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Kantakamalakul W, De Souza M, Karnasuta C, Brown A, Gurunathan S, Birx D, Thongcharoen P, Taveg T. Enhanced sensitivity of detection of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV type 1 proteins using an extended in vitro stimulation period for measuring effector function in volunteers enrolled in an ALVAC-HIV phase I/II prime boost vaccine trial in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:642-4. [PMID: 15242541 DOI: 10.1089/0889222041217473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase I/II prime-boost vaccine trial in HIV-1-seronegative adults was conducted in Thailand using ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) as a prime, boosting with either oligomeric gp160 TH023/LAI or Chiron HIV Thai subtype E (CM235) plus U. S. subtype B (SF2) gp120. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays were conducted at one of the vaccine trial sites (Siriraj Hospital) at a single time point following the completion of immunization demonstrated that 8 of 50 (16%) vaccine recipients showed HIV-specific CTL by standard chromium release assay (CRA) after in vitro stimulation (IVS) for 2 weeks. Five additional vaccinees (13/50 = 26%) showed CTL responses after IVS for up to 4 weeks. Moreover, one volunteer with a positive CTL response to a single HIV antigen at Day 14 demonstrated a response to an additional HIV-1 antigen(s) after the longer IVS period. CTL activity was CD8+ restricted. Despite extension of the IVS up to 4 weeks, no CTL responses were detected in placebo recipients. These results imply that extension of the IVS period may increase the sensitivity of the CRA when measuring HIV-specific CTL in ALVAC-HIV prime-boost recipients without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Cho MW. Assessment of HIV vaccine development: past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2001; 49:263-314. [PMID: 11013767 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(00)49030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M W Cho
- AIDS Vaccine Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Horner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA
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Abstract
The majority of infectious agents enter the body via mucosal surfaces. Therefore, there is great interest in developing vaccination strategies that lead to mucosal immunity. However, to generate strong mucosal immune responses to nonreplicating immunogens, mucosal delivery with an adjuvant is required, and no safe and effective mucosal adjuvants are presently available for use in humans. Recently, immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS-ODN) has been shown to be a potent mucosal adjuvant. Intranasal (i.n.) delivery of antigen with ISS-ODN elicits a secretory IgA response both locally in respiratory secretions and distally in intestinal and vaginal secretions. In this regard, ISS-ODN has been shown to be as effective as cholera toxin (CT), but unlike CT, ISS-ODN has not been shown to have significant toxicity. Furthermore, i.n. antigen/ISS-ODN coimmunization induces a strong Th(1)-biased systemic immune response with cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. These observations suggest that ISS-ODN would be an ideal mucosal adjuvant for development of vaccines against mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Horner
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Aging, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0663, USA
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Horner AA, Cinman N, Ronaghy A, Raz E. Mucosal adjuvanticity of immunostimulatory DNA sequences. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2000; 22:133-46. [PMID: 10944808 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Horner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA
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Raux M, Finkielsztejn L, Salmon-Céron D, Bouchez H, Excler JL, Dulioust E, Grouin JM, Sicard D, Blondeau C. Comparison of the distribution of IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and various mucosal fluids of HIV type 1-infected subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:1365-76. [PMID: 10515152 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared IgG and IgA distribution in serum, three different salivary samples, two different rectal secretion samples, cervicovaginal secretions, and seminal secretions from asymptomatic CDC stage II/III HIV-1-infected subjects (n = 44) and from HIV-1-seronegative volunteers (n = 52). In-house ELISAs were used to measure total IgG and total IgA levels, as well as HIV-specific anti-gp120 MN and anti-p24 LAI IgG and IgA. Human serum albumin was titrated in parallel to calculate the relative coefficient of excretion (RCE). In spite of substantial interindividual variability, total IgG concentrations in all fluids were found to be significantly greater in the HIV-1-infected group than in the seronegative subjects. Calculation of RCE values revealed three different types of mucosal secretion: secretions with no local Ig production, such as sperm; secretions with local production of IgA and transudative origin of IgG, such as salivary and rectal samples; and secretions with local production of both IgG and IgA, such as in cervicovaginal secretions. For all mucosal specimens from HIV-1-infected subjects, the response to HIV-1 was predominantly IgG, with highest titers observed in cervicovaginal secretions (although these were lower than serum levels). In contrast, the specific IgA response appeared weaker in the mucosa than in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raux
- Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, Val de Reuil, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Salmon-Céron D, Excler JL, Finkielsztejn L, Autran B, Gluckman JC, Sicard D, Matthews TJ, Meignier B, Valentin C, El Habib R, Blondeau C, Raux M, Moog C, Tartaglia J, Chong P, Klein M, Milcamps B, Heshmati F, Plotkin S. Safety and immunogenicity of a live recombinant canarypox virus expressing HIV type 1 gp120 MN MN tm/gag/protease LAI (ALVAC-HIV, vCP205) followed by a p24E-V3 MN synthetic peptide (CLTB-36) administered in healthy volunteers at low risk for HIV infection. AGIS Group and L'Agence Nationale de Recherches sur Le Sida. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:633-45. [PMID: 10331442 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A live recombinant canarypox vector expressing HIV-1 gpl20 MN tm/gag/protease LAI (ALVAC-HIV, vCP205) alone or boosted by a p24E-V3 MN synthetic peptide (CLTB-36) was tested in healthy volunteers at low risk for HIV infection for their safety and immunogenicity. Both antigens were well tolerated. ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) induced low levels of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 MN in 33% of the volunteers. None of them had detectable neutralizing antibodies against a nonsyncytium-inducing HIV-1 clade B primary isolate (Bx08). After the fourth injection of vCP205, CTL activity was detected in 33% of the volunteers and was directed against Env, Gag, and Pol. This activity was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. On the other hand, the CLTB-36 peptide was poorly immunogenic and induced no neutralizing antibodies or CTLs. Although the ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) and CLTB-36 prime-boost regimen was not optimal, further studies with ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) are warranted because of its clear induction of a cellular immune response and utility as a priming agent for other subunit antigens such as envelope glycoproteins, pseudoparticles, or new peptides.
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Vogel TU, Evans DT, Urvater JA, O'Connor DH, Hughes AL, Watkins DI. Major histocompatibility complex class I genes in primates: co-evolution with pathogens. Immunol Rev 1999; 167:327-37. [PMID: 10319271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most polymorphic genetic system known, playing a central role in the cellular immune response to pathogens. The relationship between the MHC of humans and non-human primates has increased our understanding of MHC evolution and how polymorphism of this gene family may have been generated. We will review MHC class I evolution in great apes and Old World and New World primates and discuss new data from the simian immunodeficiency virus/rhesus monkey animal model that demonstrate the role of MHC class I alleles in selecting for new populations of viruses. This suggests that certain pathogens co-evolve with the MHC class I molecules they encounter in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T U Vogel
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715-1299, USA
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Dorrell L, Dong T, Ogg GS, Lister S, McAdam S, Rostron T, Conlon C, McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Distinct recognition of non-clade B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epitopes by cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated from donors infected in Africa. J Virol 1999; 73:1708-14. [PMID: 9882385 PMCID: PMC104004 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.2.1708-1714.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1998] [Accepted: 10/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present detailed studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to clade A or C HIV type 1 in three donors infected in East Africa. We define several novel non-clade B CTL epitopes, including some restricted by HLA alleles common in Africans. Although cross-clade CTL recognition of these epitopes does occur, recognition can also be highly clade specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dorrell
- Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Neutra MR. HIV transmission and immune protection at mucosal surfaces. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 452:169-75. [PMID: 9889970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Neutra
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Horner AA, Ronaghy A, Cheng PM, Nguyen MD, Cho HJ, Broide D, Raz E. Immunostimulatory DNA is a potent mucosal adjuvant. Cell Immunol 1998; 190:77-82. [PMID: 9826449 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most proteins delivered to mucosal surfaces fail to induce mucosal or systemic immune responses. We demonstrate that a single intranasal (i.n.) coadministration of a model antigen (beta-galactosidase, beta-gal) with immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS-ODN) induces a mucosal IgA response equivalent to that induced by i.n. codelivery of beta-gal with cholera toxin (CT). Furthermore, i.n. and intradermal (i.d.) delivery of the beta-gal/ISS-ODN mix stimulates equivalent Th1-biased systemic immune responses with high-level cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. In contrast, i.n. immunization with beta-gal and CT results in a Th2-biased systemic immune response with poor CTL activity. Our data show that i.n. delivery of ISS-ODN provides effective adjuvant activity for the induction of both mucosal and systemic Th1-biased immune responses. This immunization approach deserves consideration in the development of vaccines against mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Horner
- Department of Medicine, and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Aging, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0663, USA.
