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Angelopoulou A, Harris HMB, Warda AK, O'Shea CA, Lavelle A, Ryan CA, Dempsey E, Stanton C, Hill C, Ross RP. Somatic cell count as an indicator of subclinical mastitis and increased inflammatory response in asymptomatic lactating women. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0405123. [PMID: 39189754 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04051-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is an asymptomatic inflammatory condition that can be difficult to define and diagnose. In the dairy industry, subclinical mastitis is diagnosed by milk somatic cell counts (SCCs) of ≥250,000 cells mL-1. In this pilot study, we assessed the efficacy of this index to identify human subclinical mastitis by comparing SCC levels with the inflammatory response [interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels] in 37 samples from asymptomatic and 10 clinical mastitis (CM) lactating women. The milk microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The SCC of CM samples ranged from 310,000 to 6,600,000 cells mL-1. However, 14 of 37 (37.8%) asymptomatic samples had high SCC (250,000-460,000 cells mL-1), indicating subclinical mastitis. SCC levels significantly (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with milk IL-8 levels reflecting the escalating inflammatory response across subclinical and clinical mastitis samples. Samples with an SCC of ≥250,000 cells mL-1 showed significant increases in IL-8 responses when compared with milk samples from healthy women. The milk microbiome of CM samples was dominated by streptococcal and staphylococcal species (89.9% combined median relative abundance). In contrast, the combined median streptococcal/staphylococcal relative levels were 75.4% and 66.3% in milks from asymptomatic (subclinical mastitis) and healthy groups, respectively. The Streptococcus genus was increased in samples with an SCC of ≥250,000, although this should be interpreted with caution. Thus, the index of ≥250,000 somatic cells mL-1 could be a reliable indicator of subclinical mastitis in humans and should aid future studies investigating the impact of subclinical mastitis on maternal health, breastfeeding behaviors, infant health, and development. IMPORTANCE This pilot study suggests that SCC at a level of (greater than or equal to) 250,000 cells mL-1, as used in the dairy industry, is a suitable index to identify asymptomatic subclinical mastitis in lactating women since it reflects a significant increase in the inflammatory response compared to milk samples from healthy women. Using this index should aid studies into the short- and long-term consequences of subclinical mastitis for mother and infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Angelopoulou
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hugh M B Harris
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicja K Warda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carol-Anne O'Shea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene Dempsey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Kivlighan KT, Schneider SS, Browne EP, Pentecost BT, Anderton DL, Arcaro KF. Mammary epithelium permeability during established lactation: associations with cytokine levels in human milk. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1258905. [PMID: 38419845 PMCID: PMC10900798 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1258905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The cytokine profile of human milk may be a key indicator of mammary gland health and has been linked to infant nutrition, growth, and immune system development. The current study examines the extent to which mammary epithelium permeability (MEP) is associated with cytokine profiles during established lactation within a sample of US mothers. Methods Participants were drawn from a previous study of human milk cytokines. The present analysis includes 162 participants (98 Black, 64 White) with infants ranging from 1 to 18 months of age. Levels of cytokines were determined previously. Here we measure milk sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels with ion-selective probes. Two approaches were used to define elevated MEP: Na levels ≥10 mmol/L and Na/K ratios greater than 0.6. Associations between maternal-infant characteristics, elevated MEP, and twelve analytes (IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, IL-1β, FASL, VEGFD, FLT1, bFGF, PLGF, EGF, leptin, adiponectin) were examined using bivariate associations, principal components analysis, and multivariable logistic regression models. Results Elevated MEP was observed in 12 and 15% of milk samples as defined by Na and Na/K cutoffs, respectively. The odds of experiencing elevated MEP (defined by Na ≥ 10 mmol/L) were higher among Black participants and declined with older infant age. All cytokines, except leptin, were positively correlated with either Na or the Na/K ratio. A pro-inflammatory factor (IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, IL-1β, EGF) and a tissue remodeling factor (FASL, VEGFD, FLT1, bFGF, PLGF, adiponectin) each contributed uniquely to raising the odds of elevated MEP as defined by either Na or the Na/K ratio. Conclusion This exploratory analysis of MEP and cytokine levels during established lactation indicates that elevated MEP may be more common in US populations than previously appreciated and that individuals identifying as Black may have increased odds of experiencing elevated MEP based on current definitions. Research aimed at understanding the role of MEP in mammary gland health or infant growth and development should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie T. Kivlighan
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Eva P. Browne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Brian T. Pentecost
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Douglas L. Anderton
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kathleen F. Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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Caffé B, Blackwell A, Fehrenkamp BD, Williams JE, Pace RM, Lackey KA, Ruiz L, Rodríguez JM, McGuire MA, Foster JA, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, Pareja RG, Bode L, Gebeyehu D, Gindola DK, Boothman S, Flores K, McGuire MK, Meehan CL. Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23943. [PMID: 37358306 PMCID: PMC10749986 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breastfeeding is an energetically costly and intense form of human parental investment, providing sole-source nutrition in early infancy and bioactive components, including immune factors. Given the energetic cost of lactation, milk factors may be subject to tradeoffs, and variation in concentrations have been explored utilizing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. As human milk immune factors are critical to developing immune system and protect infants against pathogens, we tested whether concentrations of milk immune factors (IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, TGFβ2, and IL-10) vary in response to infant sex and maternal condition (proxied by maternal diet diversity [DD] and body mass index [BMI]) as posited in the Trivers-Willard hypothesis and consider the application of the hypothesis to milk composition. METHODS We analyzed concentrations of immune factors in 358 milk samples collected from women residing in 10 international sites using linear mixed-effects models to test for an interaction between maternal condition, including population as a random effect and infant age and maternal age as fixed effects. RESULTS IgG concentrations were significantly lower in milk produced by women consuming diets with low diversity with male infants than those with female infants. No other significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS IgG concentrations were related to infant sex and maternal diet diversity, providing minimal support for the hypothesis. Given the lack of associations across other select immune factors, results suggest that the Trivers-Willard hypothesis may not be broadly applied to human milk immune factors as a measure of maternal investment, which are likely buffered against perturbations in maternal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Caffé
