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Yanagibashi S, Bamba T, Kirisako T, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. The potency of mitochondria enlargement for mitochondria-mediated terpenoid production in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:110. [PMID: 38229297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are widely used in the food, beverage, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Microorganisms have been extensively studied for terpenoid production. In yeast, the introduction of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in organelles in addition to the augmentation of its own MVA pathway have been challenging. Introduction of the MVA pathway into mitochondria is considered a promising approach for terpenoid production because acetyl-CoA, the starting molecule of the MVA pathway, is abundant in mitochondria. However, mitochondria comprise only a small percentage of the entire cell. Therefore, we hypothesized that increasing the total mitochondrial volume per cell would increase terpenoid production. First, we ascertained that the amounts of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the final molecules of the MVA pathway, were 15-fold higher of the strain expressing the MVA pathway in mitochondria than in the wild-type yeast strain. Second, we found that different deletion mutants induced different mitochondrial volumes by measuring the mitochondrial volume in various deletion mutants affecting mitochondrial morphology; for example,Δmdm32 increased mitochondrial volume, and Δfzo1 decreased it. Finally, the effects of mitochondrial volume on amounts of IPP/DMAPP and terpenoids (squalene or β-carotene) were investigated using mutants harboring large or small mitochondria expressing the MVA pathway in mitochondria. Amounts of IPP/DMAPP and terpenoids (squalene or β-carotene) increased when the mitochondrial volume expanded. Introducing the MVA pathway into mitochondria for terpenoid production in yeast may become more attractive by enlarging the mitochondrial volume. KEY POINTS: • IPP/DMAPP content increased in the strain expressing the MVA pathway in mitochondria • IPP/DMAPP and terpenoid contents are positively correlated with mitochondrial volume • Enlarging the mitochondria may improve mitochondria-mediated terpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yanagibashi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., 26-1-12-12 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bamba
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 6578501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kirisako
- Kirin Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd., 26-1-12-12 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 6578501, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 6578501, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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2
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Caron-Godon CA, Collington E, Wolf JL, Coletta G, Glerum DM. More than Just Bread and Wine: Using Yeast to Understand Inherited Cytochrome Oxidase Deficiencies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3814. [PMID: 38612624 PMCID: PMC11011759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited defects in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) are associated with a substantial subset of diseases adversely affecting the structure and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This multi-subunit enzyme consists of 14 subunits and numerous cofactors, and it requires the function of some 30 proteins to assemble. COX assembly was first shown to be the primary defect in the majority of COX deficiencies 36 years ago. Over the last three decades, most COX assembly genes have been identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and studies in yeast have proven instrumental in testing the impact of mutations identified in patients with a specific COX deficiency. The advent of accessible genome-wide sequencing capabilities has led to more patient mutations being identified, with the subsequent identification of several new COX assembly factors. However, the lack of genotype-phenotype correlations and the large number of genes involved in generating a functional COX mean that functional studies must be undertaken to assign a genetic variant as being causal. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the use of yeast as a model system and briefly compare the COX assembly process in yeast and humans. We focus primarily on the studies in yeast that have allowed us to both identify new COX assembly factors and to demonstrate the pathogenicity of a subset of the mutations that have been identified in patients with inherited defects in COX. We conclude with an overview of the areas in which studies in yeast are likely to continue to contribute to progress in understanding disease arising from inherited COX deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenelle A. Caron-Godon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Emma Collington
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Jessica L. Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Genna Coletta
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
| | - D. Moira Glerum
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (C.A.C.-G.); (E.C.); (J.L.W.); (G.C.)
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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3
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Kumar S, Shuaib M, AlAsmari AF, Alqahtani F, Gupta S. GNL3 and PA2G4 as Prognostic Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2723. [PMID: 37345060 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a multifocal and heterogeneous disease common in males and remains the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The prognosis of prostate cancer is variable and based on the degree of cancer and its stage at the time of diagnosis. Existing biomarkers for the prognosis of prostate cancer are unreliable and lacks specificity and sensitivity in guiding clinical decision. There is need to search for novel biomarkers having prognostic and predictive capabilities in guiding clinical outcomes. Using a bioinformatics approach, we predicted GNL3 and PA2G4 as biomarkers of prognostic significance in prostate cancer. A progressive increase in the expression of GNL3 and PA2G4 was observed during cancer progression having significant association with poor survival in prostate cancer patients. The Receiver Operating Characteristics of both genes showed improved area under the curve against sensitivity versus specificity in the pooled samples from three different GSE datasets. Overall, our analysis predicted GNL3 and PA2G4 as prognostic biomarkers of clinical significance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Guddha, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Shuaib
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Guddha, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abdullah F AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Coordination of metal center biogenesis in human cytochrome c oxidase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3615. [PMID: 35750769 PMCID: PMC9232578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) or respiratory chain complex IV is a heme aa3-copper oxygen reductase containing metal centers essential for holo-complex biogenesis and enzymatic function that are assembled by subunit-specific metallochaperones. The enzyme has two copper sites located in the catalytic core subunits. The COX1 subunit harbors the CuB site that tightly associates with heme a3 while the COX2 subunit contains the binuclear CuA site. Here, we report that in human cells the CcO copper chaperones form macromolecular assemblies and cooperate with several twin CX9C proteins to control heme a biosynthesis and coordinate copper transfer sequentially to the CuA and CuB sites. These data on CcO illustrate a mechanism that regulates the biogenesis of macromolecular enzymatic assemblies with several catalytic metal redox centers and prevents the accumulation of cytotoxic reactive assembly intermediates.