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Rowland-Jones SL, Dong T, Fowke KR, Kimani J, Krausa P, Newell H, Blanchard T, Ariyoshi K, Oyugi J, Ngugi E, Bwayo J, MacDonald KS, McMichael AJ, Plummer FA. Cytotoxic T cell responses to multiple conserved HIV epitopes in HIV-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1758-65. [PMID: 9802890 PMCID: PMC509124 DOI: 10.1172/jci4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people who remain persistently seronegative despite frequent HIV exposure have HIV-specific immune responses. The study of these may provide information about mechanisms of natural protective immunity to HIV-1. We describe the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV in seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi who are apparently resistant to HIV infection. These women have had frequent exposure to a range of African HIV-1 variants, primarily clades A, C, and D, for up to 12 yr without becoming infected. Nearly half of them have CTL directed towards epitopes previously defined for B clade virus, which are largely conserved in the A and D clade sequences. Stronger responses are frequently elicited using the A or D clade version of an epitope to stimulate CTL, suggesting that they were originally primed by exposure to these virus strains. CTL responses have been defined to novel epitopes presented by HLA class I molecules associated with resistance to infection in the cohort, HLA-A*6802 and HLA-B18. Estimates using a modified interferon-gamma Elispot assay indicate a circulating frequency of CTL to individual epitopes of between 1:3,200 and 1:50,000. Thus, HIV-specific immune responses-particularly cross-clade CTL activity- may be responsible for protection against persistent HIV infection in these African women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Rowland-Jones
- Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Wilson SE, Pedersen SL, Kunich JC, Wilkins VL, Mann DL, Mazzara GP, Tartaglia J, Celum CL, Sheppard HW. Cross-clade envelope glycoprotein 160-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in early HIV type 1 clade B infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:925-37. [PMID: 9686639 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major objective of current HIV-1 vaccination strategies is the induction of HIV-1-specific CD8+ MHC class I-restricted CTL responses, which are suggested to play a pivotal role in viral clearance and protection against HIV-1 disease progression. However, the marked genetic diversity of HIV-1 and existence of distinct viral subtypes or clades could potentially hinder the development of a universally efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. In this study we examined HIV-1 intraclade (B(LAI) versus B(MN)) Env gp160-specific CTL reactivity in recently HIV-1 clade B-infected individuals. We further evaluated the extent of interclade CTL cross-recognition of the divergent A and C Env gp160 subtypes, that are highly prevalent in the global pandemic. Freshly isolated PBMCs were stimulated in vitro with autologous PBMCs infected with recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing HIV-1 env, gag, pol, and nef genes derived from HIV-1 clade B. All 13 of the 19 HIV-1-seropositive subjects who elicited significant clade B Env gp160LAI CD8+ CTL responses also demonstrated comparable levels of CTL cross-reactivity against clade C92BR025 Env gp160. Nine of these individuals also showed extensive interclade CTL cross-recognition of clade A92UG037 Env gp160. Two HLA class I B7 donors had nondetectable intraclade CTL response against B Env gp160MN, while generating significant intraclade B(LAI) and interclade (A and C) Env gp160 CTL cross-reactivity. These observations serve to underscore the central importance of the HLA background of individuals in determining the pattern of immune reactivity to natural HIV-1 infection and presumably vaccines. Five donors studied also demonstrated broad CTL cross-reactivity against clade A92UG037 Gag p55, Pol, and/or Nef antigens. In conclusion, this present study indicates that there is a considerable degree of CD8+ CTL cross-recognition of the highly divergent HIV-1 Env gp160 subtypes during early phases of HIV-1 infection. Such findings suggest that HIV-1 vaccines based on a single clade that can induce extensive cross-clade immunity may demonstrate utility in diverse geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Wilson
- Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704, USA.
