1
|
Samouilidou EC, Liaouri A, Kostopoulos V, Nikas D, Grapsa E. The importance of paraoxonase 1 activity in chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2376930. [PMID: 38982880 PMCID: PMC11238655 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2376930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is one of the most significant antioxidative enzymes associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It has been proved that is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between PON1 and CKD seems to be mutual, such that the disease produces a significant decrease in PON1 activity levels, while the genetics of PON1 may affect the risk of susceptibility to CKD. Recent studies reveal that the decrease in serum PON1 activity observed in non-dialyzed and dialyzed CKD patients as well as in renal transplant (RT) patients is linked to an increased vulnerability to atherosclerosis. We intend to summarize current literature concerning PON1 activity in CKD, highlighting on the main determinants of PON1 activity, its association with oxidative stress, the impact of its genetic polymorphism on the disease development, the effect of drugs and nutritional state. Furthermore, evidence supporting the implication of reduced PON1 activity in the incident of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients, is also examined. It appears that despite the lack of standardization of PON1 activity measurement, PON1 remains a valuable biomarker for the researchers through the last decades, which contributes to the assessment of the antioxidant status having prognostic benefit on adverse clinical outcomes at various stages and etiologies of kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Nikas
- Department of Biochemistry, "Alexandra" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, van der Vorst EPC. High-Density Lipoprotein Modifications: Causes and Functional Consequences in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2024; 13:1113. [PMID: 38994965 PMCID: PMC11240616 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a group of small, dense, and protein-rich lipoproteins that play a role in cholesterol metabolism and various cellular processes. Decreased levels of HDL and HDL dysfunction are commonly observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is also associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation that develop in T2DM, HDL undergoes several post-translational modifications such as glycation, oxidation, and carbamylation, as well as other alterations in its lipid and protein composition. It is increasingly recognized that the generation of HDL modifications in T2DM seems to be the main cause of HDL dysfunction and may in turn influence the development and progression of T2DM and its related cardiovascular complications. This review provides a general introduction to HDL structure and function and summarizes the main modifications of HDL that occur in T2DM. Furthermore, the potential impact of HDL modifications on the pathogenesis of T2DM and CVD, based on the altered interactions between modified HDL and various cell types that are involved in glucose homeostasis and atherosclerotic plaque generation, will be discussed. In addition, some perspectives for future research regarding the T2DM-related HDL modifications are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng J, Hong BV, Agus JK, Tang X, Klebaner NR, Chen S, Guo F, Harvey DJ, Lebrilla CB, Zivkovic AM. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:616. [PMID: 38790721 PMCID: PMC11118252 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are key regulators of cellular cholesterol homeostasis but are functionally altered in many chronic diseases. The factors that cause HDL functional loss in chronic disease are not fully understood. It is also unknown what roles antioxidant carotenoids play in protecting HDL against functional loss. The aim of this study was to measure how various disease-associated chemical factors including exposure to (1) Cu2+ ions, (2) hypochlorous acid (HOCL), (3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), (4) sialidase, (5) glycosidase, (6) high glucose, (7) high fructose, and (8) acidic pH, and the carotenoid antioxidants (9) lutein and (10) zeaxanthin affect HDL functionality. We hypothesized that some of the modifications would have stronger impacts on HDL particle structure and function than others and that lutein and zeaxanthin would improve HDL function. HDL samples were isolated from generally healthy human plasma and incubated with the corresponding treatments listed above. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity, and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity were measured in order to determine changes in HDL functionality. Median HDL particle diameter was increased by acidic pH treatment and reduced by HOCl, high glucose, high fructose, N-glycosidase, and lutein treatments. Acidic pH, oxidation, and fructosylation all reduced HDL CEC, whereas lutein, zeaxanthin, and sialidase treatment improved HDL CEC. LCAT activity was reduced by acidic pH, oxidation, high fructose treatments, and lutein. PON1 activity was reduced by sialidase, glycosidase, H2O2, and fructose and improved by zeaxanthin and lutein treatment. These results show that exposure to oxidizing agents, high fructose, and low pH directly impairs HDL functionality related to cholesterol efflux and particle maturation, whereas deglycosylation impairs HDL antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin improve or preserve both HDL cholesterol efflux and antioxidant activity but have no effect on particle maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Brian V. Hong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Joanne K. Agus
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Nola R. Klebaner
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.C.); (C.B.L.)
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.C.); (C.B.L.)
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies detected an inverse relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), identifying HDL-C as a major risk factor for ASCVD and suggesting atheroprotective functions of HDL. However, the role of HDL-C as a mediator of risk for ASCVD has been called into question by the failure of HDL-C-raising drugs to reduce cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Progress in understanding the heterogeneous nature of HDL particles in terms of their protein, lipid, and small RNA composition has contributed to the realization that HDL-C levels do not necessarily reflect HDL function. The most examined atheroprotective function of HDL is reverse cholesterol transport, whereby HDL removes cholesterol from plaque macrophage foam cells and delivers it to the liver for processing and excretion into bile. Indeed, in several studies, HDL has shown inverse associations between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and ASCVD in humans. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque formation, and a fundamental function of HDL is suppression of inflammatory signaling in macrophages and other cells. Oxidation is also a critical process to ASCVD in promoting atherogenic oxidative modifications of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and cellular inflammation. HDL and its proteins including apoAI (apolipoprotein AI) and PON1 (paraoxonase 1) prevent cellular oxidative stress and LDL modifications. Importantly, HDL in humans with ASCVD is oxidatively modified rendering HDL dysfunctional and proinflammatory. Modification of HDL with reactive carbonyl species, such as malondialdehyde and isolevuglandins, dramatically impairs the antiatherogenic functions of HDL. Importantly, treatment of murine models of atherosclerosis with scavengers of reactive dicarbonyls improves HDL function and reduces systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis development, and features of plaque instability. Here, we discuss the HDL antiatherogenic functions in relation to oxidative modifications and the potential of reactive dicarbonyl scavengers as a therapeutic approach for ASCVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F. Linton
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia G. Yancey
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Huan Tao
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sean S. Davies
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rani A, Marsche G. A Current Update on the Role of HDL-Based Nanomedicine in Targeting Macrophages in Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1504. [PMID: 37242746 PMCID: PMC10221824 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are complex endogenous nanoparticles involved in important functions such as reverse cholesterol transport and immunomodulatory activities, ensuring metabolic homeostasis and vascular health. The ability of HDL to interact with a plethora of immune cells and structural cells places it in the center of numerous disease pathophysiologies. However, inflammatory dysregulation can lead to pathogenic remodeling and post-translational modification of HDL, rendering HDL dysfunctional or even pro-inflammatory. Monocytes and macrophages play a critical role in mediating vascular inflammation, such as in coronary artery disease (CAD). The fact that HDL nanoparticles have potent anti-inflammatory effects on mononuclear phagocytes has opened new avenues for the development of nanotherapeutics to restore vascular integrity. HDL infusion therapies are being developed to improve the physiological functions of HDL and to quantitatively restore or increase the native HDL pool. The components and design of HDL-based nanoparticles have evolved significantly since their initial introduction with highly anticipated results in an ongoing phase III clinical trial in subjects with acute coronary syndrome. The understanding of mechanisms involved in HDL-based synthetic nanotherapeutics is critical to their design, therapeutic potential and effectiveness. In this review, we provide a current update on HDL-ApoA-I mimetic nanotherapeutics, highlighting the scope of treating vascular diseases by targeting monocytes and macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alankrita Rani
