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Liu Y, Yan Z, Ren Y, Wang W, Ke Y, Wang Y, Qi R. Electroacupuncture inhibits hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and improves cognitive dysfunction in mice with vascular dementia via the JNK signaling pathway. Acupunct Med 2023; 41:284-296. [PMID: 36482691 DOI: 10.1177/09645284221136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to reduce cognitive impairment in vascular dementia (VaD) patients. However, the mechanism of action remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays an important role in apoptosis. Herein, we focused on whether EA can inhibit apoptosis and alleviate cognitive impairment by regulating the JNK signaling pathway using a mouse model of VaD induced by modified bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). METHODS In experiment I, 60 mice were randomly divided into a Sham group, BCCAo group, BCCAo + EA group, BCCAo + Sham-EA group, BCCAo + SP group (receiving the selective JNK inhibitor SP600125) and BCCAo + SP + EA group. Morris water maze tests, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effect of the EA intervention on VaD. In experiment II, 30 mice were randomly divided into a Sham group, BCCAo group, BCCAo + EA group, BCCAo + SP group and BCCAo + SP + EA group. Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to detect protein and mRNA expression of key factors in the JNK signaling pathway in the hippocampus. RESULTS EA, SP600125 and EA + SP600125 significantly inhibited hippocampal apoptosis and improved cognitive impairment in VaD model mice. There were no significant differences between the BCCAo group and the BCCAo + Sham-EA group. EA, EA + SP600125 and SP600125 inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and caspase-3. EA and EA + SP600125 promoted protein and mRNA expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in the hippocampus of VaD mice and inhibited protein and mRNA expression of activator protein (AP)-1, p53 and Bax. CONCLUSION EA can reverse cognitive deficits and inhibit hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in VaD model mice, at least partially through inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway and regulation of apoptosis signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyang Yan
- Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yafei Ren
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Woyu Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinze Ke
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rongming Qi
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Parga JA, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garcia-Garrote M, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Labandeira-Garcia JL. NRF2 Activation and Downstream Effects: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Brain Angiotensin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111649. [PMID: 34829520 PMCID: PMC8614768 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signalling molecules used to regulate cellular metabolism and homeostasis. However, excessive ROS production causes oxidative stress, one of the main mechanisms associated with the origin and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. NRF2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Like 2) is a transcription factor that orchestrates the cellular response to oxidative stress. The regulation of NRF2 signalling has been shown to be a promising strategy to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration associated to Parkinson's disease. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be affected in patients with this disease, and activation of NRF2 has neuroprotective effects in preclinical models, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this pathway. In this review, we highlight recent advances regarding the regulation of NRF2, including the effect of Angiotensin II as an endogenous signalling molecule able to regulate ROS production and oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. The genes regulated and the downstream effects of activation, with special focus on Kruppel Like Factor 9 (KLF9) transcription factor, provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process as well as future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Parga
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
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da Costa CA, Manaa WE, Duplan E, Checler F. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/Unfolded Protein Response and Their Contributions to Parkinson's Disease Physiopathology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112495. [PMID: 33212954 PMCID: PMC7698446 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial age-related movement disorder in which defects of both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have been reported. The unfolded protein response (UPR) has emerged as a key cellular dysfunction associated with the etiology of the disease. The UPR involves a coordinated response initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum that grants the correct folding of proteins. This review gives insights on the ER and its functioning; the UPR signaling cascades; and the link between ER stress, UPR activation, and physiopathology of PD. Thus, post-mortem studies and data obtained by either in vitro and in vivo pharmacological approaches or by genetic modulation of PD causative genes are described. Further, we discuss the relevance and impact of the UPR to sporadic and genetic PD pathology.
