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Fotovvat M, Najafi F, Khavari-Nejad RA, Talei D, Rejali F. Investigating the simultaneous effect of chitosan and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, phenolic compounds, PAL enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in Salvia nemorosa L. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 210:108617. [PMID: 38608504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Considering the importance of Salvia nemorosa L. in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and also beneficial approaches of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis and the use of bioelicitors such as chitosan to improve secondary metabolites, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of chitosan on the symbiosis of AMF and the effect of both on the biochemical and phytochemical performance of this plant and finally introduced the best treatment. Two factors were considered for the factorial experiment: AMF with four levels (non-inoculated plants, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and the combination of both), and chitosan with six levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg L-1 and 1% acetic acid). Four months after treatments, the aerial part and root length, the levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents and the main secondary metabolites (rosmarinic acid and quercetin) in the leaves and roots were determined. The flowering stage was observed in R. intraradices treatments and the highest percentage of colonization (78.87%) was observed in the treatment of F. mosseae × 400 mg L-1 chitosan. Furthermore, simultaneous application of chitosan and AMF were more effective than their separate application to induce phenolic compounds accumulation, PAL activity and reduce oxidative compounds. The cluster and principal component analysis based on the measured variables indicated that the treatments could be classified into three clusters. It seems that different treatments in different tissues have different effects. However, in an overview, it can be concluded that 400 mg L-1 chitosan and F. mosseae × R. intraradices showed better results in single and simultaneous applications. The results of this research can be considered in the optimization of this medicinal plant under normal conditions and experiments related to abiotic stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Fotovvat
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daryush Talei
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, 3319118651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rejali
- Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 3177993545, Karaj, Iran
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de Falco B, Grauso L, Fiore A, Bochicchio R, Amato M, Lanzotti V. Metabolomic analysis and antioxidant activity of wild type and mutant chia (Salvia hispanica L.) stem and flower grown under different irrigation regimes. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:6010-6019. [PMID: 33855720 PMCID: PMC8518854 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a functional food from Central America. Interest in it is growing rapidly due to the many health benefits from the seed. However, when chia is grown at high latitudes, seed yield may be low whereas a high stem biomass and immature inflorescences are produced. Little is known about the chemical composition and the properties of stems and flowers. In this work, the metabolite profile, the antioxidant activity, and the total polyphenol content of stems and inflorescences were evaluated in a factorial experiment with different chia populations (commercial black chia and long-day flowering mutants G3, G8, and G17) and irrigation (100% and 50% of evapotranspiration). RESULTS The results show the influence of irrigation and seed source on the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of chia flower and stem. Inflorescences exhibit higher antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential use as natural antioxidant. The mutants G3 and G8, at 50% irrigation, contained the highest amounts of compounds with nutraceutical value, especially within the flower. The mutant G17 showed lower antioxidant activity and polyphenol content compared to other seed sources but exhibited high omega 3 content in flowers but low in stems. This indicates that chia varieties should be chosen according to the objective of cultivation. CONCLUSION These findings, indicating a close relation of metabolite content with irrigation and seed source, may provide the basis for the use of chia flower and stem for their nutraceutical value in the food, feed, and supplement industries. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Falco
- School of Science, Engineering & Technology, Division of Food & DrinkUniversity of AbertayDundeeUK
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Analytical BioscienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Laura Grauso
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Alberto Fiore
- School of Science, Engineering & Technology, Division of Food & DrinkUniversity of AbertayDundeeUK
| | - Rocco Bochicchio
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Mariana Amato
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Hnatuszko-Konka K, Zarzycka M, Kuźma Ł. The Stimulatory Effect of Purine-Type Cytokinins on Proliferation and Polyphenolic Compound Accumulation in Shoot Culture of Salvia Viridis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E178. [PMID: 31991557 PMCID: PMC7072693 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates hormonal control of Salvia viridis growth and development using four different purine-type cytokinins at different concentrations. The addition of cytokinins significantly increased biomass of cultures, proliferation rate, and, interestingly, secondary metabolite production. The best response in terms of multiplication ratio was recorded on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BPA (N-benzylotetrahydropyranyl adenine), while the greatest biomass accumulation was achieved when supplemented with 1 mg/L m-T (meta-topoline). Quantitative UPLC-DAD analysis of the hydromethanolic extract from S. viridis culture revealed the presence of 12 polyphenols: seven phenolic acids and five phenylethanoids. The highest total content of polyphenolic compounds was found in shoots cultivated on medium with 2 mg/L BPA (18.66 mg/g DW): almost twice that of control shoots. The medium was also the most optimal for the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid, the predominant phenolic acid. However, the greater phenylethanoid accumulation was stimulated by 1 mg/L m-T: the metabolite content was above three times higher than that found in shoots grown on the control medium (8.03 mg/g DW vs. 2.37 mg/g DW). Hence, it was demonstrated that phytohormones are capable of influencing not only vital physiological processes, but therapeutic potential of plants as well. Therefore, the cytokinin-based sage cultures may be also considered as the alternative sources of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Hnatuszko-Konka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mariola Zarzycka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Z.)
| | - Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.Z.)
