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Macedo AB, Novis CL, De Assis CM, Sorensen ES, Moszczynski P, Huang SH, Ren Y, Spivak AM, Jones RB, Planelles V, Bosque A. Dual TLR2 and TLR7 agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122673. [PMID: 30282829 PMCID: PMC6237480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells in HIV-infected patients is a major barrier towards finding a cure. One active cure strategy is to find latency-reversing agents that induce viral reactivation, thus leading to immune cell recognition and elimination of latently infected cells, known as the shock-and-kill strategy. Therefore, the identification of molecules that reactivate latent HIV and increase immune activation has the potential to further these strategies into the clinic. Here, we characterized synthetic molecules composed of a TLR2 and a TLR7 agonist (dual TLR2/7 agonists) as latency-reversing agents and compared their activity with that of the TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 and the TLR7 agonist GS-9620. We found that these dual TLR2/7 agonists reactivate latency by 2 complementary mechanisms. The TLR2 component reactivates HIV by inducing NF-κB activation in memory CD4+ T cells, while the TLR7 component induces the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promoting viral reactivation in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the TLR2 component induces the secretion of IL-22, which promotes an antiviral state and blocks HIV infection in CD4+ T cells. Our study provides insight into the use of these agonists as a multipronged approach targeting eradication of latent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Caroline M. De Assis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric S. Sorensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paula Moszczynski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Szu-han Huang
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Computer-Based Design of an HLA-Haplotype and HIV-Clade Independent Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Assay for Monitoring HIV-Specific Immunity. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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3
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Betts MR, Casazza JP, Koup RA. Monitoring HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses by intracellular cytokine production. Immunol Lett 2001; 79:117-25. [PMID: 11595298 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling HIV infection. Accurate monitoring of these cells is crucial in determining the effects of HIV therapy and vaccine efficacy. Using an intracellular cytokine staining based assay, we are able to directly quantify functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. This assay is highly reproducible, and can be performed using both fresh and cryopreserved peripheral blood cells. Importantly, this assay can be used to examine multiple HIV-peptide epitopes simultaneously, and is independent of patient HLA haplotype. Here, we examine the HIV-specific CD8+ T cell response to 95 optimized HIV-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in 21 HIV-infected patients of varying HLA haplotype, using peptide mixes and matrices. We find that when using mixes of multiple HIV peptides, the CD8+ T cell response to the mixture is equivalent to the sum of the responses to the individual peptides contained therein. Detailed comparison of the responses in patients suggests that most patients generate a diverse CD8+ T cell response, recognizing multiple HIV epitopes derived from HIV Gag, Pol, Env, or Nef. Although some patients sharing HLA alleles occasionally recognize common peptides, rarely are responses to those peptides dominant within the same group of patients. These results confirm our previous findings that the responses to single HIV-peptides are rarely representative of the entire HIV response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Betts
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
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4
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Fujiki Y, Onodera M, Yamaguchi T, Osawa M, Sudo K, Hamada H, Ema H, Shibuya A, Takiguchi M, Kubo T, Nakauchi H. Dominant expansion of human T cells in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice implanted with human bone fragments. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:792-801. [PMID: 10907641 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an in vivo animal model in which human T cells develop and function normally, a step toward developing new vaccines or chemical compounds that modulate immune functions and toward understanding T-cell immunity in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human bone fragments were implanted into non-obese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. The presence of human blood cells in the peripheral blood of these mice was monitored periodically by immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS After implantation of bone fragments, dominant expansion of human T lymphocytes, rather than myeloid and B cells, was observed over a 3-month period. In some cases, the proportion of human T cells rose to 40% of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These T cells showed CD4/CD8 ratios similar to those observed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and had a broad repertoire of rearranged T-cell receptor genes. Graft-versus-host reaction was not noted in any organ analyzed. To assess the suitability of NOD/SCID mice implanted with human bone fragments (hu-bone-NOD/SCID mice) as an in vivo model for HIV infection, the mice were infected with a T-lymphotropic strain of HIV-1 (NL4-3) at 7 weeks posttransplant. Serum p24 gag was detected at 2 weeks after inoculation, after which total CD4-positive cell numbers declined, as seen clinically in patients infected with HIV. CONCLUSION Although the precise mechanism is yet to be determined by which predominant expansion of human T cells occurs in hu-bone-NOD/SCID mice, such mice appear likely to serve as a useful and versatile model for studies involving human T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujiki
