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Fotovvat M, Najafi F, Khavari-Nejad RA, Talei D, Rejali F. Investigating the simultaneous effect of chitosan and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, phenolic compounds, PAL enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in Salvia nemorosa L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108617. [PMID: 38608504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Considering the importance of Salvia nemorosa L. in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and also beneficial approaches of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis and the use of bioelicitors such as chitosan to improve secondary metabolites, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of chitosan on the symbiosis of AMF and the effect of both on the biochemical and phytochemical performance of this plant and finally introduced the best treatment. Two factors were considered for the factorial experiment: AMF with four levels (non-inoculated plants, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and the combination of both), and chitosan with six levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg L-1 and 1% acetic acid). Four months after treatments, the aerial part and root length, the levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents and the main secondary metabolites (rosmarinic acid and quercetin) in the leaves and roots were determined. The flowering stage was observed in R. intraradices treatments and the highest percentage of colonization (78.87%) was observed in the treatment of F. mosseae × 400 mg L-1 chitosan. Furthermore, simultaneous application of chitosan and AMF were more effective than their separate application to induce phenolic compounds accumulation, PAL activity and reduce oxidative compounds. The cluster and principal component analysis based on the measured variables indicated that the treatments could be classified into three clusters. It seems that different treatments in different tissues have different effects. However, in an overview, it can be concluded that 400 mg L-1 chitosan and F. mosseae × R. intraradices showed better results in single and simultaneous applications. The results of this research can be considered in the optimization of this medicinal plant under normal conditions and experiments related to abiotic stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Fotovvat
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daryush Talei
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, 3319118651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rejali
- Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 3177993545, Karaj, Iran
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Fukudome M, Uchiumi T. Regulation of nitric oxide by phytoglobins in Lotus japonicus is involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111984. [PMID: 38220094 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Various reactive molecular species are generated in plant-microbe interactions, and these species participate in defense and symbiotic responses. Leguminous plants successfully establish symbiosis by maintaining an appropriate level of nitric oxide (NO), which is generated in the roots and nodules during root nodule symbiosis. Phytoglobin (plant hemoglobin) controls NO levels in plants. In this study, we investigated mycorrhizal symbiosis, which occurs in more than 80% of land plants, between Rhizophagus irregularis and Lotus japonicus to clarify the involvement of phytoglobin-mediated NO regulation. The mycorrhizae of L. japonicus exhibited higher NO levels in the presence of R. irregularis than in its absence, especially at the infection site. LjGlb1-1, a phytoglobin that regulates NO level in L. japonicus, was upregulated during symbiosis with R. irregularis. In transformed hairy roots carrying the ProLjGlb1-1:GUS construct, LjGlb1-1 expression was observed at the R. irregularis infection site. We further examined the symbiotic phenotypes of L. japonicus lines with high and low LjGlb1-1 expression with R. irregularis. During mycorrhizal symbiosis, the high LjGlb1-1 expression line exhibited better growth than the wild-type, whereas the low expression line exhibited poor growth. In addition, the expression of LjPT4, a phosphate transporter specific to mycorrhizal symbiosis, was higher in the high LjGlb1-1 expression line, whereas that of the tubulin gene of R. irregularis was lower in the low LjGlb1-1 expression line than in the wild-type. These results confirm that NO regulation by LjGlb1-1 is involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis in L. japonicus, as it is reportedly in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Fukudome
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Pathak PK, Yadav N, Kaladhar VC, Jaiswal R, Kumari A, Igamberdiev AU, Loake GJ, Gupta KJ. The emerging roles of nitric oxide and its associated scavengers-phytoglobins-in plant symbiotic interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:563-577. [PMID: 37843034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A key feature in the establishment of symbiosis between plants and microbes is the maintenance of the balance between the production of the small redox-related molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and its cognate scavenging pathways. During the establishment of symbiosis, a transition from a normoxic to a microoxic environment often takes place, triggering the production of NO from nitrite via a reductive production pathway. Plant hemoglobins [phytoglobins (Phytogbs)] are a central tenant of NO scavenging, with NO homeostasis maintained via the Phytogb-NO cycle. While the first plant hemoglobin (leghemoglobin), associated with the symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and bacterial Rhizobium species, was discovered in 1939, most other plant hemoglobins, identified only in the 1990s, were considered as non-symbiotic. From recent studies, it is becoming evident that the role of Phytogbs1 in the establishment and maintenance of plant-bacterial and plant-fungal symbiosis is also essential in roots. Consequently, the division of plant hemoglobins into symbiotic and non-symbiotic groups becomes less justified. While the main function of Phytogbs1 is related to the regulation of NO levels, participation of these proteins in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms represents another important dimension among the other processes in which these key redox-regulatory proteins play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rekha Jaiswal
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Lepetit M, Brouquisse R. New insights into the control of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by carbon supply. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1724-1726. [PMID: 37794681 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lepetit
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Oliveira MS, Santos KFDN, de Paula RM, Vitorino LC, Bessa LA, Greer A, Di Mascio P, de Souza JCP, Martin-Didonet CCG. Nitric Oxide Detection Using a Chemical Trap Method for Applications in Bacterial Systems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2210. [PMID: 37764053 PMCID: PMC10536504 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be incorporated in biofertilizer formulations, which promote plant growth in different ways, such as fixing nitrogen and producing phytohormones and nitric oxide (NO). NO is a free radical involved in the growth and defense responses of plants and bacteria. NO detection is vital for further investigation in different agronomically important bacteria. NO production in the presence of KNO3 was evaluated over 1-3 days using eight bacterial strains, quantified by the usual Griess reaction, and monitored by 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN), yielding 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT), as analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The Greiss and trapping reaction results showed that Azospirillum brasilense (HM053 and FP2), Rhizobium tropici (Br322), and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (Pal 5) produced the highest NO levels 24 h after inoculation, whereas Nitrospirillum amazonense (Y2) and Herbaspirillum seropedicae (SmR1) showed no NO production. In contrast to the literature, in NFbHP-NH4Cl-lactate culture medium with KNO3, NO trapping led to the recovery of a product with a molecular mass ion of 182 Da, namely, 1,2,3,4-naphthotetrazole (NTT), which contained one more nitrogen atom than the usual NAT product with 169 Da. This strategy allows monitoring and tracking NO production in potential biofertilizing bacteria, providing future opportunities to better understand the mechanisms of bacteria-plant interaction and also to manipulate the amount of NO that will sustain the PGPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Silva Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Departamento de Agroquímica, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (J.C.P.d.S.)
- Câmpus Henrique Santillo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, BR 153 n° 3105—Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (K.F.D.N.S.); (R.M.d.P.); (C.C.G.M.-D.)
- Simple Agro Corporation, rua Parque General Borges Forte, 400, Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, GO, Brazil
| | - Karina F. D. N. Santos
- Câmpus Henrique Santillo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, BR 153 n° 3105—Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (K.F.D.N.S.); (R.M.d.P.); (C.C.G.M.-D.)
| | - Railane Monteiro de Paula
- Câmpus Henrique Santillo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, BR 153 n° 3105—Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (K.F.D.N.S.); (R.M.d.P.); (C.C.G.M.-D.)
| | - Luciana C. Vitorino
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Departamento de Agroquímica, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (J.C.P.d.S.)
- Simple Agro Corporation, rua Parque General Borges Forte, 400, Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, GO, Brazil
| | - Layara A. Bessa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Departamento de Agroquímica, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (J.C.P.d.S.)
- Simple Agro Corporation, rua Parque General Borges Forte, 400, Jardim Goiás, Rio Verde 75903-421, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA;
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - João C. P. de Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Departamento de Agroquímica, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (L.A.B.); (J.C.P.d.S.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, São Paulo 17033-360, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia C. G. Martin-Didonet
- Câmpus Henrique Santillo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Henrique Santillo, BR 153 n° 3105—Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (K.F.D.N.S.); (R.M.d.P.); (C.C.G.M.-D.)