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Denimal D. Carbamylated lipoproteins in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:159-169. [PMID: 37035232 PMCID: PMC10075031 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by quantitative and qualitative abnor-malities in lipoproteins. In addition to glycation and oxidation, carbamylation is also a post-translational modification affecting lipoproteins in diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibit higher levels of carbamylated low-density lipoproteins (cLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (cHDL). Accumulating evidence suggests that cLDL plays a role in atherosclerosis in diabetes. cLDL levels have been shown to predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. cLDL facilitates immune cell recruitment in the vascular wall, promotes accumulation of lipids in macrophages, and contributes to endothelial dysf-unction, endothelial nitric oxide-synthase (eNOS) inactivation and endothelial repair defects. Lastly, cLDL induces thrombus formation and platelet aggregation. On the other hand, recent data have demonstrated that cHDL serum level is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality in T2D patients. This relationship may be causative since the atheroprotective properties of HDL are altered after carbamylation. Thus, cHDL loses the ability to remove cholesterol from macrophages, to inhibit monocyte adhesion and recruitment, to induce eNOS activation and to inhibit apoptosis. Taken together, it seems very likely that the abnormalities in the biological functions of LDL and HDL after carbamylation contribute to atherosclerosis and to the elevated cardiovascular risk in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon 21079, France
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon 21078, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Denimal D, Monier S, Bouillet B, Vergès B, Duvillard L. High-Density Lipoprotein Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020253. [PMID: 36837872 PMCID: PMC9967905 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations affecting high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are one of the various abnormalities observed in dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Kinetic studies have demonstrated that the catabolism of HDL particles is accelerated. Both the size and the lipidome and proteome of HDL particles are significantly modified, which likely contributes to some of the functional defects of HDLs. Studies on cholesterol efflux capacity have yielded heterogeneous results, ranging from a defect to an improvement. Several studies indicate that HDLs are less able to inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proinflammatory pathway, and subsequently, the adhesion of monocytes on endothelium and their recruitment into the subendothelial space. In addition, the antioxidative function of HDL particles is diminished, thus facilitating the deleterious effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins on vasculature. Lastly, the HDL-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is less effective in T2DM and metabolic syndrome, contributing to several HDL functional defects, such as an impaired capacity to promote vasodilatation and endothelium repair, and difficulty counteracting the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Serge Monier
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bouillet
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Changes in the size and electrophoretic mobility of HDL subpopulation particles in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2023; 36:115-124. [PMID: 35943666 PMCID: PMC9894991 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a heterogeneous group of particles with anti-atherogenic properties whose metabolism is alterated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the particle size and mobility of HDL subpopulations in non-dialysis CKD patients. METHODS The study involved 42 non-dialysis CKD patients (stages 3a-4) and 18 control subjects. HDL was separated by non-denaturing two-dimensional polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGGE) and eight HDL subpopulations; preβ1, preβ2a-c, and α1-4 were distinguished. The size and electrophoretic mobility of HDL subpopulation particles were compared between the groups, and a regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS In CKD patients, the mean sizes of α-HDL and preβ2-HDL particles were significantly lower compared to the control group (8.42 ± 0.32 nm vs. 8.64 ± 0.26 nm, p = 0.014; 11.45 ± 0.51 vs. 12.34 ± 0.78 nm, p = 0.003, respectively). The electrophoretic mobility of preβ2-HDL relative to α-HDL was significantly higher in CKD patients compared to the control group (Rf 0.65 ± 0.06 vs. 0.53 ± 0.10, p = 0.002). The size and mobility of HDL subpopulations correlated with eGFR values (p < 0.01). These relationships remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, gender, statin treatment, apolipoprotein AI, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. DISCUSSION CKD affects the size and mobility of HDL particles, which can be related to HDL dysfunction. The magnitude of HDL size and mobility changes depended on CKD stage and differed for individual HDL subpopulations, which indicates that some stages of HDL metabolism may be more affected by the presence of chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vyletelová V, Nováková M, Pašková Ľ. Alterations of HDL's to piHDL's Proteome in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, and HDL-Targeted Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1278. [PMID: 36297390 PMCID: PMC9611871 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, steatohepatitis, periodontitis, chronic kidney disease, and others are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which persists even after accounting for traditional cardiac risk factors. The common factor linking these diseases to accelerated atherosclerosis is chronic systemic low-grade inflammation triggering changes in lipoprotein structure and metabolism. HDL, an independent marker of cardiovascular risk, is a lipoprotein particle with numerous important anti-atherogenic properties. Besides the essential role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antithrombotic properties. Inflammation and inflammation-associated pathologies can cause modifications in HDL's proteome and lipidome, transforming HDL from atheroprotective into a pro-atherosclerotic lipoprotein. Therefore, a simple increase in HDL concentration in patients with inflammatory diseases has not led to the desired anti-atherogenic outcome. In this review, the functions of individual protein components of HDL, rendering them either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory are described in detail. Alterations of HDL proteome (such as replacing atheroprotective proteins by pro-inflammatory proteins, or posttranslational modifications) in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, molecular, and clinical aspects of HDL-targeted therapies, including those used in therapeutical practice, drugs in clinical trials, and experimental drugs are comprehensively summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ľudmila Pašková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parackova Z, Zentsova I, Malcova H, Cebecauerova D, Sediva A, Horvath R. Increased histone citrullination in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:971121. [PMID: 36059852 PMCID: PMC9437311 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.971121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are crucial for regulating various biological processes. However, protein alteration via PTMs, and consequently, the creation of new epitopes, can induce abnormal autoimmune responses in predisposed individuals. Immunopathogenesis of several rheumatic diseases, including the most common childhood form, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is associated with the generation of autoantibodies against such modified proteins. Dysregulated generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can be a source of post-translationally altered proteins. Thus, we investigated the role of PTMs and the presence of NET-associated markers in JIA patients. Methods We recruited 30 pediatric patients with JIA (20 with active disease and 10 in remission) and 30 healthy donors. The serum concentrations of citrullinated histone H3 (citH3), peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), and NET-related products were detected using ELISA, and the number of citH3+ neutrophils was assessed using flow cytometry. Results The serum levels of citH3 and PADs were higher in active as well as in remission JIA patients than in healthy donors. Similarly, the number of citH3+ neutrophils was higher in the peripheral blood of patients with JIA, implying an enhanced process of NETosis. This was effectively reflected by elevated serum levels of NET-associated products, such as neutrophil elastase, LL37, and cell-free DNA-histone complexes. Additionally, 16.7% of active JIA patients were seropositive for carbamylated autoantibodies, the levels of which declined sharply after initiation of anti-TNFα therapy. Conclusion Collectively, our data suggest that the accelerated process of NETosis and PTMs in JIA may result in the generation of anti-citrullinated/carbamylated autoantibodies against various epitopes later in life, which could be prevented by effectively regulating inflammation using immune therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Parackova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Zuzana Parackova
| | - Irena Zentsova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Malcova
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dita Cebecauerova
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Rudolf Horvath
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Denimal D, Monier S, Simoneau I, Duvillard L, Vergès B, Bouillet B. HDL functionality in type 1 diabetes: enhancement of cholesterol efflux capacity in relationship with decreased HDL carbamylation after improvement of glycemic control. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:154. [PMID: 35962339 PMCID: PMC9375300 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of HDLs is likely to increase cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to assess whether improvement of glycemic control in T1D patients is associated with changes in CEC in relation with changes in carbamylation of HDLs. Methods In this open-label trial, 27 uncontrolled T1D patients were given a three-month standard medical intervention to improve glycemic control. HDL fraction was isolated from plasma, and CEC was measured on THP-1 macrophages. Carbamylation of HDLs was evaluated by an immunoassay. Control HDLs from healthy subjects were carbamylated in vitro with potassium cyanate. Results HbA1c decreased from 11.4% [10.2–12.9] (median [1st–3rd quartiles]) at baseline to 8.1% [6.6–9.0] after the three-month intervention (P < 0.00001). The CEC of HDLs increased after intervention in 19 (70%) patients (P = 0.038). At the same time, the carbamylation of HDLs decreased in 22 (82%) patients after intervention (P = 0.014). The increase in CEC significantly correlated with the decrease in carbamylated HDLs (r = −0.411, P = 0.034), even after adjustment for the change in HbA1c (β = −0.527, P = 0.003). In vitro carbamylation of control HDLs decreased CEC by 13% (P = 0.041) and 23% (P = 0.021) using 1 and 10 mmol/L of potassium cyanate, respectively. Conclusions The improvement of CEC in relation to a decrease in the carbamylation of HDLs may likely contribute to the beneficial cardiovascular effect of glycemic control in T1D patients. Trial registration: NCT02816099 ClinicalTrials.gov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France. .,Department of Biochemistry - Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France.