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Lee HS, Kim EN, Jeong GS. Lupenone Protects Neuroblastoma SH-SY5y Cells Against Methamphetamine-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051617. [PMID: 32120831 PMCID: PMC7084488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant showing neurotoxicity through neuronal apoptosis and the neuro-inflammatory pathway. Lupenone, a lupane triterpenoid, is an isolated compound exhibiting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammation, and anti-diabetic activities. However, whether lupenone plays a protective role against apoptosis induced by METH in SH-SY5y neuroblastoma cells remains unknown. In the present study, we elucidated that lupenone had no toxicity to SH-SY5y cells at different concentrations. On the other hand, we found that the treatment of SH-SY5y cells with an optimal concentration of lupenone could lead to protection against cell death induced by METH. AnnexinV/PI apoptosis analysis revealed a dramatically reduced level of the apoptotic cell population in lupenon and METH treated SH-SY5y cells. Moreover, diminished expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, Caspase3, Caspase7, and Caspase8 in METH-exposed SH-SY5y cells, was significantly recovered by treatment with lupenone. This protection in the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins was due to an increased phosphorylation level of PI3K/Akt in METH-treated SH-SY5y cells pre-incubated with lupenone. These findings suggest that lupenone can protect SH-SY5y cells against METH-induced neuronal apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Vallese F, Barazzuol L, Maso L, Brini M, Calì T. ER-Mitochondria Calcium Transfer, Organelle Contacts and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:719-746. [PMID: 31646532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that interorganellar contacts are central to the control of cellular physiology. Virtually, any intracellular organelle can come into proximity with each other and, by establishing physical protein-mediated contacts within a selected fraction of the membrane surface, novel specific functions are acquired. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with mitochondria are among the best studied and have a major role in Ca2+ and lipid transfer, signaling, and membrane dynamics.Their functional (and structural) diversity, their dynamic nature as well as the growing number of new players involved in the tethering concurred to make their monitoring difficult especially in living cells. This review focuses on the most established examples of tethers/modulators of the ER-mitochondria interface and on the roles of these contacts in health and disease by specifically dissecting how Ca2+ transfer occurs and how mishandling eventually leads to disease. Additional functions of the ER-mitochondria interface and an overview of the currently available methods to measure/quantify the ER-mitochondria interface will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vallese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maso
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Padua, Italy.
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6
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Suwanjang W, Wu KLH, Prachayasittikul S, Chetsawang B, Charngkaew K. Mitochondrial Dynamics Impairment in Dexamethasone-Treated Neuronal Cells. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1567-1581. [PMID: 30888577 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is an approved steroid for clinical use to activate or suppress cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules. It enters the brain, by-passing the blood brain barrier, and acts through genomic mechanisms. High levels of dexamethasone are able to induce neuronal cell loss, reduce neurogenesis and cause neuronal dysfunction. The exact mechanisms of steroid, especially the dexamethasone contribute to neuronal damage remain unclear. Therefore, the present study explored the mitochondrial dynamics underlying dexamethasone-induced toxicity of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neuronal cells treatment with the dexamethasone resulted in a marked decrease in cell proliferation. Dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity also caused upregulation of mitochondrial fusion and cleaved caspase-3 proteins expression. Mitochondria fusion was found in large proportions of dexamethasone-treated cells. These results suggest that dexamethasone-induced hyperfused mitochondrial structures are associated with a caspase-dependent death process in dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity. These findings point to the high dosage of dexamethasone as being neurotoxic through impairment of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kay L H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 73170, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Komgrid Charngkaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
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Singh K, Han K, Tilve S, Wu K, Geller HM, Sack MN. Parkin targets NOD2 to regulate astrocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. Glia 2018; 66:2427-2437. [PMID: 30378174 PMCID: PMC6275110 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons results in Parkinson disease (PD). Degenerative PD usually presents in the seventh decade whereas genetic disorders, including mutations in PARK2, predispose to early onset PD. PARK2 encodes the parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase which confers pleotropic effects on mitochondrial and cellular fidelity and as a mediator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Although the majority of studies investigating ameliorative effects of parkin focus on dopaminergic neurons we found that astrocytes are enriched with parkin. Furthermore, astrocytes deficient in parkin