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Long S, Su M, Chen X, Hu A, Yu F, Zou Q, Cheng G. Proteomic and Mutant Analysis of Hydrogenase Maturation Protein Gene hypE in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of Mesorhizobium huakuii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12534. [PMID: 37628715 PMCID: PMC10454058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenases catalyze the simple yet important redox reaction between protons and electrons and H2, thus mediating symbiotic interactions. The contribution of hydrogenase to this symbiosis and anti-oxidative damage was investigated using the M. huakuii hypE (encoding hydrogenase maturation protein) mutant. The hypE mutant grew a little faster than its parental 7653R and displayed decreased antioxidative capacity under H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that hypE gene expression is significantly up-regulated in all the detected stages of nodule development. Although the hypE mutant can form nodules, the symbiotic ability was severely impaired, which led to an abnormal nodulation phenotype coupled to a 47% reduction in nitrogen fixation capacity. This phenotype was linked to the formation of smaller abnormal nodules containing disintegrating and prematurely senescent bacteroids. Proteomics analysis allowed a total of ninety differentially expressed proteins (fold change > 1.5 or <0.67, p < 0.05) to be identified. Of these proteins, 21 are related to stress response and virulence, 21 are involved in transporter activity, and 18 are involved in energy and nitrogen metabolism. Overall, the HypE protein is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, playing independent roles in supplying energy and electrons, in bacterial detoxification, and in the control of bacteroid differentiation and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guojun Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zboińska M, Janeczko A, Kabała K. Involvement of NO in V-ATPase Regulation in Cucumber Roots under Control and Cadmium Stress Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2884. [PMID: 37571036 PMCID: PMC10420687 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that participates in plant adaptation to adverse environmental factors. This study aimed to clarify the role of NO in the regulation of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) in the roots of cucumber seedlings grown under control and Cd stress conditions. In addition, the relationship between NO and salicylic acid (SA), as well as their interrelations with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have been verified. The effect of NO on V-ATPase was studied by analyzing two enzyme activities, the expression level of selected VHA genes and the protein level of selected VHA subunits in plants treated with a NO donor (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) and NO biosynthesis inhibitors (tungstate, WO42- and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME). Our results indicate that NO functions as a positive regulator of V-ATPase and that this regulation depends on NO generated by nitrate reductase and NOS-like activity. It was found that the mechanism of NO action is not related to changes in the gene expression or protein level of the V-ATPase subunits. The results suggest that in cucumber roots, NO signaling interacts with the SA pathway and, to a lesser extent, with two other known V-ATPase regulators, H2O2 and H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zboińska
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Janeczko
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kabała
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland;
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Nazaret F, Alloing G, Mandon K, Frendo P. MarR Family Transcriptional Regulators and Their Roles in Plant-Interacting Bacteria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1936. [PMID: 37630496 PMCID: PMC10458429 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between plants and associated soil microorganisms plays a major role in ecosystem functioning. Plant-bacteria interactions involve complex signaling pathways regulating various processes required by bacteria to adapt to their fluctuating environment. The establishment and maintenance of these interactions rely on the ability of the bacteria to sense and respond to biotic and abiotic environmental signals. In this context, MarR family transcriptional regulators can use these signals for transcriptional regulation, which is required to establish adapted responses. MarR-like transcriptional regulators are essential for the regulation of the specialized functions involved in plant-bacteria interactions in response to a wide range of molecules associated with the plant host. The conversion of environmental signals into changes in bacterial physiology and behavior allows the bacteria to colonize the plant and ensure a successful interaction. This review focuses on the mechanisms of plant-signal perception by MarR-like regulators, namely how they (i) allow bacteria to cope with the rhizosphere and plant endosphere, (ii) regulate the beneficial functions of Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria and (iii) regulate the virulence of phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (F.N.); (G.A.); (K.M.)
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Hall RM, Wagentristl H, Renner-Martin K, Urban B, Durec N, Kaul HP. Extracts and Residues of Common Ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) Cause Alterations in Root and Shoot Growth of Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091768. [PMID: 37176826 PMCID: PMC10180818 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Following the novel weapon hypothesis, the invasiveness of non-native species, such as common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) can result from a loss of natural competitors due to the production of chemical compounds, which negatively affect native communities. Particularly the genus Ambrosia produces several types of organic compounds, which have the potential to inhibit germination and growth of other plants. Subsequent to an assessment of the chemical content of three different ragweed extracts (aqueous shoot and root extracts, as well as essential oil), two different trials on the effects of different concentrations of these extracts, as well as ragweed residues, were conducted on two different mediums (Petri dish vs. soil). In addition, we investigated the impact on the infection potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on soybean roots in three different soil types (arable soil, potting soil, and sand). The results showed that the exposure to common ragweed extracts and residues induced changes in the biomass and root production of crops and ragweed itself. Even though crops and ragweed differed in their response behavior, the strongest negative impact on all crops and ragweed was observed with ragweed residues, leading to reductions in biomass and root growth of up to 90%. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the number of rhizobial nodules of up to 48% when soybean was exposed to ragweed root extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Maria Hall
- Institute of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Wagentristl
- Experimental Farm, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 2301 Groß-Enzersdorf, Austria
| | - Katharina Renner-Martin
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Urban
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Durec
- Institute of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Kaul
- Institute of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Lepetit M, Brouquisse R. Control of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis by the plant nitrogen demand is tightly integrated at the whole plant level and requires inter-organ systemic signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114840. [PMID: 36968361 PMCID: PMC10033964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nodules formed on legume roots with rhizobia fix atmospheric N2. Bacteria reduce N2 to NH4 + that is assimilated into amino acids by the plant. In return, the plant provides photosynthates to fuel the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis is tightly adjusted to the whole plant nutritional demand and to the plant photosynthetic capacities, but regulatory circuits behind this control remain poorly understood. The use of split-root systems combined with biochemical, physiological, metabolomic, transcriptomic, and genetic approaches revealed that multiple pathways are acting in parallel. Systemic signaling mechanisms of the plant N demand are required for the control of nodule organogenesis, mature nodule functioning, and nodule senescence. N-satiety/N-deficit systemic signaling correlates with rapid variations of the nodules' sugar levels, tuning symbiosis by C resources allocation. These mechanisms are responsible for the adjustment of plant symbiotic capacities to the mineral N resources. On the one hand, if mineral N can satisfy the plant N demand, nodule formation is inhibited, and nodule senescence is activated. On the other hand, local conditions (abiotic stresses) may impair symbiotic activity resulting in plant N limitation. In these conditions, systemic signaling may compensate the N deficit by stimulating symbiotic root N foraging. In the past decade, several molecular components of the systemic signaling pathways controlling nodule formation have been identified, but a major challenge remains, that is, to understand their specificity as compared to the mechanisms of non-symbiotic plants that control root development and how they contribute to the whole plant phenotypes. Less is known about the control of mature nodule development and functioning by N and C nutritional status of the plant, but a hypothetical model involving the sucrose allocation to the nodule as a systemic signaling process, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the redox status as potential effectors of this signaling is emerging. This work highlights the importance of organism integration in plant biology.
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Oxidative Status of Medicago truncatula Seedlings after Inoculation with Rhizobacteria of the Genus Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus and Sinorhizobium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054781. [PMID: 36902209 PMCID: PMC10003724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of scientists working to raise agricultural productivity see the potential in the roots and the soil adjacent to them, together with a wealth of micro-organisms. The first mechanisms activated in the plant during any abiotic or biotic stress concern changes in the oxidative status of the plant. With this in mind, for the first time, an attempt was made to check whether the inoculation of seedlings of the model plant Medicago truncatula with rhizobacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas (P. brassicacearum KK5, P. corrugata KK7), Paenibacillus borealis KK4 and a symbiotic strain Sinorhizobium meliloti KK13 would change the oxidative status in the days following inoculation. Initially, an increase in H2O2 synthesis was observed, which led to an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes responsible for regulating hydrogen peroxide levels. The main enzyme involved in the reduction of H2O2 content in the roots was catalase. The observed changes indicate the possibility of using the applied rhizobacteria to induce processes related to plant resistance and thus to ensure protection against environmental stress factors. In the next stages, it seems reasonable to check whether the initial changes in the oxidative state affect the activation of other pathways related to plant immunity.
