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Zheng Y, Larragoite ET, Williams ESCP, Lama J, Cisneros I, Delgado JC, Slev P, Rychert J, Innis EA, Coiras M, Rondina MT, Spivak AM, Planelles V. Neutralization assay with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped murine leukemia virions. Virol J 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33397387 PMCID: PMC7780907 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus neutralization by antibodies is an important prognostic factor in many viral diseases. To easily and rapidly measure titers of neutralizing antibodies in serum or plasma, we developed pseudovirion particles composed of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 incorporated onto murine leukemia virus capsids and a modified minimal murine leukemia virus genome encoding firefly luciferase. This assay design is intended for use in laboratories with biocontainment level 2 and therefore circumvents the need for the biocontainment level 3 that would be required for replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus. To validate the pseudovirion assay, we set up comparisons with other available antibody tests including those from Abbott, Euroimmun and Siemens, using archived, known samples. RESULTS 11 out of 12 SARS-CoV-2-infected patient serum samples showed neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2-spike pseudotyped MLV viruses, with neutralizing titers-50 (NT50) that ranged from 1:25 to 1:1,417. Five historical samples from patients hospitalized for severe influenza infection in 2016 tested negative in the neutralization assay (NT50 < 25). Three serum samples with high neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2/MLV pseudoviruses showed no detectable neutralizing activity (NT50 < 25) against SARS-CoV-1/MLV pseudovirions. We also compared the semiquantitative Siemens SARS-CoV-2 IgG test, which measures binding of IgG to recombinantly expressed receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with the neutralization titers obtained in the pseudovirion assay and the results show high concordance between the two tests (R2 = 0.9344). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 spike/MLV pseudovirions provide a practical means of assessing neutralizing activity of antibodies in serum or plasma from infected patients under laboratory conditions consistent with biocontainment level 2. This assay offers promise also in evaluating immunogenicity of spike glycoprotein-based candidate vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin T Larragoite
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Juan Lama
- RetroVirox, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Julio C Delgado
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Patricia Slev
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jenna Rychert
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Emily A Innis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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2
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Zheng Y, Larragoite ET, Lama J, Cisneros I, Delgado JC, Slev P, Rychert J, Innis EA, Williams ES, Coiras M, Rondina MT, Spivak AM, Planelles V. Neutralization Assay with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Pseudotyped Murine Leukemia Virions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.17.207563. [PMID: 32995778 PMCID: PMC7523104 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.17.207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibody neutralization is an important prognostic factor in many viral diseases. To easily and rapidly measure titers of neutralizing antibodies in serum or plasma, we developed pseudovirion particles composed of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 incorporated onto murine leukemia virus capsids and a modified minimal MLV genome encoding firefly luciferase. These pseudovirions provide a practical means of assessing immune responses under laboratory conditions consistent with biocontainment level 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Erin T. Larragoite
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Julio C. Delgado
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Patricia Slev
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jenna Rychert
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emily A. Innis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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3
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Nikzad R, Angelo LS, Aviles-Padilla K, Le DT, Singh VK, Bimler L, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Vendrame E, Ranganath T, Simpson L, Haigwood NL, Blish CA, Akbar AN, Paust S. Human natural killer cells mediate adaptive immunity to viral antigens. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/35/eaat8116. [PMID: 31076527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat8116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are defined as antigen sensitization-dependent and antigen-specific responses leading to establishment of long-lived immunological memory. Although natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been considered cells of the innate immune system, mounting evidence in mice and nonhuman primates warrants reconsideration of the existing paradigm that B and T cells are the sole mediators of adaptive immunity. However, it is currently unknown whether human NK cells can exhibit adaptive immune responses. We therefore tested whether human NK cells mediate adaptive immunity to virally encoded antigens using humanized mice and human volunteers. We found that human NK cells displayed vaccination-dependent, antigen-specific recall responses in vitro, when isolated from livers of humanized mice previously vaccinated with HIV-encoded envelope protein. Furthermore, we discovered that large numbers of cytotoxic NK cells with a tissue-resident phenotype were recruited to sites of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) skin test antigen challenge in VZV-experienced human volunteers. These NK-mediated recall responses in humans occurred decades after initial VZV exposure, demonstrating that NK memory in humans is long-lived. Our data demonstrate that human NK cells exhibit adaptive immune responses upon vaccination or infection. The existence of human memory NK cells may allow for the development of vaccination-based approaches capable of establishing potent NK-mediated memory functions contributing to host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Nikzad