display stress-induced elevation of nucleotide-oligomerization domain receptor 2 (NOD2), a cytosolic receptor integrating ER stress and inflammation. Given the neurotropic and immunomodulatory role of astrocytes we reasoned that parkin may regulate astrocyte ER stress and inflammation to control neuronal homeostasis. We show that, in response to ER stress, parkin knockdown astrocytes exhibit exaggerated ER stress, JNK activation and cytokine release, and reduced neurotropic factor expression. In coculture studied we demonstrate that dopaminergic SHSY5Y cells and primary neurons with the presence of parkin depleted astrocytes are more susceptible to ER stress and inflammation-induced apoptosis than wildtype astrocytes. Parkin interacted with, ubiquitylated and diminished NOD2 levels. Additionally, the genetic induction of parkin ameliorated inflammation in NOD2 expressing cells and knockdown of NOD2 in astrocytes suppressed inflammatory defects in parkin deficient astrocytes and concurrently blunted neuronal apoptosis. Collectively these data identify a role for parkin in modulating NOD2 as a regulatory node in astrocytic control of neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komudi Singh
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kim Han
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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8
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Matteucci A, Patron M, Vecellio Reane D, Gastaldello S, Amoroso S, Rizzuto R, Brini M, Raffaello A, Calì T. Parkin-dependent regulation of the MCU complex component MICU1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14199. [PMID: 30242232 PMCID: PMC6155109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter machinery is a multiprotein complex composed by the Ca2+ selective pore-forming subunit, the mitochondrial uniporter (MCU), and accessory proteins, including MICU1, MICU2 and EMRE. Their concerted action is required to fine-tune the uptake of Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix which both sustains cell bioenergetics and regulates the apoptotic response. To adequately fulfil such requirements and avoid impairment in mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, the intracellular turnover of all the MCU components must be tightly regulated. Here we show that the MCU complex regulator MICU1, but not MCU and MICU2, is rapidly and selectively degraded by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS). Moreover, we show that the multifunctional E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (PARK2), whose mutations cause autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), is a potential candidate involved in this process since its upregulation strongly decreases the basal level of MICU1. Parkin was found to interact with MICU1 and, interestingly, Parkin Ubl-domain, but not its E3-ubquitin ligase activity, is required for the degradation of MICU1, suggesting that in addition to the well documented role in the control of Parkin basal auto-inhibition, the Ubl-domain might exert important regulatory functions by acting as scaffold for the proteasome-mediated degradation of selected substrates under basal conditions, i.e. to guarantee their turnover. We have found that also MICU2 stability was affected upon Parkin overexpression, probably as a consequence of increased MICU1 degradation. Our findings support a model in which the PD-related E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin directly participates in the selective regulation of the MCU complex regulator MICU1 and, indirectly, also of the MICU2 gatekeeper, thus indicating that Parkin loss of function could contribute to the impairment of the ability of mitochondria to handle Ca2+ and consequently to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Matteucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Patron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Basi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Denis Vecellio Reane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Basi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Gastaldello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Quarter B5, Stockholm, SE-17165, Sweden
- Precision Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Guanhai Road 346, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, China
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Basi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via U. Basi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Basi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Basi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
- Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, 35122, Padova, Italy.
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Parkin in Parkinson’s Disease and Cancer: a Double-Edged Sword. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6788-6800. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Rheumatic diseases follow a characteristic anatomical pattern of joint and organ involvement. This Review explores three interconnected mechanisms that might be involved in the predilection of specific joints for developing specific forms of arthritis: site-specific local cell types that drive disease; systemic triggers that affect local cell types; and site-specific exogenous factors, such as focal mechanical stress, that activate cells locally. The embryonic development of limbs and joints is also relevant to the propensity of certain joints to develop arthritis. Additionally, location-specific homeostasis and disease occurs in skin and blood vessels, thereby extending the concept of site-specificity in human diseases beyond rheumatology. Acknowledging the importance of site-specific parameters increases the complexity of current disease paradigms and brings us closer to understanding why particular disease processes manifest at a particular location.