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Ibaraki
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5
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Shultz LD, Lang PA, Christianson SW, Gott B, Lyons B, Umeda S, Leiter E, Hesselton R, Wagar EJ, Leif JH, Kollet O, Lapidot T, Greiner DL. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice: an immunodeficient and radioresistant model for engraftment of human hematolymphoid cells, HIV infection, and adoptive transfer of NOD mouse diabetogenic T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2496-507. [PMID: 10679087 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of a small animal model for the in vivo study of human immunity and infectious disease remains an important goal, particularly for investigations of HIV vaccine development. NOD/Lt mice homozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency (Prkdcscid) mutation readily support engraftment with high levels of human hematolymphoid cells. However, NOD/LtSz-scid mice are highly radiosensitive, have short life spans, and a small number develop functional lymphocytes with age. To overcome these limitations, we have backcrossed the null allele of the recombination-activating gene (Rag1) for 10 generations onto the NOD/LtSz strain background. Mice deficient in RAG1 activity are unable to initiate V(D)J recombination in Ig and TCR genes and lack functional T and B lymphocytes. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice have an increased mean life span compared with NOD/LtSz-scid mice due to a later onset of lymphoma development, are radioresistant, and lack serum Ig throughout life. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice were devoid of mature T or B cells. Cytotoxic assays demonstrated low NK cell activity. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice supported high levels of engraftment with human lymphoid cells and human hemopoietic stem cells. The engrafted human T cells were readily infected with HIV. Finally, NOD/LtSz-Rag1null recipients of adoptively transferred spleen cells from diabetic NOD/Lt+/+ mice rapidly developed diabetes. These data demonstrate the advantages of NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice as a radiation and lymphoma-resistant model for long-term analyses of engrafted human hematolymphoid cells or diabetogenic NOD lymphoid cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Erythrocyte Count
- Female
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Genes, RAG-1/immunology
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/pathology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/physiopathology
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocyte Count
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Longevity
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Radiation Tolerance/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Shultz
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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6
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Gauduin MC, Allaway GP, Olson WC, Weir R, Maddon PJ, Koup RA. CD4-immunoglobulin G2 protects Hu-PBL-SCID mice against challenge by primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. J Virol 1998; 72:3475-8. [PMID: 9525686 PMCID: PMC109861 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3475-3478.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4-immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) is a fusion protein comprising human IgG2 in which the Fv portions of both heavy and light chains have been replaced by the V1 and V2 domains of human CD4. Previous studies found that CD4-IgG2 potently neutralizes a broad range of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates in vitro and ex vivo. The current report demonstrates that CD4-IgG2 protects against infection by primary isolates of HIV-1 in vivo, using the hu-PBL-SCID mouse model. Passive administration of 10 mg of CD4-IgG2 per kg of body weight protected all animals against subsequent challenge with 10 mouse infectious doses of the laboratory-adapted T-cell-tropic isolate HIV-1(LAI), while 50 mg of CD4-IgG2 per kg protected four of five mice against the primary isolates HIV-1(JR-CSF) and HIV-1(AD6). In contrast, a polyclonal HIV-1 Ig fraction exhibited partial protection against HIV-1(LAI) at 150 mg/kg but no significant protection against the primary HIV-1 isolates. The results demonstrate that CD4-IgG2 effectively neutralizes primary HIV-1 isolates in vivo and can prevent the initiation of infection by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gauduin
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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7
