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Sun Z, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y. Animal Models of Type 2 Diabetes Complications: A Review. Endocr Res 2024; 49:46-58. [PMID: 37950485 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2023.2278049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disease, of which type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common. The complications of diabetes are far more harmful than diabetes itself. Type 2 diabetes complications include diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic heart disease, diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) et al. Many animal models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of T2D and discover an effective strategy to treat its consequences. In this sense, it is crucial to choose the right animal model for the corresponding diabetic complication. This paper summarizes and classifies the animal modeling approaches to T2D complications and provides a comprehensive review of their advantages and disadvantages. It is hopeful that this paper will provide theoretical support for animal trials of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Sun
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, Taipa, PR China
| | - Yadi Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, Taipa, PR China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, Taipa, PR China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, Taipa, PR China
- Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Macau University of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, PR China
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Hengqin, Zhuhai, PR China
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2
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Duarte FV, Ciampi D, Duarte CB. Mitochondria as central hubs in synaptic modulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:173. [PMID: 37266732 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are present in the pre- and post-synaptic regions, providing the energy required for the activity of these very specialized neuronal compartments. Biogenesis of synaptic mitochondria takes place in the cell body, and these organelles are then transported to the synapse by motor proteins that carry their cargo along microtubule tracks. The transport of mitochondria along neurites is a highly regulated process, being modulated by the pattern of neuronal activity and by extracellular cues that interact with surface receptors. These signals act by controlling the distribution of mitochondria and by regulating their activity. Therefore, mitochondria activity at the synapse allows the integration of different signals and the organelles are important players in the response to synaptic stimulation. Herein we review the available evidence regarding the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by neuronal activity and by neuromodulators, and how these changes in the activity of mitochondria affect synaptic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- III - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniele Ciampi
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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3
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Abstract
The term 'diabetic foot disease' (DFD) often signifies the presence of foot ulceration and infection, but one must also be wary of the rarer occurrence of Charcot foot disease. The worldwide prevalence of DFD is 6.3% (95%CI: 5.4-7.3%). Foot complications present a major challenge to both patients and healthcare systems, with increased rates of hospitalisation and an almost trebled 5-year mortality. The Charcot foot often occurs in patients with long-standing diabetes, presenting as an inflamed or swollen foot or ankle, following unrecognised minor trauma. This review focuses on the prevention and early identification of the 'at-risk' foot. DFD is best managed by a multi-disciplinary foot clinic team consisting of podiatrists and healthcare professionals. This ensures a combination of expertise and provision of a multi-faceted evidence-based treatment plan. Current research using endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) offers a new dimension in wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David V Coppini
- University Hospitals Dorset NHS Trust, Dorset, UK, and visiting fellow, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
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4
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Yang C, Zhao X, An X, Zhang Y, Sun W, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Kang X, Sun Y, Jiang L, Lian F. Axonal transport deficits in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1136796. [PMID: 37056668 PMCID: PMC10086245 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1136796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic and prevalent metabolic disease that gravely endangers human health and seriously affects the quality of life of hyperglycemic patients. More seriously, it can lead to amputation and neuropathic pain, imposing a severe financial burden on patients and the healthcare system. Even with strict glycemic control or pancreas transplantation, peripheral nerve damage is difficult to reverse. Most current treatment options for DPN can only treat the symptoms but not the underlying mechanism. Patients with long-term diabetes mellitus (DM) develop axonal transport dysfunction, which could be an important factor in causing or exacerbating DPN. This review explores the underlying mechanisms that may be related to axonal transport impairment and cytoskeletal changes caused by DM, and the relevance of the latter with the occurrence and progression of DPN, including nerve fiber loss, diminished nerve conduction velocity, and impaired nerve regeneration, and also predicts possible therapeutic strategies. Understanding the mechanisms of diabetic neuronal injury is essential to prevent the deterioration of DPN and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Timely and effective improvement of axonal transport impairment is particularly critical for the treatment of peripheral neuropathies.
