1
|
Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Lin H, Yang B, Jiang X, Chen J, Roy Chowdhury S, Cheng N, Nakata PA, Lonard DM, Wang MC, Wang J. Development of a Novel Amplifiable System to Quantify Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22396-22404. [PMID: 39079063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Although many redox signaling molecules are present at low concentrations, typically ranging from micromolar to submicromolar levels, they often play essential roles in a wide range of biological pathways and disease mechanisms. However, accurately measuring low-abundant analytes has been a significant challenge due to the lack of sensitivity and quantitative capability of existing measurement methods. In this study, we introduced a novel chemically induced amplifiable system for quantifying low-abundance redox signaling molecules in living cells. We utilized H2O2 as a proof-of-concept analyte and developed a probe that quantifies cellular peroxide levels by combining the NanoBiT system with androgen receptor dimerization as a reporting mechanism. Our system demonstrated a highly sensitive response to cellular peroxide changes induced both endogenously and exogenously. Furthermore, the system can be adapted for the quantification of other signaling molecules if provided with suitable probing chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Hanfeng Lin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Bin Yang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sandipan Roy Chowdhury
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Paul A Nakata
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Huffington Center on Aging, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin H, Wang L, Jiang X, Wang J. Glutathione dynamics in subcellular compartments and implications for drug development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102505. [PMID: 39053236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a pivotal tripeptide antioxidant essential for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and regulating diverse cellular processes. Subcellular compartmentalization of GSH underscores its multifaceted roles across various organelles including the cytosol, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus, each exhibiting distinct regulatory mechanisms. Perturbations in GSH dynamics contribute to pathophysiological conditions, emphasizing the clinical significance of understanding its intricate regulation. This review consolidates current knowledge on subcellular GSH dynamics, highlighting its implications in drug development, particularly in covalent drug design and antitumor strategies targeting intracellular GSH levels. Challenges and future directions in deciphering subcellular GSH dynamics are discussed, advocating for innovative methodologies to advance our comprehension and facilitate the development of precise therapeutic interventions based on GSH modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Lin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sandoval SO, Cappuccio G, Kruth K, Osenberg S, Khalil SM, Méndez-Albelo NM, Padmanabhan K, Wang D, Niciu MJ, Bhattacharyya A, Stein JL, Sousa AMM, Waxman EA, Buttermore ED, Whye D, Sirois CL, Williams A, Maletic-Savatic M, Zhao X. Rigor and reproducibility in human brain organoid research: Where we are and where we need to go. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:796-816. [PMID: 38759644 PMCID: PMC11297560 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoid models have emerged as a promising tool for studying human brain development and function. These models preserve human genetics and recapitulate some aspects of human brain development, while facilitating manipulation in an in vitro setting. Despite their potential to transform biology and medicine, concerns persist about their fidelity. To fully harness their potential, it is imperative to establish reliable analytic methods, ensuring rigor and reproducibility. Here, we review current analytical platforms used to characterize human forebrain cortical organoids, highlight challenges, and propose recommendations for future studies to achieve greater precision and uniformity across laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya O Sandoval
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karina Kruth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sivan Osenberg
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saleh M Khalil
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natasha M Méndez-Albelo
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mark J Niciu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - André M M Sousa
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Elisa A Waxman
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Epilepsy and NeuroDevelopmental Disorders (ENDD), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Buttermore
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dosh Whye
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carissa L Sirois
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Aislinn Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Minoshima M, Reja SI, Hashimoto R, Iijima K, Kikuchi K. Hybrid Small-Molecule/Protein Fluorescent Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6198-6270. [PMID: 38717865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid small-molecule/protein fluorescent probes are powerful tools for visualizing protein localization and function in living cells. These hybrid probes are constructed by diverse site-specific chemical protein labeling approaches through chemical reactions to exogenous peptide/small protein tags, enzymatic post-translational modifications, bioorthogonal reactions for genetically incorporated unnatural amino acids, and ligand-directed chemical reactions. The hybrid small-molecule/protein fluorescent probes are employed for imaging protein trafficking, conformational changes, and bioanalytes surrounding proteins. In addition, fluorescent hybrid probes facilitate visualization of protein dynamics at the single-molecule level and the defined structure with super-resolution imaging. In this review, we discuss development and the bioimaging applications of fluorescent probes based on small-molecule/protein hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Minoshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Shahi Imam Reja
