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Chen Y, Wu R, Li X, Cao M, Yang M, Fu B, Xuan C, Chen C, Zhou Y, Hu R. β-Lapachone, an NQO1 bioactivatable drug, prevents lung tumorigenesis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 973:176511. [PMID: 38604545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers with high incidence worldwide. The prevention of lung cancer is of great significance to reducing the social harm caused by this disease. An in-depth understanding of the molecular changes underlying precancerous lesions is essential for the targeted chemoprevention against lung cancer. Here, we discovered an increased NQO1 level over time within pulmonary premalignant lesions in both the KrasG12D-driven and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced mouse models of lung cancer, as well as in KrasG12D-driven and NNK-induced malignant transformed human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B and 16HBE). This suggests a potential correlation between the NQO1 expression and lung carcinogenesis. Based on this finding, we utilized β-Lapachone (β-Lap), an NQO1 bioactivatable drug, to suppress lung tumorigenesis. In this study, the efficacy and safety of low-dose β-Lap were demonstrated in preventing lung tumorigenesis in vivo. In conclusion, our study suggests that long-term consumption of low-dose β-Lap could potentially be an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention of lung premalignant lesions. However, further studies and clinical trials are necessary to validate our findings, determine the safety of long-term β-Lap usage in humans, and promote the use of β-Lap in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyu Wu
- Jinling High School, 210005, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengran Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyuan Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450018, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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Boo HJ, Min HY, Park CS, Park JS, Jeong JY, Lee SY, Kim WY, Lee JW, Oh SR, Park RW, Lee HY. Dual Impact of IGF2 on Alveolar Stem Cell Function during Tobacco-Induced Injury Repair and Development of Pulmonary Emphysema and Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:1782-1799. [PMID: 36971490 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is a destructive inflammatory disease primarily caused by cigarette smoking (CS). Recovery from CS-induced injury requires proper stem cell (SC) activities with a tightly controlled balance of proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that acute alveolar injury induced by two representative tobacco carcinogens, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and benzo[a]pyrene (N/B), increased IGF2 expression in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells to promote their SC function and facilitate alveolar regeneration. Autocrine IGF2 signaling upregulated Wnt genes, particularly Wnt3, to stimulate AT2 proliferation and alveolar barrier regeneration after N/B-induced acute injury. In contrast, repetitive N/B exposure provoked sustained IGF2-Wnt signaling through DNMT3A-mediated epigenetic control of IGF2 expression, causing a proliferation/differentiation imbalance in AT2s and development of emphysema and cancer. Hypermethylation of the IGF2 promoter and overexpression of DNMT3A, IGF2, and the Wnt target gene AXIN2 were seen in the lungs of patients with CS-associated emphysema and cancer. Pharmacologic or genetic approaches targeting IGF2-Wnt signaling or DNMT prevented the development of N/B-induced pulmonary diseases. These findings support dual roles of AT2 cells, which can either stimulate alveolar repair or promote emphysema and cancer depending on IGF2 expression levels. SIGNIFICANCE IGF2-Wnt signaling plays a key role in AT2-mediated alveolar repair after cigarette smoking-induced injury but also drives pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema and cancer when hyperactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Boo
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sook Park
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rang-Woon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, and Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Marshall K, Twum Y, Gao W. Proteome derangement in malignant epithelial cells and its stroma following exposure to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:711-720. [PMID: 36434399 PMCID: PMC10071504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Discovering novel changes in the proteome of malignant lung epithelial cells and/or the tumor-microenvironment is paramount for diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapy development. A time-dependent 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced mouse lung tumor model was used to screen the proteome of lung tumors. NNK-transformed human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells were then established to evaluate the epithelial cell-specific protein changes. A duration-dependent increase of tumor burden was observed in NNK-treated mice, 2/12 (17%), 8/12 (67%), 9/12 (75%), and 10/10 (100%) at weeks 8, 12, 16, and 20 after the NNK exposure, respectively. A total of 25 differentially expressed proteins (≥ twofold change), predominantly structural, signaling, and metabolic proteins, were detected by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. Calregulin, ezrin, histamine releasing factor (HRF), and inorganic pyrophosphatase 1 (PPA1) exhibited changes and were further confirmed via immunoblotting. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis indicated upregulated E-cadherin and decreased vimentin expression in epithelial cells of tumor tissues. Acquisition of a neoplastic phenotype in NNK-transformed BEAS-2B cells was demonstrated by enhanced wound closure and increased anchorage independent colony formation. In transformed BEAS-2B cells, protein expression of E-cadherin, ezrin, and PPA1 (but not calregulin and HRF) was upregulated, as was observed in tumor tissues IHC staining using mouse lung tumor tissues further revealed that HRF upregulation was not lung epithelial cell specific. Altogether, tumorigenesis after NNK exposure may be initiated by protein dysregulation in lung epithelial cells together with proteome derangement derived from other cell types existing in the tumor-microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Marshall
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- West Virginia University, School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yaw Twum
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1422929. [PMID: 36124088 PMCID: PMC9482540 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1422929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)-rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well-ripened haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin-encapsulated CMC (HB-CMC, 4 μg of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin-free CMC (E-CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. The HB-CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB-CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen-induced DNA single-strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites but not the double-strand breaks. The E-CMC, HB-CMC (28 μg C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose-only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.
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Sarlak S, Lalou C, Sant'Anna-Silva ACB, Mafhouf W, De Luise M, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Claverol S, Lacombe D, Nikitopoulou E, Yang M, Oliveira M, Frezza C, Gasparre G, Rezvani HR, Amoedo ND, Rossignol R. Lung Tumor Growth Promotion by Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Involves the β2-Adrenergic Receptors-Dependent Stimulation of Mitochondrial REDOX Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:525-549. [PMID: 34715750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and tobacco smoking is a recognized major risk factor for lung tumor development. We analyzed the effect of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) on human lung adenocarcinoma metabolic reprogramming, an emergent hallmark of carcinogenesis. Results: A series of in vitro and in vivo bioenergetic, proteomic, metabolomic, and tumor biology studies were performed to analyze changes in lung cancer cell metabolism and the consequences for hallmarks of cancer, including tumor growth, cancer cell invasion, and redox signaling. The findings revealed that nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) stimulates mitochondrial function and promotes lung tumor growth in vivo. These malignant properties were acquired from the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by the upregulation and activation of the beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2-AR)-cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 7 subunit (CHRNAα7)-dependent nitrosamine canonical signaling pathway. The observed NNK metabolic effects were mediated by TFAM overexpression and revealed a key role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and Annexin A1 in tumor growth promotion. Conversely, ectopic expression of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase rescued the reprogramming and malignant metabolic effects of exposure to NNK and overexpression of TFAM, underlining the link between NNK and mitochondrial redox signaling in lung cancer. Innovation: Our findings describe the metabolic changes caused by NNK in a mechanistic framework for understanding how cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. Conclusion: Mitochondria play a role in the promotion of lung cancer induced by tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 525-549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharnaz Sarlak
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Lalou
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Walid Mafhouf
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Monica De Luise
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Unit of Medical Genetics, Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Transgenic Animal Facility A2, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Transgenic Animal Facility A2, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Proteomics Facility, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
| | - Efterpi Nikitopoulou
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Yang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Unit of Medical Genetics, Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Nivea Dias Amoedo
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center of Bordeaux (CGFB), Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Bordeaux, France
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center of Bordeaux (CGFB), Bordeaux, France