| | - Serge Monier
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Simoneau
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Department of Biochemistry - Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bouillet
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cook K, Xue W, Atabani S, Symonds P, Al Omari A, Daniels I, Shah S, Choudhury RH, Weston D, Metheringham R, Brentville V, Durrant L. Vaccine Can Induce CD4-Mediated Responses to Homocitrullinated Peptides via Multiple HLA-Types and Confer Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873947. [PMID: 35464453 PMCID: PMC9028767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocitrullination is the post translation modification (PTM) of the amino acid lysine to homocitrulline also referred to as carbamylation. This PTM has mainly been studied in relation to autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. Homocitrullination of lysines alters their charge which can lead to generation of neoepitopes that are differentially presented by MHC-II and induce modification-specific immune responses. Homocitrullination is often considered a process which triggers autoimmune disease by bypassing self-tolerance however, we suggest that homocitrullination may also have an alternative role in immune responses including protection against cancer. Here we demonstrate that immune responses to homocitrullinated peptides from three different proteins can be induced via multiple HLA-types. Immunization of Balb/c or HLA-transgenic DR4 and DR1 mice can induce modification-specific CD4 mediated IFNγ responses. Healthy human donors show a clear repertoire for the homocitrullinated Vimentin peptide (Vim116-135Hcit), with modification-specific and oligoclonal responses. Importantly, in vivo homocitrulline specific Vim116-135Hcit,Cyk8 371-388Hcit and Aldo 140-157Hcit responses are able to confer an anti-tumor effect in the murine B16 melanoma model. The Vim116-135Hcit anti-tumor response was dependent upon tumor expression of MHC-II suggesting the direct recognition of PTMs on tumor is an important anti-tumor mechanism. Cancer patients also have a CD4 repertoire for Vim116-135Hcit. Together these results suggest that homocitrulline-specific immune responses can be generated in healthy mice and detected in human donors through a variety of HLA-restrictions. Immunization can induce responses to Vim116-135Hcit,Aldolase 140-157Hcit and Cyk8 371-388Hcit which provide anti-tumor therapy across several HLA-types. Our results advance our understanding of homocitrulline-specific immune responses, with implications for a number of fields beyond autoimmunity, including tumor immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Cook
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Xue
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suha Atabani
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- The Cancer Vaccine Group, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Symonds
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Al Omari
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Daniels
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sabaria Shah
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruhul Hasan Choudhury
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Weston
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Metheringham
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Brentville
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy Durrant
- Scancell Limited, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- The Cancer Vaccine Group, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Lindy Durrant,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Understanding Myeloperoxidase-Induced Damage to HDL Structure and Function in the Vessel Wall: Implications for HDL-Based Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030556. [PMID: 35326206 PMCID: PMC8944857 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of increased oxidative stress characterized by protein and lipid modifications in the vessel wall. One important oxidative pathway involves reactive intermediates generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme present mainly in neutrophils and monocytes. Tandem MS analysis identified MPO as a component of lesion derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL), showing that the two interact in the arterial wall. MPO modifies apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I), paraoxonase 1 and certain HDL-associated phospholipids in human atheroma. HDL isolated from atherosclerotic plaques depicts extensive MPO mediated posttranslational modifications, including oxidation of tryptophan, tyrosine and methionine residues, and carbamylation of lysine residues. In addition, HDL associated plasmalogens are targeted by MPO, generating 2-chlorohexadecanal, a pro-inflammatory and endothelial barrier disrupting lipid that suppresses endothelial nitric oxide formation. Lesion derived HDL is predominantly lipid-depleted and cross-linked and exhibits a nearly 90% reduction in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity and cholesterol efflux capacity. Here we provide a current update of the pathophysiological consequences of MPO-induced changes in the structure and function of HDL and discuss possible therapeutic implications and options. Preclinical studies with a fully functional apoA-I variant with pronounced resistance to oxidative inactivation by MPO-generated oxidants are currently ongoing. Understanding the relationships between pathophysiological processes that affect the molecular composition and function of HDL and associated diseases is central to the future use of HDL in diagnostics, therapy, and ultimately disease management.
Collapse
|
14
|
Battle S, Gogonea V, Willard B, Wang Z, Fu X, Huang Y, Graham LM, Cameron SJ, DiDonato JA, Crabb JW, Hazen SL. The pattern of apolipoprotein A-I lysine carbamylation reflects its lipidation state and the chemical environment within human atherosclerotic aorta. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101832. [PMID: 35304099 PMCID: PMC9010765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine carbamylation is an irreversible post-translational modification resulting in generation of homocitrulline (N-ε-carbamyllysine), which no longer possesses a charged ε-amino moiety. Two distinct pathways can promote protein carbamylation. One results from urea decomposition, forming an equilibrium mixture of cyanate (CNO−) and the reactive electrophile isocyanate. The second pathway involves myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN−), yielding CNO− and isocyanate. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is a known target for MPO-catalyzed modification in vivo, converting the cardioprotective lipoprotein into a proatherogenic and proapoptotic one. We hypothesized that monitoring site-specific carbamylation patterns of apoA-I recovered from human atherosclerotic aorta could provide insights into the chemical environment within the artery wall. To test this, we first mapped carbamyllysine obtained from in vitro carbamylation of apoA-I by both the urea-driven (nonenzymatic) and inflammatory-driven (enzymatic) pathways in lipid-poor and lipidated apoA-I (reconstituted HDL). Our results suggest that lysine residues within proximity of the known MPO-binding sites on HDL are preferentially targeted by the enzymatic (MPO) carbamylation pathway, whereas the nonenzymatic pathway leads to nearly uniform distribution of carbamylated lysine residues along the apoA-I polypeptide chain. Quantitative proteomic analyses of apoA-I from human aortic atheroma identified 16 of the 21 lysine residues as carbamylated and suggested that the majority of apoA-I carbamylation in vivo occurs on “lipid-poor” apoA-I forms via the nonenzymatic CNO− pathway. Monitoring patterns of apoA-I carbamylation recovered from arterial tissues can provide insights into both apoA-I structure and the chemical environment within human atheroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Battle
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Shared Laboratory Resource, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Linda M Graham
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Scott J Cameron
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - John W Crabb
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH; Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trejo-Zambrano MI, Gómez-Bañuelos E, Andrade F. Redox-Mediated Carbamylation As a Hapten Model Applied to the Origin of Antibodies to Modified Proteins in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:389-409. [PMID: 33906423 PMCID: PMC8982126 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The production of antibodies to posttranslationally modified antigens is a hallmark in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In particular, the presence of citrullination-associated antibodies, targeting both citrullinating enzymes (the peptidylarginine deiminases [PADs]) and citrullinated antigens (anticitrullinated protein antibodies [ACPAs]), has suggested that dysregulated citrullination is relevant for disease pathogenesis. Antibodies to other protein modifications with physicochemical similarities to citrulline, such as carbamylated-lysine and acetylated-lysine, have also gained interest in RA, but their mechanistic relation to ACPAs remains unclear. Recent Advances: Recent studies using RA-derived monoclonal antibodies have found that ACPAs are cross-reactive to carbamylated and acetylated peptides, challenging our understanding of the implications of such cross-reactivity. Critical Issues: Analogous to the classic antibody response to chemically modified proteins, we examine the possibility that antibodies to modified proteins in RA are more likely to resemble antihapten antibodies rather than autoantibodies. This potential shift in the autoantibody paradigm in RA offers the opportunity to explore new mechanisms involved in the origin and cross-reactivity of pathogenic antibodies in RA. In contrast to citrullination, carbamylation is a chemical modification associated with oxidative stress, it is highly immunogenic, and is considered in the group of posttranslational modification-derived products. We discuss the possibility that carbamylated proteins are antigenic drivers of cross-reacting antihapten antibodies that further create the ACPA response, and that ACPAs may direct the production of antibodies to PAD enzymes. Future Directions: Understanding the complexity of autoantibodies in RA is critical to develop tools to clearly define their origin, identify drivers of disease propagation, and develop novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 389-409.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kluve-Beckerman B, Smith JT, Ivancic C, Benson MD. Post-translational modification of amyloid a protein in patients with AA amyloidosis. Amyloid 2022; 29:50-57. [PMID: 34787027 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2021.1997985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AA amyloidosis is a disease caused by extracellular deposition of insoluble β-pleated sheet fibrils composed of amyloid A (AA) protein, an amino (N)-terminal fragment of serum amyloid A (SAA). The deposits disrupt tissue structure and compromise organ function. Although the disease is systemic, deposition in kidney glomeruli is the most common manifestation. The leading cause of AA amyloidosis is sustained or recurrent inflammation accompanied by elevated levels of SAA. Factors determining the conversion of SAA to AA amyloid fibrils have yet to be fully resolved. Herein, we present liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of AA proteins purified from eight patients with AA amyloidosis. For the first time, post-translational modifications (PTM), including carbamylation, acetylation and oxidation, were identified on AA peptides; all eight samples showed some degree of PTM. The amyloid in 6 samples comprised peptides derived from SAA1 with few or none from SAA2, while the other two samples contained both SAA1- and SAA2-derived peptides. N-terminal AA peptides beginning with Arg1 as well as AA peptides starting with Ser2 were present in five of the eight samples, while all or nearly all of the N-terminal peptides in the other three samples lacked Arg1. These data demonstrate that multiple species of AA amyloid proteins can comprise the subunits in amyloid fibrils and raise the possibility that PTM may play a role in fibrillogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kluve-Beckerman