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Han K, Hassanzadeh S, Singh K, Menazza S, Nguyen TT, Stevens MV, Nguyen A, San H, Anderson SA, Lin Y, Zou J, Murphy E, Sack MN. Parkin regulation of CHOP modulates susceptibility to cardiac endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2093. [PMID: 28522833 PMCID: PMC5437023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory control of cardiac endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is incompletely characterized. As ER stress signaling upregulates the E3-ubiquitin ligase Parkin, we investigated the role of Parkin in cardiac ER stress. Parkin knockout mice exposed to aortic constriction-induced cardiac pressure-overload or in response to systemic tunicamycin (TM) developed adverse ventricular remodeling with excessive levels of the ER regulatory C/EBP homologous protein CHOP. CHOP was identified as a Parkin substrate and its turnover was Parkin-dose and proteasome-dependent. Parkin depletion in cardiac HL-1 cells increased CHOP levels and enhanced susceptibility to TM-induced cell death. Parkin reconstitution rescued this phenotype and the contribution of excess CHOP to this ER stress injury was confirmed by reduction in TM-induced cell death when CHOP was depleted in Parkin knockdown cardiomyocytes. Isogenic Parkin mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes showed exaggerated ER stress induced CHOP and apoptotic signatures and myocardium from subjects with dilated cardiomyopathy showed excessive Parkin and CHOP induction. This study identifies that Parkin functions to blunt excessive CHOP to prevent maladaptive ER stress-induced cell death and adverse cardiac ventricular remodeling. Additionally, Parkin is identified as a novel post-translational regulatory moderator of CHOP stability and uncovers an additional stress-modifying function of this E3-ubiquitin ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Han
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shahin Hassanzadeh
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Komudi Singh
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sara Menazza
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiffany T Nguyen
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark V Stevens
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - An Nguyen
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong San
- Animal Surgery Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stasia A Anderson
- MRI Imaging Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yongshun Lin
- Ipsc Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- Ipsc Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael N Sack
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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12
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Lázaro DF, Pavlou MAS, Outeiro TF. Cellular models as tools for the study of the role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:162-171. [PMID: 28526239 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating conditions characterised primarily by progressive neuronal loss and impairment of the nervous system. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common of these disorders, affecting 1-2% of the population above the age of 65. Although the underlying mechanisms of PD have been extensively studied, we still lack a full understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the disease. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo models currently used are able to only partially recapitulate the typical phenotypes of the disease. Here, we review various cell culture models currently used to study the molecular basis of PD, with a focus on alpha-synuclein-associated molecular pathologies. We also discuss how different cell models may constitute powerful tools for high-throughput screening of molecules capable of modulating alpha-synuclein toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Angeliki S Pavlou
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.
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13
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Xicoy H, Wieringa B, Martens GJM. The SH-SY5Y cell line in Parkinson's disease research: a systematic review. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28118852 PMCID: PMC5259880 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating and highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease for which only symptomatic treatment is available. In order to develop a truly effective disease-modifying therapy, improvement of our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis and progression is crucial. For this purpose, standardization of research protocols and disease models is necessary. As human dopaminergic neurons, the cells mainly affected in PD, are difficult to obtain and maintain as primary cells, current PD research is mostly performed with permanently established neuronal cell models, in particular the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y lineage. This cell line is frequently chosen because of its human origin, catecholaminergic (though not strictly dopaminergic) neuronal properties, and ease of maintenance. However, there is no consensus on many fundamental aspects that are associated with its use, such as the effects of culture media composition and of variations in differentiation protocols. Here we present the outcome of a systematic review of scientific articles that have used SH-SY5Y cells to explore PD. We describe the cell source, culture conditions, differentiation protocols, methods/approaches used to mimic PD and the preclinical validation of the SH-SY5Y findings by employing alternative cellular and animal models. Thus, this overview may help to standardize the use of the SH-SY5Y cell line in PD research and serve as a future user’s guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Xicoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Klimczak PF, Ventury DH, Faucz FR, Settas N, Machado de Souza C, Sotomaior VS. Association of a PARK2 Germline Variant and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in a Southern Brazilian Population. Oncology 2016; 91:101-5. [PMID: 27286703 DOI: 10.1159/000446657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the eighth most common cancer among women in Brazil and seventh in the world population. OC has a high mortality rate and is difficult to diagnose. Currently, OC detection most often occurs at an advanced stage of the disease due to its silent progression, which contributes to the high mortality rate. Available genetic markers are not considered specifically enough for an initial and definite diagnosis. The association with new genes involved with OC can provide a better understanding of this pathology as well as contribute to the development of a marker scenario, providing an improvement in the treatment and survival of patients. The aim of this study was to examine the potential association between the PARK2 gene and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Accordingly, we conducted a study for which 25 patients and 87 controls were recruited. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the four studied tag SNPs (rs2803073, rs6930532, rs1040079, and rs2276201) were independent. Our results using the multivariate analysis between the additive and dominant model demonstrated that tag SNP rs2803073 of PARK2 is associated with susceptibility to EOC (p = 0.018, OR = 0.42). These findings suggest that hereditary variation in the PARK2 gene could influence EOC development mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phamela Ferreira Klimczak
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifx00ED;cia Universidade Catx00F3;lica do Paranx00E1; (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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15
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Kasper SH, Spalinger MR, Raselli T, Scharl M. A cell type-specific role of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 in regulating ER stress signalling. Digestion 2015; 91:248-56. [PMID: 25823847 DOI: 10.1159/000375459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Genetic polymorphisms within the gene locus encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A recent study demonstrated that PTPN2 regulates ER stress signalling in pancreatic β-cells. Therefore, we investigated whether PTPN2 regulates ER stress pathways, apoptosis and cytokine secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and monocytes. METHODS THP-1 and HT-29 IECs were stimulated with 2 µg/ml tunicamycin (TNM) for the indicated periods of time. For knockdown experiments, cells were transfected using a mixture of three different PTPN2-specific siRNA oligonucleotides. Cell lysates were analysed by Western blot and real-time PCR. Cytokine secretion was studied by ELISA measurements of cell culture supernatant. RESULTS TNM treatment reduced PTPN2 protein levels in HT-29 IECs and THP-1 monocytes. Knockdown of PTPN2 in THP-1 monocytes led to an exaggerated induction of phospho-eIF2α, enhanced PARP cleavage, indicative of apoptosis, and attenuated IL-8 and TNF secretion upon TNM stimulation. In HT-29 cells PTPN2 deficiency caused reduced phosphorylation of eIF2α and PARP cleavage under ER stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the knockdown of PTPN2 made THP-1 cells more susceptible to ER stress, PTPN2 deficiency reduced ER stress responses in HT-29 IECs. This suggests that PTPN2 regulates adaptation to ER stress in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Kasper
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Imai Y, Kobayashi Y, Inoshita T, Meng H, Arano T, Uemura K, Asano T, Yoshimi K, Zhang CL, Matsumoto G, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Nukina N, Hattori N, Takahashi R. The Parkinson's Disease-Associated Protein Kinase LRRK2 Modulates Notch Signaling through the Endosomal Pathway. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005503. [PMID: 26355680 PMCID: PMC4565672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of familial and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). We have identified two novel LRRK2-associated proteins, a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase, HERC2, and an adaptor-like protein with six repeated Neuralized domains, NEURL4. LRRK2 binds to NEURL4 and HERC2 via the LRRK2 Ras of complex proteins (ROC) domain and NEURL4, respectively. HERC2 and NEURL4 link LRRK2 to the cellular vesicle transport pathway and Notch signaling, through which the LRRK2 complex promotes the recycling of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1)/Delta (Dl) through the modulation of endosomal trafficking. This process negatively regulates Notch signaling through cis-inhibition by stabilizing Dll1/Dl, which accelerates neural stem cell differentiation and modulates the function and survival of differentiated dopaminergic neurons. These effects are strengthened by the R1441G ROC domain-mutant of LRRK2. These findings suggest that the alteration of Notch signaling in mature neurons is a component of PD etiology linked to LRRK2. LRRK2 is linked to autosomal dominant late-onset Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that LRRK2 gain-of-function mutations lead to age-dependent degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we describe two novel LRRK2-associated proteins HERC2 and NEURL4, which are a ubiquitin ligase and an adaptor-like protein, respectively. HERC2 and NEURL4 direct LRRK2 to Notch signaling pathway, in which the LRRK2-NEURL4-HERC2 complex promotes the recycling of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1)/Delta (Dl) through the modulation of endosomal trafficking. As a result, the amounts of Dll1/D1 on the plasma membrane are increased, which affects negatively Notch signaling through cis-inhibition. The effect is enhanced by a Parkinson’s-disease associated mutation of LRRK2. Inhibition of Notch signaling in adult dopaminergic neurons impairs its functions and survival. These findings indicate a possible link between Notch pathway and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (NH); (RT)
| | - Yoshito Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongrui Meng
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Arano
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumoto
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (NH); (RT)
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (NH); (RT)
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17
