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Liu Y, Qin K, Jiang C, Gao J, Hou B, Xie A. TMEM106B Knockdown Exhibits a Neuroprotective Effect in Parkinson's Disease via Decreasing Inflammation and Iron Deposition. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04373-4. [PMID: 39044012 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely related to iron accumulation and inflammation. Emerging evidence indicates that TMEM106B plays an essential role in PD. But whether TMEM106B could act on neuroinflammation and iron metabolism in PD has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological mechanisms of inflammation and iron metabolism of TMEM106B in PD. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced SH-SY5Y cells and mice were treated with LV-shTMEM106B and AAV-shTMEM106B to construct PD cellular and mouse models. Pole tests and open-field test (OFT) were performed to evaluate the locomotion of the mice. Immunohistochemistry and iron staining were used to detect TH expression and iron deposition in the SN. Iron staining was used to measure the levels of iron. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and Ferroportin1 (FPN1)). Knockdown of TMEM106B improved motor ability and rescued dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss. TMEM106B knockdown attenuated the increases of TNF-α, IL-6, NLRP3 inflammasome, and DMT1 expression in the MPP+ and MPTP-induced PD models. Furthermore, TMEM106B knockdown also increases the expression of FPN1. This study provides the first evidence that knockdown of TMEM106B prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration by modulating neuroinflammation and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Kunpeng Qin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jinzhao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Binghui Hou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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Xu M, Li Y, Meng D, Zhang D, Wang B, Xie J, Wang J. 6-Hydroxydopamine Induces Abnormal Iron Sequestration in BV2 Microglia by Activating Iron Regulatory Protein 1 and Inhibiting Hepcidin Release. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020266. [PMID: 35204767 PMCID: PMC8961664 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted iron homeostasis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is an important pathological mechanism in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is unclear what role microglia play in iron metabolism and selective iron deposition in the SNpc of PD brain. In this study, we observed that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced the expression of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) and iron influx in BV2 microglia cells, which might be associated with the upregulation of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) expression. Moreover, we found that 6-OHDA had no significant effect on the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and iron efflux in BV2 microglial cells, which might be the combined action of IRP1 upregulation and reduced hepcidin levels. Furthermore, 6-OHDA treatment activated BV2 microglia and enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, iron overloading suppressed IRP1 expression, thus downregulating DMT1 and upregulating FPN1 levels in these microglial cells. On the contrary, iron deficiency activated IRP1, leading to increased expression of DMT1 and decreased expression of FPN1—which indicates that activated IRP1 induces iron overloading in 6-OHDA-treated microglia, but not iron overloading modulates the expression of IRP1. Taken together, our data suggest that 6-OHDA can regulate the expression of DMT1 and FPN1 by activating IRP1 and inhibiting hepcidin release, thus leading to abnormal iron sequestration in microglia. In addition, 6-OHDA can activate microglia, which leads to increased release of pro-inflammatory factors that can further induce genome damage in dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Medical Service Section, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dapeng Meng
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bingjing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: author: (J.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: author: (J.X.); (J.W.)
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Xiao G, Zhao M, Liu Z, Du F, Zhou B. Zinc antagonizes iron-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine production in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Biol 2021; 19:236. [PMID: 34732185 PMCID: PMC8564973 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter that plays roles in movement, cognition, attention, and reward responses, and deficient DA signaling is associated with the progression of a number of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease. Due to its critical functions, DA expression levels in the brain are tightly controlled, with one important and rate-limiting step in its biosynthetic pathway being catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme that uses iron ion (Fe2+) as a cofactor. A role for metal ions has additionally been associated with the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. However, the way dopamine synthesis is regulated in vivo or whether regulation of metal ion levels is a component of DA synthesis is not fully understood. Here, we analyze the role of Catsup, the Drosophila ortholog of the mammalian zinc transporter SLC39A7 (ZIP7), in regulating dopamine levels. Results We found that Catsup is a functional zinc transporter that regulates intracellular zinc distribution between the ER/Golgi and the cytosol. Loss-of-function of Catsup leads to increased DA levels, and we showed that the increased dopamine production is due to a reduction in zinc levels in the cytosol. Zinc ion (Zn2+) negatively regulates dopamine synthesis through direct inhibition of TH activity, by antagonizing Fe2+ binding to TH, thus rendering the enzyme ineffective or non-functional. Conclusions Our findings uncovered a previously unknown mechanism underlying the control of cellular dopamine expression, with normal levels of dopamine synthesis being maintained through a balance between Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions. The findings also provide support for metal modulation as a possible therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other dopamine-related diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01168-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiran Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Mengran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Chaudhary S, Ashok A, Wise AS, Rana NA, Kritikos AE, Lindner E, Singh N. β-Cleavage of the prion protein in the human eye: Implications for the spread of infectious prions and human ocular disorders. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108787. [PMID: 34624335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported β-cleavage of the prion protein (PrPC) in human ocular tissues. Here, we explored whether this is unique to the human eye, and its functional implications. A comparison of the cleavage pattern of PrPC in human ocular tissues with common nocturnal and diurnal animals revealed mainly β-cleavage in humans, and mostly full-length PrPC in animal retinas. Soluble FL PrPC and N-terminal fragment (N2) released from β-cleavage was observed in the aqueous and vitreous humor (AH & VH). Expression of human PrPC in ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line, also showed β-cleaved PrPC. Surprisingly, β-cleavage was not altered by a variety of insults, including oxidative stress, suggesting a unique role of this cleavage in the human eye. It is likely that β-cleaved C- or N-terminal fragments of PrPC protect from various insults unique to the human eye. On the contrary, β-cleaved C-terminus of PrPC is susceptible to conversion to the pathological PrP-scrapie form, and includes the binding sites for β1-integrin and amyloid-β, molecules implicated in several ocular disorders. Considering the species and tissue-specific cleavage of PrPC, our data suggest re-evaluation of prion infectivity and other ocular disorders of the human eye conducted in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aaron S Wise
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Neil A Rana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alexander E Kritikos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Ma L, Gholam Azad M, Dharmasivam M, Richardson V, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Pountney DL, Tonissen KF, Mellick GD, Yanatori I, Richardson DR. Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101896. [PMID: 33799121 PMCID: PMC8044696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The "gold standard" histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Gholam Azad
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Dharmasivam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Mellick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - D R Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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Iron-responsive-like elements and neurodegenerative ferroptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:395-413. [PMID: 32817306 PMCID: PMC7433652 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of common-acting iron-responsive 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) motifs can fold into RNA stem loops that appear significant to the biology of cognitive declines of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit perturbations of iron homeostasis in defined brain subregions over characteristic time intervals of progression. While misfolding of Aβ from the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP), alpha-synuclein, prion protein (PrP) each cause neuropathic protein inclusions in the brain subregions, iron-responsive-like element (IRE-like) RNA stem–loops reside in their transcripts. APP and αsyn have a role in iron transport while gene duplications elevate the expression of their products to cause rare familial cases of AD and PDD. Of note, IRE-like sequences are responsive to excesses of brain iron in a potential feedback loop to accelerate neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive declines as well as amyloidosis. This pathogenic feedback is consistent with the translational control of the iron storage protein ferritin. We discuss how the IRE-like RNA motifs in the 5′UTRs of APP, alpha-synuclein and PrP mRNAs represent uniquely folded drug targets for therapies to prevent perturbed iron homeostasis that accelerates AD, PD, PD dementia (PDD) and Lewy body dementia, thus preventing cognitive deficits. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein translation is an option to block manganese toxicity associated with early childhood cognitive problems and manganism while Pb toxicity is epigenetically associated with attention deficit and later-stage AD. Pathologies of heavy metal toxicity centered on an embargo of iron export may be treated with activators of APP and ferritin and inhibitors of alpha-synuclein translation.
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Targeting the Iron-Response Elements of the mRNAs for the Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein and Ferritin to Treat Acute Lead and Manganese Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040994. [PMID: 30823541 PMCID: PMC6412244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic value of inhibiting translation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) offers the possibility to reduce neurotoxic amyloid formation, particularly in cases of familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) caused by APP gene duplications (Dup–APP) and in aging Down syndrome individuals. APP mRNA translation inhibitors such as the anticholinesterase phenserine, and high throughput screened molecules, selectively inhibited the uniquely folded iron-response element (IRE) sequences in the 5’untranslated region (5’UTR) of APP mRNA and this class of drug continues to be tested in a clinical trial as an anti-amyloid treatment for AD. By contrast, in younger age groups, APP expression is not associated with amyloidosis, instead it acts solely as a neuroprotectant while facilitating cellular ferroportin-dependent iron efflux. We have reported that the environmental metallotoxins Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) cause neuronal death by interfering with IRE dependent translation of APP and ferritin. The loss of these iron homeostatic neuroprotectants thereby caused an embargo of iron (Fe) export from neurons as associated with excess unstored intracellular iron and the formation of toxic reactive oxidative species (ROS). We propose that APP 5’UTR directed translation activators can be employed therapeutically to protect neurons exposed to high acute Pb and/or Mn exposure. Certainly, high potency APP translation activators, exemplified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pre-approved M1 muscarinic agonist AF102B and high throughput-screened APP 5’UTR translation activators, are available for drug development to treat acute toxicity caused by Pb/Mn exposure to neurons. We conclude that APP translation activators can be predicted to prevent acute metal toxicity to neurons by a mechanism related to the 5’UTR specific yohimbine which binds and targets the canonical IRE RNA stem loop as an H-ferritin translation activator.