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. H 2 O 2 , NO, and H 2 S networks during root development and signalling under physiological and challenging environments: Beneficial or toxic? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:688-717. [PMID: 36583401 PMCID: PMC10108057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a key modulator of the development and architecture of the root system under physiological and adverse environmental conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) also exert myriad functions on plant development and signalling. Accumulating pieces of evidence show that depending upon the dose and mode of applications, NO and H2 S can have synergistic or antagonistic actions in mediating H2 O2 signalling during root development. Thus, H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk might essentially impart tolerance to elude oxidative stress in roots. Growth and proliferation of root apex involve crucial orchestration of NO and H2 S-mediated ROS signalling which also comprise other components including mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), and Ca2+ flux. This assessment provides a comprehensive update on the cooperative roles of NO and H2 S in modulating H2 O2 homoeostasis during root development, abiotic stress tolerance, and root-microbe interaction. Furthermore, it also analyses the scopes of some fascinating future investigations associated with strigolactone and karrikins concerning H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur CollegeUniversity of KalyaniWest BengalIndia
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signalling in PlantsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC)GranadaSpain
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13
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Lin XY, Zhang NN, Yao BH, Zhang X, Liu WY, Zhang WQ, Zhang JH, Wei GH, Chen J. Interactions between hydrogen sulphide and rhizobia modulate the physiological and metabolism process during water deficiency-induced oxidative defense in soybean. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3249-3274. [PMID: 36043459 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), a new gas signal molecule, participates in the regulation of various abiotic stresses in plants. However, how the tandem working of H2 S and rhizobia affects the adaptation of soybean to water deficiency is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the adaptation mechanism of H2 S and rhizobia in soybean to water deficiency. Our results revealed that H2 S and rhizobia jointly enhanced the leaf chlorophyll content and relative water content in plants, and caused an increase in the biomass of soybean seedlings under water deficiency. Besides, in the absence of water, H2 S enhanced the biomass by affecting the number of nodules and nitrogenase activity during vegetative growth. The expression of nodulation marker genes including early nodulin 40 (GmENOD40), ERF required for nodulation (GmERN) and nodulation inception genes (GmNIN1a, GmNIN2a and GmNIN2b) were upregulated by H2 S and rhizobia in the nodules. Moreover, the combined effect of H2 S and rhizobia was proved to affect the enzyme activities and gene expression level of antioxidants, as well as osmotic protective substance content and related gene expression levels under water deficiency in soybean seedlings. In addition, the metabolomic results suggested that the combined effect of H2 S and rhizobia remarkably promoted the contents of lipids and lipid-like molecules. Our results indicated that H2 S and rhizobia synergistically reduced the oxidative damage caused by water deficiency through increasing the accumulation of metabolites and strengthening the plant antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Hui Yao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge-Hong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ruiz B, Sauviac L, Brouquisse R, Bruand C, Meilhoc E. Role of Nitric Oxide of Bacterial Origin in the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:887-892. [PMID: 35762680 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0118-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small ubiquitous gaseous molecule that has been found in many host-pathogen interactions. NO has been shown to be part of the defense arsenal of animal cells and more recently of plant cells. To fight this molecular weapon, pathogens have evolved responses consisting of adaptation to NO or degradation of this toxic molecule. More recently, it was shown that NO could also be produced by the pathogen and contributes likewise to the success of the host cell infection. NO is also present during symbiotic interactions. Despite growing knowledge about the role of NO during friendly interactions, data on the specificity of action of NO produced by each partner are scarce, partly due to the multiplicity of NO production systems. In the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between the soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti and the model legume Medicago truncatula, NO has been detected at all steps of the interaction, where it displays various roles. Both partners contribute to NO production inside the legume root nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs. The study focuses on the role of bacterial NO in this interaction. We used a genetic approach to identify bacterial NO sources in the symbiotic context and to test the phenotype in planta of bacterial mutants affected in NO production. Our results show that only denitrification is a source of bacterial NO in Medicago nodules, giving insight into the role of bacteria-derived NO at different steps of the symbiotic interaction. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ruiz
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Sauviac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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15
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Pacoud M, Mandon K, Cazareth J, Pierre O, Frendo P, Alloing G. Redox-sensitive fluorescent biosensors detect Sinorhizobium meliloti intracellular redox changes under free-living and symbiotic lifestyles. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 184:185-195. [PMID: 35390454 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are key signaling molecules that control the setup and functioning of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. This interaction results in the formation of a new organ, the root nodule, in which bacteria enter the host cells and differentiate into nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteroids. The interaction between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago truncatula is a genetic model to study N2-fixing symbiosis. In previous work, S. meliloti mutants impaired in the antioxidant defense, showed altered symbiotic properties, emphasizing the importance of redox-based regulation in the bacterial partner. However, direct measurements of S. meliloti intracellular redox state have never been performed. Here, we measured dynamic changes of intracellular H2O2 and glutathione redox potential by expressing roGFP2-Orp1 and Grx1-roGFP2 biosensors in S. meliloti. Kinetic analyses of redox changes under free-living conditions showed that these biosensors are suitable to monitor the bacterial redox state in real-time, after H2O2 challenge and in different genetic backgrounds. In planta, flow cytometry and confocal imaging experiments allowed the determination of sensor oxidation state in nodule bacteria. These cellular studies establish the existence of an oxidative shift in the redox status of S. meliloti during bacteroid differentiation. Our findings open up new possibilities for in vivo studies of redox dynamics during N2-fixing symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pacoud
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mandon
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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16
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Utilization of Legume-Nodule Bacterial Symbiosis in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050676. [PMID: 35625404 PMCID: PMC9138774 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The legume–rhizobium symbiosis is one of the most beneficial interactions with high importance in agriculture, as it delivers nitrogen to plants and soil, thereby enhancing plant growth. Currently, this symbiosis is increasingly being exploited in phytoremediation of metal contaminated soil to improve soil fertility and simultaneously metal extraction or stabilization. Rhizobia increase phytoremediation directly by nitrogen fixation, protection of plants from pathogens, and production of plant growth-promoting factors and phytohormones. Abstract With the increasing industrial activity of the growing human population, the accumulation of various contaminants in soil, including heavy metals, has increased rapidly. Heavy metals as non-biodegradable elements persist in the soil environment and may pollute crop plants, further accumulating in the human body causing serious conditions. Hence, phytoremediation of land contamination as an environmental restoration technology is desirable for both human health and broad-sense ecology. Legumes (Fabaceae), which play a special role in nitrogen cycling, are dominant plants in contaminated areas. Therefore, the use of legumes and associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the soil is environmentally friendly and becomes a promising strategy for phytoremediation and phytostabilization. Rhizobia, which have such plant growth-promoting (PGP) features as phosphorus solubilization, phytohormone synthesis, siderophore release, production of beneficial compounds for plants, and most of all nitrogen fixation, may promote legume growth while diminishing metal toxicity. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive description of the main effects of metal contaminants in nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants and the benefits of using the legume–rhizobium symbiosis with both wild-type and genetically modified plants and bacteria to enhance an efficient recovery of contaminated lands.