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Swaminathan AB, Soma S, Vicary AC, Zulkifli M, Kaur H, Gohil VM. A yeast suppressor screen links Coa4 to the mitochondrial copper delivery pathway for cytochrome c oxidase. Genetics 2022; 221:6603117. [PMID: 35666203 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is a multimeric copper-containing enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that powers cellular energy production. The two core subunits of CcO, Cox1 and Cox2, harbor the catalytic CuB and CuA sites, respectively. Biogenesis of each copper site occurs separately and requires multiple proteins that constitute the mitochondrial copper delivery pathway. Currently, the identity of all the members of the pathway is not known, though several evolutionarily conserved twin CX9C motif-containing proteins have been implicated in this process. Here, we performed a targeted yeast suppressor screen that placed Coa4, a twin CX9C motif-containing protein, in the copper delivery pathway to the Cox1 subunit. Specifically, we show that overexpression of Cox11, a copper metallochaperone required for the formation of CuB site, can restore Cox1 abundance, CcO assembly, and mitochondrial respiration in coa4Δ cells. This rescue is dependent on the copper-coordinating cysteines of Cox11. The abundance of Coa4 and Cox11 in mitochondria is reciprocally regulated, further linking Coa4 to the CuB site biogenesis. Additionally, we find that coa4Δ cells have reduced levels of copper and exogenous copper supplementation can partially ameliorate its respiratory-deficient phenotype, a finding that connects Coa4 to cellular copper homeostasis. Finally, we demonstrate that human COA4 can replace the function of yeast Coa4 indicating its evolutionarily conserved role. Our work provides genetic evidences for the role of Coa4 in the copper delivery pathway to the CuB site of CcO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav B Swaminathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shivatheja Soma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alison C Vicary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Harman Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Standardized fraction of Xylocarpus moluccensis inhibits inflammation by modulating MAPK-NFκB and ROS-HIF1α-PKM2 activation. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:423-437. [PMID: 35274150 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Present study investigates the effect of Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lamk.) M. Roem fruit fraction (CDR) on endotoxemia and explores the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of CDR (1-100 µg/ml) was assessed on cytokines, MAPKs, ROS, and metabolic reprogramming in LPS-induced cells (J774.2 and THP-1) by the conventional methodology of ELISA, PCR, and Western blotting. The effect of CDR (1-50 mg/kg, p.o.) was also evaluated in the mice model of endotoxemia and sepsis. RESULTS CDR prevents LPS-induced cytokine production from murine and human whole blood and cell lines. CDR suppressed total cellular and mitochondrial superoxide generation and preserved mitochondrial function in LPS-stimulated phagocytes. Additionally, CDR abrogated LPS-induced MAPK's phosphorylation and IκBα degradation in J774.2 cells. Moreover, CDR suppressed LPS-induced glycolytic flux as indicated from PKM2, HK-2, PDK-2, and HIF-1α expression in J774.2 cells. In vivo, CDR pre-treatment inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines release, metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in both LPS-induced endotoxemia and cecal slurry-induced sepsis mice model. CONCLUSION Present study demonstrates the protective effect of CDR on LPS-induced inflammation and sepsis and identifies MAPK-NFκB and ROS-HIF1α-PKM2 as the putative target axis.
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Flores-Cotera LB, Chávez-Cabrera C, Martínez-Cárdenas A, Sánchez S, García-Flores OU. Deciphering the mechanism by which the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma responds adaptively to environmental, nutritional, and genetic cues. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab048. [PMID: 34302341 PMCID: PMC8788774 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phaffia rhodozyma is a basidiomycetous yeast that synthesizes astaxanthin (ASX), which is a powerful and highly valuable antioxidant carotenoid pigment. P. rhodozyma cells accrue ASX and gain an intense red-pink coloration when faced with stressful conditions such as nutrient limitations (e.g., nitrogen or copper), the presence of toxic substances (e.g., antimycin A), or are affected by mutations in the genes that are involved in nitrogen metabolism or respiration. Since cellular accrual of ASX occurs under a wide variety of conditions, this yeast represents a valuable model for studying the growth conditions that entail oxidative stress for yeast cells. Recently, we proposed that ASX synthesis can be largely induced by conditions that lead to reduction-oxidation (redox) imbalances, particularly the state of the NADH/NAD+ couple together with an oxidative environment. In this work, we review the multiple known conditions that elicit ASX synthesis expanding on the data that we formerly examined. When considered alongside the Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis, the study served to rationalize the induction of ASX synthesis and other adaptive cellular processes under a much broader set of conditions. Our aim was to propose an underlying mechanism that explains how a broad range of divergent conditions converge to induce ASX synthesis in P. rhodozyma. The mechanism that links the induction of ASX synthesis with the occurrence of NADH/NAD+ imbalances may help in understanding how other organisms detect any of a broad array of stimuli or gene mutations, and then adaptively respond to activate numerous compensatory cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Cipriano Chávez-Cabrera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Anahi Martínez-Cárdenas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México city 04510, México
| | - Oscar Ulises García-Flores
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
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Cooper DG, Jiang Y, Skuodas S, Wang L, Fassler JS. Possible Role for Allelic Variation in Yeast MED15 in Ecological Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:741572. [PMID: 34733258 PMCID: PMC8558680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity for Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to ferment sugars into ethanol and CO2 has long been useful in the production of a wide range of food and drink. In the production of alcoholic beverages, the yeast strain selected for fermentation is crucial because not all strains are equally proficient in tolerating fermentation stresses. One potential mechanism by which domesticated yeast may have adapted to fermentation stresses is through changes in the expression of stress response genes. MED15 is a general transcriptional regulator and RNA Pol II Mediator complex subunit which modulates the expression of many metabolic and stress response genes. In this study, we explore the role of MED15 in alcoholic fermentation. In addition, we ask whether MED15 alleles from wine, sake or palm wine yeast improve fermentation activity and grape juice fermentation stress responses. And last, we investigate to what extent any differences in activity are due to allelic differences in the lengths of three polyglutamine tracts in MED15. We find that strains lacking MED15 are deficient in fermentation and fermentation stress responses and that MED15 alleles from alcoholic beverage yeast strains can improve both the fermentation capacity and the response to ethanol stresses when transplanted into a standard laboratory strain. Finally, we find that polyglutamine tract length in the Med15 protein is one determinant in the efficiency of the alcoholic fermentation process. These data lead to a working model in which polyglutamine tract length and other types of variability within transcriptional hubs like the Mediator subunit, Med15, may contribute to a reservoir of transcriptional profiles that may provide a fitness benefit in the face of environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cooper
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yishuo Jiang
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sydney Skuodas
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Luying Wang
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jan S Fassler
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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9
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McWilliams S, Carter W, Cooper-Mullin C, DeMoranville K, Frawley A, Pierce B, Skrip M. How Birds During Migration Maintain (Oxidative) Balance. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.742642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals dynamically adjust their physiology and behavior to survive in changing environments, and seasonal migration is one life stage that demonstrates these dynamic adjustments. As birds migrate between breeding and wintering areas, they incur physiological demands that challenge their antioxidant system. Migrating birds presumably respond to these oxidative challenges by up-regulating protective endogenous systems or accumulating dietary antioxidants at stopover sites, although our understanding of the pre-migration preparations and mid-migration responses of birds to such oxidative challenges is as yet incomplete. Here we review evidence from field and captive-bird studies that address the following questions: (1) Do migratory birds build antioxidant capacity as they build fat stores in preparation for long flights? (2) Is oxidative damage an inevitable consequence of oxidative challenges such as flight, and, if so, how is the extent of damage affected by factors such as the response of the antioxidant system, the level of energetic challenge, and the availability of dietary antioxidants? (3) Do migratory birds ‘recover’ from the oxidative damage accrued during long-duration flights, and, if so, does the pace of this rebalancing of oxidative status depend on the quality of the stopover site? The answer to all these questions is a qualified ‘yes’ although ecological factors (e.g., diet and habitat quality, geographic barriers to migration, and weather) affect how the antioxidant system responds. Furthermore, the pace of this dynamic physiological response remains an open question, despite its potential importance for shaping outcomes on timescales ranging from single flights to migratory journeys. In sum, the antioxidant system of birds during migration is impressively dynamic and responsive to environmental conditions, and thus provides ample opportunities to study how the physiology of migratory birds responds to a changing and challenging world.
