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Gurevich VV. Arrestins: A Small Family of Multi-Functional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6284. [PMID: 38892473 PMCID: PMC11173308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The first member of the arrestin family, visual arrestin-1, was discovered in the late 1970s. Later, the other three mammalian subtypes were identified and cloned. The first described function was regulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling: arrestins bind active phosphorylated GPCRs, blocking their coupling to G proteins. It was later discovered that receptor-bound and free arrestins interact with numerous proteins, regulating GPCR trafficking and various signaling pathways, including those that determine cell fate. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity; they function by organizing multi-protein complexes and localizing their interaction partners to particular cellular compartments. Today we understand the molecular mechanism of arrestin interactions with GPCRs better than the mechanisms underlying other functions. However, even limited knowledge enabled the construction of signaling-biased arrestin mutants and extraction of biologically active monofunctional peptides from these multifunctional proteins. Manipulation of cellular signaling with arrestin-based tools has research and likely therapeutic potential: re-engineered proteins and their parts can produce effects that conventional small-molecule drugs cannot.
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Fu L, Adu-Amankwaah J, Sang L, Tang Z, Gong Z, Zhang X, Li T, Sun H. Gender differences in GRK2 in cardiovascular diseases and its interactions with estrogen. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C505-C516. [PMID: 36622065 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00407.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a multifunctional protein involved in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and non-GPCR signaling in the body. In the cardiovascular system, increased expression of GRK2 has been implicated in the occurrence and development of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies have found gender differences in GRK2 in the cardiovascular system under physiological and pathological conditions, where GRK2's expression and activity are increased in males than in females. The incidence of CVDs in premenopausal women is lower than in men of the same age, which is related to estrogen levels. Given the shared location of GRK2 and estrogen receptors, estrogen may interact with GRK2 by modulating vital molecules such as calmodulin (CaM), caveolin, RhoA, nitrate oxide (NO), and mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2), via signaling pathways mediated by estrogen's genomic (ERα and ERβ), and non-genomic (GPER) receptors, conferring cardiovascular protection in females. Highlighting the gender differences in GRK2 and understanding its interaction with estrogen in the cardiovascular system is pertinent in treating gender-related CVDs. As a result, this article explores the gender differences of GRK2 in the cardiovascular system and its relationship with estrogen during disease conditions. Estrogen's protective and therapeutic effects and its mechanism on GRK2-related cardiovascular diseases have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Adu-Amankwaah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Sang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Affairs & Governance, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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3
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Tang X, Bian J, Li Z. Post-Translational Modifications in GPCR Internalization. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C84-C94. [PMID: 35613355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors that serve as the most important drug targets. Classically, GPCR internalization has been considered to lead to receptor desensitization. However, many studies over the past decade have reported that internalized membrane receptors can trigger distinct signal activation. The "internalized activation" provides a completely new understanding for the receptor internalization, the mechanism of physiology/pathology and novel drug targets for precision medicine. GPCR internalization undergoes a series of strict regulations, especially by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here, this review summarizes different PTMs in GPCR internalization and analyzes their significance in GPCR internalization dynamics, internalization routes, post-internalization fates and related diseases, which will offer new insights into the regulatory mechanism of GPCR signaling and novel drug targets for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Bian
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Tadinada SM, Weatherford ET, Collins GV, Bhardwaj G, Cochran J, Kutschke W, Zimmerman K, Bosko A, O'Neill BT, Weiss RM, Abel ED. Functional resilience of C57BL/6J mouse heart to dietary fat overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H850-H864. [PMID: 34477461 PMCID: PMC8616610 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00419.