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Simão VP, Cury CS, Tavares GMZ, Ortega GC, Ribeiro AC, Santos GS, Lana JFSD. Platelet-rich plasma application in diabetic ulcers: A review. World J Dermatol 2022; 10:1-9. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are 422 million diabetic people in the world. 25% of these individuals are diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). 20% of patients with DFU will suffer amputation of the lower limbs. Following amputation procedures, the mortality rate of patients is over 70% in 5 years. Diabetes has no cure and, therefore, treatment aims to prevent and treat its complications. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to be a therapeutic tool for many types of disorders, including the treatment of DFU. This manuscript aims to carry out a review to provide more knowledge about the efficacy and safety of autologous PRP for wound closure in patients with DFU. The majority of studies included in this review state that PRP promotes improvement of DFU lesions by accelerating tissue healing processes. However, many studies have a small sample size and thus require larger sample range in order to improve robustness of data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Souza Cury
- Medical School, Centro Universitário Lusíada, Santos 11045-101, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Biomedical Science, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Coelho MA, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Rajendran RL, Sugano AA, Mosaner T, Santos GS, Bizinotto Lana JV, Lana AVSD, da Fonseca LF, Domingues RB, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC, Lana JFSD. Application of Sygen® in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathies—A Review of Biological Interactions. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050217. [PMID: 35621495 PMCID: PMC9138133 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of Sygen® in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, a severe disease that affects the peripheral nervous system in diabetic individuals. This disorder often impacts the lower limbs, causing significant discomfort and, if left untreated, progresses into more serious conditions involving chronic ulcers and even amputation in many cases. Although there are management strategies available, peripheral neuropathies are difficult to treat as they often present multiple causes, especially due to metabolic dysfunction in diabetic individuals. Gangliosides, however, have long been studied and appreciated for their role in neurological diseases. The monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) ganglioside, popularly known as Sygen, provides beneficial effects such as enhanced neuritic sprouting, neurotrophism, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and anti-excitotoxic activity, being particularly useful in the treatment of neurological complications that arise from diabetes. This product mimics the roles displayed by neurotrophins, improving neuronal function and immunomodulation by attenuating exacerbated inflammation in neurons. Furthermore, Sygen assists in axonal stabilization and keeps nodal and paranodal regions of myelin fibers organized. This maintains an adequate propagation of action potentials and restores standard peripheral nerve function. Given the multifactorial nature of this complicated disorder, medical practitioners must carefully screen the patient to avoid confusion and misdiagnosis. There are several studies analyzing the role of Sygen in neurological disorders. However, the medical literature still needs more robust investigations such as randomized clinical trials regarding the administration of this compound for diabetic peripheral neuropathies, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Amaral Coelho
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine-Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Fellow in Joint Replacement, Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - André Atsushi Sugano
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Tomas Mosaner
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - João Vitor Bizinotto Lana
- Medical Specialties School Centre, Centro Universitário Max Planck, Indaiatuba 13343-060, Brazil; (J.V.B.L.); (A.V.S.D.L.)
| | | | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barnabé Domingues
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
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Arora K, Tomar PC, Mohan V. Diabetic neuropathy: an insight on the transition from synthetic drugs to herbal therapies. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1773-1784. [PMID: 34900824 PMCID: PMC8630252 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of prediabetes and diabetes has led to a severe corresponding complication of these disorders. Neuropathy is one of the most prevalent complication of diabetes is, affecting blood supply of the peripheral nervous system that may eventually results into loss of sensations, injuries, diabetic foot and death. The utmost identified risk of diabetic neuropathy is uncontrolled high blood glucose levels. However, aging, body mass index (BMI), oxidative stress, inflammation, increased HbA1c levels and blood pressure are among the other key factors involved in the upsurge of this disease. The so far treatment to deal with diabetic neuropathy is controlling metabolic glucose levels. Apart from this, drugs like reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, PKC inhibitors, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), anticonvulsants, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, are the other prescribed medications. However, the related side-effects (hallucinations, drowsiness, memory deficits), cost, poor pharmacokinetics and drug resistance brought the trust of patients down and thus herbal renaissance is occurring all over the word as the people have shifted their intentions from synthetic drugs to herbal remedies. Medicinal plants have widely been utilized as herbal remedies against number of ailments in Indian medicinal history. Their bioactive components are very much potent to handle different chronic disorders and complications with lesser-known side effects. Therefore, the current article mainly concludes the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy. Furthermore, it also highlights the important roles of medicinal plants and their naturally occurring bioactive compounds in addressing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Arora
- Department of Life Sciences, Neurosciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, India
| | - Pushpa C. Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research & Studies, Haryana 121004 Faridabad, India
| | - Vandana Mohan
- Department of Life Sciences, Neurosciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, India
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da Silva JF, Binda NS, Pereira EMR, de Lavor MSL, Vieira LB, de Souza AH, Rigo FK, Ferrer HT, de Castro CJ, Ferreira J, Gomez MV. Analgesic effects of Phα1β toxin: a review of mechanisms of action involving pain pathways. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210001. [PMID: 34868281 PMCID: PMC8610172 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phα1β is a neurotoxin purified from spider venom that acts as a high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel blocker. This spider peptide has shown a high selectivity for N-type HVA calcium channels (NVACC) and an analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Its activity was associated with a reduction in calcium transients, glutamate release, and reactive oxygen species production from the spinal cord tissue and dorsal ganglia root (DRG) in rats and mice. It has been reported that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of Phα1β to treat chronic pain reverted opioid tolerance with a safer profile than ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a highly selective NVACC blocker. Following a recent development of recombinant Phα1β (CTK 01512-2), a new molecular target, TRPA1, the structural arrangement of disulphide bridges, and an effect on glial plasticity have been identified. CTK 01512-2 reproduced the antinociceptive effects of the native toxin not only after the intrathecal but also after the intravenous administration. Herein, we review the Phα1β antinociceptive activity in the most relevant pain models and its mechanisms of action, highlighting the impact of CTK 01512-2 synthesis and its potential for multimodal analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Figueira da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nancy Scardua Binda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizete Maria Rita Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB),
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Hubner de Souza
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Karine Rigo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South
of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hèlia Tenza Ferrer
- Center of Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine,
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célio José de Castro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina,
Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Education and
Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Center of Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine,
Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Sajic M, Rumora AE, Kanhai AA, Dentoni G, Varatharajah S, Casey C, Brown RDR, Peters F, Hinder LM, Savelieff MG, Feldman EL, Smith KJ. High Dietary Fat Consumption Impairs Axonal Mitochondrial Function In Vivo. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4321-4334. [PMID: 33785643 PMCID: PMC8143198 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1852-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is the most common complication of prediabetes and diabetes. PN causes severe morbidity for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes patients, including limb pain followed by numbness resulting from peripheral nerve damage. PN in T2D and prediabetes is associated with dyslipidemia and elevated circulating lipids; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying PN development in prediabetes and T2D are unknown. Peripheral nerve sensory neurons rely on axonal mitochondria to provide energy for nerve impulse conduction under homeostatic conditions. Models of dyslipidemia in vitro demonstrate mitochondrial dysfunction in sensory neurons exposed to elevated levels of exogenous fatty acids. Herein, we evaluated the effect of dyslipidemia on mitochondrial function and dynamics in sensory axons of the saphenous nerve of a male high-fat