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Shcholok T, Eftekharpour E. Insights into the Multifaceted Roles of Thioredoxin-1 System: Exploring Knockout Murine Models. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:180. [PMID: 38534450 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Redox balance is increasingly identified as a major player in cellular signaling. A fundamentally simple reaction of oxidation and reduction of cysteine residues in cellular proteins is the central concept in this complex regulatory mode of protein function. Oxidation of key cysteine residues occurs at the physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but they are reduced by a supply of thiol antioxidant molecules including glutathione, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin. While these molecules show complex compensatory roles in experimental conditions, transgenic animal models provide a comprehensive picture to pinpoint the role of each antioxidant. In this review, we have specifically focused on the available literature on thioredoxin-1 system transgenic models that include thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase proteins. As the identification of thioredoxin protein targets is technically challenging, the true contribution of this system in maintaining cellular balance remains unidentified, including the role of this system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Shcholok
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 631-BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 631-BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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2
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Zhou J, Song T, Zhou H, Zhang M, Li N, Xiang J, Zhang X. Genome-wide identification, characterization, evolution, and expression pattern analyses of the typical thioredoxin gene family in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020584. [PMID: 36618641 PMCID: PMC9813791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Typical thioredoxin (TRX) plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in plants. However, the typical TRX genes in wheat still need to be comprehensively and deeply studied. In this research, a total of 48 typical TaTRX genes belonging to eight subtypes were identified via a genome-wide search in wheat, and the gene structures, protein conserved motifs, and protein 3D structures of the same subtype were very similar. Evolutionary analysis showed that there are two pairs of tandem duplication genes and 14 clusters of segmental duplication genes in typical TaTRX family members; TaTRX15, TaTRX36, and TaTRX42 had positive selection compared with the orthologs of their ancestral species; rice and maize have 11 and 13 orthologous typical TRXs with wheat, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that typical TaTRXs were involved in maintaining redox homeostasis in wheat cells. Estimation of ROS content, determination of antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression analysis in a line overexpressing one typical TaTRX confirmed that TRX plays an important role in maintaining redox balance in wheat. A predictive analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter region showed that typical TaTRXs were extensively involved in various hormone metabolism and response processes to stress. The results predicted using public databases or verified using RT-qPCR show that typical TaTRXs were able to respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, and their expression in wheat was spatiotemporal. A total of 16 wheat proteins belonging to four different families interacting with typical TaTRXs were predicted. The above comprehensive analysis of typical TaTRX genes can enrich our understanding of this gene family in wheat and provide valuable insights for further gene function research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianqi Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Protection & Exploitation and Utilization of Animal and Plant Resources, ChiFeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Nan Li
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Protection & Exploitation and Utilization of Animal and Plant Resources, ChiFeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jishan Xiang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Protection & Exploitation and Utilization of Animal and Plant Resources, ChiFeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Lundberg M, Bohman H, Curbo S, Mansouri S, Agartz I, Areström I, Ahlborg N. Development of an ELISA displaying similar reactivity with reduced and oxidized human Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1): The plasma level of Trx1 in early onset psychosis disorders. J Immunol Methods 2022; 510:113347. [PMID: 36058259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plasma level of human thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) has been shown to be increased in various somatic diseases and psychiatric disorders. However, when comparing the reported plasma levels of Trx1, a great inter-study variability, as well as variability in study outcomes of differences between patients and control subjects has been observed, ultimately limiting the possibility to make comparative analyses. Trx1 is a highly redox active protein prone to form various redox forms, e.g. dimers, oligomers or Trx1-protein complexes. We have recently shown that ELISA systems may vary in reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. The primary aim of the present study was to develop an ELISA system with similar reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. By evaluating a panel of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in various paired combinations, three ELISA systems were generated, with observed large variability in reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. Importantly, an ELISA system (capture mAb MT17R6 and detection mAb MT13X3-biotin), was identified that displayed similar reactivity to oxidized and DTT reduced Trx1. The ELISA system (MT17R6/MT13X3-biotin), was subsequently used to analyze the level of Trx1 in plasma from patients (<18 years) with early onset psychosis disorders (EOP). However, no significant (p > 0.7) difference in plasma Trx1 levels between patients with EOP (n = 23) and healthy age matched controls (HC) (n = 20) were observed. Furthermore, reliable measurement was shown to be dependent on the establishment of platelet poor plasma samples, enabled by rigorous blood sample centrifugation and by efficient blocking of potentially interfering heterophilic antibodies. In conclusion, we report the design and characterization of a Trx1 ELISA system with similar reactivity to various Trx1 redox forms. Importantly, data indicated that generated ELISA systems show large variability in reactivity to various redox forms with ultimate impact on measured levels of Trx1. Overall, results from this study suggests that future studies may be strongly improved by the use of Trx1 ELISA systems with characterized specificity to various redox forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hannes Bohman