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction and subsequent heart failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy are incompletely understood. Initially we intended to test the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), a potential mediator of cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy, but found that control animals on HFD did not develop cardiomyopathy. Cardiac function was preserved in both wild-type and GRK2 knockout animals fed high-fat diet as indicated by preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) although heart mass was increased. The absence of cardiac dysfunction led us to rigorously evaluate the utility of diet-induced obesity to model diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice. Using pure C57BL/6J animals and various diets formulated with different sources of fat-lard (32% saturated fat, 68% unsaturated fat) or hydrogenated coconut oil (95% saturated fat), we consistently observed left ventricular hypertrophy, preserved LVEF, and preserved contractility measured by invasive hemodynamics in animals fed high-fat diet. Gene expression patterns that characterize pathological hypertrophy were not induced, but a modest induction of various collagen isoforms and matrix metalloproteinases was observed in heart with high-fat diet feeding. PPARα-target genes that enhance lipid utilization such as Pdk4, CD36, AcadL, and Cpt1b were induced, but mitochondrial energetics was not impaired. These results suggest that although long-term fat feeding in mice induces cardiac hypertrophy and increases cardiac fatty acid metabolism, it may not be sufficient to activate pathological hypertrophic mechanisms that impair cardiac function or induce cardiac fibrosis. Thus, additional factors that are currently not understood may contribute to the cardiac abnormalities previously reported by many groups.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dietary fat overload (DFO) is widely used to model diabetic cardiomyopathy but the utility of this model is controversial. We comprehensively characterized cardiac contractile and mitochondrial function in C57BL6/J mice fed with lard-based or saturated fat-enriched diets initiated at two ages. Despite cardiac hypertrophy, contractile and mitochondrial function is preserved, and molecular adaptations likely limit lipotoxicity. The resilience of these hearts to DFO underscores the need to develop robust alternative models of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism
- Female
- Fibrosis
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/genetics
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Heart/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Stroke Volume
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/enzymology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Murthy Tadinada
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Greg V Collins
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gourav Bhardwaj
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jesse Cochran
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William Kutschke
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathy Zimmerman
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Alyssa Bosko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - E Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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5
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Kammala AK, Yang C, Panettieri RA, Das R, Subramanian H. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Regulates T Cell Response in a Murine Model of House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:656886. [PMID: 35386975 PMCID: PMC8974720 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.656886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an adapter protein that modulates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. It also regulates the functions and activity of other intracellular proteins in many cell types. Accordingly, GRK2 is thought to contribute to disease progression by a variety of mechanisms related to its multifunctional roles. Indeed, GRK2 levels are enhanced in patient samples as well as in preclinical models of several diseases. We have previously shown that GRK2 regulates mast cell functions, and thereby contributes to exacerbated inflammation during allergic reactions. In the current study, we observed that GRK2 levels are enhanced in the lungs of human asthma patients and in mice sensitized to house dust mite extract (HDME) allergen. Consistent with these findings, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels were reduced in the lungs of GRK2+/- mice in a HMDE mouse model of asthma. Because Th2 cells are the major source of these cytokines during asthma, we determined the role of GRK2 in regulating T cell-specific responses in our HMDE mouse model. We observed a significant reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung eosinophil and lymphocyte counts, serum IgE, Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus production in mice that had reduced GRK2 expression specifically in T cells. Collectively, our studies reveal an important role for GRK2 in regulating T cell response during asthma pathogenesis and further elucidation of the mechanisms through which GRK2 modulates airway inflammation will lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth K. Kammala
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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6
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Nitric Oxide and S-Nitrosylation in Cardiac Regulation: G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-2 and β-Arrestins as Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020521. [PMID: 33430208 PMCID: PMC7825736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac diseases including heart failure (HF), are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Among the prominent characteristics of HF is the loss of β-adrenoceptor (AR)-mediated inotropic reserve. This is primarily due to the derangements in myocardial regulatory signaling proteins, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins (β-Arr) that modulate β-AR signal termination via receptor desensitization and downregulation. GRK2 and β-Arr2 activities are elevated in the heart after injury/stress and participate in HF through receptor inactivation. These GPCR regulators are modulated profoundly by nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase (NOS) enzymes through S-nitrosylation due to receptor-coupled NO generation. S-nitrosylation, which is NO-mediated modification of protein cysteine residues to generate an S-nitrosothiol (SNO), mediates many effects of NO independently from its canonical guanylyl cyclase/cGMP/protein kinase G signaling. Herein, we review the knowledge on the NO system in the heart and S-nitrosylation-dependent modifications of myocardial GPCR signaling components GRKs and β-Arrs.