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Ryu Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Kohei Iijima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schrӧder LF, Peng W, Gao G, Wong YC, Schwake M, Krainc D. VPS13C regulates phospho-Rab10-mediated lysosomal function in human dopaminergic neurons. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202304042. [PMID: 38358348 PMCID: PMC10868123 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in VPS13C are linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). While VPS13C has been previously studied in non-neuronal cells, the neuronal role of VPS13C in disease-relevant human dopaminergic neurons has not been elucidated. Using live-cell microscopy, we investigated the role of VPS13C in regulating lysosomal dynamics and function in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Loss of VPS13C in dopaminergic neurons disrupts lysosomal morphology and dynamics with increased inter-lysosomal contacts, leading to impaired lysosomal motility and cellular distribution, as well as defective lysosomal hydrolytic activity and acidification. We identified Rab10 as a phospho-dependent interactor of VPS13C on lysosomes and observed a decreased phospho-Rab10-mediated lysosomal stress response upon loss of VPS13C. These findings highlight an important role of VPS13C in regulating lysosomal homeostasis in human dopaminergic neurons and suggest that disruptions in Rab10-mediated lysosomal stress response contribute to disease pathogenesis in VPS13C-linked PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie F. Schrӧder
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Biochemistry III/Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wesley Peng
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yvette C. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Schwake
- Biochemistry III/Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wardman P. Radiation-Chemical Perspective of the Radiobiology of Pulsed (High Dose-Rate) Radiation (FLASH): A Postscript. Radiat Res 2024; 201:87-91. [PMID: 38050858 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00212.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
An earlier commentary (Wardman P, Radiat Res. 2020; 194:607-617) discussed possible chemical reaction pathways that might be involved in the differential responses of tissues to high- vs. low-dose-rate irradiation, focusing on reactions between radicals, and radiolytic depletion of a chemical influencing radiosensitivity. This brief postscript updates discussion to consider recent modeling and experimental studies, and presents more detail to support the earlier suggestion that rapid depletion of nitric oxide will certainly occur after a radiation pulse of a few grays, underlining the need to include the consequences of such a change when considering FLASH effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Emmert S, Quargnali G, Thallmair S, Rivera-Fuentes P. A locally activatable sensor for robust quantification of organellar glutathione. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1415-1421. [PMID: 37322101 PMCID: PMC10533397 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the main determinant of intracellular redox potential and participates in multiple cellular signalling pathways. Achieving a detailed understanding of intracellular GSH homeostasis depends on the development of tools to map GSH compartmentalization and intra-organelle fluctuations. Here we present a GSH-sensing platform for live-cell imaging, termed targetable ratiometric quantitative GSH (TRaQ-G). This chemogenetic sensor possesses a unique reactivity turn-on mechanism, ensuring that the small molecule is only sensitive to GSH in a desired location. Furthermore, TRaQ-G can be fused to a fluorescent protein to give a ratiometric response. Using TRaQ-G fused to a redox-insensitive fluorescent protein, we demonstrate that the nuclear and cytosolic GSH pools are independently regulated during cell proliferation. This sensor was used in combination with a redox-sensitive fluorescent protein to quantify redox potential and GSH concentration simultaneously in the endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, by exchanging the fluorescent protein, we created a near-infrared, targetable and quantitative GSH sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Emmert
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Quargnali
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pablo Rivera-Fuentes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peng W, Schröder LF, Song P, Wong YC, Krainc D. Parkin regulates amino acid homeostasis at mitochondria-lysosome (M/L) contact sites in Parkinson's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3347. [PMID: 37467322 PMCID: PMC10355824 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin are the most common cause of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Although parkin modulates mitochondrial and endolysosomal homeostasis during cellular stress, whether parkin regulates mitochondrial and lysosomal cross-talk under physiologic conditions remains unresolved. Using transcriptomics, metabolomics and super-resolution microscopy, we identify amino acid metabolism as a disrupted pathway in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons from patients with parkin PD. Compared to isogenic controls, parkin mutant neurons exhibit decreased mitochondria-lysosome contacts via destabilization of active Rab7. Subcellular metabolomics in parkin mutant neurons reveals amino acid accumulation in lysosomes and their deficiency in mitochondria. Knockdown of the Rab7 GTPase-activating protein TBC1D15 restores mitochondria-lysosome tethering and ameliorates cellular and subcellular amino acid profiles in parkin mutant neurons. Our data thus uncover a function of parkin in promoting mitochondrial and lysosomal amino acid homeostasis through stabilization of mitochondria-lysosome contacts and suggest that modulation of interorganelle contacts may serve as a potential target for ameliorating amino acid dyshomeostasis in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie F. Schröder
