1
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Zhang B, Chuang GY, Biju A, Biner D, Cheng J, Wang Y, Bao S, Chao CW, Lei H, Liu T, Nazzari AF, Yang Y, Zhou T, Chen SJ, Chen X, Kong WP, Ou L, Parchment DK, Sarfo EK, SiMa H, Todd JP, Wang S, Woodward RA, Cheng C, Rawi R, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Cholesterol reduction by immunization with a PCSK9 mimic. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114285. [PMID: 38819987 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a plasma protein that controls cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we design a human PCSK9 mimic, named HIT01, with no consecutive 9-residue stretch in common with any human protein as a potential heart attack vaccine. Murine immunizations with HIT01 reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels by 40% and 30%, respectively. Immunization of cynomolgus macaques with HIT01-K21Q-R218E, a cleavage-resistant variant, elicits high-titer PCSK9-directed antibody responses and significantly reduces serum levels of cholesterol 2 weeks after each immunization. However, HIT01-K21Q-R218E immunizations also increase serum PCSK9 levels by up to 5-fold, likely due to PCSK9-binding antibodies altering the half-life of PCSK9. While vaccination with a PCSK9 mimic can induce antibodies that block interactions of PCSK9 with the LDL receptor, PCSK9-binding antibodies appear to alter homeostatic levels of PCSK9, thereby confounding its vaccine impact. Our results nevertheless suggest a mechanism for increasing the half-life of soluble regulatory factors by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Biju
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Biner
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yiran Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saran Bao
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cara W Chao
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haotian Lei
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra F Nazzari
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven J Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Danealle K Parchment
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edward K Sarfo
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - HaoMin SiMa
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth A Woodward
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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2
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Hulbert SW, Desai P, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP, Williams AJ. Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108234. [PMID: 37558188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of the many possible candidate antigens for subunit vaccine development, carbohydrates are particularly appealing because of their ubiquitous presence on the surface of all living cells, viruses, and parasites as well as their known interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Indeed, several licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens for inducing antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies and the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrates have also garnered attention in other aspects of vaccine development, for example, as adjuvants that enhance the immune response by either activating innate immune responses or targeting specific immune cells. Additionally, carbohydrates can function as immunomodulators that dampen undesired humoral immune responses to entire protein antigens or specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. In this review, we highlight how the interplay between carbohydrates and the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response is guiding the development of glycans as vaccine components that act as antigens, adjuvants, and immunomodulators. We also discuss how advances in the field of synthetic glycobiology are enabling the design, engineering, and production of this new generation of carbohydrate-containing vaccine formulations with the potential to prevent infectious diseases, malignancies, and complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Asher J Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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3
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Martina CE, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Glycan masking in vaccine design: Targets, immunogens and applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126034. [PMID: 37033915 PMCID: PMC10076883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is a novel technique in reverse vaccinology in which sugar chains (glycans) are added on the surface of immunogen candidates to hide regions of low interest and thus focus the immune system on highly therapeutic epitopes. This shielding strategy is inspired by viruses such as influenza and HIV, which are able to escape the immune system by incorporating additional glycosylation and preventing the binding of therapeutic antibodies. Interestingly, the glycan masking technique is mainly used in vaccine design to fight the same viruses that naturally use glycans to evade the immune system. In this review we report the major successes obtained with the glycan masking technique in epitope-focused vaccine design. We focus on the choice of the target antigen, the strategy for immunogen design and the relevance of the carrier vector to induce a strong immune response. Moreover, we will elucidate the different applications that can be accomplished with glycan masking, such as shifting the immune response from hyper-variable epitopes to more conserved ones, focusing the response on known therapeutic epitopes, broadening the response to different viral strains/sub-types and altering the antigen immunogenicity to elicit higher or lower immune response, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Masuda A, Lee JM, Miyata T, Mon H, Sato K, Oyama K, Sakurai Y, Yasuda J, Takahashi D, Ueda T, Kato Y, Nishida M, Karasaki N, Kakino K, Ebihara T, Nagasato T, Hino M, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Tonooka Y, Tanaka M, Moriyama T, Nakatake H, Fujita R, Kusakabe T. Optimization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expression in the Silkworm and Induction of Efficient Protective Immunity by Inoculation With Alum Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803647. [PMID: 35095889 PMCID: PMC8789674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally. In order to end the COVID-19 pandemic, an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 must be produced at low cost and disseminated worldwide. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses plays a pivotal role in the infection to host cells. Therefore, targeting the S protein is one of the most rational approaches in developing vaccines and therapeutic agents. In this study, we optimized the expression of secreted trimerized S protein of SARS-CoV-2 using a silkworm-baculovirus expression vector system and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice. The results showed that the S protein forming the trimeric structure was the most stable when the chicken cartilage matrix protein was used as the trimeric motif and could be purified in large amounts from the serum of silkworm larvae. The purified S protein efficiently induced antigen-specific antibodies in mouse serum without adjuvant, but its ability to induce neutralizing antibodies was low. After examining several adjuvants, the use of Alum adjuvant was the most effective in inducing strong neutralizing antibody induction. We also examined the adjuvant effect of paramylon from Euglena gracilis when administered with the S protein. Our results highlight the effectiveness and suitable construct design of the S protein produced in silkworms for the subunit vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oyama
- Laboratory of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Laboratory of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Karasaki
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kakino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeru Ebihara
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Nagasato
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Hino
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakashima
- The Research and Development Department, Euglena Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- The Research and Development Department, Euglena Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshino Tonooka
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takato Moriyama
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Stable trimer formation of spike protein from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus improves the efficiency of secretory production in silkworms and induces neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vet Res 2021; 52:102. [PMID: 34233749 PMCID: PMC8261802 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious pathogen of watery diarrhea that causes serious economic loss to the swine industry worldwide. Especially because of the high mortality rate in neonatal piglets, a vaccine with less production cost and high protective effect against PEDV is desired. The intrinsically assembled homotrimer of spike (S) protein on the PEDV viral membrane contributing to the host cell entry is a target of vaccine development. In this study, we designed trimerized PEDV S protein for efficient production in the silkworm-baculovirus expression vector system (silkworm-BEVS) and evaluated its immunogenicity in the mouse. The genetic fusion of the trimeric motif improved the expression of S protein in silkworm-BEVS. A small-scale screening of silkworm strains to further improve the S protein productivity finally achieved the yield of about 2 mg from the 10 mL larval serum. Mouse immunization study demonstrated that the trimerized S protein could elicit strong humoral immunity, including the S protein-specific IgG in the serum. These sera contained neutralizing antibodies that can protect Vero cells from PEDV infection. These results demonstrated that silkworm-BEVS provides a platform for the production of trimeric S proteins, which are promising subunit vaccines against coronaviruses such as PEDV.