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7
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Denfeld QE, Lee CS, Woodward WR, Hiatt SO, Mudd JO, Habecker BA. Sympathetic Markers are Different Between Clinical Responders and Nonresponders After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2020; 34:E1-E10. [PMID: 31094762 PMCID: PMC6527339 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical response to left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), as measured by health-related quality of life, varies among patients after implantation; however, it is unknown which pathophysiological mechanisms underlie differences in clinical response by health-related quality of life. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare changes in sympathetic markers (β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 [βARK1], norepinephrine [NE], and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol [DHPG]) between health-related quality of life clinical responders and nonresponders from pre- to post-LVAD implantation. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis on a subset of data from a cohort study of patients from pre- to 1, 3, and 6 months after LVAD implantation. Clinical response was defined as an increase of 5 points or higher on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical Summary score from pre- to 6 months post-LVAD implantation. We measured plasma βARK1 level with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plasma NE and DHPG levels with high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Latent growth curve modeling was used to compare the trajectories of markers between groups. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the sample (n = 39) was 52.9 (13.2) years, and most were male (74.4%) and received LVADs as bridge to transplantation (69.2%). Preimplantation plasma βARK1 levels were significantly higher in clinical responders (n = 19) than in nonresponders (n = 20) (P = .001), but change was similar after LVAD (P = .235). Preimplantation plasma DHPG levels were significantly lower in clinical responders than in nonresponders (P = .002), but the change was similar after LVAD (P = .881). There were no significant differences in plasma NE levels. CONCLUSIONS Preimplantation βARK1 and DHPG levels are differentiating factors between health-related quality of life clinical responders and nonresponders to LVAD, potentially signaling differing levels of sympathetic stimulation underlying clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quin E. Denfeld
- Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher S. Lee
- Boston College William F. Connell School of Nursing, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - William R. Woodward
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Neurology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shirin O. Hiatt
- Oregon Health & Science University School of Nursing, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James O. Mudd
- Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Portland, OR, USA
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8
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MacDonald EA, Rose RA, Quinn TA. Neurohumoral Control of Sinoatrial Node Activity and Heart Rate: Insight From Experimental Models and Findings From Humans. Front Physiol 2020; 11:170. [PMID: 32194439 PMCID: PMC7063087 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinoatrial node is perhaps one of the most important tissues in the entire body: it is the natural pacemaker of the heart, making it responsible for initiating each-and-every normal heartbeat. As such, its activity is heavily controlled, allowing heart rate to rapidly adapt to changes in physiological demand. Control of sinoatrial node activity, however, is complex, occurring through the autonomic nervous system and various circulating and locally released factors. In this review we discuss the coupled-clock pacemaker system and how its manipulation by neurohumoral signaling alters heart rate, considering the multitude of canonical and non-canonical agents that are known to modulate sinoatrial node activity. For each, we discuss the principal receptors involved and known intracellular signaling and protein targets, highlighting gaps in our knowledge and understanding from experimental models and human studies that represent areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh A MacDonald
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert A Rose
- Cumming School of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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9
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Assalin HB, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. miRNAs, target genes expression and morphological analysis on the heart in gestational protein-restricted offspring. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210454. [PMID: 31034522 PMCID: PMC6507319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational protein restriction was associated with low birth weight, hypertension and higher prevalence of cardiac disorders in adults. Several mechanisms, including epigenetics, could be related with the cardiovascular phenotype on protein-restricted offspring. Thus, we investigated the morphological cardiac effects of gestational protein restriction and left ventricle miRNAs and target genes expression pattern in both 12-day and 16-week old gestational protein-restricted male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated into two groups, according to protein supply during pregnancy: NP (normal protein diet- 17%) or LP (low protein diet-6%). Dams on the gestational protein-restricted diet had lower body weight gain and higher food intake. Gestational protein-restricted offspring had low birth weight, followed by rapidly body weight recovery, hypertension, and increased myocytes cross-sectional area and collagen fraction at 16-week old age. At 12-days old, miR-184, miR-192, miR-376c, miR-380-3p, miR-380-5p, miR-451, and miR-582-3p had increased expression, and miR-547 and miR-743a had decreased expression in the gestational protein-restricted left ventricle. At 16-week old, let-7b, miR-125a-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-182 and miR-188-5p had increased expression and let-7g, miR-107, miR-127, miR-181a, miR-181c, miR-184, miR-324-5p, miR-383, miR-423-5p and miR-484 had decreased expression in gestational protein-restricted left ventricle. Target predicted gene expression analysis showed higher expression of Dnmt3a, Oxct1, Rictor and Trps1 and lower expression of Bbs1 and Calml3 in 12-day old protein-restricted offspring. 16-week old protein-restricted offspring had higher expression of Adrbk1, Bbs1, Dnmt3a, Gpr22, Inppl1, and Oxct1 genes. In conclusion, gestational protein restriction was related to offspring low birth weight, increased systolic blood pressure and morphological heart alterations that could be related to early heart miRNA expression changes that perpetuate into adulthood and which are associated with the regulation of essential genes involved in cardiovascular development, heart morphology, function, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Balan Assalin