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Geldon S, Fernández-Vizarra E, Tokatlidis K. Redox-Mediated Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Dynamics, and Respiratory Chain Assembly in Yeast and Human Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720656. [PMID: 34557489 PMCID: PMC8452992 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that contain their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and reminiscent of its endosymbiotic origin. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration via the function of the electron oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and composed of the four electron transport chain (ETC) enzymes (complexes I-IV), and the ATP synthase (complex V). Even though the mtDNA encodes essential OXPHOS components, the large majority of the structural subunits and additional biogenetical factors (more than seventy proteins) are encoded in the nucleus and translated in the cytoplasm. To incorporate these proteins and the rest of the mitochondrial proteome, mitochondria have evolved varied, and sophisticated import machineries that specifically target proteins to the different compartments defined by the two membranes. The intermembrane space (IMS) contains a high number of cysteine-rich proteins, which are mostly imported via the MIA40 oxidative folding system, dependent on the reduction, and oxidation of key Cys residues. Several of these proteins are structural components or assembly factors necessary for the correct maturation and function of the ETC complexes. Interestingly, many of these proteins are involved in the metalation of the active redox centers of complex IV, the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial ETC. Due to their function in oxygen reduction, mitochondria are the main generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on both sides of the inner membrane, i.e., in the matrix and the IMS. ROS generation is important due to their role as signaling molecules, but an excessive production is detrimental due to unwanted oxidation reactions that impact on the function of different types of biomolecules contained in mitochondria. Therefore, the maintenance of the redox balance in the IMS is essential for mitochondrial function. In this review, we will discuss the role that redox regulation plays in the maintenance of IMS homeostasis as well as how mitochondrial ROS generation may be a key regulatory factor for ETC biogenesis, especially for complex IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Gladyck S, Aras S, Hüttemann M, Grossman LI. Regulation of COX Assembly and Function by Twin CX 9C Proteins-Implications for Human Disease. Cells 2021; 10:197. [PMID: 33498264 PMCID: PMC7909247 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation is a tightly regulated process in mammals that takes place in and across the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Complex IV, or cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, responsible for accepting electrons from cytochrome c, pumping protons to contribute to the gradient utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP, and reducing oxygen to water. As such, COX is tightly regulated through numerous mechanisms including protein-protein interactions. The twin CX9C family of proteins has recently been shown to be involved in COX regulation by assisting with complex assembly, biogenesis, and activity. The twin CX9C motif allows for the import of these proteins into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria using the redox import machinery of Mia40/CHCHD4. Studies have shown that knockdown of the proteins discussed in this review results in decreased or completely deficient aerobic respiration in experimental models ranging from yeast to human cells, as the proteins are conserved across species. This article highlights and discusses the importance of COX regulation by twin CX9C proteins in the mitochondria via COX assembly and control of its activity through protein-protein interactions, which is further modulated by cell signaling pathways. Interestingly, select members of the CX9C protein family, including MNRR1 and CHCHD10, show a novel feature in that they not only localize to the mitochondria but also to the nucleus, where they mediate oxygen- and stress-induced transcriptional regulation, opening a new view of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk and its involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gladyck
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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12
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Wang P, Luo R, Zhang M, Wang Y, Song T, Tao T, Li Z, Jin L, Zheng H, Chen W, Zhao M, Zheng Y, Qin J. A cross-talk between epithelium and endothelium mediates human alveolar-capillary injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1042. [PMID: 33293527 PMCID: PMC7721862 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is an acute and rapidly developing pandemic, which leads to a global health crisis. SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks human alveoli and causes severe lung infection and damage. To better understand the molecular basis of this disease, we sought to characterize the responses of alveolar epithelium and its adjacent microvascular endothelium to viral infection under a co-culture system. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused massive virus replication and dramatic organelles remodeling in alveolar epithelial cells, alone. While, viral infection affected endothelial cells in an indirect manner, which was mediated by infected alveolar epithelium. Proteomics analysis and TEM examinations showed viral infection caused global proteomic modulations and marked ultrastructural changes in both epithelial cells and endothelial cells under the co-culture system. In particular, viral infection elicited global protein changes and structural reorganizations across many sub-cellular compartments in epithelial cells. Among the affected organelles, mitochondrion seems to be a primary target organelle. Besides, according to EM and proteomic results, we identified Daurisoline, a potent autophagy inhibitor, could inhibit virus replication effectively in host cells. Collectively, our study revealed an unrecognized cross-talk between epithelium and endothelium, which contributed to alveolar-capillary injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These new findings will expand our understanding of COVID-19 and may also be helpful for targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ronghua Luo
- Kunming National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhang Song
- Kunming National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongyi Zheng
- Kunming National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqian Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- Kunming National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Sunyer-Figueres M, Vázquez J, Mas A, Torija MJ, Beltran G. Transcriptomic Insights into the Effect of Melatonin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Presence and Absence of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E947. [PMID: 33019712 PMCID: PMC7650831 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous indolamine that plays important roles in various aspects of biological processes in mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, melatonin has been reported to exhibit antioxidant properties and to modulate the expression of some genes involved in endogenous defense systems. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of supplemented melatonin at the transcriptional level in S. cerevisiae in the presence and absence of oxidative stress. This was achieved by exposing yeast cells pretreated with different melatonin concentrations to hydrogen peroxide and assessing the entry of melatonin into the cell and the yeast response at the transcriptional level (by microarray and qPCR analyses) and the physiological level (by analyzing changes in the lipid composition and mitochondrial activity). We found that exogenous melatonin crossed cellular membranes at nanomolar concentrations and modulated the expression of many genes, mainly downregulating the expression of mitochondrial genes in the absence of oxidative stress, triggering a hypoxia-like response, and upregulating them under stress, mainly the cytochrome complex and electron transport chain. Other categories that were enriched by the effect of melatonin were related to transport, antioxidant activity, signaling, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The overall results suggest that melatonin is able to reprogram the cellular machinery to achieve tolerance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María-Jesús Torija
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Grup de Biotecnologia Enològica, Facultat d’Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1. 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain; (M.S.-F.); (J.V.); (A.M.); (G.B.)