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Pingping Song
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Biswas S, Sarkar S, Dhamija A, Murali VP, Maiti KK, Bhuniya S. Monitoring glutathione dynamics in DNA replication (S-phase) using a two-photon reversible ratiometric fluorescent probe. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1948-1957. [PMID: 36748270 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The redox regulator glutathione (GSH) migrates to the nucleus to give a safeguard to DNA replication in the S-phase. The fluctuation of GSH dynamics in the cell cycle process may help to understand cancerogenesis or other abnormalities in DNA replication. For the first time, we attempted to track the time-dependent S-phase change using the newly developed ratiometric fluorescent probe Nu-GSH. This probe is highly chemoselective towards glutathione and shows an emission intensity shift from 515 nm to 455 nm. It has shown fluorescence reversibility from blue to green channels while scavenging reactive oxygen species H2O2. Both ratiometric fluorescence images and FACS analysis have provided quantitative information on the GSH levels in the nucleoli during DNA replication in the S-phase. Furthermore, GSH fluctuation reciprocated the decay of the S-phase on a time scale. Additionally, its two-photon ability guaranteed its capability to study GSH dynamics in live cells/tissues noninvasively. We envision that the probe Nu-GSH can be used to get high-throughput quantitative information on glutathione dynamics and give an opportunity to monitor its perturbation during the course of cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayeri Biswas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research, JIS University, Arch Waterfront, GP Block, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, India.
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Avinash Dhamija
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Vishnu Priya Murali
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
| | - Sankarprasad Bhuniya
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research, JIS University, Arch Waterfront, GP Block, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun X, Guo F, Ye Q, Zhou J, Han J, Guo R. Fluorescent Sensing of Glutathione and Related Bio-Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 36671851 PMCID: PMC9855688 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), as the most abundant low-molecular-weight biological thiol, plays significant roles in vivo. Abnormal GSH levels have been demonstrated to be related to the dysfunction of specific physiological activities and certain kinds of diseases. Therefore, the sensing of GSH is emerging as a critical issue. Cancer, with typical high morbidity and mortality, remains one of the most serious diseases to threaten public health. As it is clear that much more concentrated GSH is present at tumor sites than at normal sites, the in vivo sensing of GSH offers an option for the early diagnosis of cancer. Moreover, by monitoring the amounts of GSH in specific microenvironments, effective diagnosis of ROS levels, neurological diseases, or even stroke has been developed as well. In this review, we focus on the fluorescent methodologies for GSH detection, since they can be conveniently applied in living systems. First, the fluorescent sensing methods are introduced. Then, the principles for fluorescent sensing of GSH are discussed. In addition, the GSH-sensing-related biological applications are reviewed. Finally, the future opportunities in in the areas of fluorescent GSH sensing-in particular, fluorescent GSH-sensing-prompted disease diagnosis-are addressed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmed AR, Ahmed M, Vun-Sang S, Iqbal M. Is Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor Responsible for Ameliorating the Chemical-Induced Tissue Injury In Vivo? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144362. [PMID: 35889233 PMCID: PMC9318303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by well-known toxins including ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA) has been attributed to causing tissue injury in the liver and kidney. In this study, the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a donor of nitric oxide and NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide inhibitor on TAA-induced hepatic oxidative stress, GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes, serum transaminases and tumor promotion markers such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats were examined. The animals were divided into seven groups consisting of six healthy rats per group. The six rats were injected intraperitoneally with TAA to evaluate its toxic effect, improvement in its toxic effect if any, or worsening in its toxic effect if any, when given in combination with GTN or l-NAME. The single necrogenic dose of TAA administration caused a significant change in the levels of both hepatic and serum enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), alanine aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, treatment with TAA also augmented malondialdehyde (MDA), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats liver. Concomitantly, TAA treatment depleted the levels of GSH. However, most of these changes were alleviated by the treatment of animals with GTN dose-dependently. The protective effect of GTN against TAA was also confirmed histopathologically. The present data confirmed our earlier findings with other oxidants including Fe-NTA and CCl4. The GTN showed no change whatsoever when administered alone, however when it was given along with TAA then it showed protection thereby contributing towards defending the role against oxidants-induced organ toxicity. Overall, GTN may contribute to protection against TAA-induced oxidative stress, toxicity, and proliferative response in the liver, according to our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Rahman Ahmed