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State
University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State
University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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10
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Elbahesh H, Gerlach T, Saletti G, Rimmelzwaan GF. Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:809. [PMID: 31031778 PMCID: PMC6473099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite causing pandemics and yearly epidemics that result in significant morbidity and mortality, our arsenal of options to treat influenza A virus (IAV) infections remains limited and is challenged by the virus itself. While vaccination is the preferred intervention strategy against influenza, its efficacy is reduced in the elderly and infants who are most susceptible to severe and/or fatal infections. In addition, antigenic variation of IAV complicates the production of efficacious vaccines. Similarly, effectiveness of currently used antiviral drugs is jeopardized by the development of resistance to these drugs. Like many viruses, IAV is reliant on host factors and signaling-pathways for its replication, which could potentially offer alternative options to treat infections. While host-factors have long been recognized as attractive therapeutic candidates against other viruses, only recently they have been targeted for development as IAV antivirals. Future strategies to combat IAV infections will most likely include approaches that alter host-virus interactions on the one hand or dampen harmful host immune responses on the other, with the use of biological response modifiers (BRMs). In principle, BRMs are biologically active agents including antibodies, small peptides, and/or other (small) molecules that can influence the immune response. BRMs are already being used in the clinic to treat malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Repurposing such agents would allow for accelerated use against severe and potentially fatal IAV infections. In this review, we will address the potential therapeutic use of different BRM classes to modulate the immune response induced after IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hanover, Germany
| | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hanover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hanover, Germany
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11
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Pfleger J, Gross P, Johnson J, Carter RL, Gao E, Tilley DG, Houser SR, Koch WJ. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 contributes to impaired fatty acid metabolism in the failing heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 123:108-117. [PMID: 30171848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2 is central to heart failure (HF) pathogenesis, via desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors and loss of contractile reserve. Since GRK2 has been shown to compromise fatty acid (FA) oxidation, this kinase may link metabolic and contractile defects in HF. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanistic role of GRK2 in FA metabolism and bioenergetics in the heart. For that purpose, we measured FA uptake and cluster of differentiation (CD)36 expression, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination in mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of GRK2 (TgGRK2) or expression of its c-terminus (GRK2 inhibitor- TgβARKct) or in global heterozygous GRK2 knockout (GRK2+/-) mice. Cellular bioenergetics were also measured in isolated cardiomyocytes following adenoviral delivery of exogenous GRK2, βARKct, or short hairpin GRK2 (shGRK2). Additionally, CD36 expression and phosphorylation were evaluated following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in wild type (WT) and GRK2+/- mice. Our results show a 33% ± 0.81 reduction in FA uptake rate, accompanied by 51% ± 0.17 lower CD36 protein, and 70% ± 0.23 and 69% ± 0.18 increases in CD36 phosphorylation and ubiquitination, respectively, in the TgGRK2 mice. Moreover, an in vitro kinase assay suggests that GRK2 directly phosphorylates CD36. In isolated cardiomyocytes, GRK2 overexpression induced a 26% ± 2.21 decrease in maximal respiration, which was enhanced (20% ± 4.02-5.14) with inhibition of the kinase. Importantly, in hearts with systolic dysfunction, notable reductions in CD36 mRNA and protein, as well as a significant increase in CD36 phosphorylation were normalized in the GRK2+/- mice post-TAC. Thus, we propose that GRK2 up-regulation in HF is, at least partly, responsible for reduced FA uptake and oxidation and may be a nodal link between metabolic and contractile defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pfleger
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Polina Gross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jaslyn Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rhonda L Carter
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Phosphoproteomic-based kinase profiling early in influenza virus infection identifies GRK2 as antiviral drug target. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3679. [PMID: 30206219 PMCID: PMC6133941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although annual influenza epidemics affect around 10% of the global population, current treatment options are limited and development of new antivirals is needed. Here, using quantitative phosphoproteomics, we reveal the unique phosphoproteome dynamics that occur in the host cell within minutes of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We uncover cellular kinases required for the observed signaling pattern and find that inhibition of selected candidates, such as the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), leads to decreased IAV replication. As GRK2 has emerged as drug target in heart disease, we focus on its role in IAV infection and show that it is required for viral uncoating. Replication of seasonal and pandemic IAVs is severely decreased by specific GRK2 inhibitors in primary human airway cultures and in mice. Our study reveals the IAV-induced changes to the cellular phosphoproteome and identifies GRK2 as crucial node of the kinase network that enables IAV replication. Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual epidemics and development of antivirals is needed. Here, the authors perform phosphoproteomics during IAV entry and identify GRK2 as drug target, inhibition of which decreases replication of seasonal and pandemic IAV in primary human cells and animal models.