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duy T Le
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Elena Vendrame
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Simpson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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McBurney SP, Sunshine JE, Gabriel S, Huynh JP, Sutton WF, Fuller DH, Haigwood NL, Messer WB. Evaluation of protection induced by a dengue virus serotype 2 envelope domain III protein scaffold/DNA vaccine in non-human primates. Vaccine 2016; 34:3500-7. [PMID: 27085173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the preclinical development of a dengue virus vaccine targeting the dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) envelope domain III (EDIII). This study provides proof-of-principle that a dengue EDIII protein scaffold/DNA vaccine can protect against dengue challenge. The dengue vaccine (EDIII-E2) is composed of both a protein particle and a DNA expression plasmid delivered simultaneously via intramuscular injection (protein) and gene gun (DNA) into rhesus macaques. The protein component can contain a maximum of 60 copies of EDIII presented on a multimeric scaffold of Geobacillus stearothermophilus E2 proteins. The DNA component is composed of the EDIII portion of the envelope gene cloned into an expression plasmid. The EDIII-E2 vaccine elicited robust antibody responses to DENV2, with neutralizing antibody responses detectable following the first boost and reaching titers of greater than 1:100,000 following the second and final boost. Vaccinated and naïve groups of macaques were challenged with DENV2. All vaccinated macaques were protected from detectable viremia by infectious assay, while naïve animals had detectable viremia for 2-7 days post-challenge. All naïve macaques had detectable viral RNA from day 2-10 post-challenge. In the EDIII-E2 group, three macaques were negative for viral RNA and three were found to have detectable viral RNA post challenge. Viremia onset was delayed and the duration was shortened relative to naïve controls. The presence of viral RNA post-challenge corresponded to a 10-30-fold boost in neutralization titers 28 days post challenge, whereas no boost was observed in the fully protected animals. Based on these results, we determine that pre-challenge 50% neutralization titers of >1:6000 correlated with sterilizing protection against DENV2 challenge in EDIII-E2 vaccinated macaques. Identification of the critical correlate of protection for the EDIII-E2 platform in the robust non-human primate model lays the groundwork for further development of a tetravalent EDIII-E2 dengue vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P McBurney
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Justine E Sunshine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Gabriel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeremy P Huynh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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5
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Krebs SJ, McBurney SP, Kovarik DN, Waddell CD, Jaworski JP, Sutton WF, Gomes MM, Trovato M, Waagmeester G, Barnett SJ, DeBerardinis P, Haigwood NL. Multimeric scaffolds displaying the HIV-1 envelope MPER induce MPER-specific antibodies and cross-neutralizing antibodies when co-immunized with gp160 DNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113463. [PMID: 25514675 PMCID: PMC4267727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a vaccine that overcomes the diversity of HIV-1 is likely to require a strategy that directs antibody (Ab) responses toward conserved regions of the viral Envelope (Env). However, the generation of neutralizing Abs (NAbs) targeting these regions through vaccination has proven to be difficult. One conserved region of particular interest is the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of Env located within the gp41 ectodomain. In order to direct the immune response to this region, the MPER and gp41 ectodomain were expressed separately as N-terminal fusions to the E2 protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The E2 protein acts as a scaffold by self-assembling into 60-mer particles, displaying up to 60 copies of the fused target on the surface. Rabbits were immunized with E2 particles displaying MPER and/or the gp41 ectodomain in conjunction with DNA encoding full-length gp160. Only vaccines including E2 particles displaying MPER elicited MPER-specific Ab responses. NAbs were elicited after two immunizations that largely targeted the V3 loop. To overcome V3 immunodominance in the DNA component, E2 particles displaying MPER were used in conjunction with gp160 DNA lacking hypervariable regions V2, V3, or combined V1V2V3. All rabbits had HIV binding Ab responses and NAbs following the second vaccination. Using HIV-2/HIV-1 MPER chimeric viruses as targets, NAbs were detected in 12/16 rabbits after three immunizations. Low levels of NAbs specific for Tier 1 and 2 viruses were observed in all groups. This study provides evidence that co-immunizing E2 particles displaying MPER and gp160 DNA can focus Ab responses toward conserved regions of Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J. Krebs