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Song JH, Montes-Luz B, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Cui Y, Su L, Xu D, Stacey G. High-Resolution Translatome Analysis Reveals Cortical Cell Programs During Early Soybean Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820348. [PMID: 35498680 PMCID: PMC9048599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nodule organogenesis in legumes is regulated temporally and spatially through gene networks. Genome-wide transcriptome, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses have been used previously to define the functional role of various plant genes in the nodulation process. However, while significant progress has been made, most of these studies have suffered from tissue dilution since only a few cells/root regions respond to rhizobial infection, with much of the root non-responsive. To partially overcome this issue, we adopted translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) to specifically monitor the response of the root cortex to rhizobial inoculation using a cortex-specific promoter. While previous studies have largely focused on the plant response within the root epidermis (e.g., root hairs) or within developing nodules, much less is known about the early responses within the root cortex, such as in relation to the development of the nodule primordium or growth of the infection thread. We focused on identifying genes specifically regulated during early nodule organogenesis using roots inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. A number of novel nodulation gene candidates were discovered, as well as soybean orthologs of nodulation genes previously reported in other legumes. The differential cortex expression of several genes was confirmed using a promoter-GUS analysis, and RNAi was used to investigate gene function. Notably, a number of differentially regulated genes involved in phytohormone signaling, including auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellic acid (GA), were also discovered, providing deep insight into phytohormone signaling during early nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyo Song
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bruna Montes-Luz
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michelle Zibetti Tadra-Sfeir
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yaya Cui
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lingtao Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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18
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Ma J, Zhou Y, Li J, Song Z, Han H. Novel approach to enhance Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens nodulation through continuous induction of ROS by manganese ferrite nanomaterials in soybean. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:168. [PMID: 35361201 PMCID: PMC8973989 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of symbiotic nitrogen fixation between (SNF) legumes and rhizobia has always been a hot frontier in scientific research. Nanotechnology provides a new strategy for biological nitrogen fixation research. However, how to construct abiotic nano-structure-biological system, using the special properties of nanomaterials, to realize the self-enhancement of biological nitrogen fixation capacity is important. RESULTS In order to construct a more efficient SNF system, in this study, we applied manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MF-NPs) with sustainable diatomic catalysis to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus regulating the nodulation pathway and increasing the number of nodules in soybean (Glycine max), eventually enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis cultivation of MF-NPs and soybean plants resulted in 50.85% and 61.4% increase in nodule weight and number, respectively, thus inducing a 151.36% nitrogen fixation efficiency increase, finally leading to a 25.70% biomass accumulation increase despite no substantial effect on the nitrogenase activity per unit. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that of 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 31 DEGs related to soybean nodulation were upregulated in late rhizobium inoculation stage (12 d), indicating that the increase of nodules was derived from nodule-related genes (Nod-R) continuous inductions by MF-NPs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the nodule number could be effectively increased by extending the nodulation period without threatening the vegetative growth of plants or triggering the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. This study provides an effective strategy for induction of super-conventional nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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19
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Ivanova KA, Chernova EN, Kulaeva OA, Tsyganova AV, Kusakin PG, Russkikh IV, Tikhonovich IA, Tsyganov VE. The Regulation of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodule Infection and Defense Responses by Glutathione, Homoglutathione, and Their Ratio. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843565. [PMID: 35432395 PMCID: PMC9006610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the roles of glutathione (GSH), homoglutathione (hGSH), and their ratio in symbiotic nodule development and functioning, as well as in defense responses accompanying ineffective nodulation in pea (Pisum sativum) were investigated. The expression of genes involved in (h)GSH biosynthesis, thiol content, and localization of the reduced form of GSH were analyzed in nodules of wild-type pea plants and mutants sym33-3 (weak allele, "locked" infection threads, occasional bacterial release, and defense reactions) and sym33-2 (strong allele, "locked" infection threads, defense reactions), and sym40-1 (abnormal bacteroids, oxidative stress, early senescence, and defense reactions). The effects of (h)GSH depletion and GSH treatment on nodule number and development were also examined. The GSH:hGSH ratio was found to be higher in nodules than in uninoculated roots in all genotypes analyzed, with the highest value being detected in wild-type nodules. Moreover, it was demonstrated, that a hGSHS-to-GSHS switch in gene expression in nodule tissue occurs only after bacterial release and leads to an increase in the GSH:hGSH ratio. Ineffective nodules showed variable GSH:hGSH ratios that correlated with the stage of nodule development. Changes in the levels of both thiols led to the activation of defense responses in nodules. The application of a (h)GSH biosynthesis inhibitor disrupted the nitrogen fixation zone in wild-type nodules, affected symbiosome formation in sym40-1 mutant nodules, and meristem functioning and infection thread growth in sym33-3 mutant nodules. An increase in the levels of both thiols following GSH treatment promoted both infection and extension of defense responses in sym33-3 nodules, whereas a similar increase in sym40-1 nodules led to the formation of infected cells resembling wild-type nitrogen-fixing cells and the disappearance of an early senescence zone in the base of the nodule. Meanwhile, an increase in hGSH levels in sym40-1 nodules resulting from GSH treatment manifested as a restriction of infection similar to that seen in untreated sym33-3 nodules. These findings indicated that a certain level of thiols is required for proper symbiotic nitrogen fixation and that changes in thiol content or the GSH:hGSH ratio are associated with different abnormalities and defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira A. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Chernova
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Kulaeva
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pyotr G. Kusakin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Iana V. Russkikh
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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20
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Yang Z, Du H, Sun J, Xing X, Kong Y, Li W, Li X, Zhang C. A Nodule-Localized Small Heat Shock Protein GmHSP17.1 Confers Nodule Development and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838718. [PMID: 35356122 PMCID: PMC8959767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous proteins present in all organisms. The sHSPs are not only upregulated under heat shock as well as other stresses but also are expressed in unstressed cells, indicating quite diverse functions of sHSPs. However, there is little known about the role of sHSPs in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean. In this study, we cloned a candidate protein of sHSP, GmHSP17.1, from proteome of nodule and analyzed its function in soybean nodulation. We found that GmHSP17.1 was a cytosolic protein and preferentially expressed during nodule development. An overexpression of GmHSP17.1 in composite transgenic plants showed increases in nodule number, fresh weight, nodule size, area of infection cells, and nitrogenase activity, and subsequently promoted the content of nitrogen and growth of soybean plants. While GmHSP17.1 RNA interference (RNAi) lines showed significantly impaired nodule development and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), GmRIP1 was identified as the first potential target of GmHSP17.1, and was shown to be specifically expressed in soybean nodules. The interaction between GmHSP17.1 and GmRIP1 was further confirmed by yeast-two hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in vivo and pull-down assay in vitro. Furthermore, peroxidase activity was markedly increased in GmHSP17.1 overexpressed nodules and decreased in RNAi lines. As a result, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content greatly decreased in GmHSP17.1 overexpression lines and increased in suppression lines. Taken together, we conclude that GmHSP17.1 plays an important role in soybean nodulation through interacting with GmRIP1. Our results provide foundation for studying the mechanism of nitrogen fixation and for the genetics improvement of legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Du
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinzhu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Youbin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xihuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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21
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Hawkins JP, Oresnik IJ. The Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Co-opting Successful Stress Management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:796045. [PMID: 35046982 PMCID: PMC8761673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of bacteria with plants can result in either a positive, negative, or neutral association. The rhizobium-legume interaction is a well-studied model system of a process that is considered a positive interaction. This process has evolved to require a complex signal exchange between the host and the symbiont. During this process, rhizobia are subject to several stresses, including low pH, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, as well as growth inhibiting plant peptides. A great deal of work has been carried out to characterize the bacterial response to these stresses. Many of the responses to stress are also observed to have key roles in symbiotic signaling. We propose that stress tolerance responses have been co-opted by the plant and bacterial partners to play a role in the complex signal exchange that occurs between rhizobia and legumes to establish functional symbiosis. This review will cover how rhizobia tolerate stresses, and how aspects of these tolerance mechanisms play a role in signal exchange between rhizobia and legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J. Oresnik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Gardner PR. Ordered Motions in the Nitric-Oxide Dioxygenase Mechanism of Flavohemoglobin and Assorted Globins with Tightly Coupled Reductases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1414:45-96. [PMID: 36520413 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric-oxide dioxygenases (NODs) activate and combine O2 with NO to form nitrate. A variety of oxygen-binding hemoglobins with associated partner reductases or electron donors function as enzymatic NODs. Kinetic and structural investigations of the archetypal two-domain microbial flavohemoglobin-NOD have illuminated an allosteric mechanism that employs selective tunnels for O2 and NO, gates for NO and nitrate, transient O2 association with ferric heme, and an O2 and NO-triggered, ferric heme spin crossover-driven, motion-controlled, and dipole-regulated electron-transfer switch. The proposed mechanism facilitates radical-radical coupling of ferric-superoxide with NO to form nitrate while preventing suicidal ferrous-NO formation. Diverse globins display the structural and functional motifs necessary for a similar allosteric NOD mechanism. In silico docking simulations reveal monomeric erythrocyte hemoglobin alpha-chain and beta-chain intrinsically matched and tightly coupled with NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, respectively, forming membrane-bound flavohemoglobin-like mammalian NODs. The neuroprotective neuroglobin manifests a potential NOD role in a close-fitting ternary complex with membrane-bound NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. Cytoglobin interfaces weakly with cytochrome b5 for O2 and NO-regulated electron-transfer and coupled NOD activity. The mechanistic model also provides insight into the evolution of O2 binding cooperativity in hemoglobin and a basis for the discovery of allosteric NOD inhibitors.