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Salman SM, Ali A, Khan B, Iqbal M, Alamzeb M. Thermodynamic and kinetic insights into plant-mediated detoxification of lead, cadmium, and chromium from aqueous solutions by chemically modified Salvia moorcroftiana leaves. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:14339-14349. [PMID: 30868463 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects for the biosorptive removal of Pb, Cd, and Cr metals from water using Chemically Modified Leaves of Salvia moorcroftiana (CMSML) were determined. Different parameters including pH, temperature, metal's initial concentration, biomass dosage, and contact time were optimized. Optimum biosorptions of Pb, Cd, and Cr were attained at pH values of 6.0, 7.0, and 3.0 respectively. Batch experiments showed maximum removal of both Pb and Cd at 40 °C and that of Cr at 30 °C. Biosorption capability of CMSML was observed to decrease with raising temperature. Optimal equilibrium times for Pb, Cd, and Cr uptake were 120, 60, and 120 min respectively. Based on the values of regression correlation coefficients (R2), the current data is explained better by applying Langmuir isotherms than the Freundlich model. Maximum biosorbent capabilities (qmax) for Pb, Cd, and Cr were approximately 270.27, 100.00, and 93.45 mg/g respectively. Thermodynamically, removal of all the three metal ions was shown to be exothermic and spontaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Salman
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Behramand Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Iqbal
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Lab Complex, Jamrud road, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Alamzeb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, 11100, Pakistan
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Dong A, Wang J, Zhang H, Xin H, Zhao Z, Liang F, Li Z, Cong R, Lin Y, Song L, Tan L, Zhang P, Cui R. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the development of a Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler mutant, SX919M. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213446. [PMID: 30870444 PMCID: PMC6417697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia splendens is a perennial, ornamental herbaceous flower that is widely cultivated as a bedding plant in gardens. The development of novel S. splendens cultivars and investigating the relevant molecular mechanisms are of great significance. In this study, RNA-sequencing and real-time PCR methods were used to analyze the possible molecular mechanism of S. splendens mutant, SX919M. From the wild-type S. splendens 919CK, we firstly selected a natural mutant, SX919M, which displayed multiple branches, clustered spheroids, and radial symmetrical inflorescence with higher numbers of calyces, ovules, stamens, and perianth tubes. Further, the RNA-seq was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mutant which included a total of 3568 upregulated and 3290 downregulated unigenes. We further observed that the indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway showed the highest DEG enrichment, which was supported by a significant increase in the IAA content in mutant SX919M. In addition, we validated three DEGs, namely, CL2200.Contig2_All encoding methyl IAA esterase, CL12462.Contig1_All and CL12462.Contig2_All, which encoded strictosidine synthase, upregulated in mutant SX919M. We selected a novel S. splendens germplasm SX919M with a high ornamental value and determined that the upregulation of IAA biogenesis may be associated with its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengnan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Richen Cong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Tan
- School of life sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- ShiJiaZhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Zhaoxian, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongfeng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Dostálek T, Rokaya MB, Münzbergová Z. Altitude, habitat type and herbivore damage interact in their effects on plant population dynamics. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209149. [PMID: 30557339 PMCID: PMC6296709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects represent one of the most abundant groups of herbivores, and many of them have significant impacts on the dynamics of plant populations. As insects are very sensitive to changes in climatic conditions, we hypothesize that their effects on plant population dynamics will depend on climatic conditions. Knowledge of the variation in herbivore effects on plant population dynamics is, however, still rather sparse. We studied population dynamics and herbivore damage at the individual plant level of Salvia nubicola along a wide altitudinal gradient representing a range of climatic conditions. Using integral projection models, we estimated the effect of changes in herbivore pressure on plant populations in different climates and habitat types. Since we recorded large differences in the extent of herbivore damage along the altitudinal gradient, we expected that the performance of plants from different altitudes would be affected to different degrees by herbivores. Indeed, we found that populations from low altitudes were better able to withstand increased herbivore damage, while populations from high altitudes were suppressed by herbivores. However, the pattern described above was evident only in populations from open habitats. In forest habitats, the differences in population dynamics between low and high altitudes were largely diminished. The effects of herbivores on plants from different altitudes were thus largely habitat specific. Our results indicate potential problems for plant populations from high altitudes in open habitats because of increased herbivore damage. However, forest habitats may provide refuges for the plants at these high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Dostálek
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maan Bahadur Rokaya
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Centre, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Rodríguez-Abello DC, Navarro-Alberto JA, Ramírez-Avilés L, Zamora-Bustillos R. The effect of sowing time on the growth of chia (Salvia hispanica L.): What do nonlinear mixed models tell us about it? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206582. [PMID: 30383782 PMCID: PMC6211711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual short-day plant whose growth has not been studied extensively in low-altitudes and at temperatures outside of its optimal range. The objective of this study was to describe the growth dynamics of a chia crop from an experimental plantation in south-east Mexico, on three different sowing dates. The chia grew at temperatures (18–37°C) and an altitude (9 m a.s.l.) outside of the recommended conditions (20–30°C, 500–1000 m a.s.l.). Three individual-plant responses were measured weekly, before seed harvest: height, number of leaves and number of inflorescences. Three theoretical nonlinear growth models were fitted to the data, a different model for each response. Mixed-effect model parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood, and the goodness of fit for each model was evaluated using two criteria: Modeling Efficiency and Root Mean Square Error. Chia seed yield was also measured in each treatment. Estimated parameters for plant height confirmed that medium sowing time (MST) and late sowing time (LST) plants had smaller heights than the early sowing time (EST) plants. Moreover, at the end of their life cycle, EST plants had a greater number of leaves and inflorescences, and higher seed yield. All of these differences were associated to the extended time of vegetative growth of EST plants favored by optimal photoperiod and temperature. Growth dynamics of chia during its ontogenic phases was explored, in more detail, with relative growth parameters derived from fitted models: a decrease in photoperiod influences the beginning of the reproductive phase, with the consequent reduction in speed of vegetative growth. In addition, nonlinear mixed-effects models can be useful in understanding the relation between growth parameters, plant maturity, and the suitable time for chia seed harvest. Our results suggest chia crops are adaptable to non-conventional environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carolina Rodríguez-Abello