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Sean P. McBurney
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Dina N. Kovarik
- Viral Vaccines Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chelsea D. Waddell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - J. Pablo Jaworski
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - William F. Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Michelle M. Gomes
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Naples, Italy
| | - Garret Waagmeester
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Emeryville, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Viral Vaccines Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Weinberg AD, Thalhofer C, Morris N, Walker JM, Seiss D, Wong S, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Urba WJ. Anti-OX40 (CD134) administration to nonhuman primates: immunostimulatory effects and toxicokinetic study. J Immunother 2007; 29:575-85. [PMID: 17063120 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211319.00031.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The immune-stimulatory properties of anti-CD134 (OX40) antibodies have been well documented in rodents, including their ability to enhance antitumor immunity. In this study, an anti-OX40 antibody (Ab) known to costimulate monkey T cells in vitro, was infused into rhesus macaque monkeys during immunization with the simian immunodeficiency virus protein, gp130. The draining lymph nodes from immunized monkeys treated with anti-OX40 were enlarged compared with immunized monkeys injected with mouse Ig. Anti-OX40-treated monkeys had increased gp130-specific Ab titers, and increased long-lived T-cell responses, compared with controls. There were no overt signs of toxicity in the anti-OX40-treated monkeys. The encouraging immune-stimulatory effects led to the good manufacturing practice production of an anti-OX40 Ab for clinical trials in cancer patients. A detailed toxicology study was performed with anti-OX40 in nonhuman primates. Three groups of 8 monkeys received anti-OX40 at 1 of 3 dose levels (0.4, 2.0, and 10 mg/kg) and a control group received saline. No clinical toxicity was observed, but acute splenomegaly and enlarged gut-associated lymph nodes were observed in the anti-OX40-treated animals; splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy resolved by day 28. These studies demonstrate the immune-stimulatory properties and safety of anti-OX40 in primates and provide a strong scientific rationale to pursue clinical trials in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacokinetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/toxicity
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Female
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Macaca fascicularis
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Receptors, OX40/immunology
- Receptors, OX40/metabolism
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 5F40, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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7
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Haigwood NL, Montefiori DC, Sutton WF, McClure J, Watson AJ, Voss G, Hirsch VM, Richardson BA, Letvin NL, Hu SL, Johnson PR. Passive immunotherapy in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques accelerates the development of neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2004; 78:5983-95. [PMID: 15140996 PMCID: PMC415787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5983-5995.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Passively transferred neutralizing antibodies can block lentivirus infection, but their role in postexposure prophylaxis is poorly understood. In this nonhuman-primate study, the effects of short-term antibody therapy on 5-year disease progression, virus load, and host immunity were explored. We reported previously that postinfection passive treatment with polyclonal immune globulin with high neutralizing titers against SIVsmE660 (SIVIG) significantly improved the 67-week health of SIVsmE660-infected Macaca mulatta macaques. Four of six treated macaques maintained low or undetectable levels of virus in plasma, compared with one of ten controls, while two rapid progressors controlled viremia only as long as the SIVIG was present. SIVIG treatment delayed the de novo production of envelope (Env)-specific antibodies by 8 weeks (13). We show here that differences in disease progression were also significant at 5 years postinfection, excluding rapid progressors (P = 0.05). Macaques that maintained </=10(3) virus particles per ml of plasma and </=30 infectious virus particles per 10(6) mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and lymph nodes had delayed disease onset. All macaques that survived beyond 18 months had measurable Gag-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, regardless of treatment. Humoral immunity in survivors beyond 20 weeks was strikingly different in the SIVIG and control groups. Despite a delay in Env-specific binding antibodies, de novo production of neutralizing antibodies was significantly accelerated in SIVIG-treated macaques. Titers of de novo neutralizing antibodies at week 12 were comparable to levels achieved in controls only by week 32 or later. Acceleration of de novo simian immunodeficiency virus immunity in the presence of passively transferred neutralizing antibodies is a novel finding with implications for postexposure prophylaxis and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Haigwood
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA.