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6
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Antibody Responses Elicited by Immunization with BG505 Trimer Immune Complexes. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01188-19. [PMID: 31375582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01188-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune complex (IC) vaccines have been successfully used to increase immune responses against various pathogens, including HIV-1. Additionally, IC vaccines can induce qualitatively different antibody responses, with distinct antigenic specificities compared to the same antigens used alone. Here we measured the HIV-1-specific antibody responses in female New Zealand White rabbits after immunization with ICs made from BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers (BG505 trimers) and three rabbit monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with different neutralization profiles. Two of the MAbs were specific for a hole in the glycan shield of the BG505 trimer, while the third, which bound less avidly, was specific for determinants at the gp41-gp120 interface. We found that immunization with one of the glycan-hole-specific ICs resulted in lower levels of trimer-binding antibodies compared to vaccination with the uncomplexed trimer, and that ICs made using either of the glycan-hole-specific MAbs resulted in lower rates of anti-trimer antibody decay. We concluded that ICs based on MAbs that bound to the immunodominant glycan hole epitope likely diverted antibody responses, to some extent, away from this site and to other regions of the trimer. However, this outcome was not accompanied by a widening of the breadth or an increase in the potency of neutralizing antibody responses compared with uncomplexed trimers.IMPORTANCE Immunodominant epitopes may suppress immune responses to more desirable determinants, such as those that elicit potentially protective neutralizing antibody responses. To overcome this problem, we attempted to mask immunodominant glycan holes by immunizing rabbits with ICs consisting of the BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140 trimer and MAbs that targeted the glycan holes. We found that IC vaccination likely diverted antibody responses, to some extent, away from the glycan holes and toward other regions of the trimer. IC vaccination resulted in slower decay of HIV-1-specific antibodies than did immunization with uncomplexed trimer. We did not observe a widening of the breadth or an increase in the potency of neutralizing antibody responses compared to uncomplexed trimers. Our results suggest that selective epitope dampening of BG505 trimers by ICs is rather ineffective. However, IC vaccination may represent a novel means of increasing the duration of vaccine-induced antibody responses.
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7
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Duan H, Chen X, Boyington JC, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Jafari AJ, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Kalyuzhniy O, Zhao P, Menis S, Nason MC, Normandin E, Mukhamedova M, DeKosky BJ, Wells L, Schief WR, Tian M, Alt FW, Kwong PD, Mascola JR. Glycan Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity 2018; 49:301-311.e5. [PMID: 30076101 PMCID: PMC6896779 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An important class of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, termed the VRC01 class, targets the conserved CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env). An engineered Env outer domain (OD) eOD-GT8 60-mer nanoparticle has been developed as a priming immunogen for eliciting VRC01-class precursors and is planned for clinical trials. However, a substantial portion of eOD-GT8-elicited antibodies target non-CD4bs epitopes, potentially limiting its efficacy. We introduced N-linked glycans into non-CD4bs surfaces of eOD-GT8 to mask irrelevant epitopes and evaluated these mutants in a mouse model that expressed diverse immunoglobulin heavy chains containing human IGHV1-2∗02, the germline VRC01 VH segment. Compared to the parental eOD-GT8, a mutant with five added glycans stimulated significantly higher proportions of CD4bs-specific serum responses and CD4bs-specific immunoglobulin G+ B cells including VRC01-class precursors. These results demonstrate that glycan masking can limit elicitation of off-target antibodies and focus immune responses to the CD4bs, a major target of HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Duan
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Bruun TH, Grassmann V, Zimmer B, Asbach B, Peterhoff D, Kliche A, Wagner R. Mammalian cell surface display for monoclonal antibody-based FACS selection of viral envelope proteins. MAbs 2017; 9:1052-1064. [PMID: 28816583 PMCID: PMC5627598 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1364824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly and efficiently neutralizing antibodies in humans by active immunization is still a major obstacle in the development of vaccines against pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, hepatitis C virus or cytomegalovirus. Here, we describe a mammalian cell surface display and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated panning technology that allows affinity-based selection of envelope (Env) variants from libraries. To this end, we established an experimental setup featuring: 1) single and site specific integration of Env to link genotype and phenotype, 2) inducible Env expression to avoid cytotoxicity effects, 3) translational coupling of Env and enhanced green fluorescent protein expression to normalize for Env protein levels, and 4) display on HEK cells to ensure native folding and mammalian glycosylation. For proof of concept, we applied our method to a chimeric HIV-1 Env model library comprising variants with differential binding affinities to the V3-loop-directed mAbs 447–52D and HGN194. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting selectively enriched a high affinity variant up to 56- and 55-fold for 447–52D and HGN194, respectively, after only a single round of panning. Similarly, the low affinity variants for each antibody could be selectively enriched up to 237-fold. The binding profiles of membrane-bound gp145 and soluble gp140 chimeras showed identical affinity ranking, suggesting that the technology can guide the identification of Env variants with optimized antigenic properties for subsequent use as vaccine candidates. Finally, our mAb-based cellular display and selection strategy may also prove useful for the development of prophylactic vaccines against pathogens other than HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Henrik Bruun