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He L, Lan W, Cen L, Chen S, Liu S, Liu Y, Ao X, Yang Y. Improving catalase stability by its immobilization on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) scale collagen self-assembly films. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saad MI, Rose-John S, Jenkins BJ. ADAM17: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1218. [PMID: 31438559 PMCID: PMC6769596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, which histologically is classified into small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer diagnoses, with the majority of patients presenting with lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). KRAS mutations are a major driver of LAC, and are closely related to cigarette smoking, unlike mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which arise in never-smokers. Although the past two decades have seen fundamental progress in the treatment and diagnosis of NSCLC, NSCLC still is predominantly diagnosed at an advanced stage when therapeutic interventions are mostly palliative. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), also known as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-converting enzyme (TACE), is responsible for the protease-driven shedding of more than 70 membrane-tethered cytokines, growth factors and cell surface receptors. Among these, the soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), which drives pro-inflammatory and pro-tumourigenic IL-6 trans-signaling, along with several EGFR family ligands, are the best characterised. This large repertoire of substrates processed by ADAM17 places it as a pivotal orchestrator of a myriad of physiological and pathological processes associated with the initiation and/or progression of cancer, such as cell proliferation, survival, regeneration, differentiation and inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent research implicating ADAM17 as a key player in the development of LAC, and highlight the potential of ADAM17 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy to tackle this deadly malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Thilakarathna WPDW, Rupasinghe HPV. Microbial metabolites of proanthocyanidins reduce chemical carcinogen-induced DNA damage in human lung epithelial and fetal hepatic cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:479-493. [PMID: 30735747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Seven selected microbial metabolites of proanthocyanidins (MMP), 3-phenylpropionic, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic, p-coumaric, benzoic acid, pyrogallol (PG), and pyrocatechol (PC) were evaluated for their ability to reduce chemical carcinogen-induced toxicity in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human fetal hepatic cells (WRL-68). Cells pre-treated with MMP were exposed to a known chemical carcinogen, 4-[(acetoxymethyl) nitrosamino]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) to assess MMP-mediated cytoprotection and reduction of DNA damage. PG in BEAS-2B and PC in WRL-68 cells mitigated the NNKOAc-induced cytotoxicity. Pre-incubation of PG depicted significant protection against NNKOAc-induced DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells. PC in WRL-68 cells showed similar activity. To understand the mechanisms of PG- and PC-mediated DNA damage reduction, the effect on DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and caspase activity were studied. PG and PC alter the DDR and may promote ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways, respectively. Cellular oxidative stress induced by NNKOAc was mitigated by PG and PC through enhanced GPx expression and TAC. PG and PC suppressed the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (caspase 3 and 8) provoked by NNKOAc. MMP are beneficial in chemoprevention by reducing cellular DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P D Wass Thilakarathna
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Glorieux C, Calderon PB. Catalase, a remarkable enzyme: targeting the oldest antioxidant enzyme to find a new cancer treatment approach. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1095-1108. [PMID: 28384098 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is centered on the antioxidant enzyme catalase and will present different aspects of this particular protein. Among them: historical discovery, biological functions, types of catalases and recent data with regard to molecular mechanisms regulating its expression. The main goal is to understand the biological consequences of chronic exposure of cells to hydrogen peroxide leading to cellular adaptation. Such issues are of the utmost importance with potential therapeutic extrapolation for various pathologies. Catalase is a key enzyme in the metabolism of H2O2 and reactive nitrogen species, and its expression and localization is markedly altered in tumors. The molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of catalase, the oldest known and first discovered antioxidant enzyme, are not completely elucidated. As cancer cells are characterized by an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a rather altered expression of antioxidant enzymes, these characteristics represent an advantage in terms of cell proliferation. Meanwhile, they render cancer cells particularly sensitive to an oxidant insult. In this context, targeting the redox status of cancer cells by modulating catalase expression is emerging as a novel approach to potentiate chemotherapy.