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Vanni S, Colini Baldeschi A, Zattoni M, Legname G. Brain aging: A Ianus-faced player between health and neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:299-311. [PMID: 30632202 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable debilitating disorders characterized by structural and functional neuronal loss. Approximately 30 million people are affected worldwide, and this number is predicted to reach more than 150 million by 2050. Neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion diseases among others. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of aggregating proteins forming amyloid, responsible for the disease-associated pathological lesions. The aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins can result either in gaining of toxic functions, derived from the damage provoked by these deposits in affected tissue, or in a loss of functions, due to the sequestration and the consequent inability of the aggregating protein to ensure its physiological role. While it is widely accepted that aging represents the main risk factor for neurodegeneration, there is still no clear cut-off line between the two conditions. Indeed, many of the pathways that are commonly altered in neurodegeneration-misfolded protein accumulation, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired iron homeostasis, epigenetic modifications-have been often correlated also with healthy aging. This overlap could be explained by the fact that the continuous accumulation of cellular damages, together with a progressive decline in metabolic efficiency during aging, makes the neurons more vulnerable to toxic injuries. When a given threshold is exceeded, all these alterations might give rise to pathological phenotypes that ultimately lead to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vanni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arianna Colini Baldeschi
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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When safeguarding goes wrong: Impact of oxidative stress on protein homeostasis in health and neurodegenerative disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 114:221-264. [PMID: 30635082 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox status is an established player in many different cellular functions. The buildup of oxidants within the cell is tightly regulated to maintain a balance between the positive and negative outcomes of cellular oxidants. Proteins are highly sensitive to oxidation, since modification can cause widespread unfolding and the formation of toxic aggregates. In response, cells have developed highly regulated systems that contribute to the maintenance of both the global redox status and protein homeostasis at large. Changes to these systems have been found to correlate with aging and age-related disorders, such as neurodegenerative pathologies. This raises intriguing questions as to the source of the imbalance in the redox and protein homeostasis systems, their interconnectivity, and their role in disease progression. Here we focus on the crosstalk between the redox and protein homeostasis systems in neurodegenerative diseases, specifically in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS. We elaborate on some of the main players of the stress response systems, including the master regulators of oxidative stress and the heat shock response, Nrf2 and Hsf1, which are essential features of protein folding, and mediators of protein turnover. We illustrate the elegant mechanisms used by these components to provide an immediate response, including protein plasticity controlled by redox-sensing cysteines and the recruitment of naive proteins to the redox homeostasis array that act as chaperons in an ATP-independent manner.