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Justin T Smith
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carlie Ivancic
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Merrill D Benson
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Valadez-Cosmes P, Raftopoulou S, Mihalic ZN, Marsche G, Kargl J. Myeloperoxidase: Growing importance in cancer pathogenesis and potential drug target. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108052. [PMID: 34890688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a heme-peroxidase which makes up approximately 5% of the total dry cell weight of neutrophils where it is predominantly found in the primary (azurophilic) granules. Other cell types, such as monocytes and certain macrophage subpopulations also contain myeloperoxidase, but to a much lesser extent. Initially, the function of myeloperoxidase had been mainly associated with its ability as a catalyzer of reactive oxidants that help to clear pathogens. However, over the past years non-canonical functions of myeloperoxidase have been described both in health and disease. Attention has been specially focused on inflammatory diseases, in which an exacerbate infiltration of leukocytes can favor a poorly-controlled production and release of myeloperoxidase and its oxidants. There is compelling evidence that myeloperoxidase derived oxidants contribute to tissue damage and the development and propagation of acute and chronic vascular inflammation. Recently, neutrophils have attracted much attention within the large diversity of innate immune cells that are part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase may play an important role in cancer development and progression. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of myeloperoxidase in the development and progression of cancer. We propose future research approaches and explore prospects of inhibiting myeloperoxidase as a strategy to fight against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valadez-Cosmes
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Raftopoulou
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zala Nikita Mihalic
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cook KW, Xue W, Symonds P, Daniels I, Gijon M, Boocock D, Coveney C, Miles AK, Shah S, Atabani S, Choudhury RH, Vaghela P, Weston D, Metheringham RL, Brentville VA, Durrant LG. Homocitrullination of lysine residues mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor environment is a target for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001910. [PMID: 34321274 PMCID: PMC8320257 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homocitrullination is the post-translational modification of lysine that is recognized by T cells. Methods This study identified homocitrullinated peptides from aldolase, enolase, cytokeratin and binding immunoglobulin protein and used human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic mice to assess immunogenicity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Vaccine efficacy was assessed in tumor therapy studies using HLA-matched B16 melanoma expressing constitutive or interferon γ (IFNγ)-inducible major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) as represented by most human tumors. To determine the mechanism behind the therapy, immune cell infiltrates were analyzed using flow cytometry and therapy studies in the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor and T-cell depletion performed. We assessed the T-cell repertoire to homocitrullinated peptides in patients with cancer and healthy donors using flow cytometry. Results Homocitrulline (Hcit) peptide vaccination stimulated strong CD4 T-cell responses and induced significant antitumor therapy in an established tumor model. The antitumor response was dependent on CD4 T cells and the effect was driven mainly via direct tumor recognition, as responses were only observed if the tumors were induced to express MHC-II. In vitro proliferation assays show that healthy donors and patients with cancer have an oligoclonal CD4 T-cell repertoire recognizing homocitrullinated peptides. Inhibition of cyanate generation, which mediates homocitrullination, by MPO inhibition reduced tumor therapy by the vaccine induced T cells (p=0.0018). Analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME) suggested that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were a potential source of MPO. The selected B16 melanoma model showed MDSC infiltration and was appropriate to see if the Hcit vaccine could overcome the immunosuppression associated with MDSCs. The vaccine was very effective (90% survival) as the induced CD4 T cells directly targeted the homocitrullinated tumor and likely reversed the immunosuppressive environment. Conclusion We propose that MPO, potentially produced by MDSCs, catalyzes the buildup of cyanate in the TME which diffuses into tumor cells causing homocitrullination of cytoplasmic proteins which are degraded and, in the presence of IFNγ, presented by MHC-II for direct CD4 T-cell recognition. Homocitrullinated proteins are a new target for cancer vaccines and may be particularly effective against tumors containing high levels of MPO expressing MDSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Xue
- Scancell Ltd, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Boocock
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Clare Coveney
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda K Miles
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Suha Atabani
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Poonam Vaghela
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Nottingham, UK .,Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schoch L, Badimon L, Vilahur G. Unraveling the Complexity of HDL Remodeling: On the Hunt to Restore HDL Quality. Biomedicines 2021; 9:805. [PMID: 34356869 PMCID: PMC8301317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has cast doubt over the HDL-cholesterol hypothesis. The complexity of the HDL particle and its proven susceptibility to remodel has paved the way for intense molecular investigation. This state-of-the-art review discusses the molecular changes in HDL particles that help to explain the failure of large clinical trials intending to interfere with HDL metabolism, and details the chemical modifications and compositional changes in HDL-forming components, as well as miRNA cargo, that render HDL particles ineffective. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to shed a light of hope on HDL-targeted approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schoch
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Carbone F, Ministrini S, Montecucco F, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Dysfunctional High-density Lipoprotein: The Role of Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase-1. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2842-2850. [PMID: 32674726 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200716112353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low circulating high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are not only defining criteria for metabolic syndrome, but are more generally associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and other chronic diseases. Oxidative stress, a hallmark of cardio-metabolic disease, further influences HDL activity by suppressing their function. Especially the leukocyte- derived enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) has recently attracted great interest as it catalyzes the formation of oxidizing reactive species that modify the structure and function of HDL, ultimately increasing cardiovascular risk. Contrariwise, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated enzyme that protects HDL from lipid oxidation and then acts as a protective factor against ASCVD. It is noteworthy that recent studies have demonstrated how MPO, PON1 and HDL form a functional complex in which PON1 partially inhibits the MPO activity, while MPO in turn partially inactivates PON1.In line with that, a high MPO/PON1 ratio characterizes patients with ASCVD and metabolic syndrome and has been suggested as a potential marker of dysfunctional HDL as well as a predictor of ASCVD. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the interactions between MPO and PON1 with regard to their structure, function and interaction with HDL activity. We also provide an overview of in vitro and experimental animal models, finally focusing on clinical evidence from a cohort of patients with ASCVD and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- Internal Medicine Department, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Piazzale Menghini, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Structure and Dynamics of Oxidized Lipoproteins In Vivo: Roles of High-Density Lipoprotein. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060655. [PMID: 34201176 PMCID: PMC8229488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative modification of lipoproteins is implicated in the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Earlier studies have elucidated on the mechanisms of foam cell formation and lipid accumulation in these lesions, which is mediated by scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Mounting clinical evidence has supported the involvement of oxLDL in cardiovascular diseases. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as anti-atherogenic; however, recent studies have shown circulating oxidized HDL (oxHDL) is related to cardiovascular diseases. A modified structure of oxLDL, which was increased in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction, was characterized. It had two unique features: (1) a fraction of oxLDL accompanied oxHDL, and (2) apoA1 was heavily modified, while modification of apoB, and the accumulation of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was less pronounced. When LDL and HDL were present at the same time, oxidized lipoproteins actively interacted with each other, and oxPC and lysoPC were transferred to another lipoprotein particle and enzymatically metabolized rapidly. This brief review provides a novel view on the dynamics of oxLDL and oxHDL in circulation.