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8
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Yao Q, Vuong V, Li M, Compans RW. Intranasal immunization with SIV virus-like particles (VLPs) elicits systemic and mucosal immunity. Vaccine 2002; 20:2537-45. [PMID: 12057610 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By using a baculovirus expression system, we have successfully produced simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-like particles (VLPs) with high levels of biologically active SIV envelope (Env) incorporated on their surfaces. To study whether SIV VLPs represent effective mucosal immunogens, we immunized groups of mice with VLPs alone or VLPs plus the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) by the intranasal (i.n.) route. High levels of serum IgG antibody production were achieved in mice immunized intranasally with SIV VLPs, and the antibody response was found to be antigen dose-dependent. The IgG1 and IgG2a ratio indicates that immune responses induced by SIV VLPs are Th1 oriented. Mice immunized with VLPs plus CT were found to exhibit higher serum antibody responses than those immunized with VLPs alone (P<0.001). Furthermore, IgA antibody production was detected in both saliva and vaginal fluid from mice mucosally immunized with SIV VLPs. Higher levels of IgA were found in vaginal fluid than in saliva in animals immunized with SIV VLPs plus CT (P<0.05). Higher neutralizing activity to SIV 1A11 was also found in serum of animals immunized with SIV VLPs plus CT. Moreover, increased numbers of MHC I-restricted peptide-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 producing T cells were detected in both splenocytes and lymph nodes by intranasal immunization of SIV VLP plus CT. These results suggest that VLPs are effective mucosal antigens that can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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9
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Goldstein G, Manson K, Tribbick G, Smith R. Minimization of chronic plasma viremia in rhesus macaques immunized with synthetic HIV-1 Tat peptides and infected with a chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV33). Vaccine 2000; 18:2789-95. [PMID: 10812220 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein activates resting cells, rendering them permissive for viral replication. Replication of HIV-1 in vitro is enhanced by intercellular passage of Tat protein and inhibited by anti-Tat antibodies. Tat dependence of HIV-1 replication in vivo during acute, chronic asymptomatic and AIDS stages of infection was assessed by comparisons of plasma viremia in Tat-immunized or control monkeys challenged with SHIV(33) or SHIV(33A). Chronic plasma viremia became undetectable or minimized in Tat-immunized asymptomatic SHIV(33)-infected monkeys (p<0.008) while the high viral loads of acute infection or SHIV(33A)-induced simian AIDS were unaffected by Tat immunization. Active or passive immunotherapies targeting Tat provide potential approaches to controlling chronic HIV-1 viremia and preventing AIDS.
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10
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Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Moss B, Carroll M, Wyatt L, Pletneva L, Goldstein S, Venzon D, Hirsch VM. Comparative efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and/or Env in macaques challenged with pathogenic SIV. J Virol 2000; 74:2740-51. [PMID: 10684290 PMCID: PMC111764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2740-2751.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1999] [Accepted: 12/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that immunization of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and Env recombinants of the attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) provided protection from high levels of viremia and AIDS following challenge with a pathogenic strain of SIV (V. M. Hirsch et al., J. Virol. 70:3741-3752, 1996). This MVA-SIV recombinant expressed relatively low levels of the Gag-Pol portion of the vaccine. To optimize protection, second-generation recombinant MVAs that expressed high levels of either Gag-Pol (MVA-gag-pol) or Env (MVA-env), alone or in combination (MVA-gag-pol-env), were generated. A cohort of 24 macaques was immunized with recombinant or nonrecombinant MVA (four groups of six animals) and was challenged with 50 times the dose at which 50% of macaques are infected with uncloned pathogenic SIVsmE660. Although all animals became infected postchallenge, plasma viremia was significantly reduced in animals that received the MVA-SIV recombinant vaccines as compared with animals that received nonrecombinant MVA (P = 0.0011 by repeated-measures analysis of variance). The differences in the degree of virus suppression achieved by the three MVA-SIV vaccines were not significant. Most importantly, the reduction in levels of viremia resulted in a significant increase in median (P < 0.05 by Student's t test) and cumulative (P = 0.010 by log rank test) survival. These results suggest that recombinant MVA has considerable potential as a vaccine vector for human AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Recombination, Genetic
- SAIDS Vaccines/genetics
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins
- Viral Load
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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11