- Departamento de Producción Animal en Agroecosistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jorge Augusto Navarro-Alberto
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Ramírez-Avilés
- Departamento de Producción Animal en Agroecosistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberto Zamora-Bustillos
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Conkal, Yucatán, México
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Silva H, Arriagada C, Campos-Saez S, Baginsky C, Castellaro-Galdames G, Morales-Salinas L. Effect of sowing date and water availability on growth of plants of chia (Salvia hispanica L) established in Chile. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203116. [PMID: 30208093 PMCID: PMC6135399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2010 to 2014 two trials were performed to assess the effect of sowing date (SD1, SD2) and irrigation treatments (IT1, IT2) on the growth of chia in central Chile, measuring leaf area (LA) and dry matter (DM) as primary parameters and relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), crop growth rate (CGR) and specific leaf weight (SLW) as secondary parameters. Both LA and DM reached maximum values between 640 and 1150 accumulated degree days (ADD). However, LA and DM were 25% greater for sowing dates than for available water. Flowering date was also not affected by sowing date or water availability; plants flowered at 1140 and 942 ADD in SD1 and SD2 respectively, and at 499 ADD in the water availability trial. Sowing date had a significant effect on RGR 0.15 g g-1 d-1 for SD1 and 0.12 g g-1 d-1 for SD2 at 410 ADD. Greater water availability increased RGR by 60% compared to stressed plants, however NAR was similar between sowing dates with a tendency to greater values in SD2 plants; maximum values were recorded at 514 ADD in IT1 and IT2, with a tendency toward higher values in IT1. Thus, the primary growth variables LA, DM and flowering are genetically determined. However, the derived growth variables RGR, LWR, NAR, CGR and SLW were affected by sowing date and water availability, with significant differences at p≤ 0.05. The results showed that the sowing date and water availability influence significantly the growth parameters. The physiological component (NAR) show a strong influence on the growth rate of the chia (RGR), above the morphological component (SLW and LAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Silva
- Laboratorio Relación Suelo Agua Planta, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Arriagada
- Laboratorio Relación Suelo Agua Planta, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Campos-Saez
- Laboratorio Relación Suelo Agua Planta, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Baginsky
- Laboratorio de Semillas, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giorgio Castellaro-Galdames
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Morales-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (LARES), Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Gómez-Favela MA, Gutiérrez-Dorado R, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Canizalez-Román VA, Del Rosario León-Sicairos C, Milán-Carrillo J, Reyes-Moreno C. Improvement of Chia Seeds with Antioxidant Activity, GABA, Essential Amino Acids, and Dietary Fiber by Controlled Germination Bioprocess. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2017; 72:345-352. [PMID: 28900797 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-017-0631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant is native from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. Their seeds are a rich source of bioactive compounds which protect consumers against chronic diseases. Germination improves functionality of the seeds due to the increase in the bioactive compounds and associated antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to obtain functional flour from germinated chia seeds under optimized conditions with increased antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, GABA, essential amino acids, and dietary fiber with respect to un-germinated chia seeds. The effect of germination temperature and time (GT = 20-35 °C, Gt = 10-300 h) on protein, lipid, and total phenolic contents (PC, LC, TPC, respectively), and antioxidant activity (AoxA) was analyzed by response surface methodology as optimization tool. Chia seeds were germinated inside plastic trays with absorbent paper moisturized with 50 mL of 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite dissolution. The sprouts were dried (50 °C/8 h) and ground to obtain germinated chia flours (GCF). The prediction models developed for PC, LC, TPC, and AoxA showed high coefficients of determination, demonstrating their adequacy to explain the variations in experimental data. The highest values of PC, LC, TPC, and AoxA were obtained at two different optimal conditions (GT = 21 °C/Gt = 157 h; GT = 33 °C/Gt = 126 h). Optimized germinated chia flours (OGCF) had higher PC, TPC, AoxA, GABA, essential amino acids, calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), and total dietary fiber (TDF) than un-germinated chia seed flour. The OGCF could be utilized as a natural source of proteins, dietary fiber, GABA, and antioxidants in the development of new functional beverages and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Armando Gómez-Favela
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Roberto Gutiérrez-Dorado
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Edith Oliva Cuevas-Rodríguez
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Vicente Adrián Canizalez-Román
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Departamento de posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, UAS, Ave. Cedros y Calle Sauces S/N, Fraccionamiento los Fresnos, CP 80019, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Claudia Del Rosario León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jorge Milán-Carrillo
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas (FCQB), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 1354, CP 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
- , Calle Lichis Ote 1986, Col La Campiña, CP 80060, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Jang HJ, Lee SJ, Kim CY, Hwang JT, Choi JH, Park JH, Lee SW, Rho MC. Effect of Sunlight Radiation on the Growth and Chemical Constituents of Salvia plebeia R.Br. Molecules 2017; 22:E1279. [PMID: 28763025 PMCID: PMC6152347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical composition changes of Salvia plebeia R.Br. cultivated under different light sources, including florescent light and sunlight. The plants were exposed to fluorescent light for four months and sunlight and then examined for the next 5-7 months. Plants were harvested monthly during the seven months, and we examined whether the difference in light source affected the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. A simple and reliable HPLC method using a PAH C18 column was applied for the quantitative analysis of two triterpenoids from the S. plebeia groups. Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) showed good linearity (R² > 0.9999) within the test ranges (0.005-0.05 mg/mL), and the average percentage recoveries of the OA and UA were 95.1-104.8% and 97.2-107.1%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 2.0%. After exposure to sunlight, the phenolic contents, including rosmarinic acid, showed a reduced tendency, whereas the flavonoid contents, including homoplantaginin and luteolin 7-glucoside, were increased. The content of the triterpenoids also showed an increased tendency under sunlight irradiation, but the variance was not larger than those of the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Among experimental groups, the group harvested at six months, having been exposed to sunlight for two months, showed the most potent antioxidant activity. Therefore, these results showed that the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of S. plebeia R.Br. was affected from environmental culture conditions, such as light source. Our studies will be useful for the development of functional materials using S. plebeia R.Br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Jang
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
| | - Joo Tae Hwang
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
| | - Jung Ho Choi
- R&D Center, Korean Drug Co., Ltd., Seoul 06300, Korea.
| | - Jee Hun Park
- R&D Center, Korean Drug Co., Ltd., Seoul 06300, Korea.