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Veronika Grassmann
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Zimmer
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - David Peterhoff
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Institute of Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg . Germany
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9
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Murine Antibody Responses to Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Are Highly Restricted in Specificity. J Virol 2015; 89:10383-98. [PMID: 26246566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01653-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Generating neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) is a major goal of many current HIV-1 vaccine efforts. To be of practical value, these nAbs must be both potent and cross-reactive in order to be capable of preventing the transmission of the highly diverse and generally neutralization resistant (Tier-2) HIV-1 strains that are in circulation. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike is the only target for nAbs. To explore whether Tier-2 nAbs can be induced by Env proteins, we immunized conventional mice with soluble BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers that mimic the native Env spike. Here, we report that it is extremely difficult for murine B cells to recognize the Env epitopes necessary for inducing Tier-2 nAbs. Thus, while trimer-immunized mice raised Env-binding IgG Abs and had high-quality T follicular helper (Tfh) cell and germinal center (GC) responses, they did not make BG505.T332N nAbs. Epitope mapping studies showed that Ab responses in mice were specific to areas near the base of the soluble trimer. These areas are not well shielded by glycans and likely are occluded on virions, which is consistent with the lack of BG505.T332N nAbs. These data inform immunogen design and suggest that it is useful to obscure nonneutralizing epitopes presented on the base of soluble Env trimers and that the glycan shield of well-formed HIV Env trimers is virtually impenetrable for murine B cell receptors (BCRs). IMPORTANCE Human HIV vaccine efficacy trials have not generated meaningful neutralizing antibodies to circulating HIV strains. One possible hindrance has been the lack of immunogens that properly mimic the native conformation of the HIV envelope trimer protein. Here, we tested the first generation of soluble, native-like envelope trimer immunogens in a conventional mouse model. We attempted to generate neutralizing antibodies to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. Various vaccine strategies failed to induce neutralizing antibodies to a neutralization-resistant HIV strain. Further analysis revealed that mouse antibodies targeted areas near the bottom of the soluble envelope trimers. These areas are not easily accessible on the HIV virion due to occlusion by the viral membrane and may have resulted from an absence of glycan shielding. Our results suggest that obscuring the bottom of soluble envelope trimers is a useful strategy to reduce antibody responses to epitopes that are not useful for virus neutralization.
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Bruun TH, Mühlbauer K, Benen T, Kliche A, Wagner R. A mammalian cell based FACS-panning platform for the selection of HIV-1 envelopes for vaccine development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109196. [PMID: 25279768 PMCID: PMC4184847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnMAb) against the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein has been discovered recently. Despite this progress, vaccination efforts with the aim to re-elicit bnMAbs that provide protective immunity have failed so far. Herein, we describe the development of a mammalian cell based FACS-panning method in which bnMAbs are used as tools to select surface-exposed envelope variants according to their binding affinity. For that purpose, an HIV-1 derived lentiviral vector was developed to infect HEK293T cells at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in order to link Env phenotype and genotype. For proof of principle, a gp145 Env model-library was established in which the complete V3 domain was substituted by five strain specific V3 loop sequences with known binding affinities to nMAb 447-52D, respectively. Env genes were recovered from selected cells by PCR, subcloned into a lentiviral vector (i) to determine and quantify the enrichment nMAb binders and (ii) to generate a new batch of transduction competent particles. After 2 selection cycles the Env variant with highest affinity was enriched 20-fold and represented 80% of the remaining Env population. Exploiting the recently described bnMAbs, this procedure might prove useful in selecting Env proteins from large Env libraries with the potential to elicit bnMAbs when used as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Henrik Bruun
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Katharina Mühlbauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Thomas Benen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Quinnan GV, Onabajo O, Zhang P, Yan L, Mattapallil JJ, Zhang Z, Dong M, Lu M, Montefiori D, LaBranche C, Broder CC. Immunization of rabbits with highly purified, soluble, trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein induces a vigorous B cell response and broadly cross-reactive neutralization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98060. [PMID: 24846288 PMCID: PMC4028264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we described induction of cross-reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses in rabbits using a soluble HIV-1 gp140 envelope glycoprotein (Env) in an adjuvant containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS21 (AS02A). Here, we compared different forms of the same HIV-1 strain R2 Env for antigenic and biophysical characteristics, and in rabbits characterized the extent of B cell induction for specific antibody expression and secretion and neutralizing responses. The forms of this Env that were produced in and purified from stably transformed 293T cells included a primarily dimeric gp140, a trimeric gp140 appended to a GCN4 trimerization domain (gp140-GCN4), gp140-GCN4 with a 15 amino acid flexible linker between the gp120 and gp41 ectodomain (gp140-GCN4-L), also trimeric, and a gp140 with the flexible linker purified from cell culture supernatants as either dimer (gp140-L(D)) or monomer (gp140-L(M)). Multimeric states of the Env proteins were assessed by native gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The different forms of gp140 bound broadly cross-reactive neutralizing (BCN) human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) similarly in ELISA and