Collapse
|
22
|
You A, Li Y, Tomlinson B, Yue L, Zhao K, Fan H, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zheng L. Association Between Renal Dysfunction and Low HDL Cholesterol Among the Elderly in China. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:644208. [PMID: 34055931 PMCID: PMC8149893 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.644208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have a high morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), a traditional risk marker for CVD, are common in CKD patients. Little is known about the association of low HDL-C with renal dysfunction in the community dwelling population. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study included 4,753 participants enrolled in a prospective study, the Shanghai Elderly Cardiovascular Health (SHECH) study. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated by the Chinese Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD equation), was used to assess renal dysfunction. Associations between renal dysfunction and low HDL-C were evaluated using multiple logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines. Results: Of 4,649 individuals who met inclusion criteria, 620 (13.34%) had low HDL-C at <40 mg/dl. In the fully adjusted model, lower eGFR of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.21-3.43) and marginal eGFR of 60 to 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01-1.58) were significantly associated with low HDL-C, compared with normal eGFR of ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Moreover, consistent findings were obtained in subsidiary analyses using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Fully adjusted cubic spline models indicated a significant dose-response relationship between eGFR and low HDL-C (P for non-linearity, 0.356). Conclusion: In this general elderly population, renal dysfunction was independently and significantly associated with low HDL-C, and the prevalence of low HDL-C increased with decreasing eGFR, such that even slight changes in renal function may be associated with altered lipid levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijun You
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | | | - Kaijie Zhao
- Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Motor control and cognition deficits associated with protein carbamoylation in food (cassava) cyanogenic poisoning: Neurodegeneration and genomic perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 148:111917. [PMID: 33296712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A case-control design determined whether konzo, an upper motoneuron disease linked to food (cassava) toxicity was associated with protein carbamoylation and genetic variations. Exon sequences of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) or mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), plasma cyanide detoxification rates, and 2D-LC-MS/MS albumin carbamoylation were assessed in 40 children [21 konzo-affected and 19 putatively healthy controls, mean (SD) age: 9.2 (3.0) years] subjected to cognition and motor testing using the Kaufman Assessment Battery and the Bruininks/Oseretsky Test, respectively. Konzo was significantly associated with higher levels of carbamoylated peptides 206-219 (LDELRDEGKASSAK, pep1) after adjusting for age, gender, albumin concentrations and BUN [regression coefficient: 0.03 (95%CI:0.02-0.05), p = 0.01]. Levels of pep1 negatively correlated with performance scores at all modalities of motor proficiency (r = 0.38 to 0.61; all p < 0.01) or sequential processing (memory)(r = - 0.59, p = 0.00) and overall cognitive performance (r = - 0.48, p = 0.00) but positively with time needed for cyanide detoxification in plasma (r = 0.33, p = 0.04). Rare potentially damaging TST p.Arg206Cys (rs61742280) and MPST p.His317Tyr (rs1038542246) heterozygous variants were identified but with no impact on subject phenotypes. Protein carbamoylation appears to be a reliable marker for cassava related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen Z, Ding S, Wang YP, Chen L, Mao JY, Yang Y, Sun JT, Yang K. Association of carbamylated high-density lipoprotein with coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: carbamylated high-density lipoprotein of patients promotes monocyte adhesion. J Transl Med 2020; 18:460. [PMID: 33272295 PMCID: PMC7713164 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence showed that carbamylated lipoprotein accelerated atherosclerosis. However, whether such modification of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles alters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and facilitates vascular complications remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the alteration of the carbamylation in HDL among T2DM patients and clarify its potential role in atherogenesis. METHODS A total of 148 consecutive T2DM patients undergoning angiography and 40 age- and gender-matched control subjects were included. HDL was isolated from plasma samples, and the concentration of HDL carbamyl-lysine (HDL-CBL) was measured. Furthermore, the HDL from subjects and in-vitro carbamylated HDL (C-HDL) was incubated with endothelial cells and monocyte to endothelial cell adhesion. Adhesion molecule expression and signaling pathway were detected. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the HDL-CBL level was remarkably increased in T2DM patients (6.13 ± 1.94 vs 12.00 ± 4.06 (ng/mg), P < 0.001). Of note, HDL-CBL demonstrated a more significant increase in T2DM patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 102) than those without CAD (n = 46) (12.75 ± 3.82 vs. 10.35 ± 4.11(ng/mg), P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher HDL-CBL level was independently associated with a higher prevalence of CAD in diabetic patients after adjusting for established cofounders (adjusted odds ratio 1.174, 95% confidence Interval 1.045-1.319, p = 0.017). HDL from diabetic patients with CAD enhanced greater monocyte adhesion than that from the non-CAD or the control group (P < 0.001). Such pro-atherogenic capacity of diabetic HDL positively correlated with HDL-CBL level. Furthermore, in-vitro incubation of carbamylated HDL (C-HDL) with endothelial promoted monocyte to endothelial cell adhesion, induced upregulation of cell adhesion molecules expression, and activated NF-κB/p65 signaling in endothelial cells. Inhibiting carbamylation of HDL or NF-κB activation attenuated the monocyte to endothelial cell adhesion and cell surface adhesion molecules expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified elevated carbamylation modification of HDL from T2DM patients, especially in those with concomitant CAD. We also evidenced that C-HDL enhanced monocyte to endothelial cell adhesion, indicating a potential pro-atherogenic role of C-HDL in atherosclerosis among T2DM patients. Trial registration https://register.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT04390711 Registered on 14 May 2020; Retrospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Chen
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ping Wang
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yan Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Teng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Márquez AB, Nazir S, van der Vorst EP. High-Density Lipoprotein Modifications: A Pathological Consequence or Cause of Disease Progression? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120549. [PMID: 33260660 PMCID: PMC7759904 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is well-known for its cardioprotective effects, as it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-thrombotic, and cytoprotective properties. Traditionally, studies and therapeutic approaches have focused on raising HDL cholesterol levels. Recently, it became evident that, not HDL cholesterol, but HDL composition and functionality, is probably a more fruitful target. In disorders, such as chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular diseases, it has been observed that HDL is modified and becomes dysfunctional. There are different modification that can occur, such as serum amyloid, an enrichment and oxidation, carbamylation, and glycation of key proteins. Additionally, the composition of HDL can be affected by changes to enzymes such as cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) or by modification to other important components. This review will highlight some main modifications to HDL and discuss whether these modifications are purely a consequential result of pathology or are actually involved in the pathology itself and have a causal role. Therefore, HDL composition may present a molecular target for the amelioration of certain diseases, but more information is needed to determine to what extent HDL modifications play a causal role in disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonnin Márquez
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.B.M.); (S.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.B.M.); (S.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P.C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.B.M.); (S.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-80-36914
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Current Understanding of the Relationship of HDL Composition, Structure and Function to Their Cardioprotective Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091348. [PMID: 32967334 PMCID: PMC7564231 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the general population, the ability of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) to promote cholesterol efflux is a predictor of cardiovascular events, independently of HDL cholesterol levels. Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, neither serum levels of HDL cholesterol, nor cholesterol efflux capacity associate with cardiovascular events. Important for the following discussion on the role of HDL in CKD is the notion that traditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors only partially account for this increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in CKD. As a potential explanation, across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, the relative contribution of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease becomes less important with advanced CKD. Impaired renal function directly affects the metabolism, composition and functionality of HDL particles. HDLs themselves are a heterogeneous population of particles with distinct sizes and protein composition, all of them affecting the functionality of HDL. Therefore, a more specific approach investigating the functional and compositional features of HDL subclasses might be a valuable strategy to decipher the potential link between HDL, cardiovascular disease and CKD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship of HDL composition, metabolism and function to their cardio-protective properties in CKD, with a focus on CKD-induced changes in the HDL proteome and reverse cholesterol transport capacity. We also will highlight the gaps in the current knowledge regarding important aspects of HDL biology.
Collapse
|
28
|
Santana MFM, Lira ALA, Pinto RS, Minanni CA, Silva ARM, Sawada MIBAC, Nakandakare ER, Correa-Giannella MLC, Queiroz MS, Ronsein GE, Passarelli M. Enrichment of apolipoprotein A-IV and apolipoprotein D in the HDL proteome is associated with HDL functions in diabetic kidney disease without dialysis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:205. [PMID: 32921312 PMCID: PMC7488728 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is associated with lipid derangements that worsen kidney function and enhance cardiovascular (CVD) risk. The management of dyslipidemia, hypertension and other traditional risk factors does not completely prevent CVD complications, bringing up the participation of nontraditional risk factors such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), carbamoylation and changes in the HDL proteome and functionality. The HDL composition, proteome, chemical modification and functionality were analyzed in nondialysis subjects with DKD categorized according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin excretion rate (AER). Methods Individuals with DKD were divided into eGFR> 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 plus AER stages A1 and A2 (n = 10) and eGFR< 60 plus A3 (n = 25) and matched by age with control subjects (eGFR> 60; n = 8). Results Targeted proteomic analyses quantified 28 proteins associated with HDL in all groups, although only 2 were more highly expressed in the eGFR< 60 + A3 group than in the controls: apolipoprotein D (apoD) and apoA-IV. HDL from the eGFR< 60 + A3 group presented higher levels of total AGEs (20%), pentosidine (6.3%) and carbamoylation (4.2 x) and a reduced ability to remove 14C-cholesterol from macrophages (33%) in comparison to HDL from controls. The antioxidant role of HDL (lag time for LDL oxidation) was similar among groups, but HDL from the eGFR< 60 + A3 group presented a greater ability to inhibit the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (95%) in LPS-elicited macrophages in comparison to the control group. Conclusion The increase in apoD and apoA-IV could contribute to counteracting the HDL chemical modification by AGEs and carbamoylation, which contributes to HDL loss of function in well-established DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F M Santana
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Aécio L A Lira
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael S Pinto
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.,Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Minanni
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil.,Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda R M Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I B A C Sawada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna R Nakandakare
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Maria L C Correa-Giannella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio (LIM 18), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia S Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziella E Ronsein
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 3305; CEP, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tan KCB, Cheung CL, Lee ACH, Lam JKY, Wong Y, Shiu SWM. Carbamylated Lipoproteins and Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:359-366. [PMID: 32075807 PMCID: PMC7057307 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.11710919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Protein carbamylation is a consequence of uremia and carbamylated lipoproteins contribute to atherogenesis in CKD. Proteins can also be carbamylated by a urea-independent mechanism, and whether carbamylated lipoproteins contribute to the progression of CKD has not been investigated. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A case-control study was performed to determine whether there were changes in plasma levels of carbamylated lipoproteins in individuals with type 2 diabetes with eGFR >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 compared with a group of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. A cohort of 1320 patients with type 2 diabetes with baseline eGFR ≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was longitudinally followed up to evaluate the association between carbamylated lipoproteins and progression of CKD. The primary kidney outcome was defined as doubling of serum creatinine and/or initiation of KRT during follow-up. Plasma carbamylated LDLs and HDLs was measured by ELISA. RESULTS In individuals with diabetes with eGFR >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, both plasma carbamylated LDL and HDL levels were higher compared with healthy controls (P<0.001). After a mean follow-up of 9 years of the diabetic cohort, individuals in the top quartile of carbamylated LDL (hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.42 to 3.46; P<0.001) and carbamylated HDL (hazard ratio, 4.53; 95% confidence interval, 2.87 to 7.13; P<0.001) had higher risk of deterioration of kidney function compared with those in the lowest quartile. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, plasma carbamylated LDL was no longer associated with kidney outcome after adjusting for baseline eGFR and potential confounding factors. However, the association between plasma carbamylated HDL and kidney outcome remained significant and was independent of HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Plasma carbamylated HDL but not carbamylated LDL was independently associated with progression of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan C H Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| | - Joanne K Y Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| | - Ying Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| | - Sammy W M Shiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