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
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11
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Estaji A, Hosseine B, Ghotbi Ravandi E, Sefidkon F, Dehghan E. [Not Available]. Tsitol Genet 2017; 51:81-82. [PMID: 30484613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuruozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth), is a perennial herbaceous plant that is endemic to Iran and has recently been introduced as a medicinal plant. Artificial polyploidy is an efficient method to increase the production of secondary metabolites and can result in a whole spectrum of genetic, molecular and physiological modifications. In order to produce an autotetraploid population of nuruozak, various concentrations of colchicine (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 or 0.50 % w/v) were applied to the seeds and shoot apical meristems of young seedlings at the fourth leaf-stage. Microscopic studies, flow cytometry analysis and chromosome counting were conducted to select tetraploid nuruozak plants. Furthermore, the effects of ploidy level on the essential oil content and composition and biomass production of nuruozak plants, as well as selected structural and physiological characteristics were studied. Based on the number of the obtained tetraploids, treatment of shoot apical meristems was more efficient than seed treatment. Structural and phytochemical characteristics, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were affected by the increase in ploidy level. In addition to the higher potential in biomass production, tetraploid plants produced eight new compounds which were absent in diploids.
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R. V. S, Kumari P, Rupwate SD, Rajasekharan R, Srinivasan M. Exploring triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway in developing seeds of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): a transcriptomic approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123580. [PMID: 25875809 PMCID: PMC4395390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a rediscovered crop with great importance in health and nutrition and is also the highest known terrestrial plant source of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid (ALA). At present, there is no public genomic information or database available for this crop, hindering research on its genetic improvement through genomics-assisted breeding programs. The first comprehensive analysis of the global transcriptome profile of developing Salvia hispanica L. seeds, with special reference to lipid biosynthesis is presented in this study. RNA from five different stages of seed development was extracted and sequenced separately using the Illumina GAIIx platform. De novo assembly of processed reads in the pooled transcriptome using Trinity yielded 76,014 transcripts. The total transcript length was 66,944,462 bases (66.9 Mb), with an average length of approximately 880 bases. In the molecular functions category of Gene Ontology (GO) terms, ATP binding and nucleotide binding were found to be the most abundant and in the biological processes category, the metabolic process and the regulation of transcription-DNA-dependent and oxidation-reduction process were abundant. From the EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups of proteins (KOG) classification, the major category was “Metabolism” (31.97%), of which the most prominent class was ‘carbohydrate metabolism and transport’ (5.81% of total KOG classifications) followed by ‘secondary metabolite biosynthesis transport and catabolism’ (5.34%) and ‘lipid metabolism’ (4.57%). A majority of the candidate genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and oil accumulation were identified. Furthermore, 5596 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. The transcriptome data was further validated through confirmative PCR and qRT-PCR for select lipid genes. Our study provides insight into the complex transcriptome and will contribute to further genome-wide research and understanding of chia. The identified novel UniGenes will facilitate gene discovery and creation of genomic resource for this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar R. V.
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) Resource Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore—560 065, Karnataka, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) Resource Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore—560 065, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi—110 025, India
| | - Sunny D. Rupwate
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore—570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore—570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) Resource Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore—560 065, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi—110 025, India
- * E-mail:
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Chand S, Yaseen M, Patra DD. Application of Heavy Metal Rich Tannery Sludge on Sustainable Growth, Yield and Metal Accumulation by Clarysage (Salvia sclarea L.). Int J Phytoremediation 2015; 17:1171-6. [PMID: 25996359 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1045128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effective utilization of tannery sludge for cultivation of clarysage (Salvia sclarea) at CIMAP research farm, Lucknow, India during the year 2012-2013. Six doses (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 tha(-1)) of processed tannery sludge were tested in randomised block design with four replications. Results revealed that maximum shoot, root, dry matter and oil yield were obtained with application of 80 tha(-1)of tannery sludge and these were 94, 113 and 61% higher respectively, over control. Accumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Fe, Pb) were relatively high in shoot portion of the plant than root. Among heavy metals, magnitude of chromium accumulation was higher than nickel, iron and lead in shoot as well as in root. Linalool, linalyl acetate and sclareol content in oil increased by 13,8 and 27% respectively over control, with tannery sludge application at 80 tha(-1). Heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium and lead content reduced in postharvest soil when compared to initial status. Results indicated that clarysage (Salvia sclarea) can be grown in soil amended with 80 tha(-1)sludge and this can be a suitable accumulator of heavy metals for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmal Chand
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP , Lucknow , 15
| | - M Yaseen
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP , Lucknow , 15
| | - D D Patra
- a Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP , Lucknow , 15