diet (HFD)-fed murine model of prediabetes to identify mitochondrial alterations that correlate with PN pathogenesis in vivo We found that the HFD decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in axonal mitochondria and reduced the ability of sensory neurons to conduct at physiological frequencies. Unlike mitochondria in control axons, which dissipated their MMP in response to increased impulse frequency (from 1 to 50 Hz), HFD mitochondria dissipated less MMP in response to axonal energy demand, suggesting a lack of reserve capacity. The HFD also decreased sensory axonal Ca2+ levels and increased mitochondrial lengthening and expression of PGC1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Together, these results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies an imbalance of axonal energy and Ca2+ levels and impairs impulse conduction within the saphenous nerve in prediabetic PN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Diabetes and prediabetes are leading causes of peripheral neuropathy (PN) worldwide. PN has no cure, but development in diabetes and prediabetes is associated with dyslipidemia, including elevated levels of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids impair mitochondrial dynamics and function in cultured neurons, indicating a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in PN progression; however, the effect of elevated circulating fatty acids on the peripheral nervous system in vivo is unknown. In this study, we identify early pathogenic events in sensory nerve axons of mice with high-fat diet-induced PN, including alterations in mitochondrial function, axonal conduction, and intra-axonal calcium, that provide important insight into potential PN mechanisms associated with prediabetes and dyslipidemia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Sajic
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Rumora
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anish A Kanhai
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Dentoni
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sharlini Varatharajah
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Casey
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan D R Brown
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Peters
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy M Hinder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kenneth J Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Palavicini JP, Chen J, Wang C, Wang J, Qin C, Baeuerle E, Wang X, Woo JA, Kang DE, Musi N, Dupree JL, Han X. Early disruption of nerve mitochondrial and myelin lipid homeostasis in obesity-induced diabetes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137286. [PMID: 33148881 PMCID: PMC7710310 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a major complication of diabetes. Current treatment options alleviate pain but do not stop the progression of the disease. At present, there are no approved disease-modifying therapies. Thus, developing more effective therapies remains a major unmet medical need. Seeking to better understand the molecular mechanisms driving peripheral neuropathy, as well as other neurological complications associated with diabetes, we performed spatiotemporal lipidomics, biochemical, ultrastructural, and physiological studies on PNS and CNS tissue from multiple diabetic preclinical models. We unraveled potentially novel molecular fingerprints underlying nerve damage in obesity-induced diabetes, including an early loss of nerve mitochondrial (cardiolipin) and myelin signature (galactosylceramide, sulfatide, and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine) lipids that preceded mitochondrial, myelin, and axonal structural/functional defects; started in the PNS; and progressed to the CNS at advanced diabetic stages. Mechanistically, we provided substantial evidence indicating that these nerve mitochondrial/myelin lipid abnormalities are (surprisingly) not driven by hyperglycemia, dysinsulinemia, or insulin resistance, but rather associate with obesity/hyperlipidemia. Importantly, our findings have major clinical implications as they open the door to novel lipid-based biomarkers to diagnose and distinguish different subtypes of diabetic neuropathy (obese vs. nonobese diabetics), as well as to lipid-lowering therapeutic strategies for treatment of obesity/diabetes-associated neurological complications and for glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
| | - Jianing Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
| | - Chao Qin
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
| | - Eric Baeuerle
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
| | - Xinming Wang
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jung A. Woo
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - David E. Kang
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Magar A, Devasani K, Majumdar A. Melatonin ameliorates neuropathy in diabetic rats by abating mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic derangements. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2020.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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12
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Neuroprotective Effect of Salvianolic Acid A against Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy through Modulation of Nrf2. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6431459. [PMID: 32184918 PMCID: PMC7063195 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6431459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been recognized as the contributor to diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Antioxidant strategies have been most widely explored; nevertheless, whether antioxidants alone prevent DPN still remains inconclusive. In the present study, we established an in vitro DPN cell model for drug screening using Schwann RSC96 cells under high glucose (HG) stimulation, and we found that salvianolic acid A (SalA) mitigated HG-induced injury evidenced by cell viability and myelination. Mechanistically, SalA exhibited strong antioxidative effects by inhibiting 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, as well as upregulating antioxidative enzyme mRNA expression. In addition, SalA significantly extenuated neuroinflammation with downregulated inflammatory factor mRNA expression. Furthermore, SalA improved the mitochondrial function of HG-injured Schwann cells by scavenging