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14
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Bertgen L, Mühlhaus T, Herrmann JM. Clingy genes: Why were genes for ribosomal proteins retained in many mitochondrial genomes? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148275. [PMID: 32712152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Why mitochondria still retain their own genome is a puzzle given the enormous effort to maintain a mitochondrial translation machinery. Most mitochondrially encoded proteins are membrane-embedded subunits of the respiratory chain. Their hydrophobicity presumably impedes their import into mitochondria. However, many mitochondrial genomes also encode protein subunits of the mitochondrial ribosome. These proteins lack transmembrane domains and hydrophobicity cannot explain why their genes remained in mitochondria. In this review, we provide an overview about mitochondrially encoded subunits of mitochondrial ribosomes of fungi, plants and protists. Moreover, we discuss and evaluate different hypotheses which were put forward to explain why (ribosomal) proteins remained mitochondrially encoded. It seems likely that the synthesis of ribosomal proteins in the mitochondrial matrix is used to regulate the assembly of the mitochondrial ribosome within mitochondria and to avoid problems that mitochondrial proteins might pose for cytosolic proteostasis and for the assembly of cytosolic ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bertgen
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Johannes M Herrmann
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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15
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AIF meets the CHCHD4/Mia40-dependent mitochondrial import pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165746. [PMID: 32105825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mitochondria of healthy cells, Apoptosis-Inducing factor (AIF) is required for the optimal functioning of the respiratory chain machinery, mitochondrial integrity, cell survival, and proliferation. In all analysed species, it was revealed that the downregulation or depletion of AIF provokes mainly the post-transcriptional loss of respiratory chain Complex I protein subunits. Recent progress in the field has revealed that AIF fulfils its mitochondrial pro-survival function by interacting physically and functionally with CHCHD4, the evolutionarily-conserved human homolog of yeast Mia40. The redox-regulated CHCHD4/Mia40-dependent import machinery operates in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion and controls the import of a set of nuclear-encoded cysteine-motif carrying protein substrates. In addition to their participation in the biogenesis of specific respiratory chain protein subunits, CHCHD4/Mia40 substrates are also implicated in the control of redox regulation, antioxidant response, translation, lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial ultrastructure and dynamics. Here, we discuss recent insights on the AIF/CHCHD4-dependent protein import pathway and review current data concerning the CHCHD4/Mia40 protein substrates in metazoan. Recent findings and the identification of disease-associated mutations in AIF or in specific CHCHD4/Mia40 substrates have highlighted these proteins as potential therapeutic targets in a variety of human disorders.
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16
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Qi Y, Zhao W, Wang T, Pei F, Yue M, Li F, Liu X, Wang X, Li H. Proteomic analysis of the antimicrobial effects of sublethal concentrations of thymol on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3493-3505. [PMID: 32072194 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogen that causes serious and extensive food contamination as well as disease and death worldwide. Considering the increasing severity of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed. As a natural biocide and a component of some essential oils from herbs, thymol is capable of killing various bacteria through a potentially unique mechanism, although the targets of thymol have not been completely elucidated. In this study, the variation in the whole proteome of Salmonella after thymol stress was evaluated using the SWATH multiplex technique. The strain Salmonella Typhimurium CVCC541 was treated with a sublethal concentration (75 μg/mL) of thymol, which rapidly increased the permeability of bacterial membranes at the tested concentration. Thymol destroyed the integrity of the bacterial membrane, as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The proteomes of the treated and untreated cells were characterized after an 8-h treatment. The proteomic analysis of thymol-treated cells indicated that 144 proteins exhibited upregulation or downregulation compared with the control cells, particularly those involved in cellular structure and metabolism. The results of this study showed that thymol may play an antimicrobial role in altering the membrane permeability, virulence change, and antioxidant response of Salmonella Typhimurium. The results of the present study provide an improved understanding of the proteomic response of Salmonella Typhimurium to thymol stress, including the identification of promising targets for the future exploration of innovative approaches to control Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.,College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Fangying Pei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xuannian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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17
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Bohovych I, Dietz JV, Swenson S, Zahayko N, Khalimonchuk O. Redox Regulation of the Mitochondrial Quality Control Protease Oma1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:429-443. [PMID: 31044600 PMCID: PMC6653804 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Normal mitochondrial function and integrity are crucial for cellular physiology. Given the paramount role of mitochondrial quality control proteases in these processes, our study focused on investigating mechanisms by which the activity of a key quality control protease Oma1 is regulated under normal conditions and in response to homeostatic insults. Results: Oma1 was found to be a redox-dependent protein that exists in a semi-oxidized state in yeast and mammalian mitochondria. Biochemical and genetic analyses provide evidence that activity and stability of the Oma1 oligomeric complex can be dynamically tuned in a reduction/oxidation-sensitive manner. Mechanistically, these features appear to be mediated by two intermembrane space (IMS)-exposed highly conserved cysteine residues, Cys272 and Cys332. These residues form a disulfide bond, which likely plays a structural role and influences conformational stability and activity of the Oma1 high-mass complex. Finally, in line with these findings, engineered Oma1 substrate is shown to engage with the protease in a redox-sensitive manner. Innovation: This study provides new insights into the function of the Oma1 protease, a central controller of mitochondrial membrane homeostasis and dynamics, and reveals the novel conserved mechanism of the redox-dependent regulation of Oma1. Conclusion: Disulfide bonds formed by IMS-exposed residues Cys272 and Cys332 play an important evolutionarily conserved role in the regulation of Oma1 function. We propose that the redox status of these cysteines may act as a redox-tunable switch to optimize Oma1 proteolytic function for specific cellular conditions or homeostatic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Bohovych
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jonathan V Dietz
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Samantha Swenson
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Nataliya Zahayko
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.,2 Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.,3 Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.,4 Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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18
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Steele TE, Glynn SE. Mitochondrial AAA proteases: A stairway to degradation. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:121-127. [PMID: 31377246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein quality control requires the action of proteases to remove damaged or unnecessary proteins and perform key regulatory cleavage events. Important components of the quality control network are the mitochondrial AAA proteases, which capture energy from ATP hydrolysis to destabilize and degrade protein substrates on both sides of the inner membrane. Dysfunction of these proteases leads to the breakdown of mitochondrial proteostasis and is linked to the development of severe human diseases. In this review, we will describe recent insights into the structure and motions of the mitochondrial AAA proteases and related enzymes. Together, these studies have revealed the mechanics of ATP-driven protein destruction and significantly advanced our understanding of how these proteases maintain mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Steele
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Steven E Glynn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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19