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sophie Curbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiva Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Niklas Ahlborg
- Mabtech, Nacka Strand, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wennergren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rouyère C, Serrano T, Frémont S, Echard A. Oxidation and reduction of actin: Origin, impact in vitro and functional consequences in vivo. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151249. [PMID: 35716426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells and assembles into dynamic filamentous networks regulated by many actin binding proteins. The actin cytoskeleton must be finely tuned, both in space and time, to fulfill key cellular functions such as cell division, cell shape changes, phagocytosis and cell migration. While actin oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) at non-physiological levels are known for long to impact on actin polymerization and on the cellular actin cytoskeleton, growing evidence shows that direct and reversible oxidation/reduction of specific actin amino acids plays an important and physiological role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we describe which actin amino acid residues can be selectively oxidized and reduced in many different ways (e.g. disulfide bond formation, glutathionylation, carbonylation, nitration, nitrosylation and other oxidations), the cellular enzymes at the origin of these post-translational modifications, and the impact of actin redox modifications both in vitro and in vivo. We show that the regulated balance of oxidation and reduction of key actin amino acid residues contributes to the control of actin filament polymerization and disassembly at the subcellular scale and highlight how improper redox modifications of actin can lead to pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Rouyère
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Serrano
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Frémont
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Lundberg M, Mattsson Å, Reiser K, Holmgren A, Curbo S. Inhibition of the thioredoxin system by PX-12 (1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide) impedes HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5656. [PMID: 30948772 PMCID: PMC6449384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry is initiated by the binding between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the host receptor CD4, and followed by reduction of structural disulfides of gp120 and CD4. The host thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) efficiently reduces disulfides of gp120 and CD4 in vitro, and recently CD4-dependent HIV-1 entry was shown to be inhibited by anti-Trx1-antibodies, indicating a central role for Trx1. 1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide (PX-12) is a reversible inhibitor of the Trx1 system that may also cause a slow irreversible thioalkylation of Trx1. It was developed as an antitumor agent, however, the current study aimed to determine if it also has an anti-HIV-1 effect. We show that PX-12 has anti-HIV-1(IIIB) activity in TZM-bl cells, in fact, no virus was detected inside the cells in the presence of 10 µM PX-12. Moreover, PX-12 inhibited the enzymatic activity of Trx1 and the Trx1-dependent disulfide reduction of gp120. Microtubule polymerization and formation of acetylated microtubules were also inhibited, activities shown to be required for HIV-1 life cycle propagation. In conclusion, our data strengthens the notion that the early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle depends on the Trx1 system and indicate that the Trx1 system may be a rational drug target for HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åse Mattsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Reiser
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Curbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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7
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Zhu K, He Q, Li L, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Silencing thioredoxin1 exacerbates damage of astrocytes exposed to OGD/R by aggravating apoptosis through the Actin-Ras2-cAMP-PKA pathway. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:512-519. [PMID: 29073813 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1398159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Induction of endogenous antioxidants is one of the key molecular mechanisms of cell resistance to hypoxia/ischemia. Thioredoxin1 (Trx1) is a small multifunctional ubiquitous antioxidant with redox-active dithiol and plays an important role in cell apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. The specific role of Trx1 in ischemia-reperfusion induced astrocyte apoptosis, however, remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the effect of Trx1 on apoptosis of astrocyte using an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model which mimics ischemic/reperfusion conditions in vivo. The astrocytes prepared from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to OGD for 4 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h. Next, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was used to assess cell viability while cell damage was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS We found that OGD/R increased cell death as well as the expression of Trx1 and that the interference of Trx1 further aggravated astrocyte damage under OGD/R condition. Furthermore, we detected an increase in the intracellular expressions of Ras2, cAMP, and PKA under OGD/R condition, which paralleled cell injury. CONCLUSIONS Notably, the deletion of Trx1 exacerbated astrocyte apoptosis via the Ras2-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. We concluded that Trx1 protects astrocytes against apoptotic injury induced by OGD/R, and this protective effect may be partly related to the Ras2-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunting Zhu