immunoprecipitation assays. All Envs bound CD4i mAbs in the presence and absence of sCD4, as reported for the R2 Env. Weak neutralization of some strains of HIV-1 was seen after two additional doses in AS02A. Rabbits that were given a seventh dose of gp140-GCN4-L developed BCN responses that were weak to moderate, similar to our previous report. The specificity of these responses did not appear similar to that of any of the known BCN human mAbs. Induction of spleen B cell and plasma cells producing immunoglobulins that bound trimeric gp140-GCN4-L was vigorous, based on ELISpot and flow cytometry analyses. The results demonstrate that highly purified gp140-GCN4-L trimer in adjuvant elicits BCN responses in rabbits accompanied by vigorous B cell induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald V. Quinnan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Olusegun Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Sampath S, Carrico C, Janes J, Gurumoorthy S, Gibson C, Melcher M, Chitnis CE, Wang R, Schief WR, Smith JD. Glycan masking of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein for probing protein binding function and vaccine development. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003420. [PMID: 23853575 PMCID: PMC3681752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is an emerging vaccine design strategy to focus antibody responses to specific epitopes, but it has mostly been evaluated on the already heavily glycosylated HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. Here this approach was used to investigate the binding interaction of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) and the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) and to evaluate if glycan-masked PvDBPII immunogens would focus the antibody response on key interaction surfaces. Four variants of PVDBPII were generated and probed for function and immunogenicity. Whereas two PvDBPII glycosylation variants with increased glycan surface coverage distant from predicted interaction sites had equivalent binding activity to wild-type protein, one of them elicited slightly better DARC-binding-inhibitory activity than wild-type immunogen. Conversely, the addition of an N-glycosylation site adjacent to a predicted PvDBP interaction site both abolished its interaction with DARC and resulted in weaker inhibitory antibody responses. PvDBP is composed of three subdomains and is thought to function as a dimer; a meta-analysis of published PvDBP mutants and the new DBPII glycosylation variants indicates that critical DARC binding residues are concentrated at the dimer interface and along a relatively flat surface spanning portions of two subdomains. Our findings suggest that DARC-binding-inhibitory antibody epitope(s) lie close to the predicted DARC interaction site, and that addition of N-glycan sites distant from this site may augment inhibitory antibodies. Thus, glycan resurfacing is an attractive and feasible tool to investigate protein structure-function, and glycan-masked PvDBPII immunogens might contribute to P. vivax vaccine development. An important goal of many vaccine efforts is to inhibit pathogen invasion of host cells, but few approaches exist to target vaccine antibodies on invasion blocking epitopes. Glycan masking is a vaccine design strategy to hide protein surfaces with carbohydrates and focus antibodies on exposed surfaces. This approach has mostly been evaluated on the heavily glycosylated HIV envelope glycoprotein, but it has never been tested on eukaryotic pathogens, such as Plasmodium, which have limited N-glycosylation machinery and therefore may provide a better platform to explore this strategy. Here, we used glycan masking to investigate the binding interaction between Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC). This study showed that addition of an N-glycan site in a predicted host interaction surface abolished binding and potentially covered up an inhibitory antibody epitope. In contrast, addition of multiple N-glycan sites distant from predicted interaction surfaces did not inhibit binding but did slightly enhance elicitation of inhibitory antibodies. This analysis shows that glycan resurfacing offers an integrated approach to characterize protein function and immunogenicity and that glycan resurfacing of PvDBPII immunogens may have utility in P. vivax-malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Sampath
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chris Carrico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joel Janes
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sairam Gurumoorthy
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire Gibson
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martin Melcher
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chetan E. Chitnis
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ruobing Wang
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WRS); (JDS)
| | - Joseph D. Smith
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WRS); (JDS)
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13
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Forsell MNE, Soldemo M, Dosenovic P, Wyatt RT, Karlsson MCI, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Independent expansion of epitope-specific plasma cell responses upon HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:44-51. [PMID: 23740950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abs that bind the functional envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike are considered critical for a broadly effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine. The difficulty in eliciting such Abs by vaccination is partially attributed to the immunodominance of hydrophilic, surface-exposed variable protein regions of Env. However, little is known about the potential for competition between B cells that recognize distinct and distal epitopes on Env during protein subunit vaccination. In this study, we address this basic question at the level of Ab-secreting cells and serum IgG using a pair of isogenic soluble Env trimers, designated wildtype and gV3, which differ only in their potential to activate B cell responses against the highly immunogenic V3 region of Env. Immunization of mice with gV3 resulted in a markedly lower Ag-specific response compared with that induced by wildtype Env and could be explained by a loss of V3-directed reactivities. There was no redistribution of the response to other regions of Env in gV3-inoculated mice, suggesting that the epitope-specific Ab-secreting cell responses measured after boost are independently regulated rather than dictated by direct or indirect competition between B cells recognizing different structural elements of Env. This information is relevant for ongoing efforts in Env immunogen design to focus responses on conserved neutralizing determinants and for our general understanding of B cell responses to large-protein Ags that display numerous B cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias N E Forsell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Hoot S, McGuire AT, Cohen KW, Strong RK, Hangartner L, Klein F, Diskin R, Scheid JF, Sather DN, Burton DR, Stamatatos L. Recombinant HIV envelope proteins fail to engage germline versions of anti-CD4bs bNAbs. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003106. [PMID: 23300456 PMCID: PMC3536657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine candidates for HIV-1 so far have not been able to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) although they express the epitopes recognized by bNAbs to the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env). To understand whether and how Env immunogens interact with the predicted germline versions of known bNAbs, we screened a large panel (N:56) of recombinant Envs (from clades A, B and C) for binding to the germline predecessors of the broadly neutralizing anti-CD4 binding site antibodies b12, NIH45-46 and 3BNC60. Although the mature antibodies reacted with diverse Envs, the corresponding germline antibodies did not display Env-reactivity. Experiments conducted with engineered chimeric antibodies combining the mature and germline heavy and light chains, respectively and vice-versa, revealed that both antibody chains are important for the known cross-reactivity of these antibodies. Our results also indicate that in order for b12 to display its broad cross-reactivity, multiple somatic mutations within its VH region are required. A consequence of the failure of the germline b12 to bind recombinant soluble Env is that Env-induced B-cell activation through the germline b12 BCR does not take place. Our study provides a new explanation for the difficulties in eliciting bNAbs with recombinant soluble Env immunogens. Our study also highlights the need for intense efforts to identify rare naturally occurring or engineered Envs that may engage the germline BCR versions of bNAbs. Recombinant HIV Envelope glycoproteins (Env), the sole target of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies, have, so far, not been able to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) although they express the corresponding epitopes. Such constructs elicit neutralizing antibodies of very narrow neutralizing breadth; antibodies whose epitopes are primarily located within variable domains of Env. Diverse approaches that have been evaluated over the past two decades to overcome this limitation were met with limited success. The exact reasons for the lack of elicitation of bNAbs during immunization with Env are not well understood. Here we show that recombinant Env proteins are inefficient in engaging the predicted germline BCRs of known bnAbs. Thus, our study provides new insights as to why recombinant Env immunogens have failed to elicit bNAbs. Our results indicate that, as a first step in eliciting bNAbs by immunization, Env immunogens should be designed that would engage the germline BCR versions of bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hoot
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. McGuire
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ron Diskin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Johannes F. Scheid
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope structure in the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2012; 86:13152-63. [PMID: 23015715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01110-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Very soon after the discovery of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) toward human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it became apparent that characterization of these NAbs would be an important step in finding a cure for or a vaccine to eradicate HIV-1. Since the initial description of broadly cross-clade NAbs naturally produced in HIV-1 patients, numerous studies have described new viral targets for these antibodies. More recently, studies concerning new groups of patients able to control their viremia, such as long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) or elite controllers, have described the generation of numerous envelope-targeted NAbs. Recent studies have marked a new stage in research on NAbs with the description of antibodies obtained from a worldwide screening of HIV-positive patients. These studies have permitted the discovery of NAb families with great potential for both neutralization and neutralization breadth, such as PG, PGT, CH, and highly active agonistic anti-CD4 binding site antibodies (HAADs), of which VRC01 and its variants are members. These antibodies are able to neutralize more than 80% of circulating strains without any autoreactivity and can be rapidly integrated into clinical trials in order to test their protective potential. In this review, we will focus on new insights into HIV-1 envelope structure and their implications for the generation of potent NAbs.
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16
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Broader neutralizing antibodies against H5N1 viruses using prime-boost immunization of hyperglycosylated hemagglutinin DNA and virus-like particles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39075. [PMID: 22720032 PMCID: PMC3374787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses and their transmission capability from birds to humans have raised global concerns about a potential human pandemic. The inherent nature of antigenic changes in influenza viruses has not been sufficiently taken into account in immunogen designs for broadly protective HPAI H5N1 vaccines. METHODS We designed a hyperglycosylated HA vaccine using N-linked glycan masking on highly variable sequences in the HA1 globular head. Immunization of these hyperglycosylated HA DNA vaccines followed by a flagellin-containing virus-like particle booster in mice was conducted to evaluate neutralizing antibody responses against various clades of HPAI H5N1 viruses. RESULTS We introduced nine N-X-S/T motifs in five HA1 regions: 83NNT, 86NNT, 94NFT, 127NSS, 138NRT, 156NTT, 161NRS, 182NDT, and 252NAT according to sequence alignment analyses from 163 HPAI H5N1 human isolates. Although no significant differences of anti-HA total IgG titers were found with these hyperglycosyalted HA compared to the wild-type control, the 83NNT and 127NSS mutants elicited significantly potent cross-clade neutralizing antibodies against HPAI H5N1 viruses. CONCLUSIONS This finding may have value in terms of novel immunogen design for developing cross-protective H5N1 vaccines.