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Glamann J, Burton DR, Parren PW, Ditzel HJ, Kent KA, Arnold C, Montefiori D, Hirsch VM. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope-specific Fabs with high-level homologous neutralizing activity: recovery from a long-term-nonprogressor SIV-infected macaque. J Virol 1998; 72:585-92. [PMID: 9420262 PMCID: PMC109411 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.585-592.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An antibody phage display library was constructed from RNA extracted from lymph node cells of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected long-term-nonprogressor macaque. Seven gp120-reactive Fabs were obtained by selection of the library against SIV monomeric gp120. Although each of the Fabs was unique in sequence, there were two distinct groups based on epitope recognition, neutralizing activity in vitro, and molecular analysis. Group 1 Fabs did not neutralize SIV and bound to a linear epitope in the V3 loop of the SIV envelope. In contrast, two of the group 2 Fabs neutralized homologous, neutralization-sensitive SIVsm isolates with high efficiency but failed to neutralize heterologous SIVmac isolates. Based on competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with mouse monoclonal antibodies of known specificity, these Fabs reacted with a conformational epitope that includes domains V3 and V4 of the SIV envelope. These neutralizing and nonneutralizing Fabs provide valuable standardized and renewable reagents for studying the role of antibody in preventing or modifying SIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Glamann
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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12
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Mossman SP, Bex F, Berglund P, Arthos J, O'Neil SP, Riley D, Maul DH, Bruck C, Momin P, Burny A, Fultz PN, Mullins JI, Liljeström P, Hoover EA. Protection against lethal simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmmPBj14 disease by a recombinant Semliki Forest virus gp160 vaccine and by a gp120 subunit vaccine. J Virol 1996; 70:1953-60. [PMID: 8627721 PMCID: PMC190024 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1953-1960.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of pigtail macaques with SIVsmmPBj14, biological clone 3 (SIV-PBj14-bc13), produces an acute and usually fatal shock-like syndrome 7 to 14 days after infection. We used this simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model as a rapid and rigorous challenge to evaluate the efficacy of two SIV Env vaccine strategies. Groups of four pigtail macaques were immunized four times over a 25-week span with either a recombinant Semliki Forest virus expressing the SIV-PBj14 Env gp160 (SFV-SIVgp160) or purified recombinant SIV-PBj14 gp120 (rgp120) in SBN-1 adjuvant. Antibody titers to SIV Env developed in all immunized animals (mean peak titers prior to challenge, 1:1,700 for SFV-SIV gp 160 and 1:10,500 for rgp120), but neither neutralizing antibodies nor SIV-specific T-cell proliferative responses were detectable in any of the vaccinees. All macaques were challenged with a 100% infectious, 75% fatal dose of SIV-PBj14-bc13 at week 26. Three of four control animals died of acute SIV-PBj14 syndrome on days 12 and 13. By contrast, all four SFV-SIVgp160-immunized animals and three of the four rgp120-immunized animals were protected from lethal disease. While all virus-challenged animals became infected, symptoms of the SIV-PBj14 syndrome were more severe in controls than in vaccinees. Mean virus titers in plasma at 13 days postchallenge were approximately 10-fold lower in vaccinated than control animals. However, there was no apparent correlation between survival and levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated culturable virus, provirus load, or any antiviral immunologic parameter examined. The results indicate that while immunization with SFV-SIVgp160 and rgp120 did not protect against virus infection, these Env vaccines did lower the virus load in plasma and protect against the lethal SIV-PBj14 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mossman
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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13
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Doyle CB, Bhattacharyya U, Kent KA, Stott JE, Jones IM. Regions required for CD4 binding in the external glycoprotein gp120 of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1995; 69:1256-60. [PMID: 7815501 PMCID: PMC188699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.1256-1260.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The external domain of the envelope glycoprotein, gp120, of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been expressed as a mature secreted product using recombinant baculoviruses and the expressed protein, which has an observed molecular mass of 110 kDa, was purified by monoclonal antibody (MAb) affinity chromatography. N-terminal sequence analysis showed a signal sequence cleavage identity similar to that of the gp120s of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2. The expressed molecule bound to soluble CD4 with an affinity that was approximately 10-fold lower than that of gp120 from HIV-1. A screening of the ability of SIV envelope MAbs to inhibit CD4 binding revealed two groups of inhibitory MAbs. One group is dependent on conformation, while the second group maps to a discrete epitope near the amino terminus. The particular role of the V3 loop region of the molecule in CD4 binding was investigated by the construction of an SIV-HIV hybrid in which the V3 loop of SIV was precisely replaced with the equivalent domain from HIV-1 MN. The hybrid glycoprotein bound HIV-1 V3 loop MAbs and not SIV V3 MAbs but continued to bind conformational SIV MAbs and soluble CD4 as well as the parent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Doyle
- NERC Institute of Virology, Oxford United Kingdom
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14