- a Department of Pathology , The First People's Hospital of Yibin , Yibin , Sichuan , People's Republic of China
| | - Qi He
- b Department of Pathophysiology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China.,c Institute of Neuroscience , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Lingyu Li
- c Institute of Neuroscience , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China.,d Department of Pathology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- c Institute of Neuroscience , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China.,d Department of Pathology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- b Department of Pathophysiology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China.,c Institute of Neuroscience , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
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8
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Booze ML, Hansen JM, Vitiello PF. A novel mouse model for the identification of thioredoxin-1 protein interactions. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:533-543. [PMID: 27639450 PMCID: PMC5107173 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thiol switches are important regulators of cellular signaling and are coordinated by several redox enzyme systems including thioredoxins, peroxiredoxins, and glutathione. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), in particular, is an important signaling molecule not only in response to redox perturbations, but also in cellular growth, regulation of gene expression, and apoptosis. The active site of this enzyme is a highly conserved C-G-P-C motif and the redox mechanism of Trx1 is rapid which presents a challenge in determining specific substrates. Numerous in vitro approaches have identified Trx1-dependent thiol switches; however, these findings may not be physiologically relevant and little is known about Trx1 interactions in vivo. In order to identify Trx1 targets in vivo, we generated a transgenic mouse with inducible expression of a mutant Trx1 transgene to stabilize intermolecular disulfides with protein substrates. Expression of the Trx1 "substrate trap" transgene did not interfere with endogenous thioredoxin or glutathione systems in brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. Following immunoprecipitation and proteomic analysis, we identified 41 homeostatic Trx1 interactions in perinatal lung, including previously described Trx1 substrates such as members of the peroxiredoxin family and collapsin response mediator protein 2. Using perinatal hyperoxia as a model of oxidative injury, we found 17 oxygen-induced interactions which included several cytoskeletal proteins which may be important to alveolar development. The data herein validates this novel mouse model for identification of tissue- and cell-specific Trx1-dependent pathways that regulate physiological signals in response to redox perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Booze
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jason M Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Peter F Vitiello
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Purpose of review Extensive data indicate a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling in vascular damage in hypertension. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain unclear, but oxidative post-translational modification of vascular proteins is critical. This review discusses how proteins are oxidatively modified and how redox signaling influences vascular smooth muscle cell growth and vascular remodeling in hypertension. We also highlight Nox5 as a novel vascular ROS-generating oxidase. Recent findings Oxidative stress in hypertension leads to oxidative imbalance that affects vascular cell function through redox signaling. Many Nox isoforms produce ROS in the vascular wall, and recent findings show that Nox5 may be important in humans. ROS regulate signaling by numerous processes including cysteine oxidative post-translational modification such as S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation and sulfydration. In vascular smooth muscle cells, this influences cellular responses to oxidative stimuli promoting changes from a contractile to a proliferative phenotype. Summary In hypertension, Nox-induced ROS production is increased, leading to perturbed redox signaling through oxidative modifications of vascular proteins. This influences mitogenic signaling and cell cycle regulation, leading to altered cell growth and vascular remodeling in hypertension.
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10
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Jilek JL, Sant KE, Cho KH, Reed MS, Pohl J, Hansen JM, Harris C. Ethanol Attenuates Histiotrophic Nutrition Pathways and Alters the Intracellular Redox Environment and Thiol Proteome during Rat Organogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:475-89. [PMID: 26185205 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) is a reactive oxygen-generating teratogen involved in the etiology of structural and functional developmental defects. Embryonic nutrition, redox environment, and changes in the thiol proteome following EtOH exposures (1.56.0 mg/ml) were studied in rat whole embryo culture. Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys) concentrations with their respective intracellular redox potentials (Eh) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. EtOH reduced GSH and Cys concentrations in embryo (EMB) and visceral yolk sac (VYS) tissues, and also in yolk sac and amniotic fluids. These changes produced greater oxidation as indicated by increasingly positive Eh values. EtOH reduced histiotrophic nutrition pathway activities as measured by the clearance of fluorescin isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin from culture media. A significant decrease in total FITC clearance was observed at all concentrations, reaching approximately 50% at the highest dose. EtOH-induced changes to the thiol proteome were measured in EMBs and VYSs using isotope-coded affinity tags. Decreased concentrations for specific proteins from cytoskeletal dynamics and endocytosis pathways (α-actinin, α-tubulin, cubilin, and actin-related protein 2); nuclear translocation (Ran and RanBP1); and maintenance of receptor-mediated endocytosis (cubilin) were observed. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis also identified a decrease in ribosomal proteins in both EMB and VYS. Results show that EtOH interferes with nutrient uptake to reduce availability of amino acids and micronutrients required by the conceptus. Intracellular antioxidants such as GSH and Cys are depleted following EtOH and Eh values increase. Thiol proteome analysis in the EMB and VYS show selectively altered actin/cytoskeleton, endocytosis, ribosome biogenesis and function, nuclear transport, and stress-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Jilek