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mahiba Ahmed
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Senty Vun-Sang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Iqbal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Liu C, Gao N, Sheng W, Zhu B. A melatonin-based targetable fluorescent probe for screening of tumor cells and real-time imaging of glutathione fluctuations in tumor cells. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
14
|
Wang L, Jin F, Jiang X, Chen J, Wang MC, Wang J. Fluorescent Probes and Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods to Quantify Thiols in Biological Systems. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:354-365. [PMID: 34521263 PMCID: PMC8865626 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Fluorescent probes and mass spectrometry are the two most popular and complementary methods to quantify thiols in biological systems. In this review, we focus on the widely used and commercially available methods to detect and quantify thiols in living cells and the general approaches applied in mass spectrometry-based thiol quantification. We hope that this review can serve as a general guide for redox biologists who are interested in thiol species. Sulfur, one of the most important elements in living systems, contributes to every aspect of physiology and pathology. Thiols, including cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione, hydrogen sulfide, and hydropersulfides, are the main players in the redox biology system. Therefore, quantifying these thiol species in biological systems is one of the important steps to understand their roles in biology. Recent Advances: Fluorescent probes and mass spectrometry-based methods have been developed to detect and/or quantify thiols in biological systems. Mass spectrometry-based methods have been the gold standard for metabolite quantification in cells. Fluorescent probes can directly detect or quantify thiol species in living cells with spatial and temporal resolutions. Additionally, organelle-specific fluorescent probes have been widely developed. These two methods are complementary to each other. Critical Issues: Reliable quantification of thiol species using fluorescent probes remains challenging. Future Directions: When developing fluorescent probes, we suggest using both the fluorescent probes and mass spectrometry-based thiol quantification methods to cross-check the results. In addition, we call on chemical biologists to move beyond qualitative probes and focus on probes that can provide quantitative results in live cells. These quantitative measurements based on fluorescent probes should be validated with mass spectrometry-based methods. More importantly, chemical biologists should make their probes accessible to the biology end users. Regarding mass spectrometry-based methods, quantification of the derivatized thiol specifies should fit into the general metabolomics workflow. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 354-365.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hurben AK, Ge P, Bouchard JL, Doran TM, Tretyakova NY. Photocaged dicarbonyl probe provides spatiotemporal control over protein glycation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:855-858. [PMID: 34935009 PMCID: PMC10620854 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycation is a disease associated, non-enzymatic, posttranslational modification generated by endogenous dicarbonyl metabolites. Currently, there is a lack of chemical tools capable of studying protein adducts caused by this class of reactive species. Here, we report a chemical biology platform, termed T-DiP (targetable-dicarbonyl precursor), that releases a physiologically relevant dose of bio-orthogonally functionalized dicarbonyl probe upon irradiation with 365 nm light. This approach enables protein glycation to be controlled with spatiotemporal precision within live cells and expands the chemical toolbox needed to elucidate the roles of glycated proteins across various pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Hurben
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jacob L Bouchard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Todd M Doran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
CHEN W, YOUNIS MH, ZHAO Z, CAI W. Recent biomedical advances enabled by HaloTag technology. BIOCELL 2022; 46:1789-1801. [PMID: 35601815 PMCID: PMC9119580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of interactions among functional proteins helps researchers understand disease mechanisms and design potential strategies for treatment. As a general approach, the fluorescent and affinity tags were employed for exploring this field by labeling the Protein of Interest (POI). However, the autofluorescence and weak binding strength significantly reduce the accuracy and specificity of these tags. Conversely, HaloTag, a novel self-labeling enzyme (SLE) tag, could quickly form a covalent bond with its ligand, enabling fast and specific labeling of POI. These desirable features greatly increase the accuracy and specificity, making the HaloTag a valuable system for various applications ranging from imaging to immobilization of POI. Notably, the HaloTag technique has already been successfully employed in a series of studies with excellent efficiency. In this review, we summarize the development of HaloTag and recent advanced investigations associated with HaloTag, including in vitro imaging (e.g., POI imaging, cellular condition monitoring, microorganism imaging, system development), in vivo imaging, biomolecule immobilization (e.g., POI collection, protein/nuclear acid interaction and protein structure analysis), targeted degradation (e.g., L-AdPROM), and more. We also present a systematic discussion regarding the future direction and challenges of the HaloTag technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu CHEN