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17
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Kong L, Sattentau QJ. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity in HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. JOURNAL OF AIDS & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2012; S8:3. [PMID: 23227445 PMCID: PMC3515071 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can protect from infection by immunodeficiency viruses. However, the induction by active vaccination of antibodies that can potently neutralize a broad range of circulating virus strains is a goal not yet achieved, despite more than 2 decades of research. Here we review progress made in the field, from early empirical studies to today's rational structure-based vaccine antigen design. We discuss the existence of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their implications for epitope discovery and recent progress made in antigen design. Finally, we consider the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity for B cell recognition and antibody production, a major hurdle for rational vaccine design to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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18
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Saha P, Bhattacharyya S, Kesavardhana S, Miranda ER, Ali PSS, Sharma D, Varadarajan R. Designed Cyclic Permutants of HIV-1 gp120: Implications for Envelope Trimer Structure and Immunogen Design. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1836-47. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300003v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Saha
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | | - Sannula Kesavardhana
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | | - P. Shaik Syed Ali
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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19
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Cross-clade HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies induced with V3-scaffold protein immunogens following priming with gp120 DNA. J Virol 2011; 85:9887-98. [PMID: 21795338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05086-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The V3 epitope is a known target for HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and V3-scaffold fusion proteins used as boosting immunogens after gp120 DNA priming were previously shown to induce NAbs in rabbits. Here, we evaluated whether the breadth and potency of the NAb response could be improved when boosted with rationally designed V3-scaffold immunogens. Rabbits were primed with codon-optimized clade C gp120 DNA and boosted with one of five V3-cholera toxin B fusion proteins (V3-CTBs) or with double combinations of these. The inserts in these immunogens were designed to display V3 epitopes shared by the majority of global HIV-1 isolates. Double combinations of V3-CTB immunogens generally induced more broad and potent NAbs than did boosts with single V3-CTB immunogens, with the most potent and broad NAbs elicited with the V3-CTB carrying the consensus V3 of clade C (V3(C)-CTB), or with double combinations of V3-CTB immunogens that included V3(C)-CTB. Neutralization of tier 1 and 2 pseudoviruses from clades AG, B, and C and of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-grown primary viruses from clades A, AG, and B was achieved, demonstrating that priming with gp120 DNA followed by boosts with V3-scaffold immunogens effectively elicits cross-clade NAbs. Focusing on the V3 region is a first step in designing a vaccine targeting protective epitopes, a strategy with potential advantages over the use of Env, a molecule that evolved to protect the virus by poorly inducing NAbs and by shielding the epitopes that are most critical for infectivity.
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20
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Du SX, Xu L, Zhang W, Tang S, Boenig RI, Chen H, Mariano EB, Zwick MB, Parren PWHI, Burton DR, Wrin T, Petropoulos CJ, Ballantyne JA, Chambers M, Whalen RG. A directed molecular evolution approach to improved immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20927. [PMID: 21738594 PMCID: PMC3126809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A prophylactic vaccine is needed to slow the spread of HIV-1 infection. Optimization of the wild-type envelope glycoproteins to create immunogens that can elicit effective neutralizing antibodies is a high priority. Starting with ten genes encoding subtype B HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins and using in vitro homologous DNA recombination, we created chimeric gp120 variants that were screened for their ability to bind neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Hundreds of variants were identified with novel antigenic phenotypes that exhibit considerable sequence diversity. Immunization of rabbits with these gp120 variants demonstrated that the majority can induce neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1. One novel variant, called ST-008, induced significantly improved neutralizing antibody responses when assayed against a large panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. Further study of various deletion constructs of ST-008 showed that the enhanced immunogenicity results from a combination of effective DNA priming, an enhanced V3-based response, and an improved response to the constant backbone sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X. Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Wenge Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca I. Boenig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Ellaine B. Mariano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paul W. H. I. Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Robert G. Whalen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
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21
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Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Conformational HIV-1 envelope on particulate structures: a tool for chemokine coreceptor binding studies. J Transl Med 2011; 9 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 21284899 PMCID: PMC3105500 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein gp120 presents conserved binding sites for binding to the primary virus receptor CD4 as well as the major HIV chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. Concerted efforts are underway to understand the specific interactions between gp120 and coreceptors as well as their contribution to the subsequent membrane fusion process. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on this biological aspect, which represents one of the key and essential points of the HIV-host cell interplay and HIV life cycle. The relevance of conformational HIV-1 Envelope proteins presented on Virus-like Particles for appropriate assessment of this molecular interaction, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab, of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond, G, Pascale, Naples, Italy
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22
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Evolutionary and structural features of the C2, V3 and C3 envelope regions underlying the differences in HIV-1 and HIV-2 biology and infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14548. [PMID: 21283793 PMCID: PMC3024314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike in HIV-1 infection, the majority of HIV-2 patients produce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies, control viral replication and survive as elite controllers. The identification of the molecular, structural and evolutionary footprints underlying these very distinct immunological and clinical outcomes may lead to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a side-by-side molecular, evolutionary and structural comparison of the C2, V3 and C3 envelope regions from HIV-1 and HIV-2. These regions contain major antigenic targets and are important for receptor binding. In HIV-2, these regions also have immune modulatory properties. We found that these regions are significantly more variable in HIV-1 than in HIV-2. Within each virus, C3 is the most entropic region followed by either C2 (HIV-2) or V3 (HIV-1). The C3 region is well exposed in the HIV-2 envelope and is under strong diversifying selection suggesting that, like in HIV-1, it may harbour neutralizing epitopes. Notably, however, extreme diversification of C2 and C3 seems to be deleterious for HIV-2 and prevent its transmission. Computer modelling simulations showed that in HIV-2 the V3 loop is much less exposed than C2 and C3 and has a retractile conformation due to a physical interaction with both C2 and C3. The concealed and conserved nature of V3 in the HIV-2 is consistent with its lack of immunodominancy in vivo and with its role in preventing immune activation. In contrast, HIV-1 had an extended and accessible V3 loop that is consistent with its immunodominant and neutralizing nature. Conclusions/Significance We identify significant structural and functional constrains to the diversification and evolution of C2, V3 and C3 in the HIV-2 envelope but not in HIV-1. These studies highlight fundamental differences in the biology and infection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and in their mode of interaction with the human immune system and may inform new vaccine and therapeutic interventions against these viruses.