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Mendoza-Hernández PE, Rosete-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Coronado ME, Orozco S, Pedrero-López L, Méndez I, Orozco-Segovia A. Vegetation patches improve the establishment of Salvia mexicana seedlings by modifying microclimatic conditions. Int J Biometeorol 2014; 58:853-866. [PMID: 23605562 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human disturbance has disrupted the dynamics of plant communities. To restore these dynamics, we could take advantage of the microclimatic conditions generated by remaining patches of vegetation and plastic mulch. These microclimatic conditions might have great importance in restoring disturbed lava fields located south of Mexico City, where the rock is exposed and the soil is shallow. We evaluated the effects of both the shade projected by vegetation patches and plastic mulch on the mean monthly soil surface temperature (Tss) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and on the survival and growth of Salvia mexicana throughout the year. This species was used as a phytometer of microsite quality. Shade reduced the T ss to a greater extent than mulch did. Both survival and growth were enhanced by shade and mulch, and the PPFD was related with seedling growth. During the dry season, plant biomass was lost, and there was a negative effect of PPFD on plant growth. At micro-meteorological scales, the use of shade projected by patches of vegetation and mulch significantly reduced the mortality of S. mexicana and enhanced its growth. Survival and growth of this plant depended on the environmental quality of microsites on a small scale, which was determined by the environmental heterogeneity of the patches and the landscape. For plant restoration, microsite quality must be evaluated on small scales, but on a large scale it may be enough to take advantage of landscape shade dynamics and the use of mulch to increase plant survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E Mendoza-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México, DF, 04510, Mexico
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Ge X, Chen H, Wang H, Shi A, Liu K. De novo assembly and annotation of Salvia splendens transcriptome using the Illumina platform. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87693. [PMID: 24622329 PMCID: PMC3951189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important perennial herbaceous flower, Salvia splendens possesses high ornamental value. Understanding its branching processes may help scientists select the best plant type. Although Salvia splendens is a frequently-used horticultural flower, only limited transcriptomic or genomic research is available in public databases. In the present study, we, for the first time, constructed a comprehensive dataset for Salvia splendens through de novo high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed de novo transcriptome sequencing on two different branching type plants (Strain 35 and Cailinghong) using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. For Strain 35, a total of 16,488,829 reads were generated and assembled into 38,498 unigenes, with a mean length of approximately 779 bp. For Cailinghong, 16,464,713 reads were generated and assembled into 34,302 unigenes, with a mean length of approximately 812 bp. Moreover, a total of 49,310 unigenes for Salvia splendens were identified, among them 33,925 (68.80%) were annotated in the non-redundant NCBI database, 25,371 (51.45%) were annotated in the Swiss-Prot database, while 24,888 (50.47%) and 9,896 (20.07%) unigenes were assigned to gene ontology categories and clusters of orthologous groups, respectively. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database, we identified 134 differently expressed unigenes between Strain 35 and Cailinghong, and then these unigenes were mapped to 79 pathways. In addition, we detected 2,453 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). CONCLUSIONS We obtained a comprehensive transcriptomic information from this work and provided a valuable resource of transcript sequences of Salvia splendens in public databases. Moreover, some candidate genes potentially involved in branching were identified. Furthermore, numerous obtained SSRs might contribute to marker-assisted selection. These data could be further utilized in functional genomics studies on Salvia splendens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Ge
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- College of Urban & Rural Development, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Wang
- College of Horticulture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Aiping Shi
- College of Horticulture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Liu
- College of Urban & Rural Development, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
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Chen L, Kang YH. Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Plebeian herba (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) under different cultivation conditions. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:2190-2197. [PMID: 24422962 DOI: 10.1021/jf404570s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An adaptation of cultural management to the specific cultural system, as well as crop demand, can further result in the improvement of the quality of horticultural products. Therefore, this study focused on the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Plebeian herba (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) grown in hydroponics in comparison with those of the plant grown in soil. The antioxidant activities of Plebeian herba extract were measured as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging abilities as well as the reducing power by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in vitro. Interestingly, by comparison with hydroponics and traditional cultivation, Plebeian herba cultivated in nutrition-based soil improved inhibitory effect on free radicals of DPPH, ABTS, and NO and increased the contents of phenolics such as caffeic acid (1), luteolin-7-glucoside (2), homoplantaginin (3), hispidulin (4), and eupatorin. Free radical scavenging and SOD activity, as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, were higher in Plebeian herba grown in nutrition-based soil than in plants grown in hydroponics and traditional condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University , 1370 Sankyuk, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Usano-Alemany J, Palá-Paúl J, Rodríguez MSC, Herraiz-Peñalver D. Chemical description and essential oil yield variability of different accessions of Salvia lavandulifolia. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9:273-276. [PMID: 24689309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount and chemical composition of essential oils are crucial for the modulation of the flavor, scent and therapeutic properties of aromatic and medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenology and weather conditions on the essential oil yield obtained from the aerial parts of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. Besides, we tried to carry out an approach to the chemical composition at the time of full bloom. Essential oil production of several accessions was monitored throughout the whole phenological cycle, both, at the original location growing wild and at the experimental plot as cultivated plants. Local pedoclimatic conditions seem to be crucial for the plant essential oil production. Our results showed high conditioning rates from both yearly climatic conditions and developmental stage of the plants. Maximum yield production was reported at the full seed maturation stage (average 1.74%) and after a slight dry period (average 2.16%). Phytochemical differences were maintained when plants were forced to grow under common pedoclimatic conditions. Thereby, essential oil analysis showed some populations formed by clearly distinct individuals while others had more homogenous plants. Compounds such alpha-pinene, beta-pinene + myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, camphor and beta-caryophyllene were the main compounds of the essential oils of S. lavandulifolia.