- *Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- *Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Katherine H Cho
- *Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Matthew S Reed
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; and
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; and
| | - Jason M Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Craig Harris
- *Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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11
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Abstract
The cysteine (Cys) proteome is a major component of the adaptive interface between the genome and the exposome. The thiol moiety of Cys undergoes a range of biologic modifications enabling biological switching of structure and reactivity. These biological modifications include sulfenylation and disulfide formation, formation of higher oxidation states, S-nitrosylation, persulfidation, metalation, and other modifications. Extensive knowledge about these systems and their compartmentalization now provides a foundation to develop advanced integrative models of Cys proteome regulation. In particular, detailed understanding of redox signaling pathways and sensing networks is becoming available to allow the discrimination of network structures. This research focuses attention on the need for atlases of Cys modifications to develop systems biology models. Such atlases will be especially useful for integrative studies linking the Cys proteome to imaging and other omics platforms, providing a basis for improved redox-based therapeutics. Thus, a framework is emerging to place the Cys proteome as a complement to the quantitative proteome in the omics continuum connecting the genome to the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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12
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Zhou N, Lee WR, Abasht B. Messenger RNA sequencing and pathway analysis provide novel insights into the biological basis of chickens' feed efficiency. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:195. [PMID: 25886891 PMCID: PMC4414306 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced selection technologies have been developed and continually optimized to improve traits of agricultural importance; however, these methods have been primarily applied without knowledge of underlying biological changes that may be induced by selection. This study aims to characterize the biological basis of differences between chickens with low and high feed efficiency (FE) with a long-term goal of improving the ability to select for FE. Results High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed on 23 breast muscle samples from commercial broiler chickens with extremely high (n = 10) and low (n = 13) FE. An average of 34 million paired-end reads (75 bp) were produced for each sample, 80% of which were properly mapped to the chicken reference genome (Ensembl Galgal4). Differential expression analysis identified 1,059 genes (FDR < 0.05) that significantly divergently expressed in breast muscle between the high- and low-FE chickens. Gene function analysis revealed that genes involved in muscle remodeling, inflammatory response and free radical scavenging were mostly up-regulated in the high-FE birds. Additionally, growth hormone and IGFs/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were enriched in differentially expressed genes, which might contribute to the high breast muscle yield in high-FE birds and partly explain the FE advantage of high-FE chickens. Conclusions This study provides novel insights into transcriptional differences in breast muscle between high- and low-FE broiler chickens. Our results show that feed efficiency is associated with breast muscle growth in these birds; furthermore, some physiological changes, e.g., inflammatory response and oxidative stress, may occur in the breast muscle of the high-FE chickens, which may be of concern for continued selection for both of these traits together in modern broiler chickens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1364-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | | | - Behnam Abasht
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Rothmeier AS, Marchese P, Petrich BG, Furlan-Freguia C, Ginsberg MH, Ruggeri ZM, Ruf W. Caspase-1-mediated pathway promotes generation of thromboinflammatory microparticles. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1471-84. [PMID: 25705884 DOI: 10.1172/jci79329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a signal of tissue damage and induces macrophage responses that amplify inflammation and coagulation. Here we demonstrate that ATP signaling through macrophage P2X7 receptors uncouples the thioredoxin (TRX)/TRX reductase (TRXR) system and activates the inflammasome through endosome-generated ROS. TRXR and inflammasome activity promoted filopodia formation, cellular release of reduced TRX, and generation of extracellular thiol pathway-dependent, procoagulant microparticles (MPs). Additionally, inflammasome-induced activation of an intracellular caspase-1/calpain cysteine protease cascade degraded filamin, thereby severing bonds between the cytoskeleton and tissue factor (TF), the cell surface receptor responsible for coagulation activation. This cascade enabled TF trafficking from rafts to filopodia and ultimately onto phosphatidylserine-positive, highly procoagulant MPs. Furthermore, caspase-1 specifically facilitated cell surface actin exposure, which was required for the final release of highly procoagulant MPs from filopodia. Together, the results of this study delineate a thromboinflammatory pathway and suggest that components of this pathway have potential as pharmacological targets to simultaneously attenuate inflammation and innate immune cell-induced thrombosis.