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23
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Structure-function relationships of HIV-1 envelope sequence-variable regions refocus vaccine design. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:527-35. [PMID: 20577269 DOI: 10.1038/nri2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges of developing an HIV-1 vaccine lies in eliciting immune responses that can overcome the antigenic variability exhibited by HIV. Most HIV-1 vaccine development has focused on inducing immunity to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope. However, new studies of the sequence-variable regions of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein have shown that there are conserved immunological and structural features in these regions. Recombinant immunogens that include these features may provide the means to address the antigenic diversity of HIV-1 and induce protective antibodies that can prevent infection with HIV-1.
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24
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Binley JM, Ban YEA, Crooks ET, Eggink D, Osawa K, Schief WR, Sanders RW. Role of complex carbohydrates in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and resistance to antibody neutralization. J Virol 2010; 84:5637-55. [PMID: 20335257 PMCID: PMC2876609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00105-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex N-glycans flank the receptor binding sites of the outer domain of HIV-1 gp120, ostensibly forming a protective "fence" against antibodies. Here, we investigated the effects of rebuilding this fence with smaller glycoforms by expressing HIV-1 pseudovirions from a primary isolate in a human cell line lacking N-acetylglucosamine transferase I (GnTI), the enzyme that initiates the conversion of oligomannose N-glycans into complex N-glycans. Thus, complex glycans, including those that surround the receptor binding sites, are replaced by fully trimmed oligomannose stumps. Conversely, the untrimmed oligomannoses of the silent domain of gp120 are likely to remain unchanged. For comparison, we produced a mutant virus lacking a complex N-glycan of the V3 loop (N301Q). Both variants exhibited increased sensitivities to V3 loop-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and soluble CD4. The N301Q virus was also sensitive to "nonneutralizing" MAbs targeting the primary and secondary receptor binding sites. Endoglycosidase H treatment resulted in the removal of outer domain glycans from the GnTI- but not the parent Env trimers, and this was associated with a rapid and complete loss in infectivity. Nevertheless, the glycan-depleted trimers could still bind to soluble receptor and coreceptor analogs, suggesting a block in post-receptor binding conformational changes necessary for fusion. Collectively, our data show that the antennae of complex N-glycans serve to protect the V3 loop and CD4 binding site, while N-glycan stems regulate native trimer conformation, such that their removal can lead to global changes in neutralization sensitivity and, in extreme cases, an inability to complete the conformational rearrangements necessary for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Binley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize and discuss recent developments regarding the immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) oligomers, focusing, for the most part, on trimeric, recombinant protein immunogens. RECENT FINDINGS The three-dimensional cryo-electron tomography images of the HIV-1 Env trimeric spike, coupled with previous data demonstrating the impact on envelope glycoprotein (gp120)-transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) cleavage of the architecture of the Env trimers, provide exciting information that may lead to new avenues for novel immunogen design. Through new processes to map region-specific anti-Env antibodies present in immune serum, it is now possible to define antibody specificities against conformationally sensitive surfaces of Env. A number of strategies designed to counteract the immunodominance of the HIV-1 Env variable regions were attempted, and a recent study demonstrates that immunization with Env trimers provides sterilizing protection against mucosal challenge with virus. Importantly, protection against the challenge virus was associated with in-vitro HIV-1 neutralization titers. SUMMARY Several studies within the past 18 months provide exciting structural information and the development of tools that have the potential to improve Env trimer design and the analysis of trimer immunogenicity studies. The ability to predict protection against a challenge virus through an in-vitro neutralization screen may be very helpful for evaluation of immunogens to move forward into clinical trials.
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26
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Ramanathan VD, Kumar M, Mahalingam J, Sathyamoorthy P, Narayanan PR, Solomon S, Panicali D, Chakrabarty S, Cox J, Sayeed E, Ackland J, Verlinde C, Vooijs D, Loughran K, Barin B, Lombardo A, Gilmour J, Stevens G, Smith MS, Tarragona-Fiol T, Hayes P, Kochhar S, Excler JL, Fast P. A Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant HIV type 1 subtype C-modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine candidate in Indian volunteers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1107-16. [PMID: 19943789 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine candidate (TBC-M4) expressing HIV-1 subtype C env, gag, tat-rev, and nef-RT genes was tested in a randomized, double-blind, dose escalation Phase I trial in 32 HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers who received three intramuscular injections of TBC-M4 at 0, 1, and 6 months of 5 x 10(7) plaque-forming units (pfu) (low dosage, LD) (n = 12) or 2.5 x 10(8) pfu (high dosage, HD) (n = 12) or placebo (n = 8). Local and systemic reactogenicity was experienced by approximately 67% and 83% of vaccine recipients, respectively. The reactogenicity events were mostly mild in severity. Severe but transient systemic reactogenicity was seen in one volunteer of the HD group. No vaccine-related serious adverse events or events suggesting perimyocarditis were seen. A higher frequency of local reactogenicity events was observed in the HD group. Cumulative HIV-specific IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses were detected in frozen PBMCs from 9/11 (82%), 12/12 (100%), and 1/8 (13%) volunteers after the third injection of the LD, HD, and placebo groups, respectively. Most of the responses were to gag and env proteins (maximum of 430 SFU/10(6) PBMCs) persisting across multiple time points. HIV-specific ELISA antibody responses were detected in 10/11, 12/12, and 0/8 volunteers post-third vaccination, in the LD, HD, and placebo groups, respectively. No neutralizing activity against HIV-1 subtype C isolates was detected. TBC-M4 appears to be generally safe and well-tolerated. The immune response detected was dose dependent, modest in magnitude, and directed mostly to env and gag proteins, suggesting further evaluation of this vaccine in a prime-boost regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josephine Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Eddy Sayeed
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - James Ackland
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Carl Verlinde
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Dani Vooijs
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | | | - Burc Barin
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville Maryland 20850
| | - Angela Lombardo
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
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27