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Rane HS, Hayek SR, Frye JE, Abeyta EL, Bernardo SM, Parra KJ, Lee SA. Candida albicans Pma1p Contributes to Growth, pH Homeostasis, and Hyphal Formation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1012. [PMID: 31143168 PMCID: PMC6521590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans occupies diverse ecological niches within the host and must tolerate a wide range of environmental pH. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma1p is the major regulator of cytosolic pH in fungi. Pma1p extrudes protons from the cytosol to maintain neutral-to-alkaline pH and is a potential drug target due to its essentiality and fungal specificity. We characterized mutants in which one allele of PMA1 has been deleted and the other truncated by 18–38 amino acids. Increasing C-terminal truncation caused corresponding decreases in plasma membrane ATPase-specific activity and cytosolic pH. Pma1p is regulated by glucose: glucose rapidly activates the ATPase, causing a sharp increase in cytosolic pH. Increasing Pma1p truncation severely impaired this glucose response. Pma1p truncation also altered cation responses, disrupted vacuolar morphology and pH, and reduced filamentation competence. Early studies of cytosolic pH and filamentation have described a rapid, transient alkalinization of the cytosol preceding germ tube formation; Pma1p has been proposed as a regulator of this process. We find Pma1p plays a role in the establishment of cell polarity, and distribution of Pma1p is non-homogenous in emerging hyphae. These findings suggest a role of PMA1 in cytosolic alkalinization and in the specialized form of polarized growth that is filamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie S Rane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Summer R Hayek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jillian E Frye
- Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Esteban L Abeyta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stella M Bernardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Samuel A Lee
- Medicine Service, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States.,Infectious Disease Section, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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20
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Nietzel T, Elsässer M, Ruberti C, Steinbeck J, Ugalde JM, Fuchs P, Wagner S, Ostermann L, Moseler A, Lemke P, Fricker MD, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Moerschbacher BM, Costa A, Meyer AJ, Schwarzländer M. The fluorescent protein sensor roGFP2-Orp1 monitors in vivo H 2 O 2 and thiol redox integration and elucidates intracellular H 2 O 2 dynamics during elicitor-induced oxidative burst in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1649-1664. [PMID: 30347449 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is ubiquitous in cells and at the centre of developmental programmes and environmental responses. Its chemistry in cells makes H2 O2 notoriously hard to detect dynamically, specifically and at high resolution. Genetically encoded sensors overcome persistent shortcomings, but pH sensitivity, silencing of expression and a limited concept of sensor behaviour in vivo have hampered any meaningful H2 O2 sensing in living plants. We established H2 O2 monitoring in the cytosol and the mitochondria of Arabidopsis with the fusion protein roGFP2-Orp1 using confocal microscopy and multiwell fluorimetry. We confirmed sensor oxidation by H2 O2 , show insensitivity to physiological pH changes, and demonstrated that glutathione dominates sensor reduction in vivo. We showed the responsiveness of the sensor to exogenous H2 O2 , pharmacologically-induced H2 O2 release, and genetic interference with the antioxidant machinery in living Arabidopsis tissues. Monitoring intracellular H2 O2 dynamics in response to elicitor exposure reveals the late and prolonged impact of the oxidative burst in the cytosol that is modified in redox mutants. We provided a well defined toolkit for H2 O2 monitoring in planta and showed that intracellular H2 O2 measurements only carry meaning in the context of the endogenous thiol redox systems. This opens new possibilities to dissect plant H2 O2 dynamics and redox regulation, including intracellular NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nietzel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Janina Steinbeck
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - José Manuel Ugalde
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe Fuchs
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lara Ostermann
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- BioSC, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Lemke
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Alex Costa
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- BioSC, c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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21
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AAA Proteases: Guardians of Mitochondrial Function and Homeostasis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100163. [PMID: 30314276 PMCID: PMC6210556 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic, semi-autonomous organelles that execute numerous life-sustaining tasks in eukaryotic cells. Functioning of mitochondria depends on the adequate action of versatile proteinaceous machineries. Fine-tuning of mitochondrial activity in response to cellular needs involves continuous remodeling of organellar proteome. This process not only includes modulation of various biogenetic pathways, but also the removal of superfluous proteins by adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven proteolytic machineries. Accordingly, all mitochondrial sub-compartments are under persistent surveillance of ATP-dependent proteases. Particularly important are highly conserved two inner mitochondrial membrane-bound metalloproteases known as m-AAA and i-AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), whose mis-functioning may lead to impaired organellar function and consequently to development of severe diseases. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge of yeast, mammalian, and plant AAA proteases and their implications in mitochondrial function and homeostasis maintenance.
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22
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Wang X, Guan Z, Gong Z, Yan J, Yang G, Liu YG, Yin P. Crystal structure of WA352 provides insight into cytoplasmic male sterility in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:898-904. [PMID: 29775612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an important phenomenon and is widely utilized in hybrid crop breeding. The Wild Abortive CMS (CMS-WA), a well-known CMS type, has been successfully applied in the commercial production of hybrid rice seeds for more than 40 years. The CMS-WA causal gene WA352 encodes a novel transmenbrane protein and the interacts with the mitochondrial copper chaperone COX11, triggering reactive oxygen species production and resulting in male sterility in CMS-WA lines. However, the structure of WA352 is currently unknown, and the structural mechanism whereby WA352 perturbs COX11 function to cause CMS remains largely unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal functional domain of WA352 at 1.3 Å resolution. This functional domain, consisting of five α helices, is spindle-shaped with a length of 42 Å, and a diameter of 28 Å. Notably, the absence of any structural similarity to a known protein structure suggests that the WA352 functional domain is a novel fold. In addition, surface conservation analysis and structural modeling of the WA352-COX11 complex revealed details about the WA352-COX11 interaction. Further structural analysis suggested that the WA352-COX11 interaction blocks the copper ion transportation activity of COX11, which is essential for the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in male sterility in CMS-WA lines. Our study paves the way toward structural determination of the WA352-COX11 complex and provides new insight into the mechanism of plant CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeyuan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Dubinski AF, Camasta R, Soule TGB, Reed BH, Glerum DM. Consequences of cytochrome c oxidase assembly defects for the yeast stationary phase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:445-458. [PMID: 29567354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is essential for a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain, although the consequences of a loss of assembled COX at yeast stationary phase, an excellent model for terminally differentiated cells in humans, remain largely unexamined. In this study, we show that a wild-type respiratory competent yeast strain at stationary phase is characterized by a decreased oxidative capacity, as seen by a reduction in the amount of assembled COX and by a decrease in protein levels of several COX assembly factors. In contrast, loss of assembled COX results in the decreased abundance of many mitochondrial proteins at stationary phase, which is likely due to decreased membrane potential and changes in mitophagy. In addition to an altered mitochondrial proteome, COX assembly mutants display unexpected changes in markers of cellular oxidative stress at stationary phase. Our results suggest that mitochondria may not be a major source of reactive oxygen species at stationary phase in cells lacking an intact respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia F Dubinski
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Raffaele Camasta
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tyler G B Soule
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bruce H Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D Moira Glerum
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Proteomic Analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Under Cold Stress. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:20-26. [PMID: 28831596 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a kind of food-borne pathogenic bacterium, which can seriously infect food, especially seafood causing gastroenteritis and other disease. We studied the global proteome responses of V. parahaemolyticus under cold stress by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve the present understanding of V. parahaemolyticus proteomics events under cold stress. A total of 1151 proteins were identified and 101 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 69 were significantly up-regulated and 32 were downregulated. Functional categorization of these proteins revealed distinct differences between cold-stressed and control cells. These proteins were grouped into 21 functional categories by the clusters of orthologous groups (COG) analysis. The most of up-regulated proteins were functionally categorized as nucleotide transport and metabolism, transcription, function unknown, and defense mechanisms. These up-regulated proteins play an important role under cold stress.