mitochondrial ROS, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and enhancing ATP production, as well as upregulating oxidative phosphorylation gene expression. More importantly, we identified nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as the upstream regulator which mediated protective effects of SalA on DPN. SalA directly bound to the Kelch domain of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and thus disrupted the interaction of Nrf2 and Keap1 predicted by LibDock of Discovery Studio. Additionally, SalA significantly inhibited Nrf2 promoter activity and downregulated Nrf2 mRNA expression but without affecting Nrf2 protein expression. Interestingly, SalA upregulated the nuclear Nrf2 expression and promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation by high content screening assay, which was confirmed to be involved in its antiglucotoxicity effect by the knockdown of Nrf2 in RSC96 cells. In KK-Ay mice, we demonstrated that SalA could effectively improve the abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and significantly protect against DPN by increasing the mechanical withdrawal threshold and sciatic nerve conduction velocity and restoring the ultrastructural impairment of the injured sciatic nerve induced by diabetes. Hence, SalA protected against DPN by antioxidative stress, attenuating neuroinflammation, and improving mitochondrial function via Nrf2. SalA may be prospective therapeutics for treating DPN.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic peripheral neuropathy eventually affects nearly 50% of adults with diabetes during their lifetime and is associated with substantial morbidity including pain, foot ulcers, and lower limb amputation. This review summarizes the epidemiology, risk factors, and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and related lower extremity complications. RECENT FINDINGS The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy is estimated to be between 6 and 51% among adults with diabetes depending on age, duration of diabetes, glucose control, and type 1 versus type 2 diabetes. The clinical manifestations are variable, ranging from asymptomatic to painful neuropathic symptoms. Because of the risk of foot ulcer (25%) and amputation associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, aggressive screening and treatment in the form of glycemic control, regular foot exams, and pain management are important. There is an emerging focus on lifestyle interventions including weight loss and physical activity as well. The American Diabetes Association has issued multiple recommendation statements pertaining to diabetic neuropathies and the care of the diabetic foot. Given that approximately 50% of adults with diabetes will be affected by peripheral neuropathy in their lifetime, more diligent screening and management are important to reduce the complications and health care burden associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin W Hicks
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Halsted 668, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2024 E. Monument St., Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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14
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Rumora AE, Savelieff MG, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. Disorders of mitochondrial dynamics in peripheral neuropathy: Clues from hereditary neuropathy and diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 145:127-176. [PMID: 31208522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common and debilitating complication of diabetes and prediabetes. Recent clinical studies have identified an association between the development of neuropathy and dyslipidemia in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Despite the prevalence of this complication, studies identifying molecular mechanisms that underlie neuropathy progression in prediabetes or diabetes are limited. However, dysfunctional mitochondrial pathways in hereditary neuropathy provide feasible molecular targets for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in neuropathy associated with prediabetes or diabetes. Recent studies suggest that elevated levels of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) associated with dyslipidemia impair mitochondrial dynamics in sensory neurons by inducing mitochondrial depolarization, compromising mitochondrial bioenergetics, and impairing axonal mitochondrial transport. This causes lower neuronal ATP and apoptosis. Conversely, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) restore nerve and sensory mitochondrial function. Understanding the mitochondrial pathways that contribute to neuropathy progression in prediabetes and diabetes may provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of this debilitating complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rumora
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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15
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Liu Jun Zi Tang-A Potential, Multi-Herbal Complementary Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041258. [PMID: 29690597 PMCID: PMC5979528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liu Jun Zi Tang (LJZT) has been used to treat functional dyspepsia and depression, suggesting its effects on gastrointestinal and neurological functions. LJZT is currently used as a complementary therapy to attenuate cisplatin-induced side effects, such as dyspepsia. However, its effect on chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain or neurotoxicity has rarely been studied. Thus, we explored potential mechanisms underlying LJZT protection against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. We observed that LJZT attenuated cisplatin-induced thermal hyperalgesia in mice and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, it also attenuated cisplatin-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial free radical formation, reversed the cisplatin-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors. LJZT not only activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) promoter region, but also attenuated the cisplatin-induced reduction of PGC-1α expression. Silencing of the PGC-1α gene counteracted the protection of LJZT. Taken together, LJZT mediated, through anti-oxidative effect and mitochondrial function regulation, to prevent cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.