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Muhsin H. YOUNIS
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zhongkuo ZHAO
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China,Address correspondence to: Zhongkuo Zhao, ; Weibo Cai,
| | - Weibo CAI
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA,Address correspondence to: Zhongkuo Zhao, ; Weibo Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu X, Guo WH, Lin H, Cheng R, Monroy EY, Jin F, Ding L, Lu D, Qi X, Wang MC, Wang J. Discovery of a potent BTK and IKZF1/3 triple degrader through reversible covalent BTK PROTAC development. CURRENT RESEARCH IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 2:100029. [PMID: 36712232 PMCID: PMC9879287 DOI: 10.1016/j.crchbi.2022.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Building on our previous work on ibrutinib-based reversible covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) PROTACs, we explored a different irreversible BTK inhibitor poseltinib as the BTK binder for PROTAC development. Different from ibrutinib, converting the irreversible cysteine reacting acrylamide group of poseltinib to a reversible covalent cyano-acrylamide group dramatically decreases the binding affinity to BTK by over 700 folds. Interestingly, one of the reversible covalent BTK PROTACs based on poseltinib with a rigid linker, dubbed as PS-RC-1, is highly potent (IC50 = ~10 nM) in Mino cells but not in other mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines, such as Jeko-1 and Rec-R cells. We showed that PS-RC-1 potently induces degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 but not BTK or GSPT1, accounting for its toxicity in Mino cells. We further decreased the molecular size of PS-RC-1 by shrinking the BTK binding moiety and developed PS-2 as a potent BTK and IKZF1/3 triple degrader with high specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hanfeng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Erika Y. Monroy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lang Ding
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,Corresponding author. Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, (J. Wang)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu T, Yue Y, Zhai Y, Guo Z, Zhao W, Yang X, Chen D, Yin C. Host-guest type multiple site fluorescent probe for GSH detection in living organisms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13764-13767. [PMID: 34859795 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest type molecular size matching strategy, which embodied intramolecular hydrogen bond, aromatic nucleophilic substitution and nucleophilic addition, was utilized to develop a fluorescent probe for GSH specific detection and in situ imaging in organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lvliang University, Lvliang 033001, P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yunze Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lvliang University, Lvliang 033001, P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lvliang University, Lvliang 033001, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lvliang University, Lvliang 033001, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a highly dynamic, high abundance molecule regulating redox homeostasis in most mammalian cells. Traditional methods could not achieve quantification of glutathione in live cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we provide protocols on how to use reversible reaction-based ratiometric fluorescent probes, RealThiol (RT) and its derivatives, to quantify GSH globally or in specific organelles. The protocols are applicable to cultured or harvested cells through confocal imaging and flow cytometry. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chen et al. (2017) and Jiang et al. (2015, 2017, 2018a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tian M, Liu Y, Jiang FL. On the Route to Quantitative Detection and Real-Time Monitoring of Glutathione in Living Cells by Reversible Fluorescent Probes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14285-14291. [PMID: 33063515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, growing numbers of fluorescent probes have been developed to detect intracellular GSH. However, the majority of probes for GSH were irreversible without monitoring the changes of intracellular GSH concentration. Therefore, recently, fluorescent probes for monitoring concentrations of GSH in real-time in living cells have come into being to address this challenge. This Perspective aimed at the development of reversible probes for GSH was organized by structural features, chemical reactions, and physicochemical properties. The reversible probes designed by a coumarin skeleton as a read-out fluorophore and the Michael addition reaction as a response mechanism accounted for most of the reported reversible probes. The performances of reversible fluorescent probes based on Michael addition could be roughly predicted by fundamental laws of kinetics and thermodynamics in physical chemistry. Essentially, the design principles included a highly reactive site for GSH, a small thermodynamic driving force, a desirable Kd of 1-10 mM, and excellent cell membrane permeability. Prospectively, the development of various mechanisms and fluorophores will be effective measures to enrich the types of reversible probes for GSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tian