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25
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Li Y, Lai S, Wang R, Zhao Y, Qin H, Jiang L, Li N, Fu Q, Li C. RNA-Seq Analysis of the Antioxidant Status and Immune Response of Portunus trituberculatus Following Aerial Exposure. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:89-101. [PMID: 28138936 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance has been long considered as an important trait for the life survival under acute environmental stress. One of the biggest problems for modern commercial crab farming is desiccation during transportation; high mortality could occur following the aerial exposure. In this regard, here, we utilized RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling to characterize the molecular responses of swimming crab in response to aerial exposure. In present study, following aerial exposure, the gill samples were sequenced at 0, 6, 12, and 18 h. And the sequenced reads were assembled into 274,594 contigs, with average length of 735.59 bp and N50 size of 1262 bp. After differential expression analysis, a total of 1572 genes were captured significantly differentially expressed, and were categorized into antioxidant/oxidative stress response, chaperones/heat shock proteins, immune alteration, cell proliferation/apoptosis, and cytoskeletal. Our analysis revealed the dramatic tissue oxidant stress and the alteration of the tissue epithelial integrity, especially many genes that have not been reported in crab species. With the limited functional information in crab, further studies are needed and underway in our lab to further characterize the key cellular actors governing the crab tolerance to aerial exposure. Taken together, our results provide molecular resources for further identification of key genes for desiccation tolerance, and to facilitate the molecular selection and breeding of desiccation tolerant strain and family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shoumin Lai
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Renjie Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuchao Zhao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lingxu Jiang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Na Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Zhou ZD, Saw WT, Tan EK. Mitochondrial CHCHD-Containing Proteins: Physiologic Functions and Link with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5534-5546. [PMID: 27631878 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain (CHCHD)-containing proteins are evolutionarily conserved nucleus-encoded small mitochondrial proteins with important functions. So far, nine members have been identified in this protein family. All CHCHD proteins have at least one functional coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix (CHCH) domain, which is stabilized by two pairs of disulfide bonds between two helices. CHCHD proteins have various important pathophysiological roles in mitochondria and other key cellular processes. Mutations of CHCHD proteins have been associated with various human neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations of CHCHD10 are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTD), motor neuron disease, and late-onset spinal muscular atrophy and autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy. CHCHD10 stabilizes mitochondrial crista ultrastructure and maintains its integrity. In patients with CHCHD10 mutations, there are abnormal mitochondrial crista structure, deficiencies of respiratory chain complexes, impaired mitochondrial respiration, and multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. Recently, CHCHD2 mutations are linked with autosomal dominant and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). The CHCHD2 is a multifunctional protein and plays roles in regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, synthesis of respiratory chain components, and modulation of cell apoptosis. With a better understanding of the pathophysiologic roles of CHCHD proteins, they may be potential novel therapeutic targets for human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Wuan-Ting Saw
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.
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Schwarzländer M, Dick TP, Meyer AJ, Morgan B. Dissecting Redox Biology Using Fluorescent Protein Sensors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:680-712. [PMID: 25867539 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescent protein sensors have revitalized the field of redox biology by revolutionizing the study of redox processes in living cells and organisms. RECENT ADVANCES Within one decade, a set of fundamental new insights has been gained, driven by the rapid technical development of in vivo redox sensing. Redox-sensitive yellow and green fluorescent protein variants (rxYFP and roGFPs) have been the central players. CRITICAL ISSUES Although widely used as an established standard tool, important questions remain surrounding their meaningful use in vivo. We review the growing range of thiol redox sensor variants and their application in different cells, tissues, and organisms. We highlight five key findings where in vivo sensing has been instrumental in changing our understanding of redox biology, critically assess the interpretation of in vivo redox data, and discuss technical and biological limitations of current redox sensors and sensing approaches. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We explore how novel sensor variants may further add to the current momentum toward a novel mechanistic and integrated understanding of redox biology in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 680-712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- 1 Plant Energy Biology Lab, Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- 3 Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany .,4 Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern, Germany
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28
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Morgan B, Van Laer K, Owusu TNE, Ezeriņa D, Pastor-Flores D, Amponsah PS, Tursch A, Dick TP. Real-time monitoring of basal H2O2 levels with peroxiredoxin-based probes. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:437-43. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Swenson S, Cannon A, Harris NJ, Taylor NG, Fox JL, Khalimonchuk O. Analysis of Oligomerization Properties of Heme a Synthase Provides Insights into Its Function in Eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10411-25. [PMID: 26940873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme a is an essential cofactor for function of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Several evolutionarily conserved enzymes have been implicated in the biosynthesis of heme a, including the heme a synthase Cox15. However, the structure of Cox15 is unknown, its enzymatic mechanism and the role of active site residues remain debated, and recent discoveries suggest additional chaperone-like roles for this enzyme. Here, we investigated Cox15 in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae via several approaches to examine its oligomeric states and determine the effects of active site and human pathogenic mutations. Our results indicate that Cox15 exhibits homotypic interactions, forming highly stable complexes dependent upon hydrophobic interactions. This multimerization is evolutionarily conserved and independent of heme levels and heme a synthase catalytic activity. Four conserved histidine residues are demonstrated to be critical for eukaryotic heme a synthase activity and cannot be substituted with other heme-ligating amino acids. The 20-residue linker region connecting the two conserved domains of Cox15 is also important; removal of this linker impairs both Cox15 multimerization and enzymatic activity. Mutations of COX15 causing single amino acid conversions associated with fatal infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the neurological disorder Leigh syndrome result in impaired stability (S344P) or catalytic function (R217W), and the latter mutation affects oligomeric properties of the enzyme. Structural modeling of Cox15 suggests these two mutations affect protein folding and heme binding, respectively. We conclude that Cox15 multimerization is important for heme a biosynthesis and/or transfer to maturing cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Swenson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
| | - Andrew Cannon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
| | - Nicholas J Harris
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424
| | - Nicholas G Taylor
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424
| | - Jennifer L Fox
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