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Silvera P, Flanagan B, Kent K, Rud E, Powell C, Corcoran T, Bruck C, Thiriart C, Haigwood NL, Stott EJ. Fine analysis of humoral antibody response to envelope glycoprotein of SIV in infected and vaccinated macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:1295-304. [PMID: 7848685 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize the serological response to SIV envelope, induced by vaccination with different envelope immunogens or by SIV infection, plasma samples from 11 cynomolgus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and from 16 macaques vaccinated with three different recombinant envelope proteins were analyzed by (1) ELISA, using a variety of antigens including overlapping peptides encompassing the entire sequence of the envelope protein of SIV, and (2) competition assays, using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to SIV gp120. Seven regions of SIV envelope were predicted to be antigenic. Peptides representing four of these, in the second and third variable regions (V2 and V3) and the fourth constant (C4) region of gp120 and the Gnann region of gp41, were recognized by the majority of sera from infected and vaccinated animals. Additional antigenic regions were identified in the first and fourth variable domains (V1 and V4) and the carboxy terminus (C5) of gp120 and in three additional regions of gp41. Most infected and vaccinated animals made antibodies that competed with the binding of the three conformational MAbs. Among the vaccinated groups, antibodies induced by vaccination with precursor glycoproteins (gp140 or gp160) recognized several additional gp120 epitopes when compared with antibodies induced by external glycoprotein gp130. Sera from infected animals showed a more restricted gp120 response (17 of 46 peptides recognized) compared to animals vaccinated with precursor glycoproteins (31 peptides recognized). The converse was true for antibodies to gp41. Sera from animals vaccinated with recombinant gp140, produced in insect cells, were the only group that failed to compete with the binding of conformational MAbs. Finally, the development of antibodies to specific epitopes of gp120 and gp41 revealed differences between long-term survivors and nonsurvivors, implying that responses to specific epitopes may be important in conferring resistance to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silvera
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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15
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Javaherian K, Langlois AJ, Montefiori DC, Kent KA, Ryan KA, Wyman PD, Stott J, Bolognesi DP, Murphey-Corb M, Larosa GJ. Studies of the conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein. J Virol 1994; 68:2624-31. [PMID: 7511176 PMCID: PMC236740 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.4.2624-2631.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that the major neutralizing epitopes in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are discontinuous and conformation dependent and that the V3 loop, in contrast to that of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, does not by itself elicit neutralizing antibodies (K. Javaherian et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1418-1422, 1992). We now present data showing that on the basis of fractionation of infected macaque sera, protease digestion of the envelope, and binding properties of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to SIV and SIV-HIV chimeric envelope proteins, changes in V3 can disrupt the conformation-dependent neutralization region. The chimeric protein did not produce significant neutralizing antibodies against either SIV or HIV. We also report that neutralizing antibodies elicited by recombinant SIV envelope proteins of mac251 and B670 isolates cross-neutralize. Finally, we show that deglycosylation of the SIV envelope results in a molecule which binds neither soluble CD4 nor the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies being investigated here and does not elicit sera with a significant neutralizing titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Javaherian
- Repligen Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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16
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Ahmad S, Lohman B, Marthas M, Giavedoni L, el-Amad Z, Haigwood NL, Scandella CJ, Gardner MB, Luciw PA, Yilma T. Reduced virus load in rhesus macaques immunized with recombinant gp160 and challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:195-204. [PMID: 8198872 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a safe alternative to inactivated and live-attenuated whole-virus SIV vaccines, we have evaluated the potential of SIVmac239 gp160 expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus (vSIVgp160) and baculovirus (bSIVgp160) to protectively immunize rhesus macaques against intravenous (i.v.) infection with pathogenic SIVmac isolates. Macaques were immunized with live vSIVgp160 and/or bSIVgp160 protein partially purified from insect cells. The challenge viruses, propagated in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells, consisted of the molecular clone SIVmac239 and another genetically similar, uncloned isolate, SIVmac251. Although antibodies that bind gp130 were induced in all animals following immunization with SIVgp160, neutralizing antibodies were undetectable 1 week prior to virus challenge. These results differ from those for macaques vaccinated with inactivated, whole SIV. All animals became infected after i.v. inoculation with 1-10 AID50 of either challenge virus. For animals challenged with SIVmac251, but not those challenged with SIVmac239, the cell-free infectious virus load in plasma of vSIVgp160-primed, bSIVgp160-boosted macaques was significantly lower than in unimmunized controls at 2 weeks postchallenge. Virus virulence, immunization regimen, and challenge with homologous or heterologous virus are factors critical to the outcome of the study. Immunization with surface glycoprotein may not necessarily provide protective immunity against infection but may reduce virus load. The relationship between reduction in virus load by vaccination and delay in onset of disease remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at Davis 95616
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17