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13
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Alteration of β-Adrenoceptor Signaling in Left Ventricle of Acute Phase Takotsubo Syndrome: a Human Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12731. [PMID: 30143703 PMCID: PMC6109068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates alteration of the β-adrenoceptor (AR), such as desensitization and subtype switching of its coupling G protein, plays a role in the protection against catecholamine toxicity in heart failure. However, in human takotsubo syndrome (TTS), which is associated with a surge of circulating catecholamine in the acute phase, there is no histologic evidence of β-AR alteration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of alteration of β-AR signaling in the mechanism of TTS development. Left ventricular (LV) biopsied samples from 26 patients with TTS, 19 with normal LV function, and 26 with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were studied. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin2, which initiate the alteration of β-AR signaling, were more abundantly expressed in the myocardium in acute-phase TTS than in those of DCM and normal control as indicated by immunohistochemistry. The percentage of cardiomyocytes that showed positive membrane staining for GRK2 and β-arrestin2 was also significantly higher in acute-phase TTS. Sequential biopsies in the recovery-phase for two patients with TTS revealed that membrane expression of GRK2 and β-arrestin2 faded over time. This study provided the first histologic evidence of the involvement of alteration of β-ARs in the development of TTS.
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Eibel B, Kristochek M, Peres TR, Dias LD, Dartora DR, Casali KR, Kalil RAK, Lehnen AM, Irigoyen MC, Markoski MM. β-blockers interfere with cell homing receptors and regulatory proteins in a model of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 36:e12434. [PMID: 29752864 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the interference of β-blockers with the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) found in cell homing receptors, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) and CXCR-7, and regulatory proteins of homing pathways, we administered atenolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, and propranolol for 30 days using an orogastric tube to hypertensive rats. METHOD We collected blood samples before and after treatment and quantified the levels of SDF-1 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On day 30 of treatment, the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were euthanized, and heart, liver, lung, and kidney tissues were biopsied. Proteins were isolated for determining the expression of CXCR-4, CXCR-7, GRK-2 (G protein-coupled receptors kinase 2), β-arrestins (β1-AR and β2-AR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). RESULTS We found that the study drugs modulated these proteins, and metoprolol and propranolol strongly affected the expression of β1-AR (P = .0102) and β2-AR (P = .0034). CONCLUSION β-blockers modulated tissue expression of the proteins and their interactions following 30 days of treatment. It evidences that this class of drugs can interfere with proteins of cell homing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Eibel
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melissa Kristochek
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Peres
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucinara D Dias
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela R Dartora
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Karina R Casali
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato A K Kalil
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Lehnen
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade Sogipa de Educação Física (SOGIPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Markoski
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Zhang Q, Hu L, Chen L, Li H, Wu J, Liu W, Zhang M, Yan G. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the major green tea catechin, regulates the desensitization of β1 adrenoceptor via GRK2 in experimental heart failure. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:1081-1091. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Liu S, Premont RT, Singh S, Rockey DC. Caveolin 1 and G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-2 Coregulate Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:896-907. [PMID: 28162981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury leads to a vasculopathy in which post-translational modifications of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) lead to impaired nitric oxide synthesis. We hypothesized that caveolin 1 (CAV1), a well-known eNOS interactor, regulates eNOS activity in sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) via its interaction with G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) that also post-translationally modifies eNOS. Liver injury with portal hypertension was established using bile duct ligation in rats. CAV1 function was modified using a CAV1 scaffolding domain construct and cDNAs encoding wild-type CAV1, and CAV1 phosphorylation was increased in injured SECs, resulting in increased GRK2-CAV1 interaction and decreased eNOS activity. In injured SECs, endothelin-1 blocked CAV1 phosphorylation induced by CAV1 scaffolding domain, indicating that CAV1 interaction with GRK2 is inversely regulated by endothelin-1 and CAV1 scaffolding domain after liver injury. In addition, after transduction with DNA encoding wild-type CAV1 into SECs isolated from Cav1-deficient mice, GRK2 association with CAV1 was evident, whereas transduction with a dominant negative CAV1 mutated at tyrosine 14 reduced the interaction. Finally, isoproterenol-induced GRK2 phosphorylation enhanced CAV1-GRK2 interaction and reduced eNOS activity. Our data suggest a novel mechanism and model in which CAV1 phosphorylation facilitates CAV1 scaffolding and GRK2-CAV1 interaction, thus clustering eNOS within a complex that inhibits eNOS activity. This process takes place in injured, but not in normal, SECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songling Liu