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Van Laar VS, Roy N, Liu A, Rajprohat S, Arnold B, Dukes AA, Holbein CD, Berman SB. Glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons triggers mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum accumulation of Parkin, and, in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine, mitophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:180-93. [PMID: 25478815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the dynamic properties of mitochondria (fission, fusion, transport, degradation, and biogenesis) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, the product of gene PARK2 whose mutation causes familial PD, has been linked to mitochondrial quality control via its role in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial degradation via mitophagy. Models using mitochondrial stressors in numerous cell types have elucidated a PINK1-dependent pathway whereby Parkin accumulates on damaged mitochondria and targets them for mitophagy. However, the role Parkin plays in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis specifically in neurons has been less clear. We examined whether a stressor linked to neurodegeneration, glutamate excitotoxicity, elicits Parkin-mitochondrial translocation and mitophagy in neurons. We found that brief, acute exposure to glutamate causes Parkin translocation to mitochondria in neurons, in a calcium- and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent manner. In addition, we found that Parkin accumulates on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial/ER junctions following excitotoxicity, supporting a role for Parkin in mitochondrial-ER crosstalk in mitochondrial homeostasis. Despite significant Parkin-mitochondria translocation, however, we did not observe mitophagy under these conditions. To further investigate, we examined the role of glutamate-induced oxidative stress in Parkin-mitochondria accumulation. Unexpectedly, we found that glutamate-induced accumulation of Parkin on mitochondria was promoted by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and that co-treatment with NAC facilitated Parkin-associated mitophagy. These results suggest the possibility that mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative damage may have distinct pathways associated with Parkin function in neurons, which may be critical in understanding the role of Parkin in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nikita Roy
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annie Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Swati Rajprohat
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beth Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - April A Dukes
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cory D Holbein
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Zhang X, Yuan Y, Jiang L, Zhang J, Gao J, Shen Z, Zheng Y, Deng T, Yan H, Li W, Hou WW, Lu J, Shen Y, Dai H, Hu WW, Zhang Z, Chen Z. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin and thapsigargin protects against transient ischemic brain injury: Involvement of PARK2-dependent mitophagy. Autophagy 2014; 10:1801-13. [PMID: 25126734 PMCID: PMC4198364 DOI: 10.4161/auto.32136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient cerebral ischemia leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the contributions of ER stress to cerebral ischemia are not clear. To address this issue, the ER stress activators tunicamycin (TM) and thapsigargin (TG) were administered to transient middle cerebral artery occluded (tMCAO) mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD-Rep.)-treated neurons. Both TM and TG showed significant protection against ischemia-induced brain injury, as revealed by reduced brain infarct volume and increased glucose uptake rate in ischemic tissue. In OGD-Rep.-treated neurons, 4-PBA, the ER stress releasing mechanism, counteracted the neuronal protection of TM and TG, which also supports a protective role of ER stress in transient brain ischemia. Knocking down the ER stress sensor Eif2s1, which is further activated by TM and TG, reduced the OGD-Rep.-induced neuronal cell death. In addition, both TM and TG prevented PARK2 loss, promoted its recruitment to mitochondria, and activated mitophagy during reperfusion after ischemia. The neuroprotection of TM and TG was reversed by autophagy inhibition (3-methyladenine and Atg7 knockdown) as well as Park2 silencing. The neuroprotection was also diminished in Park2(+/-) mice. Moreover, Eif2s1 and downstream Atf4 silencing reduced PARK2 expression, impaired mitophagy induction, and counteracted the neuroprotection. Taken together, the present investigation demonstrates that the ER stress induced by TM and TG protects against the transient ischemic brain injury. The PARK2-mediated mitophagy may be underlying the protection of ER stress. These findings may provide a new strategy to rescue ischemic brains by inducing mitophagy through ER stress activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jieqiong Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Deng
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Li
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy; the Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hou
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibing Dai
- Department of Pharmacy; the Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence to: Zhong Chen,
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19
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Abstract
PARK2 (PARKIN) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in multiple signaling pathways and cellular processes. Activity of PARK2 is tightly regulated through inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Dysfunction of PARK2 is associated with the progression of parkinsonism. Notably, frequent PARK2 inactivation has been identified in various human cancers. Park2-deficient mice are more susceptible to tumorigenesis, indicating its crucial role as a tumor suppressor. However, biological studies also show that PARK2 possesses both pro-survival and growth suppressive functions. Here, we summarize the genetic lesions of PARK2 in human cancers and discuss the current knowledge of PARK2 in cancer progression. We further highlight future efforts for the study of PARK2 in cancer.