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14
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Martínez-González JJ, Guevara-Flores A, Rendón JL, Sosa-Peinado A, Del Arenal Mena IP. Purification and characterization of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci thioredoxin: insight into thioredoxin-glutathione-reductase (TGR) substrate recognition. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:194-201. [PMID: 25523293 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is an oxidoreductase central to redox homeostasis in cells and is involved in the regulation of protein activity through thiol/disulfide exchanges. Based on these facts, our goal was to purify and characterize cytosolic thioredoxin from Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, as well as to study its behavior as a substrate of thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR). The enzyme was purified >133-fold with a total yield of 9.7%. A molecular mass of 11.7kDa and a pI of 4.84 were measured. Native electrophoresis was used to identify the oxidized and reduced forms of the monomer as well as the presence of a homodimer. In addition to the catalytic site cysteines, cysticerci thioredoxin contains Cys28 and Cys65 residues conserved in previously sequenced cestode thioredoxins. The following kinetic parameters were obtained for the substrate of TGR: a Km of 3.1μM, a kcat of 10s(-1) and a catalytic efficiency of 3.2×10(6)M(-1)s(-1). The negative patch around the α3-helix of Trx is involved in the interaction with TGR and suggests variable specificity and catalytic efficiency of the reductase toward thioredoxins of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - A Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - J L Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - A Sosa-Peinado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - I P Del Arenal Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
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15
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Gellert M, Hanschmann EM, Lepka K, Berndt C, Lillig CH. Redox regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics during differentiation and de-differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1575-87. [PMID: 25450486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytoskeleton, unlike the bony vertebrate skeleton or the exoskeleton of invertebrates, is a highly dynamic meshwork of protein filaments that spans through the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Especially actin filaments and microtubuli do not only provide structure and points of attachments, but they also shape cells, they are the basis for intracellular transport and distribution, all types of cell movement, and--through specific junctions and points of adhesion--join cells together to form tissues, organs, and organisms. SCOPE OF REVIEW The fine tuned regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics is thus indispensible for cell differentiation and all developmental processes. Here, we discussed redox signalling mechanisms that control this dynamic remodeling. Foremost, we emphasised recent discoveries that demonstrated reversible thiol and methionyl switches in the regulation of actin dynamics. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Thiol and methionyl switches play an essential role in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton is controlled by various redox switches. These mechanisms are indispensible during development and organogenesis and might contribute to numerous pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gellert
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaudia Lepka
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany.
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16
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Ugarte N, Ladouce R, Radjei S, Gareil M, Friguet B, Petropoulos I. Proteome alteration in oxidative stress-sensitive methionine sulfoxide reductase-silenced HEK293 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1023-1036. [PMID: 23988788 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr's) are key enzymes proficient in catalyzing the reduction of oxidized methionines. This reductive trait is essential to maintaining cellular redox homeostasis from bacteria to mammals and is also regarded as a potential mechanism to regulate protein activities and signaling pathways, considering the inactivating effects that can be induced by methionine oxidation. In this study, we have generated stable human embryonic kidney HEK293 clones with an altered Msr system by silencing the expression of the main Msr elements-MsrA, MsrB1, or MsrB2. The isolated clones--the single mutants MsrA, MsrB1, and MsrB2 and double mutant MsrA/B1-show a reduced Msr activity and an exacerbated sensitivity toward oxidative stress. A two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis analysis was performed on the Msr-silenced cells grown under basal conditions or submitted to oxidative stress. This proteomic analysis revealed that the disruption of the Msr system mainly affects proteins with redox, cytoskeletal or protein synthesis, and maintenance roles. Interestingly, most of the proteins found altered in the Msr mutants were also identified as potential Msr substrates and have been associated with redox or aging processes in previous studies. This study, through an extensive analysis of Msr-inhibited mutants, offers valuable input on the cellular network of a crucial maintenance system such as methionine sulfoxide reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ugarte
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Romain Ladouce
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Radjei
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Monique Gareil