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Sasaki S, Sumino K, Hamajima K, Fukushima J, Ishii N, Kawamoto S, Mohri H, Kensil CR, Okuda K. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a DNA vaccine formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant via intramuscular and intranasal routes. J Virol 1998; 72:4931-9. [PMID: 9573261 PMCID: PMC110054 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.6.4931-4939.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1997] [Accepted: 02/20/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of mucosal and cell-mediated immunity is critical for development of an effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We compared intramuscular and intranasal immunizations with a DNA vaccine encoding env of HIV-1 and evaluated the QS-21 saponin adjuvant for augmentation of the systemic and mucosal immune responses to HIV-1 in a murine model. Vaccination via the two routes elicited comparable systemic immune responses, and QS-21 consistently enhanced antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) production, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and cytolytic activity of splenocytes. Intestinal secretory IgA production and cytolytic activity of the mesenteric lymph node cells are preferentially elicited by intranasal immunization, and QS-21 augmented these activities as well. This adjuvant augmented production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) associated with decrease in IL-4 synthesis by antigen-restimulated splenocytes. The serum immunoglobulin subtype profile showed a dominant IgG2a response and less strong IgG1 and IgE production in a QS-21 dose-dependent manner. As expected, enhancements of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by QS-21 were abrogated by treatment with anti-IL-2 and anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that the intranasal route of DNA immunization is more efficient than the intramuscular route in inducing mucosal immunity mediated by sIgA and mesenteric lymphocytes. Furthermore, QS-21 is able to act as a mucosal adjuvant in DNA vaccination and demonstrates its immunomodulatory property via stimulation of the Th1 subset. This study emphasizes the importance of the route of immunization and the use of an adjuvant for effective DNA vaccination against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Vogel TU, Fournier J, Sherring A, Ko D, Parenteau M, Bogdanovic D, Mihowich J, Rud EW. Presence of circulating CTL induced by infection with wild-type or attenuated SIV and their correlation with protection from pathogenic SHIV challenge. J Med Primatol 1998; 27:65-72. [PMID: 9747945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CTLs in the protection from challenge with pathogenic SHIV in macaques vaccinated with attenuated virus. More specifically, we have analyzed the CTL response in cynomolgus macaques vaccinated/infected with the attenuated SIVmacC8 or the wild-type SIVmacJ5 and correlated these responses to the protection from SHIV89.6P challenge. SIVmacC8-vaccinated monkeys demonstrated a broader CTL response than the SIVmacJ5-infected animals. Nevertheless, CTL against some proteins in SIVmacC8-vaccinated monkeys became progressively more difficult to detect through the day of challenge. In regards to protection from superinfection with SHIV89.6P, neither the presence of circulating CTL nor the CTL precursor frequency against any of the tested proteins correlated with the outcome of the challenge when SIVmacJ5- and SIVmacC8-infected animals were analyzed together. By analyzing the SIVmacC8-vaccinated animals separately, only the protected animal had detectable CTL precursors with moderate frequencies against all three tested proteins at the day of challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- T U Vogel
- National Laboratory for HIV Pathogenesis, Bureau of HIV/AIDS and STD, LCDC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Brühl P, Kerschbaum A, Eibl MM, Mannhalter JW. An experimental prime-boost regimen leading to HIV type 1-specific mucosal and systemic immunity in BALB/c mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:401-7. [PMID: 9546799 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of mucosal as well as systemic immunity to HIV-1 is considered to have high priority in current concepts of future AIDS vaccines. Here we show that the desired immune responses can be elicited by an experimental prime-boost regimen consisting of mucosal (intragastric) application of a recombinant vaccinia virus carrying the HIV-1 env gene (vSC25), followed by parenteral (intradermal) immunization with the recombinant HIV-1 glycoprotein 160 (rgp160). Following intragastric immunization of mice with vSC25 in combination with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT), HIV-1 env-specific IgA was secreted by B cells of Peyer's patches and the lamina propria. Moreover, mucosal (intragastric and intranasal) application of vSC25 (both in presence or absence of CT) induced a long-lasting, HIV-1 env-specific systemic cytotoxic T cell response. Subsequent intradermal boosters with rgp160 led to HIV-1-specific T cell memory and serum antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brühl
- Department of Immunological Research, Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria