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Abstract
Two genes responsible for the juvenile Parkinson’s disease (PD), PINK1 and Parkin, have been implicated in mitochondrial quality control. The inactivation of PINK1, which encodes a mitochondrial kinase, leads to age-dependent mitochondrial degeneration in Drosophila. The phenotype is closely associated with the impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and defects in mitochondrial dynamics. Drosophila genetic studies have further revealed that PINK1 is an upstream regulator of Parkin and is involved in the mitochondrial dynamics and motility. A series of cell biological studies have given rise to a model in which the activation of PINK1 in damaged mitochondria induces the selective elimination of mitochondria in cooperation with Parkin through the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy machineries. Although the relevance of this pathway to PD etiology is still unclear, approaches using stem cells from patients and animal models will help to understand the significance of mitochondrial quality control by the PINK1-Parkin pathway in PD and in healthy individuals. Here I will review recent advances in our understanding of the PINK1-Parkin signaling and will discuss the roles of PINK1-Parkin signaling for mitochondrial maintenance and how the failure of this signaling leads to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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21
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Gupta S, Giricz Z, Natoni A, Donnelly N, Deegan S, Szegezdi E, Samali A. NOXA contributes to the sensitivity of PERK-deficient cells to ER stress. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4023-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Klinkenberg M, Gispert S, Dominguez-Bautista JA, Braun I, Auburger G, Jendrach M. Restriction of trophic factors and nutrients induces PARKIN expression. Neurogenetics 2011; 13:9-21. [PMID: 22028146 PMCID: PMC3274670 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative movement disorder and manifests at old age. While many details of its pathogenesis remain to be elucidated, in particular the protein and mitochondrial quality control during stress responses have been implicated in monogenic PD variants. Especially the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the ubiquitin ligase PARKIN are known to cooperate in autophagy after mitochondrial damage. As autophagy is also induced by loss of trophic signaling and PINK1 gene expression is modulated after deprivation of cytokines, we analyzed to what extent trophic signals and starvation stress regulate PINK1 and PARKIN expression. Time course experiments with serum deprivation and nutrient starvation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and primary mouse neurons demonstrated phasic induction of PINK1 transcript up to twofold and PARKIN transcript levels up to sixfold. The corresponding threefold starvation induction of PARKIN protein was limited by its translocation to lysosomes. Analysis of primary mouse cells from PINK1-knockout mice indicated that PARKIN induction and lysosomal translocation occurred independent of PINK1. Suppression of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling by pharmacological agents modulated PARKIN expression accordingly. In conclusion, this expression survey demonstrates that PARKIN and PINK1 are coregulated during starvation and suggest a role of both PD genes in response to trophic signals and starvation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klinkenberg
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 7, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Matus S, Glimcher LH, Hetz C. Protein folding stress in neurodegenerative diseases: a glimpse into the ER. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:239-52. [PMID: 21288706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases share common neuropathology, primarily featuring the presence in the brain of abnormal protein inclusions containing specific misfolded proteins. Recent evidence indicates that alteration in organelle function is a common pathological feature of protein misfolding disorders, highlighting perturbations in the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Signs of ER stress have been detected in most experimental models of neurological disorders and more recently in brain samples from human patients with neurodegenerative disease. To cope with ER stress, cells activate an integrated signaling response termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims to reestablish homeostasis in part through regulation of genes involved in protein folding, quality control and degradation pathways. Here we discuss the particular mechanisms currently proposed to be involved in the generation of protein folding stress in different neurodegenerative conditions and speculate about possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Matus
- Center for Molecular Studies of Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Fett ME, Pilsl A, Paquet D, van Bebber F, Haass C, Tatzelt J, Schmid B, Winklhofer KF. Parkin is protective against proteotoxic stress in a transgenic zebrafish model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11783. [PMID: 20689587 PMCID: PMC2912770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin (PARK2) are responsible for the majority of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. Similarly to other knockout mouse models of PD-associated genes, parkin knockout mice do not show a substantial neuropathological or behavioral phenotype, while loss of parkin in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a severe phenotype, including reduced lifespan, apoptotic flight muscle degeneration and male sterility. In order to study the function of parkin in more detail and to address possible differences in its role in different species, we chose Danio rerio as a different vertebrate model system. Methodology/Principal Findings We first cloned zebrafish parkin to compare its biochemical and functional aspects with that of human parkin. By using an antisense knockdown strategy we generated a zebrafish model of parkin deficiency (knockdown efficiency between 50% and 60%) and found that the transient knockdown of parkin does not cause morphological or behavioral alterations. Specifically, we did not observe a loss of dopaminergic neurons in parkin-deficient zebrafish. In addition, we established transgenic zebrafish lines stably expressing parkin by using a Gal4/UAS-based bidirectional expression system. While parkin-deficient zebrafish are more vulnerable to proteotoxicity, increased parkin expression protected transgenic zebrafish from cell death induced by proteotoxic stress. Conclusions/Significance Similarly to human parkin, zebrafish parkin is a stress-responsive protein which protects cells from stress-induced cell death. Our transgenic zebrafish model is a novel tool to characterize the protective capacity of parkin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike E. Fett