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Gauduin MC, Weir R, Fung MS, Koup RA. Involvement of the complement system in antibody-mediated post-exposure protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:205-11. [PMID: 9491910 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that passive transfer of a murine V3-specific monoclonal antibody (BAT123) to hu-PBL-SCID mice challenged with HIV-1LAI confers postexposure protection from infection. The role of the Fc fragment of this antibody as well as the involvement of the complement system in protection were evaluated in vivo. When we compared the postexposure protection offered by BAT123 and CGP 47439, a chimeric form of BAT123 in which the murine Fc domain has been replaced by a human IgG1 Fc domain, CGP 47439 failed to provide postexposure protection against HIV-1LAI despite having similar pharmacokinetics and in vitro neutralizing activity. Furthermore, when hu-PBL-SCID mice were treated with cobra venom factor, which inactivates serum complement activity, the postexposure protective ability of BAT123 was abrogated. These findings suggest that the complement system is involved in the passive protection against HIV-1 infection conferred by the murine monoclonal antibody BAT123 in hu-PBL-SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gauduin
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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8
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Schwiebert RS, Fultz PN. Severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with macaque peripheral blood leukocytes support replication of SIVsmm. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:269-74. [PMID: 9491918 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from normal pigtail macaques were engrafted into severe combined immunodeficient C.B-17 scid/scid (SCID) mice to develop a small animal model in which to study and identify genetic determinants responsible for the acutely lethal disease syndrome induced by SIVsmmPBj14 (SIV-PBj14) in pigtail macaques. In vivo infection of macaques with SIV-PBj14 results in acute disease in all animals and death of most animals, depending on the route of infection, due to immune activation and production of inflammatory cytokines. A small animal model in which a similar acute disease syndrome was induced would facilitate screening of virus variants to identify regions of the SIV-PBj14 genome responsible for the unique phenotype. Although intraperitoneal inoculation of SCID mice with SIV-PBj14-infected PBLs or uninfected PBLs followed by cell-free SIV-PBj14 produced chimeric mac-PBL-SCID mice that supported SIV replication, obvious clinical signs of disease were not observed. SIV-infected macaque PBLs were recovered from spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and the peritoneal cavity; cell-free SIV was recovered from peritoneal lavage fluid and serum or plasma. PBLs that were mitogen stimulated and SIV-PBj14 infected in vitro migrated rapidly and were recovered from the spleen and bone marrow as early as 1 day after inoculation of mice. The mac-PBL-SCID model may be useful for screening potential drug or immunomodulatory therapies before testing in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Schwiebert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham 35294, USA
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9
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Gauduin MC, Parren PW, Weir R, Barbas CF, Burton DR, Koup RA. Passive immunization with a human monoclonal antibody protects hu-PBL-SCID mice against challenge by primary isolates of HIV-1. Nat Med 1997; 3:1389-93. [PMID: 9396610 DOI: 10.1038/nm1297-1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
How well antibodies can protect against disease due to HIV-1 infection remains a pivotal but unresolved issue with important implications for vaccine design and the use of prophylactic antibody to prevent infection after accidental exposure to the virus and to interrupt transmission of virus from mother to child. Strong doubts about the possible utility of antibodies in vivo have been raised because of the relative resistance of primary viruses to antibody neutralization in vitro. Primary viruses are likely to be close to the viruses transmitted during natural infection in humans. Vaccine studies have been of little value in assessing antibody efficacy in vivo because none of the strategies described to date have elicited significant neutralizing antibody responses to primary viruses. Passive immunization studies are similarly hindered by the paucity of reagents able to neutralize primary viruses effectively and a single study has suggested some benefit. Here we describe experiments to explore the ability of passive antibody to protect against primary virus challenge in hu-PBL-SCID mice. In this model, severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice are populated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and infected with HIV-1. We find that the potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibody IgG1b12 at high dose is able to completely protect even when given several hours after viral challenge. The results are encouraging for antibody-based postexposure prophylaxis and support the notion that antibody induction could contribute to an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gauduin
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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10