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Vaine M, Lu S, Wang S. Progress on the induction of neutralizing antibodies against HIV type 1 (HIV-1). BioDrugs 2009; 23:137-53. [PMID: 19627166 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, is one of the most catastrophic pandemics to affect human healthcare in the latter 20th century. The best hope of controlling this pandemic is the development of a successful prophylactic vaccine. However, to date, this goal has proven to be exceptionally elusive. The recent failure of an experimental vaccine in a phase IIb study, named the STEP trial, intended solely to elicit cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1, has highlighted the need for a balanced immune response consisting of not only cellular immunity but also a broad and potent humoral antibody response that can prevent infection with HIV-1. This article reviews the efforts made up to this point to elicit such antibody responses, especially with regard to the use of a DNA prime-protein boost regimen, which has been proven to be a highly effective platform for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in both animal and early-phase human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaine
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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28
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Du SX, Idiart RJ, Mariano EB, Chen H, Jiang P, Xu L, Ostrow KM, Wrin T, Phung P, Binley JM, Petropoulos CJ, Ballantyne JA, Whalen RG. Effect of trimerization motifs on quaternary structure, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of a noncleavable HIV-1 gp140 envelope glycoprotein. Virology 2009; 395:33-44. [PMID: 19815247 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The external domains of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120 and the gp41 ectodomain, collectively known as gp140) contain all known viral neutralization epitopes. Various strategies have been used to create soluble trimers of the envelope to mimic the structure of the native viral protein, including mutation of the gp120-gp41 cleavage site, introduction of disulfide bonds, and fusion to heterologous trimerization motifs. We compared the effects on quaternary structure, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of three such motifs: T4 fibritin, a GCN4 variant, and the Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase catalytic subunit. Fusion of each motif to the C-terminus of a noncleavable JRCSF gp140(-) envelope protein led to enhanced trimerization but had limited effects on the antigenic profile and CD4-binding ability of the trimers. Immunization of rabbits provided no evidence that the trimerized gp140(-) constructs induced significantly improved neutralizing antibodies to several HIV-1 pseudoviruses, compared to gp140 lacking a trimerization motif. However, modest differences in both binding specificity and neutralizing antibody responses were observed among the various immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Du
- Maxygen, Inc., 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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29
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Sui J, Hwang WC, Perez S, Wei G, Aird D, Chen LM, Santelli E, Stec B, Cadwell G, Ali M, Wan H, Murakami A, Yammanuru A, Han T, Cox NJ, Bankston LA, Donis RO, Liddington RC, Marasco WA. Structural and functional bases for broad-spectrum neutralization of avian and human influenza A viruses. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:265-73. [PMID: 19234466 PMCID: PMC2692245 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus remains a serious health threat, owing to its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid genetic drift and reassortment. Here we used a human non-immune antibody phage-display library and the H5 hemagglutinin ectodomain to select ten neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that were effective against all group 1 influenza viruses tested, including H5N1 'bird flu' and the H1N1 'Spanish flu'. The crystal structure of one such nAb bound to H5 shows that it blocks infection by inserting its heavy chain into a conserved pocket in the stem region, thus preventing membrane fusion. Nine of the nAbs employ the germline gene VH1-69, and all seem to use the same neutralizing mechanism. Our data further suggest that this region is recalcitrant to neutralization escape and that nAb-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy for broad-spectrum protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- HeLa Cells
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Peptide Library
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Sequence Alignment
- Survival Analysis
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Sui
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - William C Hwang
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Sandra Perez
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-16, Atlanta, 30333 Georgia USA
| | - Ge Wei
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Daniel Aird
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Li-mei Chen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-16, Atlanta, 30333 Georgia USA
| | - Eugenio Santelli
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Boguslaw Stec
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Greg Cadwell
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Maryam Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Hongquan Wan
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-16, Atlanta, 30333 Georgia USA
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Anuradha Yammanuru
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Thomas Han
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-16, Atlanta, 30333 Georgia USA
| | - Laurie A Bankston
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop G-16, Atlanta, 30333 Georgia USA
| | - Robert C Liddington
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street JFB 826, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
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30
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env trimer immunization of macaques and impact of priming with viral vector or stabilized core protein. J Virol 2008; 83:540-51. [PMID: 19004960 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is limited information about the quality of immune responses elicited by candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env)-based immunogens in primates. Here we describe a comprehensive analysis of neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses obtained in cynomolgus macaques by three selected immunization regimens. We used the previously described YU2-based gp140 protein trimers administered in an adjuvant, preceded by two distinct priming strategies: either alphavirus replicon particles expressing matched gp140 trimers or gp120 core proteins stabilized in the CD4-bound conformation. The rationale for priming with replicon particles was to evaluate the impact of the expression platform on trimer immunogenicity. The stable core proteins were chosen in an attempt to expand selectively lymphocytes recognizing common determinants between the core and trimers to broaden the immune response. The results presented here demonstrate that the platform by which Env trimers were delivered in the priming (either protein or replicon vector) had little impact on the overall immune response. In contrast, priming with stable core proteins followed by a trimer boost strikingly focused the T-cell response on the core sequences of HIV-1 Env. The specificity of the T-cell response was distinctly different from that of the responses obtained in animals immunized with trimers alone and was shown to be mediated by CD4(+) T cells. However, this regimen showed limited or no improvement in the neutralizing antibody responses, suggesting that further immunogen design efforts are required to successfully focus the B-cell response on conserved neutralizing determinants of HIV-1 Env.
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