van Delft MAM, Huizinga TWJ. An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2020; 110:102392. [PMID: 31911013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic auto-immune disease principally effecting synovial joints. RA is characterized by immune cell infiltration in the joint. The presence of autoantibodies is a hallmark for the disease, among these are rheumatoid factor and antibodies against post-translational modified proteins like citrullination (ACPA) and carbamylation (anti-CarP antibodies). These autoantibodies may form immune complexes in the joint, leading to the attraction of immune cells. Based on the presence of these autoantibodies, RA patients can be subdivided in autoantibody positive and negative disease. Both subsets can be associated with genetic and environmental risk factors for RA, like the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele and smoking. Autoantibodies can already be detected years before disease onset in a subgroup of patients and at symptom onset a broad isotype spectrum is observed. This suggests that various events occur prior to the development of RA in which the first autoantibodies develop in predisposed individuals. Therefore, the presence of these autoantibodies can be useful in predicting future RA patients. Research on the characteristics and effector function of these autoantibodies is ongoing and will give more knowledge in the inflammatory responses underlying RA. This will give insight in the pathogenic role of autoantibodies in RA. Recent data are suggestive of a role for mucosal surfaces in the development of auto-immune responses associated with (the development of) RA. In conclusion, investigating the potential pathogenic effector functions of autoantibody isotypes and their molecular- and physicochemical-compositions might improve understanding of the disease origin and its underlying immunological processes. This may lead to the development of new therapeutic targets and strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe A M van Delft
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Simsek B, Yanar K, Çakatay U. Proatherogenic Importance of Carbamylation-induced Protein Damage and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:608-618. [PMID: 31914914 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200107102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND Protein carbamylation is a non-enzymatic and irreversible posttranslational process. It affects functions of numerous enzymes, hormones and receptors playing several roles in diabetes pathogenesis by changing their native structures. Detrimental consequences of oxidative protein damage comprise, but are not limited to glyoxidation, lipoxidation and carbonylation reactions. Since the carbamylated plasma proteins are strongly related to the glycemic control parameters of diabetes, they may have an additive value and emerge as potential biomarkers for the follow up, prognosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. METHODS & RESULTS To conduct our systematic review, we used PubMed and Semantic Scholar, and used 'Protein carbamylation and diabetes' and 'Protein carbamylation and atherosclerosis' as keywords and looked into about five hundred manuscripts. Manuscripts that are not in English were excluded as well as manuscripts that did not mention carbamylation to maintain the focus of the present article. Similar to glycation, carbamylation is able to alter functions of plasma proteins and their interactions with endothelial cells and has been shown to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION At this stage, it seems clear that protein carbamylation leads to worse clinical outcomes. To improve patient care, but maybe more importantly to improve healthcare-prevention, we believe the next stage involves understanding how exactly protein carbamylation leads to worse outcomes and when and in what group of people anti-carbamylation therapies must be employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahadir Simsek
- Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Medical Program, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karolin Yanar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical School , Istanbul University, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Çakatay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical School , Istanbul University, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Heine GH, Eller K, Stadler JT, Rogacev KS, Marsche G. Lipid-modifying therapy in chronic kidney disease: Pathophysiological and clinical considerations. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107459. [PMID: 31863818 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects >10% of the population worldwide, is associated with a dramatically increased rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD). More people with CKD will die from CVD than develop end-stage renal disease with dialysis-dependency. However, the contribution of classical atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors is less evident than in the general population. Particularly, the relationship between dyslipidemia and CVD morbidity and mortality in CKD patients is not as evident as in the general population. While LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins significantly reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in the general population, their role in patients with end-stage renal disease has been questioned. This could be caused by a shift from atherosclerotic to non-atherosclerotic CVD in patients with advanced CKD, which cannot be effectively prevented by lipid-lowering drugs. In addition, many lines of evidence suggest that impaired renal function directly affects the metabolism, composition and functionality of lipoproteins, which may affect their responsiveness to pharmacological interventions. In this review, we highlight the challenges for the therapeutic application of lipid-lowering treatment strategies in CKD and discuss why treatment strategies used in the general population cannot be applied uncritically to CKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar H Heine
- Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt, Germany; Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Julia T Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Kyrill S Rogacev
- Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Sana HANSE-Klinikum Wismar, Germany; Nephrology/Lipidology, B Braun - ViaMedis, MVZ Schwerin West, Germany
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lim K, Kalim S. The Role of Nonenzymatic Post-translational Protein Modifications in Uremic Vascular Calcification. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:427-436. [PMID: 31831121 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Considerable technological advances have enabled the identification and linkage of nonenzymatic post-translationally modified proteins to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with kidney failure. Through processes such as the nonenzymatic carbamylation reaction as well as the formation of advanced glycation end products, we now know that protein modifications are invariably associated with the development of CVD beyond a mere epiphenomenon and this has become an important focus of nephrology research in recent years. Although the specific mechanisms by which protein modifications occurring in kidney failure that may contribute to CVD are diverse and include pathways such as inflammation and fibrosis, vascular calcification has emerged as a distinct pathological sequelae of protein modifications. In this review, we consider the biological mechanisms and clinical relevance of protein carbamylation and advanced glycation end products in CVD development with a focus on vascular calcification.
Collapse
|
34
|
Maki RA, Holzer M, Motamedchaboki K, Malle E, Masliah E, Marsche G, Reynolds WF. Human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) is expressed in neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and in the hMPO-α-synuclein-A53T mouse model, correlating with increased nitration and aggregation of α-synuclein and exacerbation of motor impairment. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:115-140. [PMID: 31175983 PMCID: PMC6774439 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is central to the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) due to its propensity for misfolding and aggregation into neurotoxic oligomers. Nitration/oxidation of αSyn leads to dityrosine crosslinking and aggregation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an oxidant-generating enzyme implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work we have examined the impact of MPO in PD through analysis of postmortem PD brain and in a novel animal model in which we crossed a transgenic mouse expressing the human MPO (hMPO) gene to a mouse expressing human αSyn-A53T mutant (A53T) (hMPO-A53T). Surprisingly, our results show that in PD substantia nigra, the hMPO gene is expressed in neurons containing aggregates of nitrated αSyn as well as MPO-generated HOCl-modified epitopes. In our hMPO-A53T mouse model, we also saw hMPO expression in neurons but not mouse MPO. In the mouse model, hMPO was expressed in neurons colocalizing with nitrated αSyn, carbamylated lysine, nitrotyrosine, as well as HOCl-modified epitopes/proteins. RNAscope in situ hybridization confirmed hMPO mRNA expression in neurons. Interestingly, the hMPO protein expressed in hMPO-A53T brain is primarily the precursor proMPO, which enters the secretory pathway potentially resulting in interneuronal transmission of MPO and oxidative species. Importantly, the hMPO-A53T mouse model, when compared to the A53T model, exhibited significant exacerbation of motor impairment on rotating rods, balance beams, and wire hang tests. Further, hMPO expression in the A53T model resulted in earlier onset of end stage paralysis. Interestingly, there was a high concentration of αSyn aggregates in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of hippocampal CA2 region, which has been associated in humans with accumulation of αSyn pathology and neural atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies. This accumulation of αSyn aggregates in CA2 was associated with markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response with expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), MPO, and cleaved caspase-3. Together these findings suggest that MPO plays an important role in nitrative and oxidative damage that contributes to αSyn pathology in synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Maki
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Holzer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Khatereh Motamedchaboki
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program and NCI Cancer Centre Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wanda F Reynolds
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Protein carbamylation is a nonenzymatic posttranslational protein modification that can be driven, in part, by exposure to urea's dissociation product, cyanate. In humans, when kidney function is impaired and urea accumulates, systemic protein carbamylation levels increase. Additional mediators of protein carbamylation have been identified including inflammation, diet, smoking, circulating free amino acid levels, and environmental exposures. Carbamylation reactions on proteins are capable of irreversibly changing protein charge, structure, and function, resulting in pathologic molecular and cellular responses. Carbamylation has been mechanistically linked to the biochemical pathways implicated in atherosclerosis, dysfunctional erythropoiesis, kidney fibrosis, autoimmunity, and other pathological domains highly relevant to patients with chronic kidney disease. In this review, we describe the biochemical impact of carbamylation on human proteins, the mechanistic role carbamylation can have on clinical outcomes in kidney disease, the clinical association studies of carbamylation in chronic kidney disease, including patients on dialysis, and the promise of therapies aimed at reducing carbamylation burden in this vulnerable patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Long
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xavier Vela Parada
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sahir Kalim
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carbamylation promotes amyloidogenesis and induces structural changes in Tau-core hexapeptide fibrils. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2590-2604. [PMID: 30071272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbamylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification (PTM), which involves the covalent modification of N-terminus of protein or ε-amino group of Lys. The role of carbamylation in several age-related disorders is well documented, however, the relationship between carbamylation and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease remains uncharted. METHODS In the present study, using aggregation-prone tau-core hexapeptide fragments 306VQIVYK311 (PHF6) and 275VQIINK280 (PHF6*) as models, we have elucidated the effect of carbamylation on aggregation kinetics and the changes occurring in the 3-dimensional architecture of fibrils using biophysical assays and molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS We found that carbamylation aids in amyloid formation and can convert the unstructured off-pathway aggregates into robust amyloids, which were toxic to cells. Electron microscopy images and molecular dynamics simulations of PHF6 fibrils showed that carbamylated peptides can form excess hydrogen bonds and modulate the pitch length and twist of peptides fibrils. We have also compared N-terminal carbamylation to acetylation and further extended our finding to full length tau that exhibits aggregation upon carbamylation even in the absence of any external inducer. CONCLUSION Our in vitro and in silico results together suggest that carbamylation can modulate the aggregation pathway of the amyloidegenic sequences and cause structural changes in fibril assemblies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Carbamylation acts as a switch, which triggers the aggregation in short amyloidogenic peptide fragments and modulate the structural changes in resulting amyloid fibrils.