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Caggiu E, Paulus K, Mameli G, Arru G, Sechi GP, Sechi LA. Differential expression of miRNA 155 and miRNA 146a in Parkinson's disease patients. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 13:1-4. [PMID: 30255159 PMCID: PMC6149197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and its etiology is unknown, numerous studies show how different environmental factors can influence the development of disease. miRNAs are involved in several pathologies and their dysregulation contribute to different pathologies, also in neurodegenerative such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, we profiled the expression of different candidate miRNAs: miR-155, miR-26a, miR-146a, and miR132, in PBMCs of L-dopa treated Parkinson patients and unaffected controls (HCs).We investigated the expression of miRNAs by RT-real time PCR, the results were subjected to statistical analysis. miRNA-155-5p was generally up-regulated in PD patients compared to HCs whereas miRNA-146a-5p was down-regulated in PD patients in comparison to HCs. It is interesting to point out that the expression of miR-155-5p was modified by levodopa treatment, in fact a down-regulation of miR-155-5p in PD patients with the highest dosage was observed. In conclusion, miRNA 155 could not only be a promising target for the anti-inflammatory therapy in PD but also a good candidate as a disease progression biomarker. The role of levodopa in modulating the levels of miRNA 155 requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caggiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Kai Paulus
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Pietro Sechi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Prion protein modulates glucose homeostasis by altering intracellular iron. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6556. [PMID: 29700330 PMCID: PMC5919926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrPC), a mainly neuronal protein, is known to modulate glucose homeostasis in mouse models. We explored the underlying mechanism in mouse models and the human pancreatic β-cell line 1.1B4. We report expression of PrPC on mouse pancreatic β-cells, where it promoted uptake of iron through divalent-metal-transporters. Accordingly, pancreatic iron stores in PrP knockout mice (PrP-/-) were significantly lower than wild type (PrP+/+) controls. Silencing of PrPC in 1.1B4 cells resulted in significant depletion of intracellular (IC) iron, and remarkably, upregulation of glucose transporter GLUT2 and insulin. Iron overloading, on the other hand, resulted in downregulation of GLUT2 and insulin in a PrPC-dependent manner. Similar observations were noted in the brain, liver, and neuroretina of iron overloaded PrP+/+ but not PrP-/- mice, indicating PrPC-mediated modulation of insulin and glucose homeostasis through iron. Peripheral challenge with glucose and insulin revealed blunting of the response in iron-overloaded PrP+/+ relative to PrP-/- mice, suggesting that PrPC-mediated modulation of IC iron influences both secretion and sensitivity of peripheral organs to insulin. These observations have implications for Alzheimer's disease and diabetic retinopathy, known complications of type-2-diabetes associated with brain and ocular iron-dyshomeostasis.
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Xiao Y, Chen X, Huang S, Li G, Mo M, Zhang L, Chen C, Guo W, Zhou M, Wu Z, Cen L, Long S, Li S, Yang X, Qu S, Pei Z, Xu P. Iron promotes α-synuclein aggregation and transmission by inhibiting TFEB-mediated autophagosome-lysosome fusion. J Neurochem 2018; 145:34-50. [PMID: 29364516 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousheng Xiao
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Nanning China
- Department of Neurology; National Key Clinical; Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology; National Key Clinical; Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shuxuan Huang
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Guihua Li
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Li Zhang
- Geriatric Neurology Department; Nanjing Brain Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Chaojun Chen
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Chinese Medical Integrated Hospital (Huadu); Guangzhou China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhuohua Wu
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Nanning China
| | - Simei Long
- Department of Neurology; National Key Clinical; Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center; Shunde Hospital; Southern Medical University; Foshan China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology; National Key Clinical; Department and Key Discipline of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
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Vanni S, Zattoni M, Moda F, Giaccone G, Tagliavini F, Haïk S, Deslys JP, Zanusso G, Ironside JW, Carmona M, Ferrer I, Kovacs GG, Legname G. Hemoglobin mRNA Changes in the Frontal Cortex of Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:8. [PMID: 29403351 PMCID: PMC5786544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hemoglobin is the major protein found in erythrocytes, where it acts as an oxygen carrier molecule. In recent years, its expression has been reported also in neurons and glial cells, although its role in brain tissue remains still unknown. Altered hemoglobin expression has been associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated hemoglobin mRNA levels in brains of patients affected by variant, iatrogenic, and sporadic forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD, iCJD, sCJD, respectively) and in different genetic forms of prion diseases (gPrD) in comparison to Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects and age-matched controls. Methods: Total RNA was obtained from the frontal cortex of vCJD (n = 20), iCJD (n = 11), sCJD (n = 23), gPrD (n = 30), and AD (n = 14) patients and age-matched controls (n = 30). RT-qPCR was performed for hemoglobin transcripts HBB and HBA1/2 using four reference genes for normalization. In addition, expression analysis of the specific erythrocyte marker ALAS2 was performed in order to account for blood contamination of the tissue samples. Hba1/2 and Hbb protein expression was then investigated with immunofluorescence and confocal microscope analysis. Results: We observed a significant up-regulation of HBA1/2 in vCJD brains together with a significant down-regulation of HBB in iCJD. In addition, while in sporadic and genetic forms of prion disease