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Yang X, Wang D, Ma Y, Xu X, Zhu Z, Wang X, Deng H, Li C, Chen M, Tong J, Yamanaka K, An Y. Continuous activation of Nrf2 and its target antioxidant enzymes leads to arsenite-induced malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:231-9. [PMID: 26420645 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenite leads to human lung cancer, but the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis remain obscure. The transcription factor of nuclear factor-erythroid-2 p45-related factor (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response represents a critical cellular defense mechanism and protection against various diseases. Paradoxically, emerging data suggest that the constitutive activation of Nrf2 is associated with cancer development, progression and chemotherapy resistance. However, the role of Nrf2 in the occurrence of cancer induced by long-term arsenite exposure remains to be fully understood. By establishing transformed human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells via chronic low-dose arsenite treatment, we showed that, in acquiring this malignant phenotype, continuous low level of ROS and sustained enhancement of Nrf2 and its target antioxidant enzyme levels were observed in the later-stage of arsenite-induced cell transformation. The downregulation of Keap1 level may be responsible for the over-activation of Nrf2 and its target enzymes. To validate these observations, Nrf2 was knocked down in arsenite-transformed HBE cells by SiRNA transfection, and the levels of Nrf2 and its target antioxidant enzymes, ROS, cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation were determined following these treatments. Results showed that blocked Nrf2 expression significantly reduced Nrf2 and its target antioxidant enzyme levels, restored ROS levels, and eventually suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation of the transformed cells. In summary, the results of the study strongly suggested that the continuous activation of Nrf2 and its target antioxidant enzymes led to the over-depletion of intracellular ROS levels, which contributed to arsenite-induced HBE cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiguo Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyi Deng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Tong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yan An
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Shen Y, Zhang S, Huang X, Chen K, Shen J, Wang Z. Involvement of p53 mutation and mismatch repair proteins dysregulation in NNK-induced malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:920275. [PMID: 25215298 PMCID: PMC4151862 DOI: 10.1155/2014/920275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genome integrity is essential for normal cellular functions and cell survival. Its instability can cause genetic aberrations and is considered as a hallmark of most cancers. To investigate the carcinogenesis process induced by tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK, we studied the dynamic changes of two important protectors of genome integrity, p53 and MMR system, in malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells after NNK exposure. Our results showed that the expression of MLH1, one of the important MMR proteins, was decreased early and maintained the downregulation during the transformation in a histone modification involved and DNA methylation-independent manner. Another MMR protein PMS2 also displayed a declined expression while being in a later stage of transformation. Moreover, we conducted p53 mutation analysis and revealed a mutation at codon 273 which led to the replacement of arginine by histidine. With the mutation, DNA damage-induced activation of p53 was significantly impaired. We further reintroduced the wild-type p53 into the transformed cells, and the malignant proliferation can be abrogated by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These findings indicate that p53 and MMR system play an important role in the initiation and progression of NNK-induced transformation, and p53 could be a potential therapeutic target for tobacco-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuilian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kailin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Pulmonology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou 310016, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Martin SG. Redox proteins and radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 26:289-300. [PMID: 24581945 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although conventional radiotherapy can directly damage DNA and other organic molecules within cells, most of the damage and the cytotoxicity of such ionising radiation, comes from the production of ions and free radicals produced via interactions with water. This 'indirect effect', a form of oxidative stress, can be modulated by a variety of systems within cells that are in place to, in normal situations, maintain homeostasis and redox balance. If cancer cells express high levels of antioxidant redox proteins, they may be more resistant to radiation and so targeting such systems may be a profitable strategy to increase therapeutic efficacy of conventional radiotherapy. An overview, with exemplars, of the main systems regulating redox homeostasis is supplied and discussed in relation to their use as prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and how targeting such proteins and systems may increase radiosensitivity and, potentially, improve the radiotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - S G Martin
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK.
