of parents of youth and adults with autism and other developmental disabilities, but prior work suggests that geography and caregiving demands can make in-person attendance challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness-based group intervention delivered to parents virtually. It was feasible to deliver this manualized intervention. Twenty-one of 39 parents completed the intervention and completers reported high satisfaction ratings. Parents reported reduced levels of distress, maintained at 3-month follow-up, and increased mindfulness. Changes reported following intervention were similar to changes reported in a prior study of parents competing an in person mindfulness group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - C Albaum
- Department of Psychology, York University, Department of Psychology Room 291. Behavioural Sciences Building 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Baskin
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - S Hutton
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Steel
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Wang
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Weiss
- Department of Psychology, York University, Department of Psychology Room 291. Behavioural Sciences Building 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dance promotes positive benefits for negative symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2020; 49:102299. [PMID: 32147081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Dance practice can elicit esthesia to stimulate the communication process through the notion of the phenomenal body that is recognized in an expressive and symbolic space. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review to identify how dance promotes positive benefits for the negative symptoms in ASD. METHOD We formulated the research question based on PICO: "What is the influence of dance on negative symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?". Databases were searched in March 2019 and included PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, PsycInfo and Web of Science. RESULTS We identified 9,350 studies of which five were selected for our review (a total of 266 individuals). All included studies showed an influence of dance on negative symptoms, including empathy, emotional expression, body awareness, behavior, and psychological wellbeing that impact on social reciprocity, and consequently the communication process, in ASD. CONCLUSIONS Dance practice may contribute to body awareness and social involvement using techniques that provide mirroring, synchronization, rhythm, and reciprocity in adults with normal to high-functioning ASD.
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Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM. Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-3447. [PMID: 31843864 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with reported prevalence in the United States of 1 in 59 children (approximately 1.7%). Core deficits are identified in 2 domains: social communication/interaction and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior. Children and youth with ASD have service needs in behavioral, educational, health, leisure, family support, and other areas. Standardized screening for ASD at 18 and 24 months of age with ongoing developmental surveillance continues to be recommended in primary care (although it may be performed in other settings), because ASD is common, can be diagnosed as young as 18 months of age, and has evidenced-based interventions that may improve function. More accurate and culturally sensitive screening approaches are needed. Primary care providers should be familiar with the diagnostic criteria for ASD, appropriate etiologic evaluation, and co-occurring medical and behavioral conditions (such as disorders of sleep and feeding, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, obesity, seizures, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and wandering) that affect the child's function and quality of life. There is an increasing evidence base to support behavioral and other interventions to address specific skills and symptoms. Shared decision making calls for collaboration with families in evaluation and choice of interventions. This single clinical report updates the 2007 American Academy of Pediatrics clinical reports on the evaluation and treatment of ASD in one publication with an online table of contents and section view available through the American Academy of Pediatrics Gateway to help the reader identify topic areas within the report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Hyman
- Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York;
| | - Susan E Levy
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Scott M Myers
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Hartley M, Dorstyn D, Due C. Mindfulness for Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Caregivers: A Meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:4306-4319. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Sarabzadeh M, Azari BB, Helalizadeh M. The effect of six weeks of Tai Chi Chuan training on the motor skills of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:284-290. [PMID: 31103109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is related to a dysfunction of central nervous system that most frequently appears at the age of three years old. There is no certain cure for this disorder; however, decreasing complications can produce positive life changes. Increasing physical activity is an appealing method for reducing behavioral disorders in ASD. Since Tai Chi Chuan training improves focus, attention to internal cues and balance, it seems to be an effective system for autistic children. MATERIALS & METHODS 18 children with ASD in the age range between 6-12 years old were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a six-week program of Tai Chi Chuan consisting of 18 sessions, limited to 60 min each. To assess motor skills, an M-ABC test was used during pre- and post-assessment. In order to analyze the data, dependent and independent T tests were used (with significance level of 0.05). RESULTS Results showed a significant difference in the subscales of ball skills and balance performance (P < 0.05) and no significant difference in the manual agility scale (P > 0.05) between the two groups. CONCLUSION According to the results, it may be concluded that forms of Tai Chi Chuan improve balance and motion coordination. Moreover, this training consists of slow motion workouts with strongly focused attention, which may lead to developed control of body motions with harmony and discipline. Therefore, Tai Chi Chuan training seems to be a helpful therapeutic program to reduce motor limitations, and these benefits can be transferred to daily life in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sarabzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Science and Research Branch, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bita Bordbar Azari
- Founder and Chief of the Body Balance Committee, Sport for All Federation, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Helalizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
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White SW, Simmons GL, Gotham KO, Conner CM, Smith IC, Beck KB, Mazefsky CA. Psychosocial Treatments Targeting Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents and Adults on the Autism Spectrum: Review of the Latest Research and Recommended Future Directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:82. [PMID: 30155584 PMCID: PMC6421847 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This synthesis of treatment research related to anxiety and depression in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) focuses on the scientific support for various forms of psychosocial interventions, useful adaptations to standard interventions, and engagement of candidate therapeutic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS There is considerable evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat co-occurring problems with anxiety, but there has been relatively little research on treatment of co-occurring depression. Multiple mechanisms of treatment effect have been proposed, but there has been little demonstration of target engagement via experimental therapeutics. Comorbidity between ASD and anxiety and/or mood problems is common. Although there is evidence for the use of CBT for anxiety, little work has addressed how to effectively treat depression. There is emerging support for alternative treatment approaches, such as mindfulness-based interventions. We encourage rigorous, collaborative approaches to identify and manipulate putative mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0348, USA.
| | - Grace Lee Simmons
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0348, USA
| | - Katherine O Gotham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caitlin M Conner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Isaac C Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0348, USA
| | - Kelly B Beck
- Clinical Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Keefer A, White SW, Vasa RA, Reaven J. Psychosocial interventions for internalizing disorders in youth and adults with ASD. Int Rev Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 29537895 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1432575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Internalizing disorders are common in individuals with ASD. Psychosocial interventions targeting these disorders in the ASD population have burgeoned in the last decade. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, modified for ASD, is the most frequently investigated model, although other interventions, including behaviour therapy, third-wave interventions, models targeting transdiagnostic constructs, and alternative interventions and treatment delivery methods are now emerging. This review provides a summary of the efficacy of these interventions in treating internalizing disorders in youth and adults with ASD. The barriers to accessing these treatments, which are experienced by many individuals with ASD and their families, as well as future research directions, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Keefer
- a Center for Autism and Related Disorders , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Susan W White
- c Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Roma A Vasa
- a Center for Autism and Related Disorders , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Judy Reaven
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
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