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Camarero JJ, Palacio S, Montserrat-Martí G. Contrasting seasonal overlaps between primary and secondary growth are linked to wood anatomy in Mediterranean sub-shrubs. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2013; 15:798-807. [PMID: 23173598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Whole-plant approaches allow quantification of the temporal overlap between primary and secondary growth. If the amount of time available to grow is short, there may be a high temporal overlap between shoot growth and wood formation. We hypothesise that such overlap depends on the duration of the growing season and relates to wood anatomy. We evaluated wood anatomy, shoot longitudinal and radial growth rates, fine root production and the concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the wood of six sub-shrub species growing in sites with contrasting climatic conditions (Lepidium subulatum, Linum suffruticosum, Salvia lavandulifolia, Satureja montana, Ononis fruticosa, Echinospartum horridum). Sub-shrub species living in sites with a short growing season displayed a high overlap between aboveground primary and secondary growth and formed wide vessels, whereas species from the warmest and driest sites presented the reverse characteristics. The highest overlap was linked to a rapid shoot extension and thickening through the enhanced hydraulic conductivity provided by wide vessels. The reductions in NSC concentrations when growth peaked were low or moderate, indicating that sub-shrubs accumulate NSC in excess, as do trees. The temporal overlap among primary and secondary growth in woody plants may be connected to the duration and rates of shoot and wood growth, which in turn depend on the vessel lumen area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Camarero
- ARAID - Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Kuźma Ł, Kisiel W, Królicka A, Wysokińska H. Genetic transformation of Salvia austriaca by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and diterpenoid isolation. Pharmazie 2011; 66:904-907. [PMID: 22204139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hairy roots of Salvia austriaca Jacq. transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4 were obtained and transgenic status of the roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB and rolC specific primers. The root cultures growing in half-strength Gamborg (1/2 B5) liquid medium supplemented with sucrose (30 g L(-1)) under light conditions (photoperiod: 16 h light/8 h dark) were examined for their ability to produce diterpenoids. From n-hexane extract the abietane-type diterpenoids royleanone, 15-deoxyfuerstione and taxodione were isolated and identified. This is the first report on the genetic transformation of S. austriaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Poland.
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Chen XD, Lan J, Li XE, Feng ZS. [The quality of Salvia miltforthiza from Beijing suburbs with different growing modes]. Zhong Yao Cai 2011; 34:8-11. [PMID: 21818962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Study the yield and quality of Salvia miltforthiza in the poplars and apple trees intercropping system. METHODS Assay the yield, heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides and active components of Salvia miltforthiza in different intercropping systems are different. RESULTS The contents of Cd exceeds the allowed figure seriously though other heavy metals such as Pb, As, Hg, Cu fell in the standard range. The contents of organochlorine pesticides of different Salvia miltforthiza fell in the standard range. The active components of biennial Salvia miltforthiza intercropping with apple trees, including Tanshinone II A and Salvianolic acid B complied with the quality standards of Pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION Soil fertility, heavy metals of intercropping system and planting years should be considered in order to ensure the quality and stability of Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-dong Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China
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Mancini E, Arnold NA, De Martino L, De Feo V, Formisano C, Rigano D, Senatore F. Chemical composition and phytotoxic effects of essential oils of Salvia hierosolymitana Boiss. and Salvia multicaulis Vahl. var. simplicifolia Boiss. growing wild in Lebanon. Molecules 2009; 14:4725-36. [PMID: 19935471 PMCID: PMC6255438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of the essential oils of S. hierosolymitana Boiss. and S. multicaulis Vahl. var. simplicifolia Boiss. collected in Lebanon was studied by means of GC and GC-MS analysis. In all 115 compounds were identified: 82 for S hierosolymitana and 72 for S. multicaulis var. simplicifolia. The presence of carbonylic compounds (17%) characterizes the oil from S. hierosolymitana, while S. multicaulis var. simplicifolia oil is rich of monoterpenes (34.5%) and sesquiterpenes (46.9%). The effects of the essential oils on germination and initial radical elongation of Raphanus sativus L. (radish) and Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress) were studied, indicating in a different activity against radical elongation of the species tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (E.M.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Nelly Apostolides Arnold
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université Saint Esprit, Kaslik (Beyrouth), Lebanon; E-Mail: (N.A.A.)
| | - Laura De Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (E.M.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; E-Mails: (E.M.); (L.D.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: + 39089969751; Fax: + 39089969602
| | - Carmen Formisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Daniela Rigano
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Felice Senatore
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (D.R.); (F.S.)
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Papageorgiou V, Gardeli C, Mallouchos A, Papaioannou M, Komaitis M. Variation of the chemical profile and antioxidant behavior of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia fruticosa Miller grown in Greece. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:7254-7264. [PMID: 18646855 DOI: 10.1021/jf800802t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the essential oil and the phenolic composition along with the antioxidant activity of R. officinalis L. and S. fruticosa Miller, collected in Zakynthos island (Ionian Sea, Greece), were investigated. The essential oil composition of the plants was characterized by the presence of 1,8-cineole. Mean values of the antioxidant activities of rosemary and sage essential oils indicated slight differences. The antioxidant activity of sage oil was correlated with the oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpenes concentrations. Concerning the methanolic extracts, a close relationship between the phenolic content and the development stage during vegetative cycle of these plants was observed. The identified flavonoids, except rutin, seemed to increase with the advancement of developmental stages, while phenolic acids followed an opposite pattern. The antioxidant activity was correlated with the amount of total phenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Papageorgiou
- Agricultural University of Athens, Food Science and Technology Dept., Iera Odos 75, Athens, Greece, 118 55
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Zhang YP, Chen HY, Cheng WX, Feng Y, Tang ZJ, Yang LJ. [Studies on the chemical constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiz of Lijiang]. Zhong Yao Cai 2008; 31:226-9. [PMID: 18619267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study chemical constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiz of Lijiang. METHODS The constituents were separated and purified by column chromatography with silica gel. Their structures were identified on the basis of physical and spectral data. RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as: (1) ferlalic acid; (2) O-hydroxybenzoic acid; (3) protocatechualdehyde; (4) beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-lactic acid; (5) ursolic acid; (6) 6,7-dimethoxy-5,4'-dihydroxy-flavonol-3-O-glucoside; (7) carnosol; (8) tanshinone II(A); (9) tanshinone I; (10) 5,6-dehydrosugiol; (11) crypotanshinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Criminal Science and Forensic Technology, Yunnan Police Officer College, Kunming 650223, China.