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13
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Policastro LL, Ibañez IL, Notcovich C, Duran HA, Podhajcer OL. The tumor microenvironment: characterization, redox considerations, and novel approaches for reactive oxygen species-targeted gene therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:854-95. [PMID: 22794113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that involves the interaction between malignant and neighbor stromal cells embedded in a mesh of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial, and inflammatory cells) are co-opted at different stages to help malignant cells invade the surrounding ECM and disseminate. Malignant cells have developed adaptive mechanisms to survive under the extreme conditions of the tumor microenvironment such as restricted oxygen supply (hypoxia), nutrient deprivation, and a prooxidant state among others. These conditions could be eventually used to target drugs that will be activated specifically in this microenvironment. Preclinical studies have shown that modulating cellular/tissue redox state by different gene therapy (GT) approaches was able to control tumor growth. In this review, we describe the most relevant features of the tumor microenvironment, addressing reactive oxygen species-generating sources that promote a prooxidative microenvironment inside the tumor mass. We describe different GT approaches that promote either a decreased or exacerbated prooxidative microenvironment, and those that make use of the differential levels of ROS between cancer and normal cells to achieve tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Laura Policastro
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
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14
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Penney RB, Roy D. Thioredoxin-mediated redox regulation of resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:60-79. [PMID: 23466753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapy in breast carcinogenesis due to the redox regulation of the signal transduction system by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the subject of this review article. Both antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors are thought to prevent cancer through modulating the estrogen receptor function, but other mechanisms cannot be ruled out as these compounds also block metabolism and redox cycling of estrogen and are free radical scavengers. Endocrine therapeutic agents, such as, tamoxifen and other antiestrogens, and the aromatase inhibitor, exemestane, are capable of producing ROS. Aggressive breast cancer cells have high oxidative stress and chronic treatment with exemestane, fulvestrant or tamoxifen may add additional ROS stress. Breast cancer cells receiving long-term antiestrogen treatment appear to adapt to this increased persistent level of ROS. This, in turn, may lead to the disruption of reversible redox signaling that involves redox-sensitive phosphatases, protein kinases, such as, ERK and AKT, and transcription factors, such as, AP-1, NRF-1 and NF-κB. Thioredoxin modulates the expression of estrogen responsive genes through modulating the production of H2O2 in breast cancer cells. Overexpressing thioredoxine reductase 2 and reducing oxidized thioredoxin restores tamoxifen sensitivity to previously resistant breast cancer cells. In summary, it appears that resistance to endocrine therapy may be mediated, in part, by ROS-mediated dysregulation of both estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Further studies are needed to define the mechanism of action of thioredoxin modifiers, and their effect on the redox regulation that contributes to restoring the antiestrogen-mediated signal transduction system and growth inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Brigham Penney
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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15
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Selenius M, Hedman M, Brodin D, Gandin V, Rigobello MP, Flygare J, Marzano C, Bindoli A, Brodin O, Björnstedt M, Fernandes AP. Effects of redox modulation by inhibition of thioredoxin reductase on radiosensitivity and gene expression. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1593-605. [PMID: 22003958 PMCID: PMC3823227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is a promising target when aiming to overcome the problem of clinical radiation resistance. Altered cellular redox status and redox sensitive thiols contributing to induction of resistance strongly connect the ubiquitous redox enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) to the cellular response to ionizing radiation. To further investigate possible strategies in combating clinical radiation resistance, human radio-resistant lung cancer cells were subjected to a combination of single fractions of γ-radiation at clinically relevant doses and non-toxic levels of a well-characterized thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, the phosphine gold(I) compound [Au(SCN)(PEt3)]. The combination of the TrxR-inhibitor and ionizing radiation reduced the surviving fractions and impaired the ability of the U1810 cells to repopulate by approximately 50%. In addition, inhibition of thioredoxin reductase caused changes in the cell cycle distribution, suggesting a disturbance of the mitotic process. Global gene expression analysis also revealed clustered genetic expression changes connected to several major cellular pathways such as cell cycle, cellular response to stress and DNA damage. Specific TrxR-inhibition as a factor behind the achieved results was confirmed by correlation of gene expression patterns between gold and siRNA treatment. These results clearly demonstrate TrxR as an important factor conferring resistance to irradiation and the use of [Au(SCN)(PEt3)] as a promising radiosensitizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Selenius