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Birk M, Vahlne A, Sönnerborg A, Sällberg M. Nonsynonymous mutations within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p17 gene are clustered to sequences binding to the host human leukocyte antigen class I molecules. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:241-8. [PMID: 9491914 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the relation between intrapatient variabilities of the p17 gene and the location of known host p17 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in five patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). All patients were typed with respect to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I type. One to seven previously fine-mapped p17 CTL epitopes corresponded to the HLA class I restriction elements of each patient. An average of 28+/-16% of the p17 gene of each patient encoded CTL epitopes corresponding to the HLA restriction elements of the host. Twenty full-length p17 gene clones were sequenced from each patient. The intrapatient homology between the p17 sequences ranged from 96.4 to 98.9%. The interpatient homology between the consensus sequences of each patient ranged from 83.1 to 91.6%. A total of 246 nucleotide differences within the 100 p17 clones was noted. Fifteen (16%) of 96 synonymous substitutions were found within host CTL epitopes, whereas 72 (48%) of 150 nonsynonymous nucleotide changes were found within CTL epitopes corresponding to the HLA restriction elements of the host (p < 0.0001; Fisher's exact test). Subsequently, variable residues indicating the evolution of at least two major p17 species (i.e., >20% of the clones) were determined to be more common at positions contained within these CTL epitopes (p < 0.01). The present data suggest that the evolution of the p17 gene is influenced by contact areas with the host HLA class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Birk
- Division of Clinical Virology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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Sasaki S, Hamajima K, Fukushima J, Ihata A, Ishii N, Gorai I, Hirahara F, Mohri H, Okuda K. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular immunization against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a DNA-monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant vaccine. Infect Immun 1998; 66:823-6. [PMID: 9453648 PMCID: PMC107976 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.2.823-826.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared immune responses to intranasal and intramuscular DNA vaccinations against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) used as an adjuvant. Both routes of vaccination resulted in similar levels of cell-mediated immunity, but the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A response was higher following intranasal immunization than after intramuscular immunization. MPL demonstrated its adjuvanticity in vaccination by both routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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21
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Sasaki S, Fukushima J, Hamajima K, Ishii N, Tsuji T, Xin KQ, Mohri H, Okuda K. Adjuvant effect of Ubenimex on a DNA vaccine for HIV-1. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:30-5. [PMID: 9472658 PMCID: PMC1904860 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of DNA vaccine immunogenicity is a current topic of high priority in the field of applied immunology, especially as a means of controlling HIV infection. The adjuvant effect of Ubenimex (UBX), an anti-cancer immunomodulator, on a DNA AIDS vaccine which we developed was examined in a murine model. UBX was formulated into a preparation containing DNA plasmids encoding env and rev genes of HIV-1 strain III(B), and was inoculated intramuscularly into BALB/c mice. The sera obtained with this mixture had 2(3)-2(5) times higher specific IgG titres than those obtained without the use of the adjuvant. UBX also elicited both a stronger HIV-1-specific DTH reaction, as measured by the footpad swelling test, and stronger cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, as assayed by the 51Cr-release method, compared with responses using DNA alone. The cytokine secretion profile of restimulated immune lymphoid cells showed that UBX raised IL-2 and interferon-gamma levels and decreased IL-4 production. HIV-1-specific immunoglobulin subtype analysis demonstrated that UBX stimulated IgG2a production but suppressed synthesis of IgG1 and IgE. These results indicate that activation of the T-helper type 1 subset was induced by UBX, suggesting a mechanism of immunomodulation mediated by this agent. We conclude that UBX acts as an immunologic adjuvant for DNA vaccination against HIV-1. UBX may be a suitable adjuvant for clinical use because of its lack of antigenicity and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Recombinant viruses have been investigated as candidate vaccines, and have also been used extensively as immunological tools. Recent advances in this area include the following: the construction and testing of a recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus encoding human interferon-gamma; the development of new vectors such as recombinant poliovirus; and the generation of polyepitope vaccines. Basic immunological research has benefited from the use of recombinant viruses to further understand the role of molecules such as CD40 ligand, nitric oxide and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rolph
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Monbijoustrasse 2, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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McElrath MJ, Siliciano RF, Weinhold KJ. HIV type 1 vaccine-induced cytotoxic T cell responses in phase I clinical trials: detection, characterization, and quantitation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:211-6. [PMID: 9115806 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M J McElrath
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98144, USA
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