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Vazquez A, Zawoznik M, Benavides MP, Groppa MD. Azospirillum brasilense Az39 restricts cadmium entrance into wheat plants and mitigates cadmium stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111056. [PMID: 34620450 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we tested if inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense strain Az39 alleviates Cd2+ stress in wheat seedlings grown under controlled conditions. Growth, total N, N-related metabolites/enzymes, and oxidative stress parameters were measured. Additionally, the usefulness of a real-time PCR protocol to screen the preferred colonization site of the introduced microorganism was evaluated. Inoculated plants demonstrated mitigation of cadmium-induced adverse effects on plant growth and less reactive oxygen species accumulation in their roots by the end of the experiment, 28 days after sowing. Cd addition resulted in lower NO3- content in the leaves and higher NO3- content in the roots, and a significant rise in NH4+ concentration in both organs in uninoculated plants; in inoculated plants, NH4+ content in the roots did not vary. A. brasilense Az39 enhanced NO levels in wheat root tips, and more adventitious roots and root hairs were observed in inoculated plants. Despite having a more developed root system, inoculated plants showed lower Cd levels in their roots compared to non-inoculated plants. Inoculation with this PGPR favored ion homeostasis in the roots of metal-exposed plants, decreasing Cd/Fe ratio. We corroborated A. brasilense Az39 preference for wheat exorhizosphere using a real-time PCR-based method targeting the nifA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Vazquez
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Dr. Alejandro Paladini (IQUIFIB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Myriam Zawoznik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Patricia Benavides
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Dr. Alejandro Paladini (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Daniela Groppa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Dr. Alejandro Paladini (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Chen X, Hu A, Zou Q, Luo S, Wu H, Yan C, Liu T, He D, Li X, Cheng G. The Mesorhizobium huakuii transcriptional regulator AbiEi plays a critical role in nodulation and is important for bacterial stress response. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:245. [PMID: 34511061 PMCID: PMC8436566 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial abortive infection (Abi) systems are type IV toxin–antitoxin (TA) system, which could elicit programmed cell death and constitute a native survival strategy of pathogenic bacteria under various stress conditions. However, no rhizobial AbiE family TA system has been reported so far. Here, a M. huakuii AbiE TA system was identified and characterized. Results A mutation in M. huakuii abiEi gene, encoding an adjacent GntR-type transcriptional regulator, was generated by homologous recombination. The abiEi mutant strain grew less well in rich TY medium, and displayed increased antioxidative capacity and enhanced gentamicin resistance, indicating the abiEi operon was negatively regulated by the antitoxin AbiEi in response to the oxidative stress and a particular antibiotic. The mRNA expression of abiEi gene was significantly up-regulated during Astragalus sinicus nodule development. The abiEi mutant was severely impaired in its competitive ability in rhizosphere colonization, and was defective in nodulation with 97% reduction in nitrogen-fixing capacity. The mutant infected nodule cells contained vacuolation and a small number of abnormal bacteroids with senescence character. RNA-seq experiment revealed it had 5 up-regulated and 111 down-regulated genes relative to wild type. Of these down-regulated genes, 21 are related to symbiosis nitrogen fixation and nitrogen mechanism, 16 are involved in the electron transport chain and antioxidant responses, and 12 belong to type VI secretion system (T6SS). Conclusions M. huakuii AbiEi behaves as a key transcriptional regulator mediating root nodule symbiosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02304-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Aiqi Hu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Sha Luo
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Hetao Wu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Chunlan Yan
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Donglan He
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Guojun Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Utilization of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Matamoros MA, Becana M. Molecular responses of legumes to abiotic stress: post-translational modifications of proteins and redox signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5876-5892. [PMID: 33453107 PMCID: PMC8355754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes include several major crops that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic root nodules, thus reducing the demand for nitrogen fertilizers and contributing to sustainable agriculture. Global change models predict increases in temperature and extreme weather conditions. This scenario might increase plant exposure to abiotic stresses and negatively affect crop production. Regulation of whole plant physiology and nitrogen fixation in legumes during abiotic stress is complex, and only a few mechanisms have been elucidated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are key players in the acclimation and stress tolerance mechanisms of plants. However, the specific redox-dependent signaling pathways are far from understood. One mechanism by which ROS, RNS, and RSS fulfil their signaling role is the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. Redox-based PTMs occur in the cysteine thiol group (oxidation, S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, persulfidation), and also in methionine (oxidation), tyrosine (nitration), and lysine and arginine (carbonylation/glycation) residues. Unraveling PTM patterns under different types of stress and establishing the functional implications may give insight into the underlying mechanisms by which the plant and nodule respond to adverse conditions. Here, we review current knowledge on redox-based PTMs and their possible consequences in legume and nodule biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Characteristics and Research Progress of Legume Nodule Senescence. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061103. [PMID: 34070891 PMCID: PMC8227080 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Delaying the nodule senescence of legume crops can prolong the time of nitrogen fixation and attenuate the lack of fertilizer in the later stage of legume crop cultivation, resulting in improved crop yield and reduced usage of nitrogen fertilizer. However, effective measures to delay the nodule senescence of legume crops in agriculture are relatively lacking. In the present review, we summarized the structural and physiological characteristics of nodule senescence, as well as the corresponding detection methods, providing technical support for the identification of nodule senescence phenotype. We then outlined the key genes currently known to be involved in the regulation of nodule senescence, offering the molecular genetic information for breeding varieties with delayed nodule senescence. In addition, we reviewed various abiotic factors affecting nodule senescence, providing a theoretical basis for the interaction between molecular genetics and abiotic factors in the regulation of nodule senescence. Finally, we briefly prospected research foci of nodule senescence in the future.
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Mandon K, Nazaret F, Farajzadeh D, Alloing G, Frendo P. Redox Regulation in Diazotrophic Bacteria in Interaction with Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060880. [PMID: 34070926 PMCID: PMC8226930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a large number of microorganisms that greatly influence their growth and health. Among the beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere bacteria known as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria increase plant fitness by producing compounds such as phytohormones or by carrying out symbioses that enhance nutrient acquisition. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either as endophytes or as endosymbionts, specifically improve the growth and development of plants by supplying them with nitrogen, a key macro-element. Survival and proliferation of these bacteria require their adaptation to the rhizosphere and host plant, which are particular ecological environments. This adaptation highly depends on bacteria response to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), associated to abiotic stresses or produced by host plants, which determine the outcome of the plant-bacteria interaction. This paper reviews the different antioxidant defense mechanisms identified in diazotrophic bacteria, focusing on their involvement in coping with the changing conditions encountered during interaction with plant partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mandon
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Fanny Nazaret
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Davoud Farajzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 5375171379, Iran;
- Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran 158757788, Iran
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051050. [PMID: 33946779 PMCID: PMC8146911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.
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29
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Fedorova EE, Coba de la Peña T, Lara-Dampier V, Trifonova NA, Kulikova O, Pueyo JJ, Lucas MM. Potassium content diminishes in infected cells of Medicago truncatula nodules due to the mislocation of channels MtAKT1 and MtSKOR/GORK. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1336-1348. [PMID: 33130893 PMCID: PMC7904148 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia establish a symbiotic relationship with legumes that results in the formation of root nodules, where bacteria encapsulated by a membrane of plant origin (symbiosomes), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Nodules are more sensitive to ionic stresses than the host plant itself. We hypothesize that such a high vulnerability might be due to defects in ion balance in the infected tissue. Low temperature SEM (LTSEM) and X-ray microanalysis of Medicago truncatula nodules revealed a potassium (K+) decrease in symbiosomes and vacuoles during the life span of infected cells. To clarify K+ homeostasis in the nodule, we performed phylogenetic and gene expression analyses, and confocal and electron microscopy localization of two key plant Shaker K+ channels, AKT1 and SKOR/GORK. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the genome of some legume species, including the Medicago genus, contained one SKOR/GORK and one AKT1 gene copy, while other species contained more than one copy of each gene. Localization studies revealed mistargeting and partial depletion of both channels from the plasma membrane of M. truncatula mature nodule-infected cells that might compromise ion transport. We propose that root nodule-infected cells have defects in K+ balance due to mislocation of some plant ion channels, as compared with non-infected cells. The putative consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Fedorova
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | | | - Natalia A Trifonova
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - José J Pueyo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Rhizobia: highways to NO. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:495-505. [PMID: 33544133 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between rhizobia and their legume host plants conduces to the formation of specialized root organs called nodules where rhizobia differentiate into bacteroids which fix atmospheric nitrogen to the benefit of the plant. This beneficial symbiosis is of importance in the context of sustainable agriculture as legumes do not require the addition of nitrogen fertilizer to grow. Interestingly, nitric oxide (NO) has been detected at various steps of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis where it has been shown to play multifaceted roles. Both bacterial and plant partners are involved in NO synthesis in nodules. To better understand the role of NO, and in particular the role of bacterial NO, at all steps of rhizobia-legumes interaction, the enzymatic sources of NO have to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss different enzymatic reactions by which rhizobia may potentially produce NO. We argue that there is most probably no NO synthase activity in rhizobia, and that instead the NO2- reductase nirK, which is part of the denitrification pathway, is the main bacterial source of NO. The nitrate assimilation pathway might contribute to NO production but only when denitrification is active. The different approaches to measure NO in rhizobia are also addressed.