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16
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Sifuentes-Franco S, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Rodríguez-Carrizalez AD, Miranda-Díaz AG. The Role of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function, and Autophagy in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1673081. [PMID: 29204450 PMCID: PMC5674726 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1673081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most frequent and prevalent chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The state of persistent hyperglycemia leads to an increase in the production of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and favors deregulation of the antioxidant defenses that are capable of activating diverse metabolic pathways which trigger the presence of nitro-oxidative stress (NOS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hyperglycemia provokes the appearance of micro- and macrovascular complications and favors oxidative damage to the macromolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) with an increase in products that damage the DNA. Hyperglycemia produces mitochondrial dysfunction with deregulation between mitochondrial fission/fusion and regulatory factors. Mitochondrial fission appears early in diabetic neuropathy with the ability to facilitate mitochondrial fragmentation. Autophagy is a catabolic process induced by oxidative stress that involves the formation of vesicles by the lysosomes. Autophagy protects cells from diverse stress factors and routine deterioration. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the appearance of complications in DM will facilitate the selection of specific therapeutic options based on the mechanisms involved in the metabolic pathways affected. Nowadays, the antioxidant agents consumed exogenously form an adjuvant therapeutic alternative in chronic degenerative metabolic diseases, such as DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sifuentes-Franco
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Fermín Paul Pacheco-Moisés
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
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17
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Melatonin Treatment Reduces Oxidative Damage and Normalizes Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients Suffering from Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy: A Pilot Study in Three Children. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101728. [PMID: 29036910 PMCID: PMC6151441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT) is a motor and sensory neuropathy comprising a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases. The CMT1A phenotype is predominant in the 70% of CMT patients, with nerve conduction velocity reduction and hypertrophic demyelination. These patients have elevated oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Currently, there is no effective cure for CMT; herein, we investigated whether melatonin treatment may reduce the inflammatory and oxidative damage in CMT1A patients. Three patients, aged 8–10 years, were treated with melatonin (60 mg at 21:00 h plus 10 mg at 09:00 h), and plasma levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitrites (NOx), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, oxidized to reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reductase (GRd), were determined in erythrocytes at 3 and 6 months of treatment. Healthy age- and sex-matched subjects were used as controls. The results showed increased activities of SOD, GST, GPx, and GRd in CMT1A patients, which were reduced at 3 and 6 months of treatment. The GSSG/GSH ratio significantly increased in the patients, returning to control values after melatonin treatment. The inflammatory process was confirmed by the elevation of all proinflammatory cytokines measured, which were also normalized by melatonin. LPO and NOx, which also were elevated in the patients, were normalized by melatonin. The results document beneficial effects of the use of melatonin in CMT1A patients to reduce the hyperoxidative and inflammatory condition, which may correlate with a reduction of the degenerative process.