hemoglobin transcripts did not shown any alterations, both chains display a strong down-regulation in AD brains. These results were confirmed also at a protein level. Conclusions: These data indicate distinct hemoglobin transcriptional responses depending on the specific alterations occurring in different neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the initial site of misfolding event (central nervous system vs. peripheral tissue)-together with specific molecular and conformational features of the pathological agent of the disease-seem to dictate the peculiar hemoglobin dysregulation found in prion and non-prion neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, these results suggest that gene expression of HBB and HBA1/2 in brain tissue is differentially affected by distinct prion and prion-like aggregating protein strains. Validation of these results in more accessible tissues could prompt the development of novel diagnostic tests for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vanni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Neurology and Neuropathology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Neurology and Neuropathology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Neurology and Neuropathology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - James W Ironside
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Bellvitge University Hospital (CIBERNED), Hospitalet de LLobregat, Spain
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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14
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Baksi S, Singh N. α-Synuclein impairs ferritinophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium: Implications for retinal iron dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12843. [PMID: 28993630 PMCID: PMC5634503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is prominent in Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neuromotor disorder associated with aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the substantia-nigra (SN). Although α-syn is expressed in the neuroretina, absence of prominent aggregates suggests altered function as the likely cause of retinal pathology. We demonstrate that α-syn impairs ferritinophagy, resulting in the accumulation of iron-rich ferritin in the outer retina in-vivo and retinal-pigment-epithelial (RPE) cells in-vitro. Over-expression of Rab1a restores ferritinophagy, suggesting that α-syn impairs lysosomal function by disrupting the trafficking of lysosomal hydrolases. Surprisingly, upregulation of ferritin in RPE cells by exogenous iron in-vitro stimulated the release of ferritin and α-syn in exosomes, suggesting that iron overload due to impaired ferritinophagy or other cause(s) is likely to initiate prion-like spread of α-syn and ferritin, creating retinal iron dyshomeostasis and associated cytotoxicity. Since over-expression of α-syn is a known cause of PD, these results explain the likely cause of PD-associated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
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15
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Asthana A, Baksi S, Ashok A, Karmakar S, Mammadova N, Kokemuller R, Greenlee MH, Kong Q, Singh N. Prion protein facilitates retinal iron uptake and is cleaved at the β-site: Implications for retinal iron homeostasis in prion disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9600. [PMID: 28851903 PMCID: PMC5575325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion disease-associated retinal degeneration is attributed to PrP-scrapie (PrPSc), a misfolded isoform of prion protein (PrPC) that accumulates in the neuroretina. However, a lack of temporal and spatial correlation between PrPSc and cytotoxicity suggests the contribution of host factors. We report retinal iron dyshomeostasis as one such factor. PrPC is expressed on the basolateral membrane of retinal-pigment-epithelial (RPE) cells, where it mediates uptake of iron by the neuroretina. Accordingly, the neuroretina of PrP-knock-out mice is iron-deficient. In RPE19 cells, silencing of PrPC decreases ferritin while over-expression upregulates ferritin and divalent-metal-transporter-1 (DMT-1), indicating PrPC-mediated iron uptake through DMT-1. Polarization of RPE19 cells results in upregulation of ferritin by ~10-fold and β-cleavage of PrPC, the latter likely to block further uptake of iron due to cleavage of the ferrireductase domain. A similar β-cleavage of PrPC is observed in mouse retinal lysates. Scrapie infection causes PrPSc accumulation and microglial activation, and surprisingly, upregulation of transferrin despite increased levels of ferritin. Notably, detergent-insoluble ferritin accumulates in RPE cells and correlates temporally with microglial activation, not PrPSc accumulation, suggesting that impaired uptake of iron by PrPSc combined with inflammation results in retinal iron-dyshomeostasis, a potentially toxic host response contributing to prion disease-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shilpita Karmakar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Robyn Kokemuller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Mary Heather Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
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16
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. To What Extent Are the Terminal Stages of Sepsis, Septic Shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Actually Driven by a Prion/Amyloid Form of Fibrin? Semin Thromb Hemost 2017; 44:224-238. [PMID: 28778104 PMCID: PMC6193370 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A well-established development of increasing disease severity leads from sepsis through systemic inflammatory response syndrome, septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and cellular and organismal death. Less commonly discussed are the equally well-established coagulopathies that accompany this. We argue that a lipopolysaccharide-initiated (often disseminated intravascular) coagulation is accompanied by a proteolysis of fibrinogen such that formed fibrin is both inflammatory and resistant to fibrinolysis. In particular, we argue that the form of fibrin generated is amyloid in nature because much of its normal α-helical content is transformed to β-sheets, as occurs with other proteins in established amyloidogenic and prion diseases. We hypothesize that these processes of amyloidogenic clotting and the attendant coagulopathies play a role in the passage along the aforementioned pathways to organismal death, and that their inhibition would be of significant therapeutic value, a claim for which there is considerable emerging evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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17