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Bethaney D Fehrenkamp
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, Idaho (WWAMI) Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Ryan M Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Kimberly A Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Microhealth Group, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Daniel W Sellen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Samwel Mbugua
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | | | - Gloria E Otoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Lars Bode
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dubale Gebeyehu
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Debela K Gindola
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah Boothman
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine Flores
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Brondfield MN, Mahadevan U. Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023:10.1038/s41575-023-00758-3. [PMID: 37002407 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a peak age of diagnosis before the age of 35 years. Concerns about infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and heritability of IBD have influenced decision-making for patients of childbearing age and their care providers. The interplay between the complex physiology in pregnancy and IBD can affect placental development, microbiome composition and responses to therapy. Current evidence has shown that effective disease management, including pre-conception counselling, multidisciplinary care and therapeutic agents to minimize disease activity, can improve pregnancy outcomes. This Review outlines the management of IBD in pregnancy and the safety of IBD therapies, including novel agents, with regard to both maternal and fetal health. The vast majority of IBD therapies can be used with low risk during pregnancy and lactation without substantial effects on neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max N Brondfield
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Uma Mahadevan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Ali A, Mir MUR, Ganie SA, Mushtaq S, Bukhari SI, Alshehri S, Rashid SM, Mir TM, Rehman MU. Milk-Compositional Study of Metabolites and Pathogens in the Milk of Bovine Animals Affected with Subclinical Mastitis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238631. [PMID: 36500724 PMCID: PMC9738622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk is an important food component in the human diet due to its nutrient-rich metabolites. However, bovine subclinical mastitis alters the composition and quality of milk. In present study, California mastitis testing, somatic cell count, pH, and electrical conductivity were used as confirmatory tests to detect subclinical mastitis. The primary goal was to study metabolome and identify major pathogens in cows with subclinical mastitis. In this study, 29 metabolites were detected in milk using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. Volatile acidic compounds, such as hexanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, lauric acid, octanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, tricosanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, and hypogeic acid were found in milk samples, and these impart good flavor to the milk. Metaboanalyst tool was used for metabolic pathway analysis and principal component estimation. In this study, EC and pH values in milk were significantly increased (p < 0.0001), whereas fat (p < 0.04) and protein (p < 0.0002) significantly decreased in animals with subclinical mastitis in comparison to healthy animals. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen found (n = 54), followed by Escherichia coli (n = 30). Furthermore, antibiotic sensitivity revealed that Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to gentamicin (79.6%), whereas Escherichia coli showed more sensitivity to doxycycline hydrochloride (80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarif Ali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shuhama Campus (Alusteng), Ganderbal 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Manzoor Ur Rahman Mir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shuhama Campus (Alusteng), Ganderbal 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saima Mushtaq
- Veterinary Microbiology Department, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shuhama Campus (Alusteng), Ganderbal 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tahir Maqbool Mir
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sodium and Potassium Concentrations and Somatic Cell Count of Human Milk Produced in the First Six Weeks Postpartum and Their Suitability as Biomarkers of Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224708. [PMID: 36432395 PMCID: PMC9694808 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na) concentration and the ratio of Na to potassium (K; Na/K) in human milk are used commonly as biomarkers of subclinical mastitis, but limited data exist on their relationship to and ability to predict clinical mastitis. Here, we assessed concentrations of Na, K, Na/K, and somatic cell count (SCC), a mammary health biomarker used in the dairy industry, in milk prospectively collected from both breasts of 41 women over the first 6 weeks postpartum. Although values differed over time postpartum, there were no differences in mean values between breasts. Nearly one-quarter (24%) of participants experienced clinical mastitis. Somatic cell counts >4.76 × 105 cells/mL were most strongly related to development of clinical mastitis in the following week (odds ratio, 7.81; 95% CI, 2.15−28.30; p = 0.002), although relationships were also observed for SCC > 4.00 × 105 cells/mL and Na concentration >12 mmol/L. Estimates of the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in women who never progressed to clinical mastitis differed by biomarker but ranged from 20 to 75%. Despite these findings, positive predictive values (PPV) of the biomarkers for identifying clinical mastitis were low (≤0.34), indicating additional research is needed to identify single biomarkers or composite measures that are highly specific, sensitive, and predictive of clinical mastitis in women.