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31
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Ma Y, Chen R. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Signaling and Transport During Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683601. [PMID: 34239527 PMCID: PMC8258413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two predominant mineral elements, which are not only essential for plant growth and development in general but also play a key role in symbiotic N fixation in legumes. Legume plants have evolved complex signaling networks to respond to both external and internal levels of these macronutrients to optimize symbiotic N fixation in nodules. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and nitrate (NO3 -) are the two major forms of P and N elements utilized by plants, respectively. Pi starvation and NO3 - application both reduce symbiotic N fixation via similar changes in the nodule gene expression and invoke local and long-distance, systemic responses, of which N-compound feedback regulation of rhizobial nitrogenase activity appears to operate under both conditions. Most of the N and P signaling and transport processes have been investigated in model organisms, such as Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, etc. We attempted to discuss some of these processes wherever appropriate, to serve as references for a better understanding of the N and P signaling and transport during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rujin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rujin Chen,
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Tyrosine Nitration of Flagellins: a Response of Sinorhizobium meliloti to Nitrosative Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:AEM.02210-20. [PMID: 33067191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02210-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are bacteria which can either live as free organisms in the soil or interact with plants of the legume family with, as a result, the formation of root organs called nodules in which differentiated endosymbiotic bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to the plant's benefit. In both lifestyles, rhizobia are exposed to nitric oxide (NO) which can be perceived as a signaling or toxic molecule. NO can act at the transcriptional level but can also modify proteins by S-nitrosylation of cysteine or nitration of tyrosine residues. However, only a few molecular targets of NO have been described in bacteria and none of them have been characterized in rhizobia. Here, we examined tyrosine nitration of Sinorhizobium meliloti proteins induced by NO. We found three tyrosine-nitrated proteins in S. meliloti grown under free-living conditions, in response to an NO donor. Two nitroproteins were identified by mass spectrometry and correspond to flagellins A and B. We showed that one of the nitratable tyrosines is essential to flagellin function in motility.IMPORTANCE Rhizobia are found as free-living bacteria in the soil or in interaction with plants and are exposed to nitric oxide (NO) in both environments. NO is known to have many effects on animals, plants, and bacteria where only a few molecular targets of NO have been described so far. We identified flagellin A and B by mass spectrometry as tyrosine-nitrated proteins in Sinorhizobium meliloti in vivo We also showed that one of the nitratable tyrosines is essential to flagellin function in motility. The results enhanced our understanding of NO effects on rhizobia. Identification of bacterial flagellin nitration opens a new possible role of NO in plant-microbe interactions.
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Ma M, Wendehenne D, Philippot L, Hänsch R, Flemetakis E, Hu B, Rennenberg H. Physiological significance of pedospheric nitric oxide for root growth, development and organismic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2336-2354. [PMID: 32681574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for plant growth and development, as well as interactions with abiotic and biotic environments. Its importance for multiple functions in plants means that tight regulation of NO concentrations is required. This is of particular significance in roots, where NO signalling is involved in processes, such as root growth, lateral root formation, nutrient acquisition, heavy metal homeostasis, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root-mycorrhizal fungi interactions. The NO signal can also be produced in high levels by microbial processes in the rhizosphere, further impacting root processes. To explore these interesting interactions, in the present review, we firstly summarize current knowledge of physiological processes of NO production and consumption in roots and, thereafter, of processes involved in NO homeostasis in root cells with particular emphasis on root growth, development, nutrient acquisition, environmental stresses and organismic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - David Wendehenne
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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34
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. Crosstalk among hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) in root-system development and its rhizosphere interactions: A gaseous interactome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:800-814. [PMID: 32882618 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root development in higher plants is achieved by a precise intercellular communication which determines cell fate in the primary embryonic meristem where the gasotransmitters H2S, NO and CO participate dynamically. Furthermore, the rhizosphere interaction of these molecules with microbial and soil metabolism also affects root development. NO regulates root growth and architecture in association with several other biomolecules like auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), strigolactones, alkamides and melatonin. The CO-mediated signal transduction pathway in roots is closely linked to the NO-mediated signal cascades. Interestingly, H2S acts also as an upstream component in IAA and NO-mediated crosstalk during root development. Heme oxygenase (HO) 1 generates CO and functions as a downstream component in H2S-mediated adventitious rooting and H2S-CO crosstalk. Likewise, reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2S and NO crosstalk are important components in the regulation of root architecture. Deciphering these interactions will be a potential biotechnological tool which could provide benefits in crop management in soils, especially under adverse environmental conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update of the complex networks of these gasotransmitters during the development of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India.
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080, Granada, Spain
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Lindström K, Mousavi SA. Effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1314-1335. [PMID: 31797528 PMCID: PMC7415380 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation in rhizobia occurs primarily in root or stem nodules and is induced by the bacteria present in legume plants. This symbiotic process has fascinated researchers for over a century, and the positive effects of legumes on soils and their food and feed value have been recognized for thousands of years. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation uses solar energy to reduce the inert N2 gas to ammonia at normal temperature and pressure, and is thus today, especially, important for sustainable food production. Increased productivity through improved effectiveness of the process is seen as a major research and development goal. The interaction between rhizobia and their legume hosts has thus been dissected at agronomic, plant physiological, microbiological and molecular levels to produce ample information about processes involved, but identification of major bottlenecks regarding efficiency of nitrogen fixation has proven to be complex. We review processes and results that contributed to the current understanding of this fascinating system, with focus on effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lindström
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiFI‐00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Seyed Abdollah Mousavi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiFI‐00014HelsinkiFinland
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Berger N, Vignols F, Przybyla-Toscano J, Roland M, Rofidal V, Touraine B, Zienkiewicz K, Couturier J, Feussner I, Santoni V, Rouhier N, Gaymard F, Dubos C. Identification of client iron-sulfur proteins of the chloroplastic NFU2 transfer protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 72:873-884. [PMID: 32240305 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins have critical functions in plastids, notably participating in photosynthetic electron transfer, sulfur and nitrogen assimilation, chlorophyll metabolism, and vitamin or amino acid biosynthesis. Their maturation relies on the so-called SUF (sulfur mobilization) assembly machinery. Fe-S clusters are synthesized de novo on a scaffold protein complex and then delivered to client proteins via several transfer proteins. However, the maturation pathways of most client proteins and their specificities for transfer proteins are mostly unknown. In order to decipher the proteins interacting with the Fe-S cluster transfer protein NFU2, one of the three plastidial representatives found in Arabidopsis thaliana, we performed a quantitative proteomic analysis of shoots, roots, and seedlings of nfu2 plants, combined with NFU2 co-immunoprecipitation and binary yeast two-hybrid experiments. We identified 14 new targets, among which nine were validated in planta using a binary bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. These analyses also revealed a possible role for NFU2 in the plant response to desiccation. Altogether, this study better delineates the maturation pathways of many chloroplast Fe-S proteins, considerably extending the number of NFU2 clients. It also helps to clarify the respective roles of the three NFU paralogs NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Berger
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vignols
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Rofidal
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Touraine
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Véronique Santoni
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Frédéric Gaymard