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Mizuno D, Kawahara M. Link Between Metal Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Crosstalk of Metals and Amyloidogenic Proteins at the Synapse. Metallomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56463-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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18
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Kim M, Kim EH, Choi BR, Woo HJ. Differentially expressed genes in iron-induced prion protein conversion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:734-740. [PMID: 27983987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the protease-resistant isoform is the key event in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Increased iron in prion-related disease has been observed due to the prion protein-ferritin complex. Additionally, the accumulation and conversion of recombinant PrP (rPrP) is specifically derived from Fe(III) but not Fe(II). Fe(III)-mediated PK-resistant PrP (PrPres) conversion occurs within a complex cellular environment rather than via direct contact between rPrP and Fe(III). In this study, differentially expressed genes correlated with prion degeneration by Fe(III) were identified using Affymetrix microarrays. Following Fe(III) treatment, 97 genes were differentially expressed, including 85 upregulated genes and 12 downregulated genes (≥1.5-fold change in expression). However, Fe(II) treatment produced moderate alterations in gene expression without inducing dramatic alterations in gene expression profiles. Moreover, functional grouping of identified genes indicated that the differentially regulated genes were highly associated with cell growth, cell maintenance, and intra- and extracellular transport. These findings showed that Fe(III) may influence the expression of genes involved in PrP folding by redox mechanisms. The identification of genes with altered expression patterns in neural cells may provide insights into PrP conversion mechanisms during the development and progression of prion-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ran Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, PCTB1004, 725 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hee-Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Bester J, Soma P, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Viscoelastic and ultrastructural characteristics of whole blood and plasma in Alzheimer-type dementia, and the possible role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Oncotarget 2016; 6:35284-303. [PMID: 26462180 PMCID: PMC4742105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Patients typically present with neuro- and systemic inflammation and iron dysregulation, associated with oxidative damage that reflects in hypercoagulability. Hypercoagulability is closely associated with increased fibrin(ogen) and in AD patients fibrin(ogen) has been implicated in the development of neuroinflammation and memory deficits. There is still no clear reason precisely why (a) this hypercoagulable state, (b) iron dysregulation and (c) increased fibrin(ogen) could together lead to the loss of neuronal structure and cognitive function. Here we suggest an alternative hypothesis based on previous ultrastructural evidence of the presence of a (dormant) blood microbiome in AD. Furthermore, we argue that bacterial cell wall components, such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative strains, might be the cause of the continuing and low-grade inflammation, characteristic of AD. Here, we follow an integrated approach, by studying the viscoelastic and ultrastructural properties of AD plasma and whole blood by using scanning electron microscopy, Thromboelastography (TEG®) and the Global Thrombosis Test (GTT®). Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence and close proximity of microbes to erythrocytes. TEG® analysis showed a hypercoagulable state in AD. TEG® results where LPS was added to naive blood showed the same trends as were found with the AD patients, while the GTT® results (where only platelet activity is measured), were not affected by the added LPS, suggesting that LPS does not directly impact platelet function. Our findings reinforce the importance of further investigating the role of LPS in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Prashilla Soma
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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20
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Coherent and Contradictory Facts, Feats and Fictions Associated with Metal Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease: Epicenter or Outcome, Yet a Demigod Question. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4738-4755. [PMID: 27480264 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Unwarranted exposure due to liberal use of metals for maintaining the lavish life and to achieve the food demand for escalating population along with an incredible boost in the average human life span owing to orchestrated progress in rejuvenation therapy have gradually increased the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Etiology is albeit elusive; association of PD with metal accumulation has never been overlooked due to noteworthy similitude between metal-exposure symptoms and a few cardinal features of disease. Even though metals are entailed in the vital functions, a hysterical shift, primarily augmentation, escorts the stern nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. An increase in the passage of metals through the blood brain barrier and impaired metabolic activity and elimination system could lead to metal accumulation in the brain, which eventually makes dopaminergic neurons quite susceptible. In the present article, an update on implication of metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism has been provided. Moreover, encouraging and paradoxical facts and fictions associated with metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism have also been compiled. Systematic literature survey of PD is performed to describe updated information if metal accumulation is an epicenter or merely an outcome. Finally, a perspective on the association of metal accumulation with pesticide-induced Parkinsonism has been explained to unveil the likely impact of the former in the latter.