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Philot EA, Perahia D, Braz ASK, Costa MGDS, Scott LPB. Binding sites and hydrophobic pockets in Human Thioredoxin 1 determined by normal mode analysis. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Go YM, Orr M, Jones DP. Actin cytoskeleton redox proteome oxidation by cadmium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L831-43. [PMID: 24077948 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00203.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure with the risk of lung diseases. Although mechanisms are not fully elucidated, several studies demonstrate Cd effects on actin and actin-associated proteins. In a recent study of Cd at concentrations similar to environmental exposures, we found that redox-dependent inflammatory signaling by NF-κB was sensitive to the actin-disrupting agent, cytochalasin D. The goal of the present study was to use mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics to investigate Cd effects on the actin cytoskeleton proteome and related functional pathways in lung cells at low environmental concentrations. The results showed that Cd under conditions that did not alter total protein thiols or glutathione redox state caused significant oxidation of peptidyl Cys of proteins regulating actin cytoskeleton. Immunofluorescence microscopy of lung fibroblasts and pulmonary artery endothelial cells showed that low-dose Cd exposure stimulated filamentous actin formation and nuclear localization of destrin, an actin-depolymerizing factor. Taken together, the results show that redox states of peptidyl Cys in proteins associated with actin cytoskeleton pathways are selectively oxidized in lung by Cd at levels thought to occur from environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Emory Univ., 205 Whitehead Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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19
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Go YM, Roede JR, Walker DI, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Orr M, Liang Y, Pennell KD, Jones DP. Selective targeting of the cysteine proteome by thioredoxin and glutathione redox systems. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3285-96. [PMID: 23946468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) and GSH are the major thiol antioxidants protecting cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. Redox states of Trx and GSH have been used as indicators of oxidative stress. Accumulating studies suggest that Trx and GSH redox systems regulate cell signaling and metabolic pathways differently and independently during diverse stressful conditions. In the current study, we used a mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics approach to test responses of the cysteine (Cys) proteome to selective disruption of the Trx- and GSH-dependent systems. Auranofin (ARF) was used to inhibit Trx reductase without detectable oxidation of the GSH/GSSG couple, and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was used to deplete GSH without detectable oxidation of Trx1. Results for 606 Cys-containing peptides (peptidyl Cys) showed that 36% were oxidized more than 1.3-fold by ARF, whereas BSO-induced oxidation of peptidyl Cys was only 10%. Mean fold oxidation of these peptides was also higher by ARF than BSO treatment. Analysis of potential functional pathways showed that ARF oxidized peptides associated with glycolysis, cytoskeleton remodeling, translation and cell adhesion. Of 60 peptidyl Cys oxidized due to depletion of GSH, 41 were also oxidized by ARF and included proteins of translation and cell adhesion but not glycolysis or cytoskeletal remodeling. Studies to test functional correlates showed that pyruvate kinase activity and lactate levels were decreased with ARF but not BSO, confirming the effects on glycolysis-associated proteins are sensitive to oxidation by ARF. These data show that the Trx system regulates a broader range of proteins than the GSH system, support distinct function of Trx and GSH in cellular redox control, and show for the first time in mammalian cells selective targeting peptidyl Cys and biological pathways due to deficient function of the Trx system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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20
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Abstract
The redox proteome consists of reversible and irreversible covalent modifications that link redox metabolism to biologic structure and function. These modifications, especially of Cys, function at the molecular level in protein folding and maturation, catalytic activity, signaling, and macromolecular interactions and at the macroscopic level in control of secretion and cell shape. Interaction of the redox proteome with redox-active chemicals is central to macromolecular structure, regulation, and signaling during the life cycle and has a central role in the tolerance and adaptability to diet and environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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21
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Yang HY, Chay KO, Kwon J, Kwon SO, Park YK, Lee TH. Comparative proteomic analysis of cysteine oxidation in colorectal cancer patients. Mol Cells 2013; 35:533-42. [PMID: 23677378 PMCID: PMC3887873 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress promotes damage to cellular proteins, lipids, membranes and DNA, and plays a key role in the development of cancer. Reactive oxygen species disrupt redox homeostasis and promote tumor formation by initiating aberrant activation of signaling pathways that lead to tumorigenesis. We used shotgun proteomics to identify proteins containing oxidation-sensitive cysteines in tissue specimens from colorectal cancer patients. We then compared the patterns of cysteine oxidation in the membrane fractions between the tumor and non-tumor tissues. Using nano-UPLC-MS(E) proteomics, we identified 31 proteins containing 37 oxidation-sensitive cysteines. These proteins were observed with IAM-binding cysteines in non-tumoral region more than tumoral region of CRC patients. Then using the Ingenuity pathway program, we evaluated the cellular canonical networks connecting those proteins. Within the networks, proteins with multiple connections were related with organ morphology, cellular metabolism, and various disorders. We have thus identified networks of proteins whose redox status is altered by oxidative stress, perhaps leading to changes in cellular functionality that promotes tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Yang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute and the Brain Korea 21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University
| | - Kee-Oh Chay
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 500-757,
Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Park
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 519-763,
Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute and the Brain Korea 21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University
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22