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Lüke W, Polzien F, Scharf JG, Hunsmann G. Biochemical and immunological characterization of micellar complexes of the envelope glycoprotein of a simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from an African green monkey. J Virol Methods 1993; 42:169-80. [PMID: 8514839 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90030-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The external envelope glycoprotein gp130 of a simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from an African green monkey (SIVagmTYO-7) was purified as micellar complexes. The molecular weight of the gp130 micelles was about 700 K. On electron microscopy, the micelles appeared as spherical particles with a diameter of 15 to 20 nm. Such aggregates consisted of about 4 to 5 gp130 monomers. Hyperimmune sera raised in rabbits and rhesus monkeys against these gp130 micelles exhibited titers between 10(5) and 10(6). Such sera inhibit the CD4 binding of gp130 and neutralize SIVagmTYO-7 and SIVmac251 but not HIV-2ben.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lüke
- German Primate Centre, Göttingen
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18
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D'Souza MP, Kent KA, Thiriart C, Collignon C, Milman G. International collaboration comparing neutralization and binding assays for monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:415-22. [PMID: 7686385 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirteen laboratories characterized a coded panel of 10 MAbs to SIVmac251 envelope protein in a collaboration organized by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The MAbs were examined against SIV isolates in neutralization and radioimmune precipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and radioimmune assays. Although laboratories employed diverse neutralization assays that varied in sensitivity there was agreement on the relative ability of the MAbs to neutralize SIVmac251. Additionally, even though the quantity of any single MAb required to neutralize SIVmac251 varied between laboratories, there was agreement on the rank-order strength fo the five neutralizing MAbs. Based on the data from this study, the MAbs were classified according to their neutralization potential as high efficiency (MAb concentration, < 5 micrograms/ml), low efficiency (MAb concentration, 5-100 micrograms/ml), or nonneutralizing (MAb concentration, > 100 micrograms/ml). The MAbs could be assigned to four serological groups based on ability to cross-neutralize and bind different SIV isolates. The distinction between groups I, II, and III were based on the limited neutralization data obtained with the sooty mangabey isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P D'Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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19
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Zingler K, Littman DR. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein increases env incorporation into particles and fusogenicity and infectivity. J Virol 1993; 67:2824-31. [PMID: 8474176 PMCID: PMC237607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.5.2824-2831.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth of macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) in certain cloned human T-cell lines, such as HUT.78, selects for isolates containing a premature stop codon within the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein. In contrast, propagation of virus in macaques or in their cultured T cells favors replication of virus containing the full-length envelope glycoprotein. To elucidate the causes of this phenomenon, we used a human immunodeficiency virus pseudotyping system to assess the effects on infectivity of the cytoplasmic domains of envelope glycoproteins obtained from SIVmac1A11 and SIVmac239. These envelopes contain truncated and full-length cytoplasmic domains, respectively. By analyzing human immunodeficiency virus particles containing selectable genes pseudotyped with each glycoprotein or with chimeric derivatives, we found that truncation of the cytoplasmic domain resulted in a significant advantage in viral entry into HUT.78 T cells and CD4+ U87.MG glial cells. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain significantly enhanced both envelope density on particles and envelope-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. It is likely that one or both of these effects contribute to the observed differences in infectivity and to the selection of virions with short cytoplasmic tails in human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zingler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0414
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20
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Giavedoni LD, Planelles V, Haigwood NL, Ahmad S, Kluge JD, Marthas ML, Gardner MB, Luciw PA, Yilma TD. Immune response of rhesus macaques to recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus gp130 does not protect from challenge infection. J Virol 1993; 67:577-83. [PMID: 8416384 PMCID: PMC237398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.577-583.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques is a model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. Inactivated and modified live whole-virus vaccines have provided limited protective immunity against SIV in rhesus macaques. Because of safety concerns in the use of inactivated and live whole-virus vaccines, we evaluated the protective immunity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the surface glycoprotein (gp130) of SIVmac and subunit preparations of gp130 expressed in mammalian cells (CHO). Three groups of animals were immunized with recombinant SIV gp130. The first group received SIV gp130 purified from genetically engineered CHO cells (cSIVgp130), the second group was vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing SIVmac gp130 (vSIVgp130), and the third group was first primed with vSIVgp130 and then given a booster immunization with cSIVgp130. Although anti-gp130 binding antibodies were elicited in all three groups, neutralizing antibodies were transient or undetectable. None of the immunized animals resisted intravenous challenge with a low dose of cell-free virus. However, the group primed with vSIVgp130 and then boosted with cSIVgp130 had the lowest antigen load (p27) compared with the other groups. The results of these studies suggest that immunization of humans with HIV type 1 surface glycoprotein may not provide protective immunity against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Giavedoni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of California, Davis 95616