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Kiełbasa A, Buszewski B, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. A novel non-derivatization HPLC/UV method for the determination of some n-3 free fatty acids in breast milk matrix. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Beaupied BL, Martinez H, Martenies S, McConnel CS, Pollack IB, Giardina D, Fischer EV, Jathar S, Duncan CG, Magzamen S. Cows as canaries: The effects of ambient air pollution exposure on milk production and somatic cell count in dairy cows. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112197. [PMID: 34699758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution, including criteria pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), has been associated with morbidity and mortality in mammals. As a genetically homogenous population that is closely monitored for health, dairy cattle present a unique opportunity to assess the association between changes in air pollution and mammalian health. Milk yield decreases in the summer if temperature and humidity, measured by the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). As O3 levels increase with warmer temperatures, and summer PM2.5 may increase with wildfire smoke, dairy cows may serve as a useful sentinel species to evaluate subacute markers of inflammation and metabolic output and ambient pollution. Over two years, we assessed summertime O3 and PM2.5 concentrations from local US EPA air quality monitors into an auto-regressive mixed model of the association between THI and daily milk production data and bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC). In unadjusted models, a 10 unit increase THI was associated with 28,700 cells/mL (95% CI: 17,700, 39,690) increase in SCC. After controlling for ambient air pollutants, THI was associated with a 14,500 SCC increase (95% CI: 3,400, 25,680), a 48% decrease in effect compared to the crude model. Further, in fully adjusted models, PM2.5 was associated with a 105,500 cells/mL (95% CI: 90,030, 121,050) increase in SCC. Similar results were found for milk production. Results were amplified when high PM2.5 days (95th percentile of observed values) associated with wildfire smoke were removed from the analyses. Our results support the hypothesis that PM2.5 confounds the relationships between THI and milk yield and somatic cell count. The results of this study can be used to inform strategies for intervention to mitigate these impacts at the dairy level and potentially contribute to a model where production animals can act as air quality sentinels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonni L Beaupied
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Heather Martinez
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sheena Martenies
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Craig S McConnel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dylan Giardina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shantanu Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen G Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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General Use of Chinese Herbal Products among Female Patients with Mastitis in Taiwan. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3876240. [PMID: 35368771 PMCID: PMC8975662 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3876240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Little information is available regarding the use of Chinese herbal medicine to treat mastitis. This study evaluated the prescription patterns of Chinese herbal medicine products in women with mastitis in Taiwan. Design This is a population-based cross-sectional study. Setting. 8,531 women aged 20–49 years, who received a diagnosis of mastitis between 2004 and 2013, were identified from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database in Taiwan. We collected data on demographic characteristics, including age, monthly insurance premium, and urbanization level. The ten most Chinese herbal medicines prescribed for mastitis were assessed, including frequency, percentage, average daily dose, and average duration of prescription. Main outcome measures. We analysed the ten most single Chinese herbs and Chinese herbal formulae prescribed for mastitis. Results Overall, 437 (5.1%) women received Chinese herbal medicine to treat mastitis. Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.; 22.3%), Pu Gong Yin (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.; 7.8%), and Wang Bu Liu Xing (Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert; 3.5%) were three of the most commonly prescribed single Chinese herbs for mastitis. Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin (18.2%), Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San (9.1%), and Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan-San (8.4%) were three of the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal formulae. Conclusion Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin can clear heat, detoxify body, alleviate swelling, activate blood, and relieve pain. It was the most frequently prescribed Chinese herbal formula in patients with mastitis.