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Don C Rockey
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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17
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Targeting GPCR-Gβγ-GRK2 signaling as a novel strategy for treating cardiorenal pathologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1883-1892. [PMID: 28130200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathologic crosstalk between the heart and kidney is known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). While the specific mechanisms underlying this crosstalk remain poorly understood, CRS is associated with exacerbated dysfunction of either or both organs and reduced survival. Maladaptive fibrotic remodeling is a key component of both heart and kidney failure pathogenesis and progression. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is a crucial regulator of cardiovascular and renal function. Chronic/pathologic GPCR signaling elicits the interaction of the G-protein Gβγ subunit with GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2), targeting the receptor for internalization, scaffolding to pathologic signals, and receptor degradation. Targeting this pathologic Gβγ-GRK2 interaction has been suggested as a possible strategy for the treatment of HF. In the current review, we discuss recent updates in understanding the role of GPCR-Gβγ-GRK2 signaling as a crucial mediator of maladaptive organ remodeling detected in HF and kidney dysfunction, with specific attention to small molecule-mediated inhibition of pathologic Gβγ-GRK2 interactions. Further, we explore the potential of GPCR-Gβγ-GRK2 signaling as a possible therapeutic target for cardiorenal pathologies.
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18
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Cannavo A, Koch WJ. GRK2 as negative modulator of NO bioavailability: Implications for cardiovascular disease. Cell Signal 2017; 41:33-40. [PMID: 28077324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), initially identified as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), is a gaso-transmitter with important regulatory roles in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. In the former, this diatomic molecule and free radical gas controls vascular tone and cardiac mechanics, among others. In the cardiovascular system, it is now understood that β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation is a key modulator of NO generation. Therefore, it is not surprising that the up-regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), in particular GRK2, that restrains βAR activity contributes to impaired cardiovascular functions via alteration of NO bioavailability. This review, will explore the specific interrelation between βARs, GRK2 and NO in the cardiovascular system and their inter-relationship for the pathogenesis of the onset of disease. Last, we will update the readers on the current status of GRK2 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic strategy for heart failure with an emphasis on their ability of rescuing NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
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19
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Chen X, Zhao S, Xia Y, Xiong Z, Li Y, Tao L, Zhang F, Wang X. G protein coupled receptor kinase-2 upregulation causes κ-opioid receptor desensitization in diabetic heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:658-664. [PMID: 27865836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of κ-opioid receptor (KOR) ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, cardioprotective effects of KOR stimulation disappear in type 1 diabetic subjects with hyperglycemia. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. Here we found that KOR expression was obviously downregulated and KOR agonism-induced contractile-regulatory and cardioprotective effects were significantly impaired in hearts isolated from streptozotocin (STZ) injection-induced diabetic mice. These in vivo data identified cardiac KOR desensitization as a novel characteristic of the diabetic heart. In cultured cardiomyocytes, high glucose (HG) caused obvious KOR downregulation, accompanied by an upregulation of G protein coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2). We found that HG exposure increased the interaction between GRK2 and KOR. More importantly, HG-induced KOR downregulation was reversed by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated GRK2 inhibition. GRK2 knockdown also restored KOR agonism-mediated protection against simulated I/R injury in cardiomyocytes. These in vitro data revealed an essential role of GRK2 in HG-induced KOR desensitization. Finally, cardiac-specific GRK2 knockdown by intramyocardial siRNA injection blocked KOR downregulation and restored contractile-regulatory and cardioprotective effects of KOR agonism in hearts of diabetic mice. In conclusion, these data for the first time demonstrate that GRK2 upregulation is largely responsible for cardiac KOR desensitization in diabetic individuals, which provides novel insights into the management of myocardial I/R injury in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyao Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shihao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhenyu Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yueyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Cardiology, 201st Hospital of CPLA, Liaoyang 111010, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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20