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30
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Modjtahedi N, Tokatlidis K, Dessen P, Kroemer G. Mitochondrial Proteins Containing Coiled-Coil-Helix-Coiled-Coil-Helix (CHCH) Domains in Health and Disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:245-260. [PMID: 26782138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix (CHCH) domain-containing protein family that carry (CX9C) type motifs are imported into the mitochondrion with the help of the disulfide relay-dependent MIA import pathway. These evolutionarily conserved proteins are emerging as new cellular factors that control mitochondrial respiration, redox regulation, lipid homeostasis, and membrane ultrastructure and dynamics. We discuss recent insights on the activity of known (CX9C) motif-carrying proteins in mammals and review current data implicating the Mia40/CHCHD4 import machinery in the regulation of their mitochondrial import. Recent findings and the identification of disease-associated mutations in specific (CX9C) motif-carrying proteins have highlighted members of this family of proteins as potential therapeutic targets in a variety of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanine Modjtahedi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1030, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Groupe bioinformatique Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1138, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, AP-HP, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kumar V, Hart AJ, Keerthiraju ER, Waldron PR, Tucker GA, Greetham D. Expression of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Chaperone Gene (COX20) Improves Tolerance to Weak Acid and Oxidative Stress during Yeast Fermentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139129. [PMID: 26427054 PMCID: PMC4591339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the micro-organism of choice for the conversion of fermentable sugars released by the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material into bioethanol. Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material releases acetic acid and previous work identified a cytochrome oxidase chaperone gene (COX20) which was significantly up-regulated in yeast cells in the presence of acetic acid. RESULTS A Δcox20 strain was sensitive to the presence of acetic acid compared with the background strain. Overexpressing COX20 using a tetracycline-regulatable expression vector system in a Δcox20 strain, resulted in tolerance to the presence of acetic acid and tolerance could be ablated with addition of tetracycline. Assays also revealed that overexpression improved tolerance to the presence of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSION This is a study which has utilised tetracycline-regulated protein expression in a fermentation system, which was characterised by improved (or enhanced) tolerance to acetic acid and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Hart
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ethiraju R. Keerthiraju
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Waldron
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory A. Tucker
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Greetham
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Tigano M, Ruotolo R, Dallabona C, Fontanesi F, Barrientos A, Donnini C, Ottonello S. Elongator-dependent modification of cytoplasmic tRNALysUUU is required for mitochondrial function under stress conditions. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8368-80. [PMID: 26240381 PMCID: PMC4787798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain a wider view of the pathways that regulate mitochondrial function, we combined the effect of heat stress on respiratory capacity with the discovery potential of a genome-wide screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified 105 new genes whose deletion impairs respiratory growth at 37°C by interfering with processes such as transcriptional regulation, ubiquitination and cytosolic tRNA wobble uridine modification via 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine formation. The latter process, specifically required for efficient decoding of AA-ending codons under stress conditions, was covered by multiple genes belonging to the Elongator (e.g. ELP3) and urmylation (e.g., NCS6) pathways. ELP3 or NCS6 deletants had impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis. Their respiratory deficiency was selectively rescued by overexpression of tRNA(Lys) UUU as well by overexpression of genes (BCK1 and HFM1) with a strong bias for the AAA codon read by this tRNA. These data extend the mitochondrial regulome, demonstrate that heat stress can impair respiration by disturbing cytoplasmic translation of proteins critically involved in mitochondrial function and document, for the first time, the involvement in such process of the Elongator and urmylation pathways. Given the conservation of these pathways, the present findings may pave the way to a better understanding of the human mitochondrial regulome in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tigano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Ruotolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Claudia Donnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Bode M, Woellhaf MW, Bohnert M, van der Laan M, Sommer F, Jung M, Zimmermann R, Schroda M, Herrmann JM. Redox-regulated dynamic interplay between Cox19 and the copper-binding protein Cox11 in the intermembrane space of mitochondria facilitates biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2385-401. [PMID: 25926683 PMCID: PMC4571295 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the twin Cx9C protein family constitute the largest group of proteins in the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria. Despite their conserved nature and their essential role in the biogenesis of the respiratory chain, the molecular function of twin Cx9C proteins is largely unknown. We performed a SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis to identify interaction partners of the conserved twin Cx9C protein Cox19. We found that Cox19 interacts in a dynamic manner with Cox11, a copper transfer protein that facilitates metalation of the Cu(B) center of subunit 1 of cytochrome c oxidase. The interaction with Cox11 is critical for the stable accumulation of Cox19 in mitochondria. Cox19 consists of a helical hairpin structure that forms a hydrophobic surface characterized by two highly conserved tyrosine-leucine dipeptides. These residues are essential for Cox19 function and its specific binding to a cysteine-containing sequence in Cox11. Our observations suggest that an oxidative modification of this cysteine residue of Cox11 stimulates Cox19 binding, pointing to a redox-regulated interplay of Cox19 and Cox11 that is critical for copper transfer in the IMS and thus for biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bode
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael W Woellhaf
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin van der Laan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Bohovych I, Chan SS, Khalimonchuk O. Mitochondrial protein quality control: the mechanisms guarding mitochondrial health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:977-94. [PMID: 25546710 PMCID: PMC4390190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are complex dynamic organelles pivotal for cellular physiology and human health. Failure to maintain mitochondrial health leads to numerous maladies that include late-onset neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, a decline in mitochondrial health is prevalent with aging. A set of evolutionary conserved mechanisms known as mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is involved in recognition and correction of the mitochondrial proteome. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we review current knowledge and latest developments in MQC. We particularly focus on the proteolytic aspect of MQC and its impact on health and aging. CRITICAL ISSUES While our knowledge about MQC is steadily growing, critical gaps remain in the mechanistic understanding of how MQC modules sense damage and preserve mitochondrial welfare, particularly in higher organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating how coordinated action of the MQC modules orchestrates physiological responses on both organellar and cellular levels will further elucidate the current picture of MQC's role and function in health, cellular stress, and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Sherine S.L. Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Jiang J, Briedé JJ, Jennen DGJ, Van Summeren A, Saritas-Brauers K, Schaart G, Kleinjans JCS, de Kok TMCM. Increased mitochondrial ROS formation by acetaminophen in human hepatic cells is associated with gene expression changes suggesting disruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:139-50. [PMID: 25704631 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdosage results in hepatotoxicity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood. In the current study, we focused on mitochondrial-specific oxidative liver injury induced by APAP exposure. Owning to genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 gene or varying inducibility by xenobiotics, the CYP2E1 mRNA level and protein activity vary extensively among individuals. As CYP2E1 is a known ROS generating enzyme, we chose HepG2 to minimize CYP2E1-induced ROS formation, which will help us better understand the APAP induced mitochondrial-specific hepatotoxicity in a subpopulation with low CYP2E1 activity. HepG2 cells were exposed to a low and toxic dose (0.5 and 10mM) of APAP and analyzed at four time points for genome-wide gene expression. Mitochondria were isolated and electron spin resonance spectroscopy was performed to measure the formation of mitochondrial ROS. The yield of ATP was measured to confirm the impact of the toxic dose of APAP on cellular energy production. Our results indicate that 10mM APAP significantly influences the expression of mitochondrial protein-encoding genes in association with an increase in mitochondrial ROS formation. Additionally, 10mM APAP affects the expression of genes encoding the subunits of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, which may alter normal mitochondrial functions by disrupting the assembly, stability, and structural integrity of ETC complexes, leading to a measurable depletion of ATP, and cell death. The expression of mitochondrium-specific antioxidant enzyme, SOD2, is reduced which may limit the ROS scavenging ability and cause imbalance of the mitochondrial ROS homeostasis. Overall, transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular processes involved in the observed APAP-induced increase of mitochondrial ROS formation and the associated APAP-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jiang
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacob J Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Van Summeren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Saritas-Brauers
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, School of nutrition, Toxicology and metabolism (NUTRIM) Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M C M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Kojer K, Peleh V, Calabrese G, Herrmann JM, Riemer J. Kinetic control by limiting glutaredoxin amounts enables thiol oxidation in the reducing mitochondrial intermembrane space. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:195-204. [PMID: 25392302 PMCID: PMC4294668 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space are oxidatively folded by the incorporation of structural disulfide bonds. Efficient protein oxidation in this highly reducing compartment is possible only because glutaredoxins, which could translate the glutathione redox potential into that of protein thiols, are present at limiting levels. The mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) harbors an oxidizing machinery that drives import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins without targeting signals. The main component of this pathway is the oxidoreductase Mia40, which introduces disulfides into its substrates. We recently showed that the IMS glutathione pool is maintained as reducing as that of the cytosol. It thus remained unclear how equilibration of protein disulfides with the IMS glutathione pool is prevented in order to allow oxidation-driven protein import. Here we demonstrate the presence of glutaredoxins in the IMS and show that limiting amounts of these glutaredoxins provide a kinetic barrier to prevent the thermodynamically feasible reduction of Mia40 substrates by the IMS glutathione pool. Moreover, they allow Mia40 to exist in a predominantly oxidized state. Consequently, overexpression of glutaredoxin 2 in the IMS results in a more reduced Mia40 redox state and a delay in oxidative folding and mitochondrial import of different Mia40 substrates. Our findings thus indicate that carefully balanced glutaredoxin amounts in the IMS ensure efficient oxidative folding in the reducing environment of this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kojer
- Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Valentina Peleh
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gaetano Calabrese
- Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Jan Riemer
- Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Bifano TD, Ueti MW, Esteves E, Reif KE, Braz GRC, Scoles GA, Bastos RG, White SN, Daffre S. Knockdown of the Rhipicephalus microplus cytochrome c oxidase subunit III gene is associated with a failure of Anaplasma marginale transmission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98614. [PMID: 24878588 PMCID: PMC4039488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite of cattle and an important biological vector of Anaplasma marginale in tropical and subtropical regions. The primary determinants for A. marginale transmission are infection of the tick gut, followed by infection of salivary glands. Transmission of A. marginale to cattle occurs via infected saliva delivered during tick feeding. Interference in colonization of either the tick gut or salivary glands can affect transmission of A. marginale to naïve animals. In this study, we used the tick embryonic cell line BME26 to identify genes that are modulated in response to A. marginale infection. Suppression-subtractive hybridization libraries (SSH) were constructed, and five up-regulated genes {glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome c oxidase sub III (COXIII), dynein (DYN), synaptobrevin (SYN) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate 3-phosphatase (PHOS)} were selected as targets for functional in vivo genomic analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to determine the effect of tick gene knockdown on A. marginale acquisition and transmission. Although RNAi consistently knocked down all individually examined tick genes in infected tick guts and salivary glands, only the group of ticks injected with dsCOXIII failed to transmit A. marginale to naïve calves. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that RNAi of a tick gene is associated with a failure of A. marginale transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais D. Bifano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Massaro W. Ueti
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington United States of America
| | - Eliane Esteves
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathryn E. Reif
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Glória R. C. Braz
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Glen A. Scoles
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington United States of America
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen N. White
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington United States of America
| | - Sirlei Daffre
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The major function of disulfide bonds is not only the stabilization of protein structures. Over the last 30 years, a change in perspective took place driven by groundbreaking experiments, which promoted disulfide bonds to central players in essential thiol-disulfide exchange reactions involved in signal transduction, thiol protection, and redox homeostasis regulation. This new view stimulated redox research and led to the discovery of novel redox pathways, redox enzymes, and new low-molecular-weight thiols. These redox-sensitive molecules operate along diverse pathways via a dynamic thiol-disulfide mechanism in which disulfide bonds are reversibly formed and reduced, thereby switching the molecules between different conformational and functional states. It is now clear that disulfide bonds play a pivotal role in cellular reduction and oxidation processes. However, in spite of the fundamental cell biological and medical importance of the thiol-disulfide exchange switches, we are only beginning to understand their principles of specificity, their mechanism of action, and their role in signal transduction. Our further progress in understanding the thiol-disulfide switches will strongly depend on the chemical tools and on the technological advances that will be made in the development of new methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Messens
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Collet
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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