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Singh M, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Neuroprotective mechanisms of the standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in a paraquat/diquat-mediated acute toxicity. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:530-9. [PMID: 23402822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age related neurodegenerative disease and affects millions of people worldwide. Strong evidence suggests a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of PD. Recent epidemiologic and toxicological studies have shown that environmental factors, especially herbicides such as paraquat and diquat represent one of the primary classes of neurotoxic agents associated with PD. The objective of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BM) against paraquat/diquat-induced toxicity and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this protection. Our results showed that a pre-treatment with the BM extract, from 20.0μg/ml, protected the rat dopaminergic PC12 cell line against paraquat/diquat-induced toxicity in various cell survival assays. We demonstrated that BM pre-treatment, from 5.0μg/ml, could prevent the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels and depolarized the mitochondria. BM pre-treatment also increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and antioxidant defense systems such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and thioredoxin1 (Trx1) levels. Furthermore, BM pre-treatment prevented the activation of Akt and heat shock protein90 (HSP90) proteins. Thus, our findings demonstrated that BM can protect PC12 cells through modulating cellular redox pathways which are altered in PD and could have a therapeutic application in the prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Singh
- INRS - Institut Armand Frappier, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
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23
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Chung HS, Wang SB, Venkatraman V, Murray CI, Van Eyk JE. Cysteine oxidative posttranslational modifications: emerging regulation in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2013; 112:382-92. [PMID: 23329793 PMCID: PMC4340704 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.268680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the cardiovascular system, changes in oxidative balance can affect many aspects of cellular physiology through redox-signaling. Depending on the magnitude, fluctuations in the cell's production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can regulate normal metabolic processes, activate protective mechanisms, or be cytotoxic. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can have many effects including the posttranslational modification of proteins at critical cysteine thiols. A subset can act as redox-switches, which elicit functional effects in response to changes in oxidative state. Although the general concepts of redox-signaling have been established, the identity and function of many regulatory switches remains unclear. Characterizing the effects of individual modifications is the key to understand how the cell interprets oxidative signals under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the various cysteine oxidative posttranslational modifications and their ability to function as redox-switches that regulate the cell's response to oxidative stimuli. In addition, we discuss how these modifications have the potential to influence other posttranslational modifications' signaling pathways though cross-talk. Finally, we review the increasing number of tools being developed to identify and quantify the various cysteine oxidative posttranslational modifications and how this will advance our understanding of redox-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heaseung S Chung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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24
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Huang JY, Liu WJ, Wang HC, Lee DY, Leu JH, Wang HC, Tsai MH, Kang ST, Chen IT, Kou GH, Chang GD, Lo CF. Penaeus monodon thioredoxin restores the DNA binding activity of oxidized white spot syndrome virus IE1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:914-26. [PMID: 22332765 PMCID: PMC3392615 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this study we identified viral gene targets of the important redox regulator thioredoxin (Trx), and explored in depth how Trx interacts with the immediate early gene #1 (IE1) of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). RESULTS In a pull-down assay, we found that recombinant Trx bound to IE1 under oxidizing conditions, and a coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that Trx bound to WSSV IE1 when the transfected cells were subjected to oxidative stress. A pull-down assay with Trx mutants showed that no IE1 binding occurred when cysteine 62 was replaced by serine. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that the DNA binding activity of WSSV IE1 was downregulated under oxidative conditions, and that Penaeus monodon Trx (PmTrx) restored the DNA binding activity of the inactivated, oxidized WSSV IE1. Another EMSA experiment showed that IE1's Cys-X-X-Cys motif and cysteine residue 55 were necessary for DNA binding. Measurement of the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in WSSV-infected shrimp showed that oxidative stress was significantly increased at 48 h postinfection. The biological significance of Trx was also demonstrated in a double-strand RNA Trx knockdown experiment where suppression of shrimp Trx led to significant decreases in mortality and viral copy numbers. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION WSSV's pathogenicity is enhanced by the virus' use of host Trx to rescue the DNA binding activity of WSSV IE1 under oxidizing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yan Huang