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Interactions between human milk oligosaccharides, microbiota and immune factors in milk of women with and without mastitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1367. [PMID: 35079053 PMCID: PMC8789856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactational mastitis is an excellent target to study possible interactions between HMOs, immune factors and milk microbiota due to the infectious and inflammatory nature of this condition. In this work, microbiological, immunological and HMO profiles of milk samples from women with (MW) or without (HW) mastitis were compared. Secretor status in women (based on HMO profile) was not associated to mastitis. DFLNH, LNFP II and LSTb concentrations in milk were higher in samples from HW than from MW among Secretor women. Milk from HW was characterized by a low bacterial load (dominated by Staphylococcus epidermidis and streptococci), high prevalence of IL10 and IL13, and low sialylated HMO concentration. In contrast, high levels of staphylococci, streptococci, IFNγ and IL12 characterized milk from MW. A comparison between subacute (SAM) and acute (AM) mastitis cases revealed differences related to the etiological agent (S. epidermidis in SAM; Staphylococcus aureus in AM), milk immunological profile (high content of IL10 and IL13 in SAM and IL2 in AM) and milk HMOs profile (high content of 3FL in SAM and of LNT, LNnT, and LSTc in AM). These results suggest that microbiological, immunological and HMOs profiles of milk are related to mammary health of women.
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Saleem HD, Razooqi MA, Gharban HAJ. Cumulative Effect of Subclinical Mastitis on Immunological and Biochemical Parameters in Cow Milk. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1629-1638. [PMID: 35546972 PMCID: PMC9083874 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356311.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is a complex and multifactorial disease that leads to chemical, physical, and bacteriological changes in milk, which is associated with great economic losses. This study was carried out on lactating cows to investigate the effect of subclinical mastitis (SCM) on milk production through the estimation of immunological and biochemical characteristics of milk. Therefore, a total of 200 apparently-healthy lactating cows were randomly selected from different areas in Baghdad and Maysan provinces in Iraq from April to July 2021, and 100 ml of fresh milk was directly collected from each cow. Milk samples were examined by the California mastitis test (CMT), and IgG concentration in milk was estimated by the ELISA method. Moreover, the changes in biochemical parameters and enzymatic parameters were analyzed to determine the prevalence of SCM. Based on the results of the CMT test, the prevalence of SCM was 41.5% with a significant increase in a mild degree of severity (61.45%). IgG antibodies increased significantly in positive cows (4.92± 0.21 µg/ml). Significant prevalence of infection was observed among cows ≥5 years old compared to those <5 years, crossbred ones compared to natives, and those with lower milk production without udder/milk abnormalities, compared to cows with normal milk production. However, a significant difference was observed between the two regions under investigation (i.e., Baghdad and Maysan provinces of Iraq). Results of biochemical and enzymatic parameters showed significant increases in the concentration of Cl, FFA, and Na, and a reduction in LAC and TP, though not in Ca and K. The pH of mastitis milk was significantly higher. Although no significant difference was observed in the values of ALT and LDH, AST was increased in mastitis milk. In conclusion, this study is one of the first reports on the estimated concentration of IgG in mastitis milk samples in Iraq. Increases in the concentration of SSCs and IgG in milk can apply to the detection of intra-mammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Saleem
- Department of Density, Al-Manara College of Medical Sciences, Al-Manara, Iraq
| | - M A Razooqi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - H A J Gharban
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq
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12
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Reid C, Beynon C, Kennedy E, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Bovine innate immune phenotyping via a standardized whole blood stimulation assay. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17227. [PMID: 34446770 PMCID: PMC8390753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle vary in their susceptibility to infection and immunopathology, but our ability to measure and longitudinally profile immune response variation is limited by the lack of standardized immune phenotyping assays for high-throughput analysis. Here we report longitudinal innate immune response profiles in cattle using a low-blood volume, whole blood stimulation system—the ImmunoChek (IChek) assay. By minimizing cell manipulation, our standardized system minimizes the potential for artefactual results and enables repeatable temporal comparative analysis in cattle. IChek successfully captured biological variation in innate cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokine (IL-8) responses to 24-hr stimulation with either Gram-negative (LPS), Gram-positive (PamCSK4) bacterial or viral (R848) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) across a 4-month time window. Significant and repeatable patterns of inter-individual variation in cytokine and chemokine responses, as well as consistent high innate immune responder individuals were identified at both baseline and induced levels. Correlation coefficients between immune response read-outs (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) varied according to PAMP. Strong significant positive correlations were observed between circulating monocytes and IL-6 levels for null and induced responses (0.49–0.61) and between neutrophils and cytokine responses to R848 (0.38–0.47). The standardized assay facilitates high-throughput bovine innate immune response profiling to identify phenotypes associated with disease susceptibility and responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Reid
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Beynon
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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13