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Kushwaha BK, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH, Singh VP. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of sub-cellular chromium distribution, ascorbate–glutathione cycle and glutathione biosynthesis in tomato roots under chromium (VI) toxicity. J Biotechnol 2020; 318:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Signorelli S, Sainz M, Tabares-da Rosa S, Monza J. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:521. [PMID: 32582223 PMCID: PMC7286274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The legume-rhizobia symbiosis is an important process in agriculture because it allows the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) which contributes to increasing the levels of nitrogen in the soil. Nitric oxide (⋅NO) is a small free radical molecule having diverse signaling roles in plants. Here we present and discuss evidence showing the role of ⋅NO during different stages of the legume-rhizobia interaction such as recognition, infection, nodule development, and nodule senescence. Although the mechanisms by which ⋅NO modulates this interaction are not fully understood, we discuss potential mechanisms including its interaction with cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid signaling pathways. In matures nodules, a more active metabolism of ⋅NO has been reported and both the plant and rhizobia participate in ⋅NO production and scavenging. Although ⋅NO has been shown to induce the expression of genes coding for NITROGENASE, controlling the levels of ⋅NO in mature nodules seems to be crucial as ⋅NO was shown to be a potent inhibitor of NITROGENASE activity, to induce nodule senescence, and reduce nitrogen assimilation. In this sense, LEGHEMOGLOBINS (Lbs) were shown to play an important role in the scavenging of ⋅NO and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), potentially more relevant in senescent nodules. Even though ⋅NO can reduce NITROGENASE activity, most reports have linked ⋅NO to positive effects on BNF. This can relate mainly to the regulation of the spatiotemporal distribution of ⋅NO which favors some effects over others. Another plausible explanation for this observation is that the negative effect of ⋅NO requires its direct interaction with NITROGENASE, whereas the positive effect of ⋅NO is related to its signaling function, which results in an amplifier effect. In the near future, it would be interesting to explore the role of environmental stress-induced ⋅NO in BNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares-da Rosa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jorge Monza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Drain A, Thouin J, Wang L, Boeglin M, Pauly N, Nieves-Cordones M, Gaillard I, Véry AA, Sentenac H. Functional characterization and physiological roles of the single Shaker outward K + channel in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1249-1265. [PMID: 31958173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The model legume Medicago truncatula possesses a single outward Shaker K+ channel, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two channels of this type, named AtSKOR and AtGORK, with AtSKOR having been shown to play a major role in K+ secretion into the xylem sap in the root vasculature and with AtGORK being shown to mediate the efflux of K+ across the guard cell membrane, leading to stomatal closure. Here we show that the expression pattern of the single M. truncatula outward Shaker channel, which has been named MtGORK, includes the root vasculature, guard cells and root hairs. As shown by patch-clamp experiments on root hair protoplasts, besides the Shaker-type slowly activating outwardly rectifying K+ conductance encoded by MtGORK, a second K+ -permeable conductance, displaying fast activation and weak rectification, can be expressed by M. truncatula. A knock-out (KO) mutation resulting in an absence of MtGORK activity is shown to weakly reduce K+ translocation to shoots, and only in plants engaged in rhizobial symbiosis, but to strongly affect the control of stomatal aperture and transpirational water loss. In legumes, the early electrical signaling pathway triggered by Nod-factor perception is known to comprise a short transient depolarization of the root hair plasma membrane. In the absence of the functional expression of MtGORK, the rate of the membrane repolarization is found to be decreased by a factor of approximately two. This defect was without any consequence on infection thread development and nodule production in plants grown in vitro, but a decrease in nodule production was observed in plants grown in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drain
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Julien Thouin
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Limin Wang
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Martin Boeglin
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Manuel Nieves-Cordones
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 164, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
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H 2S signaling in plants and applications in agriculture. J Adv Res 2020; 24:131-137. [PMID: 32292600 PMCID: PMC7150428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a signaling role in higher plants. It mediates persulfidation, a post-translational modification. It regulates physiological functions ranging from seed germination to fruit ripening. The beneficial effects of exogenous H2S are mainly caused by the stimulation of antioxidant systems.
The signaling properties of the gasotransmitter molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is endogenously generated in plant cells, are mainly observed during persulfidation, a protein post-translational modification (PTM) that affects redox-sensitive cysteine residues. There is growing experimental evidence that H2S in higher plants may function as a mechanism of response to environmental stress conditions. In addition, exogenous applications of H2S to plants appear to provide additional protection against stresses, such as salinity, drought, extreme temperatures and heavy metals, mainly through the induction of antioxidant systems, in order to palliate oxidative cellular damage. H2S also appears to be involved in regulating physiological functions, such as seed germination, stomatal movement and fruit ripening, as well as molecules that maintain post-harvest quality and rhizobium–legume symbiosis. These properties of H2S open up new challenges in plant research to better understand its functions as well as new opportunities for biotechnological treatments in agriculture in a changing environment.
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Yang L, El Msehli S, Benyamina S, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Cazareth J, Pierre O, Hérouart D, Achi-Smiti S, Boncompagni E, Frendo P. Glutathione Deficiency in Sinorhizobium meliloti Does Not Impair Bacteroid Differentiation But Induces Early Senescence in the Interaction With Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:137. [PMID: 32194584 PMCID: PMC7063052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes are able to interact symbiotically with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family. This interaction gives rise to a new organ, named a root nodule. Root nodules are characterized by an increased glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) content compared to roots. These low molecular thiols are very important in the biological nitrogen fixation. In order to characterize the modification of nodule activity induced by the microsymbiont glutathione deficiency, physiological, biochemical, and gene expression modifications were analyzed in nodules after the inoculation of Medicago truncatula with the SmgshB mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti which is deficient in GSH production. The decline in nitrogen fixation efficiency was correlated to the reduction in plant shoot biomass. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SmgshB bacteroids present a higher DNA content than free living bacteria. Live/dead microscopic analysis showed an early bacteroid degradation in SmgshB nodules compared to control nodules which is correlated to a lower bacteroid content at 20 dpi. Finally, the expression of two marker genes involved in nitrogen fixation metabolism, Leghemoglobin and Nodule Cysteine Rich Peptide 001, decreased significantly in mutant nodules at 20 dpi. In contrast, the expression of two marker genes involved in the nodule senescence, Cysteine Protease 6 and Purple Acid Protease, increased significantly in mutant nodules at 10 dpi strengthening the idea that an early senescence process occurs in SmgshB nodules. In conclusion, our results showed that bacterial GSH deficiency does not impair bacterial differentiation but induces an early nodule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sarra El Msehli
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Annie Lambert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Hérouart
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Samira Achi-Smiti
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Eric Boncompagni
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Fukudome M, Shimada H, Uchi N, Osuki KI, Ishizaki H, Murakami EI, Kawaguchi M, Uchiumi T. Reactive Sulfur Species Interact with Other Signal Molecules in Root Nodule Symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020145. [PMID: 32046218 PMCID: PMC7070391 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) function as strong antioxidants and are involved in various biological responses in animals and bacteria. Few studies; however, have examined RSS in plants. In the present study, we clarified that RSS are involved in root nodule symbiosis in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Polysulfides, a type of RSS, were detected in the roots by using a sulfane sulfur-specific fluorescent probe, SSP4. Supplying the sulfane sulfur donor Na2S3 to the roots increased the amounts of both polysulfides and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the roots and simultaneously decreased the amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). RSS were also detected in infection threads in the root hairs and in infected cells of nodules. Supplying the sulfane sulfur donor significantly increased the numbers of infection threads and nodules. When nodules were immersed in the sulfane sulfur donor, their nitrogenase activity was significantly reduced, without significant changes in the amounts of NO, ROS, and H2S. These results suggest that polysulfides interact with signal molecules such as NO, ROS, and H2S in root nodule symbiosis in L. japonicus. SSP4 and Na2S3 are useful tools for study of RSS in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Fukudome
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.F.); (N.U.); (K.-i.O.)
| | - Hazuki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (H.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Nahoko Uchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.F.); (N.U.); (K.-i.O.)
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Osuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.F.); (N.U.); (K.-i.O.)