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18
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O'Brien PD, Hinder LM, Callaghan BC, Feldman EL. Neurological consequences of obesity. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:465-477. [PMID: 28504110 PMCID: PMC5657398 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of obesity is associated with an enormous medical, social, and economic burden. The metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidaemia, and inflammation caused by obesity contribute to the development of a wide variety of disorders and effects on the nervous system. In the CNS, mild cognitive impairment can be attributed to obesity-induced alterations in hippocampal structure and function in some patients. Likewise, compromised hypothalamic function and subsequent defects in maintaining whole-body energy balance might be early events that contribute to weight gain and obesity development. In the peripheral nervous system, obesity-driven alterations in the autonomic nervous system prompt imbalances in sympathetic-parasympathetic activity, while alterations in the sensory-somatic nervous system underlie peripheral polyneuropathy, a common complication of diabetes. Pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery are promising interventions for people with obesity that can improve neurological function. However, lifestyle interventions via dietary changes and exercise are the preferred approach to combat obesity and reduce its associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy M Hinder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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19
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Feldman EL, Nave KA, Jensen TS, Bennett DLH. New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathy: Mechanisms, Bioenergetics, and Pain. Neuron 2017; 93:1296-1313. [PMID: 28334605 PMCID: PMC5400015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pre-diabetes and diabetes are a global epidemic, and the associated neuropathic complications create a substantial burden on both the afflicted patients and society as a whole. Given the enormity of the problem and the lack of effective therapies, there is a pressing need to understand the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy (DN). In this review, we present the structural components of the peripheral nervous system that underlie its susceptibility to metabolic insults and then discuss the pathways that contribute to peripheral nerve injury in DN. We also discuss systems biology insights gleaned from the recent advances in biotechnology and bioinformatics, emerging ideas centered on the axon-Schwann cell relationship and associated bioenergetic crosstalk, and the rapid expansion of our knowledge of the mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain in diabetes. These recent advances in our understanding of DN pathogenesis are paving the way for critical mechanism-based therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Troels S Jensen
- Department of Neurology and Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David L H Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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20
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Areti A, Yerra VG, Komirishetty P, Kumar A. Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Maintaining Mitochondrial Health in Peripheral Neuropathies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:593-609. [PMID: 26818748 PMCID: PMC4981743 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151126215358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral neuropathies are a group of diseases characterized by malfunctioning of peripheral nervous system. Neuropathic pain, one of the core manifestations of peripheral neuropathy remains as the most severe disabling condition affecting the social and daily routine life of patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy. Method: The current review is aimed at unfolding the possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral nerve damage and to discuss on the probable therapeutic strategies against neuronal mitotoxicity. The article also highlights the therapeutic significance of maintaining a healthy mitochondrial environment in neuronal cells via pharmacological management in context of peripheral neuropathies. Results: Aberrant cellular signaling coupled with changes in neurotransmission, peripheral and central sensitization are found to be responsible for the pathogenesis of variant toxic neuropathies. Current research reports have indicated the possible involvement of mitochondria mediated redox imbalance as one of the principal causes of neuropathy aetiologies. In addition to imbalance in redox homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction is also responsible for alterations in physiological bioenergetic metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Conclusions: In spite of various etiological factors, mitochondrial dysfunction has been found to be a major pathomechanism underlying the neuronal dysfunction associated with peripheral neuropathies. Pharmacological modulation of mitochondria either directly or indirectly is expected to yield therapeutic relief from various primary and secondary mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Hyderabad, TG-500037.
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21
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Wang Q, Zhang M, Torres G, Wu S, Ouyang C, Xie Z, Zou MH. Metformin Suppresses Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis via the Inhibition of Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission. Diabetes 2017; 66:193-205. [PMID: 27737949 PMCID: PMC5204316 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug that exerts cardiovascular protective effects in patients with diabetes. How metformin protects against diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we show that metformin abated the progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis by inhibiting mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells. Metformin treatments markedly reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, mitigated mitochondrial-derived superoxide release, improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation, inhibited vascular inflammation, and suppressed atherosclerotic lesions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ApoE-/- mice. In high glucose-exposed endothelial cells, metformin treatment and adenoviral