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Iwatate RJ, Yoshinari A, Yagi N, Grzybowski M, Ogasawara H, Kamiya M, Komatsu T, Taki M, Yamaguchi S, Frommer WB, Nakamura M. Covalent Self-Labeling of Tagged Proteins with Chemical Fluorescent Dyes in BY-2 Cells and Arabidopsis Seedlings. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3081-3094. [PMID: 32763980 PMCID: PMC7534461 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemical fluorescent dyes promise to be useful for many applications in biology. Covalent, targeted labeling, such as with a SNAP-tag, uses synthetic dyes to label specific proteins in vivo for studying processes such as endocytosis or for imaging via super-resolution microscopy. Despite its potential, such chemical tagging has not been used effectively in plants. A major drawback has been the limited knowledge regarding cell wall and membrane permeability of the available synthetic dyes. Of 31 synthetic dyes tested here, 23 were taken up into BY-2 cells, while eight were not. This creates sets of dyes that can serve to measure endocytosis. Three of the dyes that were able to enter the cells, SNAP-tag ligands of diethylaminocoumarin, tetramethylrhodamine, and silicon-rhodamine 647, were used to SNAP-tag α-tubulin. Successful tagging was verified by live cell imaging and visualization of microtubule arrays in interphase and during mitosis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. Fluorescence activation-coupled protein labeling with DRBG-488 was used to observe PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) endocytosis and delivery to the vacuole as well as preferential delivery of newly synthesized PIN2 to the actively forming cell plate during mitosis. Together, the data demonstrate that specific self-labeling of proteins can be used effectively in plants to study a wide variety of cellular and biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryu J Iwatate
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Yagi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogasawara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toru Komatsu
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guo WH, Qi X, Yu X, Liu Y, Chung CI, Bai F, Lin X, Lu D, Wang L, Chen J, Su LH, Nomie KJ, Li F, Wang MC, Shu X, Onuchic JN, Woyach JA, Wang ML, Wang J. Enhancing intracellular accumulation and target engagement of PROTACs with reversible covalent chemistry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4268. [PMID: 32848159 PMCID: PMC7450057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current efforts in the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) field mostly focus on choosing an appropriate E3 ligase for the target protein, improving the binding affinities towards the target protein and the E3 ligase, and optimizing the PROTAC linker. However, due to the large molecular weights of PROTACs, their cellular uptake remains an issue. Through comparing how different warhead chemistry, reversible noncovalent (RNC), reversible covalent (RC), and irreversible covalent (IRC) binders, affects the degradation of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), we serendipitously discover that cyano-acrylamide-based reversible covalent chemistry can significantly enhance the intracellular accumulation and target engagement of PROTACs and develop RC-1 as a reversible covalent BTK PROTAC with a high target occupancy as its corresponding kinase inhibitor and effectiveness as a dual functional inhibitor and degrader, a different mechanism-of-action for PROTACs. Importantly, this reversible covalent strategy is generalizable to improve other PROTACs, opening a path to enhance PROTAC efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chan-I Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Fang Bai
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xingcheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynn Hsiao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Krystle J Nomie
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - José N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael L Wang
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khatun S, Yang S, Zhao YQ, Lu Y, Podder A, Zhou Y, Bhuniya S. Highly Chemoselective Self-Calibrated Fluorescent Probe Monitors Glutathione Dynamics in Nucleolus in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10989-10995. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Khatun
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research & Innovation, Amrita School of engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Tamilnadu 641112, India
| | - Suo Yang
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yu Qiang Zhao
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuxun Lu
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Arup Podder
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research & Innovation, Amrita School of engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Tamilnadu 641112, India
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Sankarprasad Bhuniya
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research & Innovation, Amrita School of engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Tamilnadu 641112, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tian M, Liu XY, He H, Ma XZ, Liang C, Liu Y, Jiang FL. Real-Time Imaging of Intracellular Glutathione Levels Based on a Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe with Extremely Fast Response. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10068-10075. [PMID: 32538069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant nonprotein thiol found in living organisms, are involved in the etiology and progression of many human diseases including cancer. So, monitoring changes of cellular GSH levels has an important guiding significance. To date, however, majority of probes can only qualitatively detect GSH in living cells. Herein, with coumarin as the read-out fluorophore and Michael addition as the sensing mechanism, six fluorescent probes were designed and synthesized. Among them, RP-2 exhibited a reversible and extremely fast response toward GSH (half time: ∼3 s), which endowed RP-2 the capacity of real-time imaging. Among the reversible probes based on Michael addition, RP-2 had both the largest forward and reverse rate constants thus far. The reaction between RP-2 and GSH was studied in detail by density functional theory and fluorescence spectroscopy. Real-time imaging of GSH levels in living cells was achieved with a temporal resolution of seconds. To simplify the processing of images, a program was developed and validated. RP-2 was expected to serve as a new fluorescent imaging tool to understand the function of intracellular GSH in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tian