| | - Haruka Ishizaki
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (H.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Ei-ichi Murakami
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; (E.-i.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; (E.-i.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.F.); (N.U.); (K.-i.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-8164
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Deja-Sikora E, Kowalczyk A, Trejgell A, Szmidt-Jaworska A, Baum C, Mercy L, Hrynkiewicz K. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Changes the Impact of Potato Virus Y on Growth and Stress Tolerance of Solanum tuberosum L. in vitro. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2971. [PMID: 32010078 PMCID: PMC6974554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the field conditions crop plants interact with diverse microorganisms. These include beneficial (symbiotic) and phytopathogenic microorganisms, which jointly affect growth and productivity of the plants. In last decades, production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) suffers from increased incidence of potato virus Y (PVY), which is one of most important potato pests. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are common symbionts of potato, however the impact of mycorrhizal symbiosis on the progression of PVY-induced disease is scarcely known. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effect of joint PVY infection and mycorrhizal colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis on growth traits of the host potato plant (cv. Pirol). The tested PVY isolate belonged to N-Wilga strain group, which is considered to be predominant in Europe and many other parts of the world. The viral particles were concentrated in the leaves, but decreased the root growth. Furthermore, the infection with PVY evoked prolonged oxidative stress reflected by increased level of endogenous H2O2. AMF alleviated oxidative stress in PVY-infected host plants by a substantial decrease in the level of shoot- and root-derived H2O2, but still caused asymptomatic growth depression. It was assumed that mycorrhizal symbiosis of potato might mask infection by PVY in field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Deja-Sikora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anita Kowalczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Trejgell
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Adriana Szmidt-Jaworska
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Christel Baum
- Chair of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Berger A, Boscari A, Horta Araújo N, Maucourt M, Hanchi M, Bernillon S, Rolin D, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Plant Nitrate Reductases Regulate Nitric Oxide Production and Nitrogen-Fixing Metabolism During the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1313. [PMID: 33013954 PMCID: PMC7500168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) is the first enzyme of the nitrogen reduction pathway in plants, leading to the production of ammonia. However, in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia, atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is directly reduced to ammonia by the bacterial nitrogenase, which questions the role of NR in symbiosis. Next to that, NR is the best-characterized source of nitric oxide (NO) in plants, and NO is known to be produced during the symbiosis. In the present study, we first surveyed the three NR genes (MtNR1, MtNR2, and MtNR3) present in the Medicago truncatula genome and addressed their expression, activity, and potential involvement in NO production during the symbiosis between M. truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. Our results show that MtNR1 and MtNR2 gene expression and activity are correlated with NO production throughout the symbiotic process and that MtNR1 is particularly involved in NO production in mature nodules. Moreover, NRs are involved together with the mitochondrial electron transfer chain in NO production throughout the symbiotic process and energy regeneration in N2-fixing nodules. Using an in vivo NMR spectrometric approach, we show that, in mature nodules, NRs participate also in the regulation of energy state, cytosolic pH, carbon and nitrogen metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia. These data point to the importance of NR activity for the N2-fixing symbiosis and provide a first explanation of its role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Natasha Horta Araújo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Univ. Bordeaux INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Mohamed Hanchi
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Univ. Bordeaux INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Renaud Brouquisse,
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Assessment of Subcellular ROS and NO Metabolism in Higher Plants: Multifunctional Signaling Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120641. [PMID: 31842380 PMCID: PMC6943533 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced in all aerobic life forms under both physiological and adverse conditions. Unregulated ROS/NO generation causes nitro-oxidative damage, which has a detrimental impact on the function of essential macromolecules. ROS/NO production is also involved in signaling processes as secondary messengers in plant cells under physiological conditions. ROS/NO generation takes place in different subcellular compartments including chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and a diverse range of plant membranes. This compartmentalization has been identified as an additional cellular strategy for regulating these molecules. This assessment of subcellular ROS/NO metabolisms includes the following processes: ROS/NO generation in different plant cell sites; ROS interactions with other signaling molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatase, calcium (Ca2+), and activator proteins; redox-sensitive genes regulated by the iron-responsive element/iron regulatory protein (IRE-IRP) system and iron regulatory transporter 1(IRT1); and ROS/NO crosstalk during signal transduction. All these processes highlight the complex relationship between ROS and NO metabolism which needs to be evaluated from a broad perspective.
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A forty year journey: The generation and roles of NO in plants. Nitric Oxide 2019; 93:53-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang G, Yang J, Li X, Cao Y, Liu X, Ling J, Wang H, Zhong Z, Zhu J. Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase is important for oxidative stress resistance and symbiosis in Azorhizobium caulinodans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5290313. [PMID: 30657885 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only toxic products of oxygen from aerobic metabolism or stress but also signalling molecules involved in the development of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. To assess the importance of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpCD) in the nitrogen-fixating bacterium Azorhizobium caulinodans, we investigated the phenotypes of the ∆ahpCD strain with regards to ROS resistance and symbiotic interactions with Sesbania rostrata. The ∆ahpCD strain was notably more sensitive than its parent strain to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but not to two organic peroxides, in the early log phase. The expression of ahpCD was not controlled by a LysR-type transcriptional activator either in vitro or in vivo. The catalase activity of the ∆ahpCD strain was affected at a relatively low level of H2O2 stress. Furthermore, the ∆ahpCD strain induced a reduced number of stem nodules in S. rostrata with lowering of nitrogenase activity. These data suggest that A. caulinodans AhpCD is not only important for H2O2 detoxification in vitro but also critical for symbiosis with S. rostrata. Functional analysis of AhpCD is worth investigating in other rhizobia to gain a comprehensive view of its contributions to ROS defence and symbiotic association with legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Postdoctoral Station of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xingjuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yajun Cao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Ling
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zengtao Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, PR China
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Coleto I, Pineda M, Alamillo JM. Molecular and biochemical analysis of XDH from Phaseolus vulgaris suggest that uric acid protects the enzyme against the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide in nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:364-374. [PMID: 31542638 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is essential for the assimilation of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in ureidic legumes. Uric acid, produced in the reaction catalyzed by XDH, is the precursor of the ureides, allantoin and allantoate, which are the main N-transporting molecules in these plants. XDH and uric acid have been reported to be involved in the response to stress, both in plants and animals. However, the physiological role of XDH under stressful conditions in ureidic legumes remains largely unexplored. In vitro assays showed that Phaseolus vulgaris XDH (PvXDH) can behave as a dehydrogenase or as an oxidase. Therefore, it could potentially protect against oxidative radicals or, in contrast, it could increase their production. In silico analysis of the upstream genomic region of XDH coding gene from P. vulgaris revealed the presence of several stress-related cis-regulatory elements. PvXDH mRNA and enzymatic activity in plants treated with stress-related phytohormones or subjected to dehydration and stressful temperatures showed several fold induction. However, PvXDH activity was in vivo and in vitro inhibited by nitric oxide in leaves but not in nodules. In extracts from RNAi PvXDH silenced nodules, with lower levels of uric acid, XDH activity was inhibited by SNP which indicates that uric acid produced by XDH in the nodules of this ureidic legume could help to protect XDH against the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Coleto
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Manuel Pineda
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Josefa M Alamillo
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Grupo de Fisiología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, CEIA3, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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Schwember AR, Schulze J, Del Pozo A, Cabeza RA. Regulation of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Root Nodules. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E333. [PMID: 31489914 PMCID: PMC6784058 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In most legume nodules, the di-nitrogen (N2)-fixing rhizobia are present as organelle-like structures inside their root host cells. Many processes operate and interact within the symbiotic relationship between plants and nodules, including nitrogen (N)/carbon (C) metabolisms, oxygen flow through nodules, oxidative stress, and phosphorous (P) levels. These processes, which influence the regulation of N2 fixation and are finely tuned on a whole-plant basis, are extensively reviewed in this paper. The carbonic anhydrase (CA)-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key pathway inside nodules involved in this regulation, and malate seems to play a crucial role in many aspects of symbiotic N2 fixation control. How legumes specifically sense N-status and how this stimulates all of the regulatory factors are key issues for understanding N2 fixation regulation on a whole-plant basis. This must be thoroughly studied in the future since there is no unifying theory that explains all of the aspects involved in regulating N2 fixation rates to date. Finally, high-throughput functional genomics and molecular tools (i.e., miRNAs) are currently very valuable for the identification of many regulatory elements that are good candidates for accurately dissecting the particular N2 fixation control mechanisms associated with physiological responses to abiotic stresses. In combination with existing information, utilizing these abundant genetic molecular tools will enable us to identify the specific mechanisms underlying the regulation of N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 306-22, Chile.
| | - Joachim Schulze
- Department of Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Del Pozo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - Ricardo A Cabeza
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
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Berger A, Boscari A, Frendo P, Brouquisse R. Nitric oxide signaling, metabolism and toxicity in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4505-4520. [PMID: 30968126 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between legumes and rhizobia lead to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of a new organ, the nodule, which facilitates the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by nitrogenase through the creation of a hypoxic environment. Significant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) accumulate at different stages of nodule development, suggesting that NO performs specific signaling and/or metabolic functions during symbiosis. NO, which regulates nodule gene expression, accumulates to high levels in hypoxic nodules. NO accumulation is considered to assist energy metabolism within the hypoxic environment of the nodule via a phytoglobin-NO-mediated respiration process. NO is a potent inhibitor of the activity of nitrogenase and other plant and bacterial enzymes, acting as a developmental signal in the induction of nodule senescence. Hence, key questions concern the relative importance of the signaling and metabolic functions of NO versus its toxic action and how NO levels are regulated to be compatible with nitrogen fixation functions. This review analyses these paradoxical roles of NO at various stages of symbiosis, and highlights the role of plant phytoglobins and bacterial hemoproteins in the control of NO accumulation.
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