overexpression of constitutively active AMPK downregulated mitochondrial superoxide, lowered levels of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and its translocation into mitochondria, and prevented mitochondrial fragmentation. In contrast, AMPK-α2 deficiency abolished the effects of metformin on Drp1 expression, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE-/-/AMPK-α2-/- mice, indicating that metformin exerts an antiatherosclerotic action in vivo via the AMPK-mediated blockage of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Consistently, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1, a potent and selective Drp1 inhibitor, reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, attenuated oxidative stress, ameliorated endothelial dysfunction, inhibited inflammation, and suppressed atherosclerosis in diabetic mice. These findings show that metformin attenuated the development of atherosclerosis by reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in an AMPK-dependent manner. Suppression of mitochondrial fission may be a therapeutic approach for treating macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Gloria Torres
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Changhan Ouyang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
- Corresponding author: Ming-Hui Zou, , or Zhonglin Xie,
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22
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Pareyson D, Saveri P, Sagnelli A, Piscosquito G. Mitochondrial dynamics and inherited peripheral nerve diseases. Neurosci Lett 2015; 596:66-77. [PMID: 25847151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have peculiar energetic requirements because of considerable length of axons and therefore correct mitochondria functioning and distribution along nerves is fundamental. Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the continuous change in size, shape, and position of mitochondria within cells. Abnormalities of mitochondrial dynamics produced by mutations in proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion (mitofusin-2, MFN2), fission (ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein-1, GDAP1), and mitochondrial axonal transport usually present with a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) phenotype. MFN2 mutations cause CMT type 2A by altering mitochondrial fusion and trafficking along the axonal microtubule system. CMT2A is an axonal autosomal dominant CMT type which in most cases is characterized by early onset and rather severe course. GDAP1 mutations also alter fission, fusion and transport of mitochondria and are associated either with recessive demyelinating (CMT4A) and axonal CMT (AR-CMT2K) and, less commonly, with dominant, milder, axonal CMT (CMT2K). OPA1 (Optic Atrophy-1) is involved in fusion of mitochondrial inner membrane, and its heterozygous mutations lead to early-onset and progressive dominant optic atrophy which may be complicated by other neurological symptoms including peripheral neuropathy. Mutations in several proteins fundamental for the axonal transport or forming the axonal cytoskeleton result in peripheral neuropathy, i.e., CMT, distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), as well as in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Indeed, mitochondrial transport involves directly or indirectly components of the kinesin superfamily (KIF5A, KIF1A, KIF1B), responsible of anterograde transport, and of the dynein complex and related proteins (DYNC1H1, dynactin, dynamin-2), implicated in retrograde flow. Microtubules, neurofilaments, and chaperones such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) also have a fundamental role in mitochondrial transport and mutations in some of related encoding genes cause peripheral neuropathy (TUBB3, NEFL, HSPB1, HSPB8, HSPB3, DNAJB2). In this review, we address the abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics and their role in determining CMT disease and related neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Saveri
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnelli
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piscosquito
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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Sandireddy R, Yerra VG, Areti A, Komirishetty P, Kumar A. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: futuristic strategies based on these targets. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:674987. [PMID: 24883061 PMCID: PMC4021687 DOI: 10.1155/2014/674987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Diabetes, the chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications affecting peripheral nerves are one of the most commonly occurring microvascular complications with an overall prevalence of 50-60%. Among the vascular complications of diabetes, diabetic neuropathy is the most painful and disabling, fatal complication affecting the quality of life in patients. Several theories of etiologies surfaced down the lane, amongst which the oxidative stress mediated damage in neurons and surrounding glial cell has gained attention as one of the vital mechanisms in the pathogenesis of neuropathy. Mitochondria induced ROS and other oxidants are responsible for altering the balance between oxidants and innate antioxidant defence of the body. Oxidative-nitrosative stress not only activates the major pathways namely, polyol pathway flux, advanced glycation end products formation, activation of protein kinase C, and overactivity of the hexosamine pathway, but also initiates and amplifies neuroinflammation. The cross talk between oxidative stress and inflammation is due to the activation of NF- κ B and AP-1 and inhibition of Nrf2, peroxynitrite mediate endothelial dysfunction, altered NO levels, and macrophage migration. These all culminate in the production of proinflammatory cytokines which are responsible for nerve tissue damage and debilitating neuropathies. This review focuses on the relationship between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reddemma Sandireddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Bala Nagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Bala Nagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Aparna Areti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Bala Nagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Bala Nagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Bala Nagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
- *Ashutosh Kumar:
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