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Kim YJ. Immunomodulatory Effects of Human Colostrum and Milk. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2021; 24:337-345. [PMID: 34316468 PMCID: PMC8279828 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2021.24.4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is not fully developed in human neonates and infants; breastfeeding is important in this stage as the bioactive components of human breast milk are known to have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, and can therefore contribute to an infant's immunity against allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, the positive effect on the immune system by human colostrum and milk are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Li CY, Liao YW, Liu CS, Cheng CY, Chan JPW, Wang CK. In vitro effects of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyric acid on inflammatory cytokine expression in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.2006806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yan Li
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Liao
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-So Liu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Yu Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jacky Peng-Wen Chan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Mohamed MFA, Ibrahim TS, Shoman ME, Samir E, Abd El-Baky RM. Potential repurposed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection drugs. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26895-26916. [PMID: 35515773 PMCID: PMC9055522 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of COVID-19 viral infection is associated with the absence of specific drug(s) for fighting this viral infection. About 10 million people are already infected, about 500 000 deaths all over the world to date. Great efforts have been made to find solutions for this viral infection, either vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, or small molecule drugs; this can stop the spread of infection to avoid the expected human, economic and social catastrophe associated with this infection. In the literature and during clinical trials in hospitals, several FDA approved drugs for different diseases have the potential to treat or reduce the severity of COVID-19. Repurposing of these drugs as potential agents to treat COVID-19 reduces the time and cost to find effective COVID-19 agents. This review article summarizes the present situation of transmission, pathogenesis and statistics of COVID-19 in the world. Moreover, it includes chemistry, mechanism of action at the molecular level of the possible drug molecules which are liable for redirection as potential COVID-19 therapeutic agents. This includes polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, malaria drugs, lipid lowering statins, rheumatoid arthritis drugs and some miscellaneous agents. We offer research data and knowledge about the chemistry and biology of potential COVID-19 drugs for the research community in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20 1003069431
| | - Mamdouh F A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University 82524 Sohag Egypt
| | - Tarek S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Mai E Shoman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20 1003069431
| | - Ebtihal Samir
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University Minia 11566 Egypt
| | - Rehab M Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University Minia 11566 Egypt
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16
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Barker M, Adelson P, Peters MDJ, Steen M. Probiotics and human lactational mastitis: A scoping review. Women Birth 2020; 33:e483-e491. [PMID: 32146088 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Lactational mastitis is a common condition amongst breastfeeding women. It is associated with decreased breastfeeding rates and often treated with antibiotics. BACKGROUND The anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics have been identified as a potential treatment or prevention strategy for lactational mastitis leading to increased commercial and public interest. Despite the marketing of probiotics to women, evidence is still emerging as to its efficacy. AIM/METHODS This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) to identify and examine the evidence around probiotic consumption and lactational mastitis. The review addressed the question; what is the evidence regarding probiotic consumption and human lactational mastitis? Studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for randomised control trials (RCTs). FINDINGS Five RCTs met the inclusion criteria; three concerned probiotic consumption for the treatment of mastitis, two for the prevention of mastitis. All reported a lower incidence of mastitis in the probiotic groups. DISCUSSION Although potentially promising results were reported across all studies there were significant methodological limitations concerning; appropriately described baseline characteristics, study hypotheses, lack of power calculations, definitional issues, and potential conflicts of interest. CONCLUSION Probiotics may have utility for the treatment or prevention of lactational mastitis. However only a few studies with significant limitations have been published to date. Well designed and conducted studies are needed before evidence-based recommendations can be made for use of probiotics in the treatment or prevention of lactational mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barker
- Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia; The Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Pamela Adelson
- Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Micah D J Peters
- Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia; Adelaide Nursing School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Centre for Evidence-based Practice South Australia (CEPSA): a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mary Steen
- Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia; The Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
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17
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The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020077. [PMID: 32093351 PMCID: PMC7074355 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is needed for optimal growth as it satisfies both the nutritional and biological needs of an infant. The established relationship between breastfeeding and an infant’s health is attributable to the nutritional and non-nutritional, functional components of human milk including metabolites such as the lipids, amino acids, biogenic amines and carbohydrates. These components have diverse roles, including protecting the infant against infections and guiding the development of the infant’s immature immune system. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immune modulatory and anti-infective role of human milk metabolites and their effects on infant health and development. We also review the literature on potential determinants of the human milk metabolome, including maternal infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and mastitis.