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21
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Humoral cross reactivity between α-synuclein and herpes simplex-1 epitope in Parkinson's disease, a triggering role in the disease? J Neuroimmunol 2016; 291:110-4. [PMID: 26857504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors are implicated in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have investigated on the role of molecular mimicry between HSV1 and α-synuclein that could foster the progression of PD. The antibody response against homologous peptides in PD patients and healthy controls was evaluated, showing that these antibodies are highly prevalent among PD patients to healthy controls. The competitive assay demonstrated cross-reactivity between HSV1 and human α-synuclein peptides. The results may suggest the hypothesis of the involvement of HSV1 in stimulating the immune cells against the neurons of the substantia nigra as a consequence of the cross reactivity.
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23
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Pass R, Frudd K, Barnett JP, Blindauer CA, Brown DR. Prion infection in cells is abolished by a mutated manganese transporter but shows no relation to zinc. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:186-93. [PMID: 26253862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein has been identified as a metalloprotein that binds copper. There have been some suggestions that prion protein also influences zinc and manganese homeostasis. In this study we used a series of cell lines to study the levels of zinc and manganese under different conditions. We overexpressed either the prion protein or known transporters for zinc and manganese to determine relations between the prion protein and both manganese and zinc homeostasis. Our observations supported neither a link between the prion protein and zinc metabolism nor any effect of altered zinc levels on prion protein expression or cellular infection with prions. In contrast we found that a gain of function mutant of a manganese transporter caused reduction of manganese levels in prion infected cells, loss of observable PrP(Sc) in cells and resistance to prion infection. These studies strengthen the link between manganese and prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pass
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Karen Frudd
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James P Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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24
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Pavlin M, Repič M, Vianello R, Mavri J. The Chemistry of Neurodegeneration: Kinetic Data and Their Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3400-3415. [PMID: 26081152 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We collected experimental kinetic rate constants for chemical processes responsible for the development and progress of neurodegeneration, focused on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation of amine neurotransmitters and their reactive and neurotoxic metabolites. A gross scheme of neurodegeneration on the molecular level is based on two pathways. Firstly, reactive species oxidise heavy atom ions, which enhances the interaction with alpha-synuclein, thus promoting its folding to the beta form and giving rise to insoluble amyloid plaques. The latter prevents the function of vesicular transport leading to gradual neuronal death. In the second pathway, radical species, OH(·) in particular, react with the methylene groups of the apolar part of the lipid bilayer of either the cell or mitochondrial wall, resulting in membrane leakage followed by dyshomeostasis, loss of resting potential and neuron death. Unlike all other central neural system (CNS)-relevant biogenic amines, dopamine and noradrenaline are capable of a non-enzymatic auto-oxidative reaction, which produces hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is not limited to the mitochondrial membrane where scavenging enzymes, such as catalase, are located. On the other hand, dopamine and its metabolites, such as dopamine-o-quinone, dopaminechrome, 5,6-dihydroxyindole and indo-5,6-quinone, also interact directly with alpha-synuclein and reversibly inhibit plaque formation. We consider the role of the heavy metal ions, selected scavengers and scavenging enzymes, and discuss the relevance of certain foods and food supplements, including curcumin, garlic, N-acetyl cysteine, caffeine and red wine, as well as the long-term administration of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and occasional tobacco smoking, that could all act toward preventing neurodegeneration. The current analysis can be employed in developing strategies for the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration, and, hopefully, aid in the building of an overall kinetic molecular model of neurodegeneration itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Pavlin
- Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Joint Venture of RWTH Aachen University and Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5/INM-9), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Matej Repič
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Vianello
- Quantum Organic Chemistry Group, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Janez Mavri
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pretorius E, Swanepoel AC, Buys AV, Vermeulen N, Duim W, Kell DB. Eryptosis as a marker of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:788-819. [PMID: 25411230 PMCID: PMC4247384 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major trend in recent Parkinson's disease (PD) research is the investigation of biological markers that could help in identifying at-risk individuals or to track disease progression and response to therapies. Central to this is the knowledge that inflammation is a known hallmark of PD and of many other degenerative diseases. In the current work, we focus on inflammatory signalling in PD, using a systems approach that allows us to look at the disease in a more holistic way. We discuss cyclooxygenases, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and also iron in PD. These particular signalling molecules are involved in PD pathophysiology, but are also very important in an aberrant coagulation/hematology system. We present and discuss a hypothesis regarding the possible interaction of these aberrant signalling molecules implicated in PD, and suggest that these molecules may affect the erythrocytes of PD patients. This would be observable as changes in the morphology of the RBCs and of PD patients relative to healthy controls. We then show that the RBCs of PD patients are indeed rather dramatically deranged in their morphology, exhibiting eryptosis (a kind of programmed cell death). This morphological indicator may have useful diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Antoinette V Buys