Collapse
|
37
|
Moradi H, Streja E, Vaziri ND. ESRD-induced dyslipidemia-Should management of lipid disorders differ in dialysis patients? Semin Dial 2018; 31:398-405. [PMID: 29707830 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although numerous modifiable risk factors in the pathogenesis of CVD and its associated mortality have been identified, dyslipidemia remains to be a key focus for therapy. In this regard, significant progress has been made in reducing cardiovascular mortality via the use of lipid-lowering agents such as HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Yet, despite the disproportionate risk of CVD and mortality in patients with advanced chronic and end stage renal disease (ESRD), treatment of dyslipidemia in this patient population has not been associated with a notable improvement in outcomes. Furthermore, observational studies have not consistently found an association between dyslipidemia and poor outcomes in patients with ESRD. However, it is imperative that examination of dyslipidemia and its association with outcomes take place in the context of the many factors that are unique to kidney disease and may contribute to the abnormalities in lipid metabolism in patients with ESRD. Understanding these intricacies and distinct features will be vital not only to the interpretation of the available clinical data in regards to outcomes, but also to the individualization of lipid therapy in ESRD. In this review, we will examine the nature and underlying mechanisms responsible for dyslipidemia, the association of serum lipids and lipoprotein concentrations with outcomes and the results of major trials targeting cholesterol (mainly statins) in patients with ESRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Moradi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Long Beach VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Long Beach VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Badar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; J. N. Medical College Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Zarina Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; J. N. Medical College Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; J. N. Medical College Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ibrahim SE, Morshedy NA, Farouk N, Louka AL. Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in psoriatic arthritis patients: Relation to disease activity, severity and ultrasonographic scores. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
40
|
Secretory phospholipase A 2 modified HDL rapidly and potently suppresses platelet activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8030. [PMID: 28808297 PMCID: PMC5556053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) highly increase under acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. sPLA2 is mainly associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and generates bioactive lysophospholipids implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Unexpectedly, pharmacological inhibition of sPLA2 in patients with acute coronary syndrome was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Given that platelets are key players in thrombosis and inflammation, we hypothesized that sPLA2-induced hydrolysis of HDL-associated phospholipids (sPLA2-HDL) generates modified HDL particles that affect platelet function. We observed that sPLA2-HDL potently and rapidly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by several agonists, P-selectin expression, GPIIb/IIIa activation and superoxide production, whereas native HDL showed little effects. sPLA2-HDL suppressed the agonist-induced rise of intracellular Ca2+ levels and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2, which trigger key steps in promoting platelet activation. Importantly, sPLA2 in the absence of HDL showed no effects, whereas enrichment of HDL with lysophosphatidylcholines containing saturated fatty acids (the main sPLA2 products) mimicked sPLA2-HDL activities. Our findings suggest that sPLA2 generates lysophosphatidylcholine-enriched HDL particles that modulate platelet function under inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
41
|
Delanghe S, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert R, Van Biesen W, Speeckaert MM. Mechanisms and consequences of carbamoylation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:580-593. [PMID: 28757635 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbamoylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification that binds isocyanic acid, which can be derived from the dissociation of urea or from the myeloperoxidase-mediated catabolism of thiocyanate, to the free amino groups of a multitude of proteins. Although the term 'carbamoylation' is usually replaced by the term "carbamylation" in the literature, carbamylation refers to a different chemical reaction (the reversible interaction of CO2 with α and ε-amino groups of proteins). Depending on the altered molecule (for example, collagen, erythropoietin, haemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein), carbamoylation can have different pathophysiological effects. Carbamoylated proteins have been linked to atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, immune system dysfunction (such as inhibition of the classical complement pathway, inhibition of complement-dependent rituximab cytotoxicity, reduced oxidative neutrophil burst, and the formation of anti-carbamoylated protein antibodies) and renal fibrosis. In this Review, we discuss the carbamoylation process and evaluate the available biomarkers of carbamoylation (for example, homocitrulline, the percentage of carbamoylated albumin, carbamoylated haemoglobin, and carbamoylated low-density lipoprotein). We also discuss the relationship between carbamoylation and the occurrence of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and assess the effects of strategies to lower the carbamoylation load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Delanghe
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reinhart Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Binder V, Bergum B, Jaisson S, Gillery P, Scavenius C, Spriet E, Nyhaug AK, Roberts HM, Chapple ILC, Hellvard A, Delaleu N, Mydel P. Impact of fibrinogen carbamylation on fibrin clot formation and stability. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:899-910. [PMID: 28382370 PMCID: PMC5442607 DOI: 10.1160/th16-09-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbamylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification induced upon exposure of free amino groups to urea-derived cyanate leading to irreversible changes of protein charge, structure and function. Levels of carbamylated proteins increase significantly in chronic kidney disease and carbamylated albumin is considered as an important biomarker indicating mortality risk. High plasma concentrations and long half-life make fibrinogen a prime target for carbamylation. As aggregation and cross-linking of fibrin monomers rely on lysine residues, it is likely that carbamylation impacts fibrinogen processing. In this study we investigated carbamylation levels of fibrinogen from kidney disease patients as well as the impact of carbamylation on fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin, fibrin polymerisation and cross-linking in vitro. In conjunction, all these factors determine clot structure and stability and thus control biochemical and mechanical properties. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed significantly higher homocitrulline levels in patient fibrinogen than in fibrinogen isolated from control plasma. In our in vitro studies we found that although carbamylation does not affect thrombin cleavage per se, it alters fibrin polymerisation kinetics and impairs cross-linking and clot degradation. In addition, carbamylated fibrin clots had reduced fiber size and porosity associated with decreased mechanical stability. Using mass spectroscopy, we discovered that N-terminally carbamylated fibrinopeptide A was generated in this process and acted as a strong neutrophil chemoattractant potentially mediating recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of fibrin(ogen) turnover. Taken together, carbamylation of fibrinogen seems to play a role in aberrant fibrin clot formation and might be involved in haemostatic disorders associated with chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Binder
- Veronika Binder, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, 5th floor, Bergen, Norway, Tel.: +47 55 97 46 48, Fax: +47 55 97 58 17, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Florens N, Calzada C, Lyasko E, Juillard L, Soulage CO. Modified Lipids and Lipoproteins in Chronic Kidney Disease: A New Class of Uremic Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E376. [PMID: 27999257 PMCID: PMC5198570 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an enhanced oxidative stress and deep modifications in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. First, many oxidized lipids accumulate in CKD and were shown to exert toxic effects on cells and tissues. These lipids are known to interfere with many cell functions and to be pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory, especially in the cardiovascular system. Some, like F2-isoprostanes, are directly correlated with CKD progression. Their accumulation, added to their noxious effects, rendered their nomination as uremic toxins credible. Similarly, lipoproteins are deeply altered by CKD modifications, either in their metabolism or composition. These impairments lead to impaired effects of HDL on their normal effectors and may strongly participate in accelerated atherosclerosis and failure of statins in end-stage renal disease patients. This review describes the impact of oxidized lipids and other modifications in the natural history of CKD and its complications. Moreover, this review focuses on the modifications of lipoproteins and their impact on the emergence of cardiovascular diseases in CKD as well as the appropriateness of considering them as actual mediators of uremic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nans Florens
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
| | - Catherine Calzada
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Egor Lyasko
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurent Juillard
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
| | - Christophe O Soulage