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Milovanova TN, Yang M, Bogush M. Thioredoxin reductase linked to cytoskeleton by focal adhesion kinase reverses actin S-nitrosylation and restores neutrophil β(2) integrin function. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30346-57. [PMID: 22778269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation goal was to identify mechanisms for reversal of actin S-nitrosylation in neutrophils after exposure to high oxygen partial pressures. Prior work has shown that hyperoxia causes S-nitrosylated actin (SNO-actin) formation, which mediates β(2) integrin dysfunction, and these changes can be reversed by formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine or 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. Herein we show that thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is responsible for actin denitrosylation. Approximately 80% of cellular TrxR is localized to the cytosol, divided between the G-actin and short filamentous actin (sF-actin) fractions based on Triton solubility of cell lysates. TrxR linkage to sF-actin requires focal adhesion kinase (FAK) based on immunoprecipitation studies. S-Nitrosylation accelerates actin filament turnover (by mechanisms described previously (Thom, S. R., Bhopale, V. M., Yang, M., Bogush, M., Huang, S., and Milovanova, T. (2011) Neutrophil β(2) integrin inhibition by enhanced interactions of vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein with S-nitrosylated actin. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 32854-32865), which causes FAK to disassociate from sF-actin. TrxR subsequently dissociates from FAK, and the physical separation from actin impedes denitrosylation. If SNO-actin is photochemically reduced with UV light or if actin filament turnover is impeded by incubations with cytochalasin D, latrunculin B, 8-bromo-cGMP, or formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine, FAK and TrxR reassociate with sF-actin and cause SNO-actin removal. FAK-TrxR association can also be demonstrated using isolated enzymes in ex vivo preparations. Uniquely, the FAK kinase domain is the site of TrxR linkage. We conclude that through its scaffold function, FAK influences TrxR activity and actin S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Thom
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Lindahl M, Mata-Cabana A, Kieselbach T. The disulfide proteome and other reactive cysteine proteomes: analysis and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2581-642. [PMID: 21275844 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, proteomics techniques designed for large-scale investigations of redox-sensitive proteins started to emerge. The proteomes, defined as sets of proteins containing reactive cysteines that undergo oxidative post-translational modifications, have had a particular impact on research concerning the redox regulation of cellular processes. These proteomes, which are hereafter termed "disulfide proteomes," have been studied in nearly all kingdoms of life, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Disulfide proteomics has been applied to the identification of proteins modified by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under stress conditions. Other studies involving disulfide proteomics have addressed the functions of thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. Hence, there is a steadily growing number of proteins containing reactive cysteines, which are probable targets for redox regulation. The disulfide proteomes have provided evidence that entire pathways, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the Calvin-Benson cycle, are controlled by mechanisms involving changes in the cysteine redox state of each enzyme implicated. Synthesis and degradation of proteins are processes highly represented in disulfide proteomes and additional biochemical data have established some mechanisms for their redox regulation. Thus, combined with biochemistry and genetics, disulfide proteomics has a significant potential to contribute to new discoveries on redox regulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
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27
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Weichsel A, Kem M, Montfort WR. Crystal structure of human thioredoxin revealing an unraveled helix and exposed S-nitrosation site. Protein Sci 2011; 19:1801-6. [PMID: 20662007 DOI: 10.1002/pro.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins reduce disulfide bonds and other thiol modifications in all cells using a CXXC motif. Human thioredoxin 1 is unusual in that it codes for an additional three cysteines in its 105 amino acid sequence, each of which have been implicated in other reductive activities. Cys 62 and Cys 69 are buried in the protein interior and lie at either end of a short helix (helix 3), and yet can disulfide link under oxidizing conditions. Cys 62 is readily S-nitrosated, giving rise to a SNO modification, which is also buried. Here, we present two crystal structures of the C69S/C73S mutant protein under oxidizing (1.5 A) and reducing (1.1 A) conditions. In the oxidized structure, helix 3 is unraveled and displays a new conformation that is stabilized by a series of new hydrogen bonds and a disulfide link with Cys 62 in a neighboring molecule. The new conformation provides an explanation for how a completely buried residue can participate in SNO exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Weichsel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Zschauer TC, Kunze K, Jakob S, Haendeler J, Altschmied J. Oxidative stress-induced degradation of thioredoxin-1 and apoptosis is inhibited by thioredoxin-1-actin interaction in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:650-6. [PMID: 21212402 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.218982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), one important antioxidative enzyme in endothelial cells, is required for apoptosis inhibition. Apoptosis induction is dependent on cytoskeletal changes, which depend on actin rearrangements. Therefore, we wanted to elucidate whether a physical interaction exists between Trx-1 and actin and what the functional consequences are. METHODS AND RESULTS Combined immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry identified actin as a new binding partner for Trx-1. A separate pool of Trx-1 forms a complex with apoptosis signaling kinase 1. Actin is required for stress fiber formation; thus, the interaction of actin with Trx-1 might interfere with this process. Stress fiber formation, which is directly linked to the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), occurs as early as 1 hour after H(2)O(2) treatment. It is inhibited by Trx-1 overexpression, treatment with exogenous Trx-1, or inhibition of FAK. Prolonged incubation with H(2)O(2) induced stress fiber formation, reduced Trx-1 protein levels, and increased apoptosis. All these processes were inhibited by preincubation with the FAK inhibitor PF573228. On the contrary, incubation with PF573228 1 hour after H(2)O(2) treatment did not block stress fiber formation, degradation of Trx-1, or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the actin-Trx-1 complex protects Trx-1 from degradation and, thus, endothelial cells from apoptosis. Reciprocally, Trx-1 prevents stress fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Christian Zschauer
- Molecular Cell and Aging Research, IUF-Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Duesseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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