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Natasha Vermeulen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Wiebren Duim
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
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Shin HY, Park JH, Carp RI, Choi EK, Kim YS. Deficiency of prion protein induces impaired autophagic flux in neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:207. [PMID: 25202268 PMCID: PMC4142790 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is highly expressed in the central nervous system. The Zürich I Prnp-deficient mouse strain did not show an abnormal phenotype in initial studies, however, in later studies, deficits in exploratory behavior and short- and long-term memory have been revealed. In the present study, numerous autophagic vacuoles were found in neurons from Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice. The autophagic accumulation in the soma of cortical neurons in Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice was observed as early as 3 months of age, and in the hippocampal neurons at 6 months of age. Specifically, there is accumulation of electron dense pigments associated with autophagy in the neurons of Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice. Furthermore, autophagic accumulations were observed as early as 3 months of age in the CA3 region of hippocampal and cerebral cortical neuropils. The autophagic vacuoles increased with age in the hippocampus of Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice at a faster rate and to a greater extent than in normal C57BL/6J mice, whereas the cortex exhibited high levels that were maintained from 3 months old in Zürich I Prnp-deficient mice. The pigmented autophagic accumulation is due to the incompletely digested material from autophagic vacuoles. Furthermore, a deficiency in PrPC may disrupt the autophagic flux by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosomal fusion. Overall, our results provide insight into the protective role of PrPC in neurons, which may play a role in normal behavior and other brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Young Shin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Richard I Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea ; Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea ; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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α-Synuclein Misfolding Versus Aggregation Relevance to Parkinson's Disease: Critical Assessment and Modeling. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1417-31. [PMID: 25139280 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein, an abundant and conserved presynaptic brain protein, is implicated as a critical factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aggregation of α-synuclein is believed to be a critical event in the disease process. α-Synuclein is characterized by a remarkable conformational plasticity, adopting different conformations depending on the environment. Therefore, it is classified as an "intrinsically disordered protein." Recently, a debate has challenged the view on the intrinsically disordered behavior of α-synuclein in the cell. It has been proposed that α-synuclein is a stable tetramer with a low propensity for aggregation; however, its destabilization leads to protein misfolding and its aggregation kinetics. In our critical analysis, we discussed about major issues: (i) why α-synuclein conformational behavior does not fit into the normal secondary structural characteristics of proteins, (ii) potential amino acids involved in the complexity of misfolding in α-synuclein that leads to aggregation, and (iii) the role of metals in misfolding and aggregation. To evaluate the above critical issues, we developed bioinformatics models related to secondary and tertiary conformations, Ramachandran plot, free energy change, intrinsic disordered prediction, solvent accessibility, and FoldIndex pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel critical assessment to understand the misfolding biology of synuclein and its relevance to Parkinson's disease.
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Watt NT, Griffiths HH, Hooper NM. Lipid rafts: linking prion protein to zinc transport and amyloid-β toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:41. [PMID: 25364748 PMCID: PMC4206978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neuronal zinc homeostasis plays a major role in many processes related to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, despite the critical role of zinc in neuronal function, the cellular mechanisms underpinning its homeostatic control are far from clear. We reported that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is involved in the uptake of zinc into neurons. This PrPC-mediated zinc influx required the metal-binding octapeptide repeats in PrPC and the presence of the zinc permeable AMPA channel with which PrPC directly interacted. Together with the observation that PrPC is evolutionarily related to the ZIP family of zinc transporters, these studies indicate that PrPC plays a key role in neuronal zinc homeostasis. Therefore, PrPC could contribute to cognitive health and protect against age-related zinc dyshomeostasis but PrPC has also been identified as a receptor for amyloid-β oligomers which accumulate in the brains of those with AD. We propose that the different roles that PrPC has are due to its interaction with different ligands and/or co-receptors in lipid raft-based signaling/transport complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Watt
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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