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Bogen KT. Efficient tumorigenesis by mutation-induced failure to terminate microRNA-mediated adaptive hyperplasia. Med Hypotheses 2012. [PMID: 23183421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seven current contending cancer theories consider different sets of critical events as sufficient for tumorigenesis. These theories, most recently the microRNA dysregulation (MRD) theory, have overlapping attributes and extensive empirical support, but also some discrepancies, and some do not address both benign and malignant tumorigenesis. By definition, the most efficient tumorigenic pathways will dominate under conditions that selectively activate those pathways. The MRD theory provides a mechanistic basis to combine elements of the current theories into a new hypothesis that: (i) tumors arise most efficiently under stress that induces and sustains either protective or regenerative states of adaptive hyperplasia (AH) that normally are epigenetically maintained unless terminated; and (ii) if dysregulated by a somatic mutation that prevents normal termination, these two AH states can generate benign and malignant tumors, respectively. This hypothesis, but not multistage cancer theory, predicts that key participating AH-stem-cell populations expand markedly when triggered by stress, particularly chronic metabolic or oxidative stress, mechanical irritation, toxic exposure, wounding, inflammation, and/or infection. This hypothesis predicts that microRNA expression patterns in benign vs. malignant tumor tissue will correlate best with those governing protective vs. regenerative AH in that tissue, and that tumors arise most efficiently inmutagen-exposed stem cells that either happen to be in, or incidentally later become recruited into, an AH state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Bogen
- DrPH DABT, Exponent Inc., Health Sciences, 475, 14th Street, Ste 400, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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17
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Ande A, Earla R, Jin M, Silverstein PS, Mitra AK, Kumar A, Kumar S. An LC-MS/MS method for concurrent determination of nicotine metabolites and the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolite-mediated oxidative stress in SVGA astrocytes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 125:49-59. [PMID: 22498344 PMCID: PMC3413753 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine is known to generate oxidative stress through cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)-mediated metabolism in the liver and other organs, including macrophages. This study has been designed to examine the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in SVGA cells, an immortalized human astrocyte cell line. METHODS SVGA astrocytes were treated with 1 μM nicotine, followed by determination of mRNA and protein levels of several CYPs using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. Quantitation of nicotine and the nicotine metabolites, cotinine and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketones (NNK), was performed using an LC-MS/MS method. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS Nicotine significantly upregulated mRNA and protein expression of the most abundantly expressed CYPs in SVGA astrocytes, CYP2A6 and CYP1A1. To characterize the metabolism of nicotine in astrocytes, a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed which is capable of quantifying very low concentrations of nicotine (0.3 ng/mL), cotinine and NNK (0.11 ng/mL). The LC-MS/MS results showed that nicotine is steadily metabolized to cotinine and NNK from 0.5 to 4h. Finally, we showed that nicotine initially causes an increase in ROS formation which is then gradually decreased, perhaps due to the increase in superoxide dismutase level. Nicotine metabolism and ROS formation by CYP2A6 were further confirmed by using tryptamine, a selective inhibitor of CYP2A6, which significantly lowered the levels of cotinine and NNK and inhibited ROS formation. CONCLUSIONS CYP2A6 plays a key role in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in astrocytes, and this has implications in nicotine-associated brain toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ande
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ravinder Earla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mengyao Jin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Peter S Silverstein
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, 3253 Health Sciences Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA,Corresponding author: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte St. Kansas City, MO 64108, USA Phone: 816-235-5494, Fax: 816-235-1776,
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18
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Oh JH, Wong HP, Wang X, Deasy JO. A bioinformatics filtering strategy for identifying radiation response biomarker candidates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38870. [PMID: 22768051 PMCID: PMC3387230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of biomarker candidates is often much larger than the number of clinical patient data points available, which motivates the use of a rational candidate variable filtering methodology. The goal of this paper is to apply such a bioinformatics filtering process to isolate a modest number (<10) of key interacting genes and their associated single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in radiation response, and to ultimately serve as a basis for using clinical datasets to identify new biomarkers. In step 1, we surveyed the literature on genetic and protein correlates to radiation response, in vivo or in vitro, across cellular, animal, and human studies. In step 2, we analyzed two publicly available microarray datasets and identified genes in which mRNA expression changed in response to radiation. Combining results from Step 1 and Step 2, we identified 20 genes that were common to all three sources. As a final step, a curated database of protein interactions was used to generate the most statistically reliable protein interaction network among any subset of the 20 genes resulting from Steps 1 and 2, resulting in identification of a small, tightly interacting network with 7 out of 20 input genes. We further ranked the genes in terms of likely importance, based on their location within the network using a graph-based scoring function. The resulting core interacting network provides an attractive set of genes likely to be important to radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harry P. Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph O. Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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19