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18
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Samuel TM, De Castro CA, Dubascoux S, Affolter M, Giuffrida F, Billeaud C, Picaud JC, Agosti M, Al-Jashi I, Pereira AB, Costeira MJ, Silva MG, Marchini G, Rakza T, Haaland K, Stiris T, Stoicescu SM, Martínez-Costa C, Vanpee M, Domellöf M, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Thakkar SK, Silva-Zolezzi I. Subclinical Mastitis in a European Multicenter Cohort: Prevalence, Impact on Human Milk (HM) Composition, and Association with Infant HM Intake and Growth. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010105. [PMID: 31905959 PMCID: PMC7019749 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland. We examined the effects of SCM on human milk (HM) composition, infant growth, and HM intake in a mother–infant cohort from seven European countries. Methods: HM samples were obtained from 305 mothers at 2, 17, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days postpartum. SCM status was assessed using HM Sodium (Na): Potassium (K) ratio >0.6. Levels of different macro- and micronutrients were analyzed in HM. Results: SCM prevalence in the first month of lactation was 35.4%. Mean gestational age at delivery was lower and birth by C-section higher in SCM mothers (p ≤ 0.001). HM concentrations of lactose, DHA, linolenic acid, calcium, and phosphorous (p < 0.05 for all) was lower, while total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, arachidonic acid to DHA ratio, n-6 to n-3 ratio and minerals (iron, selenium, manganese, zinc, and copper) were higher (p < 0.001 for all) in mothers with SCM. There were no differences in infant growth and HM intake between non-SCM and SCM groups. Conclusion: We document, for the first time, in a large European standardized and longitudinal study, a high prevalence of SCM in early lactation and demonstrate that SCM is associated with significant changes in the macro- and micronutrient composition of HM. Future studies exploring the relation of SCM with breastfeeding behaviors and developmental outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinu Mary Samuel
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Stephane Dubascoux
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Michael Affolter
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Francesca Giuffrida
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | | | - Jean-Charles Picaud
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neonatal intensive care unit, Hôpital Croix Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France;
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard, 69221 Lyon 1, France
| | | | - Isam Al-Jashi
- Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Titu Maiorescu Medicine University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Maria Jose Costeira
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde, 4720-011 Braga, Portugal;
| | | | - Giovanna Marchini
- Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Thameur Rakza
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, 59777 Lille, France;
| | - Kirsti Haaland
- Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Tom Stiris
- Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Mireilla Vanpee
- Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umea University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Eurídice Castañeda-Gutiérrez
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (M.A.); (F.G.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Sagar Kiran Thakkar
- Nestle Research, Singapore 618802, Singapore; (C.A.D.C.); (S.K.T.); (I.S.-Z.)
| | - Irma Silva-Zolezzi
- Nestle Research, Singapore 618802, Singapore; (C.A.D.C.); (S.K.T.); (I.S.-Z.)
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Milk-derived miRNA profiles elucidate molecular pathways that underlie breast dysfunction in women with common genetic variants in SLC30A2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12686. [PMID: 31481661 PMCID: PMC6722070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and pre-clinical animal models show milk-derived miRNAs reflect mammary gland function during lactation. The zinc transporter SLC30A2/ZnT2 plays a critical role in mammary gland function; ZnT2-null mice have profound defects in mammary epithelial cell (MEC) polarity and secretion, resulting in sub-optimal lactation. Non-synonymous genetic variation in SLC30A2 is common in humans, and several common ZnT2 variants are associated with changes in milk components that suggest breast dysfunction in women. To identify novel mechanisms through which dysfunction might occur, milk-derived miRNA profiles were characterized in women harboring three common genetic variants in SLC30A2 (D103E, T288S, and Exon 7). Expression of ten miRNAs differed between genotypes, and contributed to distinct spatial separation. Studies in breast milk and cultured MECs confirmed expression of ZnT2 variants alters abundance of protein levels of several predicted mRNA targets critical for breast function (PRLR, VAMP7, and SOX4). Moreover, bioinformatic analysis identified two novel gene networks that may underlie normal MEC function. Thus, we propose that genetic variation in genes critical for normal breast function such as SLC30A2 has important implications for lactation performance in women, and that milk-derived miRNAs can be used to identify novel mechanisms and for diagnostic potential.