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Han CC, Ma Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Wei W. Regulatory effects of GRK2 on GPCRs and non-GPCRs and possible use as a drug target (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:987-94. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Bacillus bombysepticus α-Toxin Binding to G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Regulates cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway to Induce Host Death. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005527. [PMID: 27022742 PMCID: PMC4811588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens and their toxins target host receptors, leading to aberrant behavior or host death by changing signaling events through subversion of host intracellular cAMP level. This is an efficient and widespread mechanism of microbial pathogenesis. Previous studies describe toxins that increase cAMP in host cells, resulting in death through G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways by influencing adenylyl cyclase or G protein activity. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) has a central role in regulation of GPCR desensitization. However, little information is available about the pathogenic mechanisms of toxins associated with GRK2. Here, we reported a new bacterial toxin-Bacillus bombysepticus (Bb) α-toxin that was lethal to host. We showed that Bb α-toxin interacted with BmGRK2. The data demonstrated that Bb α-toxin directly bound to BmGRK2 to promote death by affecting GPCR signaling pathways. This mechanism involved stimulation of Gαs, increase level of cAMP and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Activated cAMP/PKA signal transduction altered downstream effectors that affected homeostasis and fundamental biological processes, disturbing the structural and functional integrity of cells, resulting in death. Preventing cAMP/PKA signaling transduction by inhibitions (NF449 or H-89) substantially reduced the pathogenicity of Bb α-toxin. The discovery of a toxin-induced host death specifically linked to GRK2 mediated signaling pathway suggested a new model for bacterial toxin action. Characterization of host genes whose expression and function are regulated by Bb α-toxin and GRK2 will offer a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases caused by pathogens that elevate cAMP. Interference with regulation of host signaling by pathogens can alter gene expression, leading to functional disarray in the host cells that causes abnormal division or death. Here, we propose a previously undescribed model for how bacterial toxins subvert host processes via interaction with GRK2 that influences cAMP/PKA signaling. Our findings provide new fundamental information about how bacterial pathogens regulate host signal transduction to cause death, which offers additional perspectives in host-pathogen systems. These findings will help to advance our understanding of bacteria pathogenic mechanism. Furthermore, these might extend to other microbial pathogenesis and assist in designing new or safer strategies against pathogens.
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22
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Koch WJ, Patterson K. Walter J. Koch: two decades, one mission. Circ Res 2015; 117:917-20. [PMID: 26541680 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Kirk JA, Paolocci N. New redox-related arrows in the arsenal of cardiac disease treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1945-8. [PMID: 25211226 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While great strides have been made to improve the poor prognosis with cardiac disease, heart failure in particular, cardiac affections still remain the most prevalent, difficult-to-treat, and costly human pathologies in the western world. At rest, the heart produces a significant oxidative environment inside diverse cell compartments, due to its high-energy demand. Cardiac cells have an exquisite control system to deal with this constant redox stress. However, persistent hemodynamic alterations can compromise these mechanisms, fueling further myocardial redox imbalance and dysfunction. Still, this would be a one-sided and incomplete view, because the physiological role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) should be considered as well. Indeed, ROS are multipurpose agents, serving signaling and cell defense tasks too, and, similar to antioxidants, these functions can be highly compartmentalized within the cell. The present Forum was designed to collect cutting-edge research concerning when and how to effectively counter excessive oxidative burden to preserve cardiac structure and/or to improve function, under conditions of ordinary or extraordinary stress. Another major objective was to unravel old and new intersections between different myocardial processes by which ROS may act as "on" or "off" switches, and in doing so, dictating function, always with an eye on possible, immediate therapeutic applications, as suggested by the title of the Forum itself, that is, Cardiac Therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kirk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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