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Grigatti M, Giorgioni ME, Ciavatta C. Compost-based growing media: influence on growth and nutrient use of bedding plants. Bioresour Technol 2007; 98:3526-34. [PMID: 17204421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The agronomic performance and the mineral composition and trace element content in Begonia semperflorens "Bellavista F1", Mimulus "Magic x hybridus", Salvia splendens "maestro", and Tagete patula xerecta "Zenith Lemon Yellow", were tested by growing the plants on substrates of white peat and 25-50-75-100% green waste and sewage sludge (80%+20%v/v) compost (CP). A commercial peat medium of black and white peat (2:1v/v) was used as control. At flowering, the agronomic parameters were compared by ANOVA and plant nutritional status was compared by vector analysis. Substrate-species interactions (P<0.001) were evident for all measured parameters. In the 25% CP medium all the species showed an increase or preservation of the studied agronomic parameters. Begonia grown in 25% CP, showed the highest dry weight (DW) and number of flowers. Other treatments were comparable to the control. Mimulus and Salvia showed the highest DW in the 25-50% CP. Mimulus, after a DW increase up to 50% CP, showed the steepest reduction as the CP increased further. Tagete showed no differences in DW up to 50% CP, or in flower number up to 25% CP, compared to the control. The additional increases of CP in the medium showed a DW decrease similar to that of Salvia. Vector analysis showed the use of compost mainly induced a decrease of P concentration in tissues, except for Begonia which remained unchanged. Plant tissues showed a general P reduction due to a dilution effect in the low compost mixtures (25-50%) and a deficiency in the higher CP mixtures. In contrast, an increase of Mg in the aboveground tissues of all species was detectable as compost usage increased, with the exception of Salvia which suffered a Mg deficiency. Vector analysis also highlighted a Ni and partial Fe deficiency in Tagete and Salvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grigatti
- Department of Agro-environmental Science and Technology Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Abreu ME, Munné-Bosch S. Photo- and antioxidant protection and salicylic acid accumulation during post-anthesis leaf senescence in Salvia lanigera grown under Mediterranean climate. Physiol Plant 2007; 131:590-598. [PMID: 18251850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-anthesis leaf senescence is a key developmental process in the life of plants as it is the time during which material built up by the plant during its growth phase is mobilized into reproductive tissues. Here we aimed to study the extent of photo- and antioxidant protection and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation during post-anthesis leaf senescence in a perennial plant, Salvia lanigera Poir. grown under Mediterranean field conditions. SA levels increased sharply (up to 2.7-fold) during early stages of leaf senescence until fruit and seed formation occurred (i.e. 4 weeks after anthesis). Later on, SA levels kept at constant high levels until leaf abscission occurred (i.e. 7 weeks after anthesis). Reductions in chlorophyll and carotenoid (lutein, violaxanthin and beta-carotene) levels occurred progressively during leaf senescence. In contrast, xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidation increased during early stages of leaf senescence and remained constant later, similar to SA accumulation. Indeed, xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidation strongly positively correlated with SA levels (r(2) = 0.92). The maximum efficiency of PSII (F(v)/F(m) ratio) kept around 0.80 throughout the experiment, except during the latest stage of leaf senescence (i.e. after fruit and seed formation), when this ratio decreased to 0.72, thus indicating damage to PSII. It is concluded that endogenous SA levels increase sharply during early stages of post-anthesis leaf senescence and concomitantly with activation of photoprotection mechanisms, such as xanthophyll cycle-dependent excess energy dissipation, thus avoiding damage to PSII until fruit and seed formation have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elizabeth Abreu
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Kaya Y, Aksakal O. The morphological and autecological properties of Salvia rosifolia Sm. (Lamiaceae) grown in Erzurum and its environs in Turkey. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:2178-2184. [PMID: 19070178 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2178.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the morphological and autecological characteristics of Salvia rosifolia Sm. which is an endemic plant (Lamiaceae) distributed in Erzurum and its environs. Morphologically, it was observed that the species had a perennial root system, the herbaceous stem was ascending, unbranched, leaves pinnatisect, oblong-eliptic, glandular and eglandular hairs were present on the both surface of leaves. Bracts were ovate-acuminate and bracteols lanceolate. It was observed that calyx was campanulate and corolla bilabiate and also species contained two A type of stamen. Ecologically, the chemical and physical analysis was carried out on soil and plant samples collected from 22 different localities in Erzurum and its environs. Present results showed that the plant generally prefers loamy, sandy-loamy and sandy-clayey-loam textural soils, with a slightly alkaline or neutral pH. They also preferred non-saline or slightly saline soils which were both medium and rich calcium carbonate. The result obtained from soil and plant analyses were evaluated statistically and it was found that there was a relation between the quantities of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium and plant abundance and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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Palacio S, Millard P, Maestro M, Montserrat-Martí G. Non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen dynamics in mediterranean sub-shrubs: an analysis of the functional role of overwintering leaves. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2007; 9:49-58. [PMID: 16883482 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have led to contrasting results about the role of overwintering leaves as storage sites, which is related to leaf longevity and life-form. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional role of the leaves of four species of Mediterranean sub-shrubs, with different leaf phenology, as sources of nitrogen (N) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) for shoot growth. The seasonal dynamics of the concentrations and pools of N and NSC were assessed monthly in the leaves and woody organs of each species. Overwintering and spring leaves served as N and NSC sources for shoot growth in the evergreen species analyzed, providing up to 73 % and 324 % of the N demand for spring and autumn growth, respectively. Excess autumn N was stored in woody structures which contributed to the N and NSC requirements of spring growth. In the winter deciduous species, woody organs were the main N source for spring growth, while current photosynthesis from immature brachyblasts seemed to be the main carbon (C) source. Due to their short lifespan, overwintering and spring leaves did not show several translocation processes throughout their life time, their contribution to new growth being made during senescence. The successive exchange of leaf cohorts displayed by Mediterranean sub-shrubs might serve as a mechanism to recycle N and C between consecutive cohorts as plants perform the pheno-morphological changes needed to adapt their morphology to the seasonality of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palacio
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Abstract
Shoots of Salvia officinalis, a medicinally important plant, were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains ATCC 15834 and A4 which led to the induction of hairy roots in 57% and 37% of the explants, respectively. Seven lines of hairy roots were established in WP liquid medium under light and dark conditions. The transformed nature of the root lines was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using rolB and rolC specific primers. Transformed root cultures of Salvia officinalis showed variations in biomass and rosmarinic acid production depending on the bacterial strain used for transformation and the root line analyzed. Both parameters (growth and rosmarinic acid content) of ATCC 15834-induced lines were significantly higher than the A4-induced lines. The maximum accumulation of rosmarinic acid (about 45 mg g(-1) of dry weight) was achieved by hairy root line 1 (HR-1) at the end of the culture period (45-50 days). The level was significantly higher than that found in untransformed root culture (19 mg g(-10 of dry wt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Grzegorczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lódź, Poland.