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Huan He
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software (NERCMS), School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software (NERCMS), School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu Z, Zhou W, Li J, Zhang H, Dai X, Liu Y, Liu Y. High-efficiency dynamic sensing of biothiols in cancer cells with a fluorescent β-cyclodextrin supramolecular assembly. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4791-4800. [PMID: 34122936 PMCID: PMC8159256 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique fluorescent supramolecular assembly was constructed using coumarin-modified β-cyclodextrin as a reversible ratiometric probe and an adamantane-modified cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide as a cancer-targeting agent via host-guest inclusion complexation. Importantly, the coumarin-modified β-cyclodextrin not only showed higher sensitivity than the parent coumarin derivatives owing to the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the cyclodextrin but also provided a hydrophobic cavity for encapsulation of a cancer-targeting agent. The assembly showed a reversible and fast response to biothiols with a micromolar dissociation constant, as well as outstanding cancer cell permeability, which can be used for high-efficiency real-time monitoring of biothiols in cancer cells. This supramolecular assembly strategy endows the fluorescent probe with superior performance for dynamic sensing of biothiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Weilei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xianyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yaohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jeong EM, Shin JW, Lim J, Kim JH, Kang H, Yin Y, Kim HM, Kim Y, Kim SG, Kang HS, Shin DM, Choi K, Kim IG. Monitoring Glutathione Dynamics and Heterogeneity in Living Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:367-379. [PMID: 30836726 PMCID: PMC6657947 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant in cells, and plays vital roles in the cellular defense against oxidants and in the regulation of redox signals. In a previous report, we demonstrated that stem cell function is critically affected by heterogeneity and dynamic changes in cellular GSH concentration. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the monitoring of GSH concentration in living stem cells using FreSHtracer, a real-time GSH probe. We describe the steps involved in monitoring GSH concentration in single living stem cells using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. These methods are simple, rapid, and quantitative, and able to demonstrate intracellular GSH concentration changes in real time. We also describe the application of FreSHtracer to the sorting of stem cells according to their GSH content using flow cytometry. Typically, microscopic or flow cytometric analyses of FreSHtracer and MitoFreSHtracer signals in living stem cells take ~2~3 h, and the fractionation of stem cells into subpopulations on the basis of cellular GSH levels takes 3~4.5 h. This method could be applied to almost every kind of mammalian cell with minor modifications to the protocol described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell2in, Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - YongHwan Kim
- Cell2in, Inc., Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Heun-Soo Kang
- Cell2in, Inc., Seoul, Korea.,Metabolab. Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gao P, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Fluorescent probes for organelle-targeted bioactive species imaging. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6035-6071. [PMID: 31360411 PMCID: PMC6585876 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01652j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic fluctuations of bioactive species in living cells are associated with numerous physiological and pathological phenomena. The emergence of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes has significantly facilitated our understanding on the biological functions of these species. This review describes the design, applications, challenges and potential directions of organelle-targeted bioactive species probes.
Bioactive species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS, including O2˙–, H2O2, HOCl, 1O2, ˙OH, HOBr, etc.), reactive nitrogen species (RNS, including ONOO–, NO, NO2, HNO, etc.), reactive sulfur species (RSS, including GSH, Hcy, Cys, H2S, H2Sn, SO2 derivatives, etc.), ATP, HCHO, CO and so on, are a highly important category of molecules in living cells. The dynamic fluctuations of these molecules in subcellular microenvironments determine cellular homeostasis, signal conduction, immunity and metabolism. However, their abnormal expressions can cause disorders which are associated with diverse major diseases. Monitoring bioactive molecules in subcellular structures is therefore critical for bioanalysis and related drug discovery. With the emergence of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes, significant progress has been made in subcellular imaging. Among the developed subcellular localization fluorescent tools, ROS, RNS and RSS (RONSS) probes are highly attractive, owing to their potential for revealing the physiological and pathological functions of these highly reactive, interactive and interconvertible molecules during diverse biological events, which are rather significant for advancing our understanding of different life phenomena and exploring new technologies for life regulation. This review mainly illustrates the design principles, detection mechanisms, current challenges, and potential future directions of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes toward RONSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| |
Collapse
|