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20
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Moossavi S, Atakora F, Miliku K, Sepehri S, Robertson B, Duan QL, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Field CJ, Bode L, Khafipour E, Azad MB. Integrated Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota With Oligosaccharides and Fatty Acids in the CHILD Cohort. Front Nutr 2019; 6:58. [PMID: 31157227 PMCID: PMC6532658 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk contains many bioactive components that are typically studied in isolation, including bacteria. We performed an integrated analysis of human milk oligosaccharides and fatty acids to explore their associations with milk microbiota. Methods: We studied a sub-sample of 393 mothers in the CHILD birth cohort. Milk was collected at 3-4 months postpartum. Microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene V4 sequencing. Oligosaccharides and fatty acids were analyzed by rapid high-throughput high performance and gas liquid chromatography, respectively. Dimension reduction was performed with principal component analysis for oligosaccharides and fatty acids. Center log-ratio transformation was applied to all three components. Associations between components were assessed using Spearman rank correlation, network visualization, multivariable linear regression, redundancy analysis, and structural equation modeling. P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Key covariates were considered, including fucosyltransferase-2 (FUT2) secretor status of mother and infant, method of feeding (direct breastfeeding or pumped breast milk), and maternal fish oil supplement use. Results: Overall, correlations were strongest between milk components of the same type. For example, FUT2-dependent HMOs were positively correlated with each other, and Staphylococcus was negatively correlated with other core taxa. Some associations were also observed between components of different types. Using redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling, the overall milk fatty acid profile was significantly associated with milk microbiota composition. In addition, some individual fatty acids [22:6n3 (docosahexaenoic acid), 22:5n3, 20:5n3, 17:0, 18:0] and oligosaccharides (fucosyl-lacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I) were associated with microbiota α diversity, while others (C18:0, 3'-sialyllactose, disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose) were associated with overall microbiota composition. Only a few significant associations between individual HMOs and microbiota were observed; notably, among mothers using breast pumps, Bifidobacterium prevalence was associated with lower abundances of disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose. Additionally, among non-secretor mothers, Staphylococcus was positively correlated with sialylated HMOs. Conclusion: Using multiple approaches to integrate and analyse milk microbiota, oligosaccharides, and fatty acids, we observed several associations between different milk components and microbiota, some of which were modified by secretor status and/or breastfeeding practices. Additional research is needed to further validate and mechanistically characterize these associations and determine their relevance to infant gut and respiratory microbiota development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Moossavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faisal Atakora
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kozeta Miliku
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shadi Sepehri
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bianca Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics and Larson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Qing Ling Duan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Allan B. Becker
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theo J. Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Malcolm R. Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B. Azad
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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21
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Schaub R, Badiou S, Viljoen J, Dujols P, Bolloré K, Van de Perre P, Newell ML, Bland R, Nagot N, Tuaillon E. The immune response to sub-clinical mastitis is impaired in HIV-infected women. J Transl Med 2018; 16:296. [PMID: 30359283 PMCID: PMC6202806 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is relatively common in lactating women and may be associated with HIV shedding in breast milk. The potential association between HIV infection and breast milk immunologic factors and immune response to SCM needs to be addressed. Methods In this cross-sectional study, SCM (Na/K ratio > 1) was tested in 165 mature breast milk samples collected from 40 HIV-infected women who didn’t transmit HIV to their child by breastfeeding and 43 HIV-uninfected women enrolled in an interventional cohort in South-Africa (Vertical Transmission Study). The level of 33 immune markers related to Th1/Th2 related response, inflammation and bacterial exposure were compared in ART-naive HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected women. The associations between HIV infection and SCM on the concentration of immune factors were tested separately by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and corrected for false discovery rate. To control for potential confounder effects and take into account the clustering of breast milk samples from a single woman, multivariate mixed linear models adjusted on child age at the time of sampling were performed for each immune factor. Results Subclinical mastitis was detected in 15 (37.5%) HIV-infected women and 10 (23.3%) HIV-uninfected women. In the absence of SCM, the breast milk levels of IP-10 and MIG were higher and IL1-RA lower in HIV-infected women than in HIV-uninfected women (respectively p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.045). In HIV-uninfected women, SCM was characterized by a robust immune response with higher concentrations of a broad panel of Th1 and inflammatory related immune markers than in samples without SCM. By contrast, in HIV-infected women a limited number of immune markers were increased and lower increases were observed in samples with SCM than without SCM. Conclusion HIV infection in ART-naïve women was associated with elevated breast milk levels of IP-10 and MIG, which areTh1-related cytokines induced by IFN-γ. During SCM, a lower and narrower immune response was observed in HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that HIV infection affects the capacity of the mammary gland to respond to SCM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1667-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Schaub
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France. .,Département d'Information Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,CIC AG/Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av. des flamboyants, BP 6006, 97 306, Cayenne CEDEX, French Guiana, France.