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21
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Unger RE, Marthas ML, Pratt-Lowe E, Padrid PA, Luciw PA. The nef gene of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac1A11. J Virol 1992; 66:5432-42. [PMID: 1501282 PMCID: PMC289100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.9.5432-5442.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) nef gene in viral replication was investigated in several tissue culture systems. SIVmac1A11 is a molecularly cloned virus which replicates in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and macrophages, although no disease is observed in infected rhesus macaques. In this report, we demonstrate that SIVmac1A11 contains a full open reading frame for nef which specifies a 37-kDa protein. To investigate the effects of nef on viral replication, a 70-bp deletion was introduced into the nef gene of SIVmac1A11. Analysis of infected cell extracts by immunoblotting revealed that both SIVmac1A11 and nef deletion virus SIVmac1A11 delta nef produced the same viral proteins, except that Nef was absent in the mutant virus. The deletion mutation did not affect viral replication in PBMC, in monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages obtained from rhesus macaques, and in human cell lines HUT-78 and CEMx-174. In addition, SIVmac1A11 and SIVmac1A11 delta nef exhibited similar patterns of cytopathologic changes and ultrastructural appearances in infected cells. SIVmac1A11 and SIVmac1A11 delta nef did not infect human tumor macrophage cell line U937, GCT, THP-1, or HL-60 cells, although virus was produced after these cells were transfected with either wild-type or nef mutant viral DNA. Similar levels of virus were recovered from U937 and THP-1 cells transfected with mutant and parental proviral DNAs. In transient expression assays in a T-cell line and a macrophage line, the nef protein of SIVmac1A11 did not significantly suppress or enhance expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene linked to the SIVmac long terminal repeat. Thus, abrogation of nef did not affect several in vitro properties of SIVmac1A11, including patterns of viral infection in rhesus PBMC, rhesus macrophages, or human T-cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Unger
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616
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22
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Johnson PR, Montefiori DC, Goldstein S, Hamm TE, Zhou J, Kitov S, Haigwood NL, Misher L, London WT, Gerin JL. Inactivated whole SIV vaccine in macaques: evaluation of protective efficacy against challenge with cell-free virus or infected cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1501-5. [PMID: 1466990 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Rockville, MD
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23
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Gardner M, Yamamoto J, Marthas M, Miller C, Jennings M, Rosenthal A, Luciw P, Planelles V, Yilma T, Giavedoni L. SIV and FIV vaccine studies at UC Davis: 1991 update. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1495-8. [PMID: 1334682 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Gardner
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis
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24
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Burns DP, Desrosiers RC. A caution on the use of SIV/HIV gag antigen detection systems in neutralization assays. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1189-92. [PMID: 1503827 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D P Burns
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772-9102
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25
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Johnson PR, Montefiori DC, Goldstein S, Hamm TE, Zhou J, Kitov S, Haigwood NL, Misher L, London WT, Gerin JL. Inactivated whole-virus vaccine derived from a proviral DNA clone of simian immunodeficiency virus induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against heterologous challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:2175-9. [PMID: 1549578 PMCID: PMC48619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of macaques vaccinated with inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to resist challenge with either homologous or heterologous cell-free uncloned SIV administered by the intravenous route. The vaccine virus was derived from a proviral DNA clone and thus was considered genetically homogeneous. Sixteen macaques received either hepatitis B surface antigen (n = 6) or the inactivated whole-SIV vaccine (n = 10) at weeks 0, 4, and 49 of the study. All SIV vaccine recipients developed high levels of homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies in response to vaccination. At the time of challenge (week 53), vaccinees were further stratified to receive either homologous (n = 10) or heterologous (n = 6) uncloned live SIV. The envelope glycoproteins of the homologous and heterologous challenge viruses were 94% and 81% identical to the vaccine virus, respectively. Regardless of challenge inoculum, all vaccinees in the control group (hepatitis B surface antigen) became infected, whereas all SIV vaccinees were protected against detectable infection. These data support the concept that an efficacious vaccine for HIV might be possible, and suggest that genetic variation of HIV might not be an insurmountable obstacle for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Rockville, MD 20852
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Haigwood NL, Misher L, Chin SM, Blair M, Planelles V, Scandella CJ, Steimer KS, Gardner MB, Yilma T, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR. Characterization of group specific antibodies in primates: Studies with SIV envelope in macaques. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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