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Duan YZ, Ke SY, Cao J, Niu YZ, Peng CZ. [Study on induction of polyploidy in Salvia bowleyana by colchicine treatment]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2006; 31:445-8. [PMID: 16722367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the technique of induction of polyploidy in Salvia bowleyana by colchicine treatment. METHOD The three kinds of explant of bud, leaf and calli were induced by colchicine treatment. RESULT The induction effects were better when the calli was treated by colchicines (15 mg x L(-1)) and the leaf was pre-cultured for one week. The doubling rate was 33.33%, while the majority were wholy doubled plants, and the leaves were thicker and broader, the color was darker, the root was thicker and the stoma size was obviously bigger than the diploid plants. The number of chromosome were 8 to 64. Isoenzyme analysis showed that the enzyme activities between the polyploid and the diploid plants were quite different. CONCLUSION Induction of polyploidy by colchicine treatment is efficacious. The part of the doubled plants were identified as homologmous tetraploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Duan
- Department of Biology, Tangshan Teacher's College, Tangshan 063000, China.
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Abstract
Production of tanshinones (tanshinone I and IIA) was determined in roots of Salvia przewalskii micropropagated plants. It was found that the total tanshinone content (tashinone I and tashinone IIA) was dependent on the age of the analyzed plants. The roots of 2-year-old in vitro regenerated plants at flowering stage produced highest tanshinone levels (3.8 mg/g dry weight of tanshinone I and 7.6 mg/g dry weight of tanshinone IIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skała
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lódź, Poland.
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Wang XF, Zhou QX. Ecotoxicological effects of cadmium on three ornamental plants. Chemosphere 2005; 60:16-21. [PMID: 15910897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 10/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological effects of cadmium (Cd) on three ornamental plants African marigold (Tagetes erecta), scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) and sweet hibiscus (Abelmoschus manihot) were investigated. Seeds of these plants were exposed to five different concentrations of Cd (0-50 mgl(-1)). Ecotoxicological indexes based on inhibition rate (IC) of seed germination, root and shoot elongation, biomass (fresh weight and dry weight), as well as IC50 (Cd concentration when 50% plants show inhibition) and tolerance indexes (the ratio of maximum root length in an experimental group to that in a control group) were determined. The results indicated that Cd had little effects (p>0.05) on seed germination of the three plants and shoot elongation of scarlet sage (S. splendens). Cadmium had significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effects on root elongation of the three plants and shoot elongation of African marigold (T. erecta). The fresh weight biomass of scarlet sage (S. splendens) was most sensitive to Cd, while that of sweet hibiscus (A. manihot) was least sensitive. On a dry weight basis, African marigold (T. erecta) was the least sensitive, and scarlet sage (S. splendens) was the most sensitive to Cd. Based on IC50 of seed germination, sweet hibiscus (A. manihot) was the most insensitive plant with an IC50 value as high as 428.0 gl(-1). According to Cd-tolerance indexes under the same Cd concentration, sweet hibiscus (A. manihot) was the most tolerant plant whereas scarlet sage (S. splendens) was the most sensitive one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 417, Shenyang 110016, China
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Karioti A, Skaltsa H, Demetzos C, Perdetzoglou D, Economakis CD, Salem AB. Effect of nitrogen concentration of the nutrient solution on the volatile constituents of leaves of Salvia fruticosa Mill. in solution culture. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:6505-6508. [PMID: 14558770 DOI: 10.1021/jf030308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils from hydroponically cultivated Salvia fruticosa were analyzed by GC-MS techniques. Three different levels of nitrogen (100, 150, and 200 mg/L) were used in the nutrient solution for the cultivation, using the nutrient film technique. A total of 79 compounds were identified, and qualitative and quantitative differences have been observed between the samples collected at full bloom (flowering stage) and at the end of the seed formation stage. 1,8-Cineole, beta-caryophyllene, and viridiflorol were the predominant constituents in most cases. 13-epi-Manool was identified by using GC parameters and mass spectrum fragmentation pattern, whereas labd-7,13-dien-15-ol, a labdane type diterpene, was identified for the first time in the genus Salvia, using GC parameters and an authentic sample. The results obtained from GC-MS analyses were submitted to chemometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karioti
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
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Guo BL, Feng YX, Zhao YJ. [Review of germplasm resources studies on Salvia miltiorrhiza]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2002; 27:492-5. [PMID: 12776512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Research development of germplasm resources of Salvia miltiorrhiza was reviewed in the aspects of species resource, geographic distribution and varieties, biological characters and culture varieties, and cell and tissue culture. It was suggested that more attention be paid to waters-soluble constituents when evaluating the quality of the medicine, and much more basic studies be done in the course of establishing standard plant base for high quality herb and in the aspect of new variety selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-lin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China.
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