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Koyanagi Y, Tanaka Y, Kira J, Ito M, Hioki K, Misawa N, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Tanaka R, Suzuki Y, Ueyama Y, Terada E, Tanaka T, Miyasaka M, Kobayashi T, Kumazawa Y, Yamamoto N. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia and central nervous system invasion in a novel hu-PBL-immunodeficient mouse strain. J Virol 1997; 71:2417-24. [PMID: 9032379 PMCID: PMC191352 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.2417-2424.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We established four new mouse strains with defective T and B cells as well as defects in innate immunological reactions using an NK cell depletion antibody and showed that all mutant mouse strains efficiently received human peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) engraftment (hu-PBL-scid mice). Higher levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication were observed in these new hu-PBL-scid mice than in conventional hu-PBL-C.B-17-scid mice. In one particular strain, hu-PBL-NOD-scid mice, high levels of HIV-1 viremia (more than 10(6) 50% infectious doses per ml) were detected after infection with HIV-1. The plasma viral load was about 100 to 1,000 times higher than that observed in other hu-PBL-scid mice infected with HIV-1. Although high-level viremia did not correlate with the total amount of HIV-1 RNA in cells from infected mice, high levels of free virions were detected only in hu-PBL-NOD-scid mice. HIV-1 viremia induced systemic HIV-1 infection involving the liver, lungs, and brain. PCR in situ hybridization confirmed that HIV-1-infected cells invaded the brain tissue of the hu-PBL-NOD-scid mice. Our results suggest that the genetic background, including innate immunity, is critical in the development of primary HIV-1 viremia and subsequent central nervous system invasion with HIV-1. The hu-PBL-NOD-scid mouse represents a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in vivo, especially brain involvement, and therapy of primary HIV-1 viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Koyanagi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
In vivo infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to gradual depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and later from the lymphoid organs. The mechanism of CD4 cell depletion is not known. HIV can only replicate in dividing lymphocytes, but greater than 98% of the lymphocytes in vivo at any given time are resting and are not permissive for productive infection. We found that exposure of resting CD4+ T lymphocytes to HIV-1 transiently upregulated expression of cell surface CD62L (L-selectin), the receptor for homing to lymph nodes, with concomitant enhanced ability of these cells to bind to lymph node high endothelial venules in an ex vivo homing assay (increased approximately 12-fold, P < 0.001) and to home from the blood into lymph nodes following intravenous injection into SCID mice. This suggested the possibility that decreases in numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood of HIV-1-infected subjects may reflect enhanced homing of abortively infected, resting lymphocytes into lymph nodes rather than direct virus replication in and killing of these cells, and may explain development of lymphadenopathy at a time when numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1019, USA.
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12
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Mosier DE. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human cells transplanted to severe combined immunodeficient mice. Adv Immunol 1996; 63:79-125. [PMID: 8787630 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Mosier
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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13
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McBride BW, Easterbrook LM, Farrar GH. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of xenografted SCID-beige mice. J Med Virol 1995; 47:130-8. [PMID: 8830116 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890470205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of C.B-17 SCID-Beige mice as an experimental animal system for the acceptance of human leukocyte xenografts, the establishment of functional human immune responses and infection with HIV has been assessed. Reconstitution efficiencies approaching 100% could be obtained by using 2 x 10(7) human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Typical levels of human immunoglobulin in mouse blood reached 120 micrograms/ml within 2 weeks of reconstitution rising to a maximum in excess of 3 mg/ml by 5 weeks. Immunohistological examination of lung, spleen, lymph node and thymus tissue, derived from reconstituted mice, with human leukocyte specific monoclonal antibodies revealed the presence of human macrophages (CD68+), T cells (CD43+) and B cells (CD20+). The establishment of a functional immune system was demonstrated by the ability of reconstituted mice to respond to immunisation with KLH. Finally, reconstituted Hu-PBL-SCID-Beige mice were susceptible to infection with HIV-1 by intraperitoneal injection. These results indicate that SCID-Beige mice are a valuable tool for the generation of human/mouse chimeras and for the establishment of an in vivo HIV infection model. The results are compared with other similar model systems and are discussed in the context of animal models of HIV vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W McBride
- Microbial Antigens Department, CAMR, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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