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Karathanasis SK, Freeman LA, Gordon SM, Remaley AT. The Changing Face of HDL and the Best Way to Measure It. Clin Chem 2016; 63:196-210. [PMID: 27879324 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.257725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is a commonly used lipid biomarker for assessing cardiovascular health. While a central focus has been placed on the role of HDL in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process, our appreciation for the other cardioprotective properties of HDL continues to expand with further investigation into the structure and function of HDL and its specific subfractions. The development of novel assays is empowering the research community to assess different aspects of HDL function, which at some point may evolve into new diagnostic tests. CONTENT This review discusses our current understanding of the formation and maturation of HDL particles via RCT, as well as the newly recognized roles of HDL outside RCT. The antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, antithrombotic, antiinfective, and vasoprotective effects of HDL are all discussed, as are the related methodologies for assessing these different aspects of HDL function. We elaborate on the importance of protein and lipid composition of HDL in health and disease and highlight potential new diagnostic assays based on these parameters. SUMMARY Although multiple epidemiologic studies have confirmed that HDL-C is a strong negative risk marker for cardiovascular disease, several clinical and experimental studies have yielded inconsistent results on the direct role of HDL-C as an antiatherogenic factor. As of yet, our increased understanding of HDL biology has not been translated into successful new therapies, but will undoubtedly depend on the development of alternative ways for measuring HDL besides its cholesterol content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kluve-Beckerman B, Liepnieks JJ, Benson MD, Lai X, Qi G, Wang M. Carbamylation of the amino-terminal residue (Gly1) of mouse serum amyloid A promotes amyloid formation in a cell culture model. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4296-4307. [PMID: 27800611 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is a fatal protein deposition disease afflicting a small percentage of patients with chronic inflammation. Factors other than inflammation that determine development of AA amyloidosis remain largely unknown. The subunit protein comprising AA amyloid fibrils is derived from serum amyloid A (SAA), specifically its amino-terminal portion. In this in vitro study, carbamylation of residues in this region (primarily Gly1 but also Lys24) was shown to markedly increase amyloid-forming propensity as judged by extensive accumulation of amyloid in cell cultures. Contrastingly, no amyloid deposition occurred in cultures given SAA having a noncarbamylated amino terminus. Carbamylation, known to occur during uremia or inflammation, merits investigation as a potential determinant of AA amyloid fibril formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kluve-Beckerman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Juris J Liepnieks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Merrill D Benson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xianyin Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Guihong Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Annema W, von Eckardstein A. Dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins in coronary heart disease: implications for diagnostics and therapy. Transl Res 2016; 173:30-57. [PMID: 26972566 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with increased risks of coronary heart disease. HDL mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages for reverse transport to the liver and elicits many anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities which are potentially anti-atherogenic. Nevertheless, HDL has not been successfully targeted by drugs for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. One potential reason is the targeting of HDL cholesterol which does not capture the structural and functional complexity of HDL particles. Hundreds of lipid species and dozens of proteins as well as several microRNAs have been identified in HDL. This physiological heterogeneity is further increased in pathologic conditions due to additional quantitative and qualitative molecular changes of HDL components which have been associated with both loss of physiological function and gain of pathologic dysfunction. This structural and functional complexity of HDL has prevented clear assignments of molecules to the functions of normal HDL and dysfunctions of pathologic HDL. Systematic analyses of structure-function relationships of HDL-associated molecules and their modifications are needed to test the different components and functions of HDL for their relative contribution in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The derived biomarkers and targets may eventually help to exploit HDL for treatment and diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Koro C, Hellvard A, Delaleu N, Binder V, Scavenius C, Bergum B, Główczyk I, Roberts HM, Chapple ILC, Grant MM, Rapala-Kozik M, Klaga K, Enghild JJ, Potempa J, Mydel P. Carbamylated LL-37 as a modulator of the immune response. Innate Immun 2016; 22:218-29. [PMID: 26878866 PMCID: PMC5143673 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916631404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbamylation of lysine residues and protein N-termini is an ubiquitous, non-enzymatic post-translational modification. Carbamylation at sites of inflammation is due to cyanate formation during the neutrophil oxidative burst and may target lysine residues within the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. The bactericidal and immunomodulatory properties of LL-37 depend on its secondary structure and cationic nature, which are conferred by arginine and lysine residues. Therefore, carbamylation may affect the biological functions of LL-37. The present study examined the kinetics and pattern of LL-37 carbamylation to investigate how this modification affects the bactericidal, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory function of the peptide. The results indicated that LL-37 undergoes rapid modification in the presence of physiological concentrations of cyanate, yielding a spectrum of diverse carbamylated peptides. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that theN-terminal amino group of Leu-1 was highly reactive and was modified almost instantly by cyanate to generate the predominant form of the modified peptide, named LL-37(C1) This was followed by the sequential carbamylation of Lys-8, Lys-12, and Lys-15 to yield LL-37(C8), and Lys-15 to yield LL-37(C12,15) Carbamylation had profound and diverse effects on the structure and biological properties of LL-37. In some cases, anti-inflammatory LL-37 was rapidly converted to pro-inflammatory LL-37.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Koro
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annelie Hellvard
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Veronika Binder
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brith Bergum
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Izabela Główczyk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Helen M Roberts
- Periodontal Research Group MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Iain L C Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Melissa M Grant
- Periodontal Research Group MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Klaga
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Potempa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sun JT, Yang K, Lu L, Zhu ZB, Zhu JZ, Ni JW, Han H, Chen N, Zhang RY. Increased carbamylation level of HDL in end-stage renal disease: carbamylated-HDL attenuated endothelial cell function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F511-7. [PMID: 26764205 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00508.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that carbamylated modification plays a crucial role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, information on the biological effects of carbamylated high-density lipoprotein (C-HDL) in ESRD is poor. The present study investigated the carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD and the effects of C-HDL on endothelial repair properties. HDL was isolated from healthy control subjects (n = 22) and patients with ESRD (n = 30). The carbamylation level of HDL was detected using ELISA. Isolated C-HDL for use in tissue culture experiments was carbamylated in vitro to a similar extent to that observed in ESRD. Human arterial endothelial cells were treated with C-HDL or native HDL to assess their migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis properties. HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity was also determined by spectrophotometry assay. Compared with healthy control subjects, the carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD patients was increased and positively correlated with blood urea concentration. In vitro, C-HDL significantly inhibited migration, angiogenesis, and proliferation in endothelial cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity was decreased and negatively correlated with the carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD patients. In addition, C-HDL suppressed the expression of VEGF receptor 2 and scavenger receptor class B type I signaling pathways in endothelial cells. In conclusion, the present study identified a significantly increased carbamylation level of HDL in ESRD. Furthermore, C-HDL inhibited endothelial cell repair functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Teng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Bin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhou Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wei Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Normal HDL activity confers cardiovascular and overall protection by mediating reverse cholesterol transport and through its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic functions. Serum lipid profile, as well as various aspects of HDL metabolism, structure, and function can be profoundly altered in patients with nephrotic range proteinuria or chronic kidney disease (CKD). These abnormalities can, in turn, contribute to the progression of cardiovascular complications and various other comorbidities, such as foam cell formation, atherosclerosis, and/or glomerulosclerosis, in affected patients. The presence and severity of proteinuria and renal insufficiency, as well as dietary and drug regimens, pre-existing genetic disorders of lipid metabolism, and renal replacement therapies (including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation) determine the natural history of lipid disorders in patients with kidney disease. Despite the adverse effects associated with dysregulated reverse cholesterol transport and advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, safe and effective therapeutic interventions are currently lacking. This Review provides an overview of HDL metabolism under normal conditions, and discusses the features, mechanisms, and consequences of HDL abnormalities in patients with nephrotic syndrome or advanced CKD.
Collapse
|
50
|
Gajjala PR, Fliser D, Speer T, Jankowski V, Jankowski J. Emerging role of post-translational modifications in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1814-1824. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|