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Pilsl
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke van Bebber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Taylor JM, Wu RM, Farrer MJ, Delatycki MB, Lockhart PJ. Analysis of PArkin Co-Regulated Gene in a Taiwanese–Ethnic Chinese cohort with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:417-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Levy OA, Malagelada C, Greene LA. Cell death pathways in Parkinson's disease: proximal triggers, distal effectors, and final steps. Apoptosis 2009; 14:478-500. [PMID: 19165601 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal cell death in PD is still poorly understood, despite a wealth of potential pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. Defects in several cellular systems have been implicated as early triggers that start cells down the road toward neuronal death. These include abnormal protein accumulation, particularly of alpha-synuclein; altered protein degradation via multiple pathways; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; neuroinflammation; and dysregulated kinase signaling. As dysfunction in these systems mounts, pathways that are more explicitly involved in cell death become recruited. These include JNK signaling, p53 activation, cell cycle re-activation, and signaling through bcl-2 family proteins. Eventually, neurons become overwhelmed and degenerate; however, even the mechanism of final cell death in PD is still unsettled. In this review, we will discuss cell death triggers and effectors that are relevant to PD, highlighting important unresolved issues and implications for the development of neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Proteasomal inhibition reduces parkin mRNA in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:220-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kralovicova S, Fontaine SN, Alderton A, Alderman J, Ragnarsdottir KV, Collins SJ, Brown DR. The effects of prion protein expression on metal metabolism. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:135-47. [PMID: 19233277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein is a glycoprotein that binds metals such as copper and manganese. When converted to a proteinase resistant isoform it is associated with prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Although, the co-ordination and metal affinity of the prion protein has been well studied, the association of the protein with cellular metal metabolism has been less well investigated. We used transgenic manipulation of prion protein expression and other recombinant techniques to alter expression of known copper binding proteins to investigate the role of the prion protein in copper metabolism. We found that changing the expression of the prion protein alters proteins associated with copper uptake, storage and export from the cell. In addition, alteration in the expression of superoxide dismutases increased prion protein expression dramatically. Reducing copper in the diet decreased expression of the prion protein in the brain while increased dietary manganese dramatically increased the protein's expression. Cellular prion infection also increased the expression of metal transporting proteins and increased cellular manganese concentrations. Overall our results show a close link between cellular resistance to oxidative stress and also copper metabolism. These findings are in line with previous data suggesting that the prion protein is an antioxidant and associated with copper uptake into cells. The disturbance to copper metabolism, as a result of altered prion protein expression clearly demonstrates the important role of the prion protein in copper metabolism. The implication is that prion protein expression has a homeostatic role in copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Kralovicova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, UK
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Thompson SJ, Loftus LT, Ashley MD, Meller R. Ubiquitin-proteasome system as a modulator of cell fate. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 8:90-5. [PMID: 17981502 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major non-lysosymal system for degrading proteins in the cell; the work leading to its discovery was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2004. In addition to small ubiquitin-like modifiers (e.g. Sumo and Nedd8), ubiquitin is involved in the complex regulation of the levels and function of many proteins and signaling pathways involved in determining cell fate. The cell death regulatory proteins, such as Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). In addition to mediating the degradation of proteins, the UPS regulates function and translocation of proteins, many of which play a role in the determination of cell fate. For example the UPS can regulate the activity of transcription factors, such as P53, NF-kappaB and HIF-1 alpha, which control the expression of protein mediators of cell death. Aberrant UPS function has been reported in multiple neuropathologies including Parkinson's diseases and ischemia. With the number of ubiquitin conjugating and de-conjugating enzymes reaching close to the levels of protein kinases and phosphatases, it is clear that ubiquitination is an important biological regulatory step for proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Thompson
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Clinical Research and Technology Center, 1225 Ne 2nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97232, USA
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