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Davis RM, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Nitroxides as cancer imaging agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:347-58. [PMID: 21434855 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795677526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxides are low molecular weight (150-400 Da) superoxide dismutase mimics that exhibit antioxidant, radical scavenging, and radioprotective activity. Additionally, the paramagnetic nature of nitroxides makes them viable as both spin probes for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging as well as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. These imaging techniques enable in vivo monitoring of nitroxide metabolism. In biological systems, nitroxide metabolism occurs predominantly via reduction of the nitroxide to a hydroxylamine. The rate of nitroxide reduction can increase or decrease due to either oxidative stress, suggesting that nitroxides can provide an imaging-based assay of tissue redox status. The current review briefly summarizes the potential clinical applications of nitroxides, and focuses on the biochemical and tumor microenvironmental factors that affect the rate of nitroxide reduction. The potential therapeutic applications and bio-reduction mechanisms are discussed in the context of their relevance to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Davis
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Jin M, Earla R, Shah A, Earla RL, Gupte R, Mitra AK, Kumar A, Kumar S. A LC-MS/MS method for concurrent determination of nicotine metabolites and role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism in U937 macrophages: implications in oxidative stress in HIV + smokers. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:289-99. [PMID: 21655912 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the major constituent of tobacco, is predominantly metabolized by liver CYP2A6 into cotinine and many other compounds, including nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), which is known to cause oxidative stress. We have recently shown that CYP2A6 is highly expressed in U937 monocyte-derived macrophages. In this study we investigated the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in U937 macrophages. To study nicotine metabolism, we developed a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitative determination of nicotine, cotinine, and NNK. The LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out by multiple reaction monitoring mass transitions with m/z of 163.2/130.1, 177.4/98.3, and 208.4/122.1 for nicotine, cotinine, and NNK, respectively. The calibration curves were linear within 3.3-1028.1 ng/ml for nicotine and 0.3-652.6 ng/ml for cotinine and NNK. This novel method was then applied to quantify nicotine metabolites, cotinine and NNK, in nicotine-treated U937 macrophages. Cotinine and NNK initially formed at 30 min, followed by a peak at 2-3 h. The role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism in U937 macrophages was further confirmed by using CYP2A6-selective inhibitor, tryptamine, which significantly decreased cotinine (70%) and completely inhibited NNK formations. Finally, we showed that nicotine-treated macrophages increase the formation of oxidant at 30-60 min, which is consistent with the initial formation of cotinine and NNK. In conclusion, we have developed a new LCMS/MS method for concurrent determination of nicotine metabolites and analyzed the role of CYP2A6 in nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in U937 macrophages, which may have implications in viral replication among HIV + smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Jin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, MO 64108, USA
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21
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Hirano M, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Kouyama N, Katayama Y, Hayashi M, Masuo Y. Transcriptomic analysis of rat brain tissue following gamma knife surgery: early and distinct bilateral effects in the un-irradiated striatum. Mol Cells 2009; 27:263-8. [PMID: 19277511 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma knife surgery (GKS) is used for the treatment of various human brain disorders. However, the biological effects of gamma ray irradiation on both the target area, and the surrounding tissues are not well studied. The effects of gamma ray exposure to both targeted and untargeted regions were therefore evaluated by monitoring gene expression changes in the unilateral irradiated (60 Gy) and contralateral un-irradiated striata in the rat. Striata of irradiated and control brains were dissected 16 hours post-irradiation for analysis using a whole genome 44K DNA oligo microarray approach. The results revealed 230 induced and 144 repressed genes in the irradiated striatum and 432 induced and 239 repressed genes in the un-irradiated striatum. Out of these altered genes 39 of the induced and 16 of the reduced genes were common to both irradiated and un-irradiated tissue. Results of semiquantitative, confirmatory RT-PCR and western blot analyses suggested that gamma-irradiation caused cellular damage, including oxidative stress, in the striata of both hemispheres of the brains of treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Hirano
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
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