| | - Stéphanie Badiou
- Département de Biochimie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Johannes Viljoen
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria and NHLS, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pierre Dujols
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Information Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Bolloré
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Louise Newell
- Institute for Developmental Science, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth Bland
- Africa Centre for Health and Population studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Royal Hospital for Children, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Information Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
One impediment to breastfeeding is the lack of information on the use of many drugs during lactation, especially newer ones. The principles of drug passage into breastmilk are well established, but have often not been optimally applied prospectively. Commonly used preclinical rodent models for determining drug excretion into milk are very unreliable because of marked differences in milk composition and transporters compared to those of humans. Measurement of drug concentrations in humans remains the gold standard, but computer modeling is promising. New FDA labeling requirements present an opportunity to apply modeling to preclinical drug development in place of conventional animal testing for drug excretion into breastmilk, which should improve the use of medications in nursing mothers.
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Hurtado JA, Maldonado-Lobón JA, Díaz-Ropero MP, Flores-Rojas K, Uberos J, Leante JL, Affumicato L, Couce ML, Garrido JM, Olivares M, Fonollá J, the PROLAC Group. Oral Administration to Nursing Women of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Prevents Lactational Mastitis Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Breastfeed Med 2017. [PMCID: PMC5444431 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the preventive effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 on mastitis incidence in lactating women. Methods: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial that included 625 women was conducted. Women who received preventive dose of antibiotic in the context of delivery were recruited 1–6 days after childbirth and randomly assigned to a group. Probiotic group received 1 capsule/day containing L. fermentum 3 × 109 CFU, control group received 1 placebo capsule/day containing maltodextrin. The intervention period was 16 weeks. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of clinical mastitis defined as at least two out of the three breast symptoms (pain, redness, and lump) and at least one of fever or flu-like symptoms (shivering, hot sweats, or aches). Results: Two hundred ninety-one women completed 16 weeks of treatment. Sixteen women in the probiotic group developed mastitis versus 30 women in the control group (odds ratio = 0.531; p = 0.058). Incidence rate of mastitis in the probiotic group was significantly lower than that in the control group (IR = 0.130 in the probiotic group versus IR = 0.263 in the control group; p = 0.021). Therefore, the oral administration of L. fermentum CECT5716 during lactation decreased by 51% the incidence rate of clinical mastitis. Staphylococcus spp. load at the end of intervention was significantly lower in breast milk of women in the probiotic group than in breast milk of women in the control group (p = 0.025). Conclusion: Consumption of the probiotic strain L. fermentum CECT5716 might be used during breastfeeding as an efficient strategy to prevent development of lactational mastitis in women. Trial registration: NCT02203877.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Hurtado
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Materno-Infantil del CHU, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Uberos
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Leante
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital G.U. Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María Luz Couce
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital C.H.U., Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
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24
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Xi X, Kwok LY, Wang Y, Ma C, Mi Z, Zhang H. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry MS E-based untargeted milk metabolomics in dairy cows with subclinical or clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4884-4896. [PMID: 28342601 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel metabolomics technique based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry in the MSE mode was used to investigate the milk metabolomics of healthy, subclinical, and clinical mastitis cows, which were classified based on somatic cell count and presentation of clinical symptoms. Meanwhile, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify the significant differences across the 3 groups. Compared with healthy milk samples, less glucose, d-glycerol-1-phosphate, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, l-carnitine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, citrate, and hippurate were detected in the clinical mastitic milk samples, whereas less d-glycerol-1-phosphate, benzoic acid, l-carnitine, and cis-aconitate were found in the subclinical mastitic milk samples. Meanwhile, the milk concentration of arginine and Leu-Leu increased in both the clinical and subclinical mastitis groups. Besides, less 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, cis-aconitate, lactose, and oxoglutarate were detected in the clinical than the subclinical mastitic milk samples, whereas the abundance of some oligopeptides (Leu-Ala, Phe-Pro-Ile, Asn-Arg-Ala-Ile, and Val-Phe-Val-Tyr) increased by over 7.95-fold. Our results suggest that significant variations exist across healthy and mastitis cows. The current metabolomics approach will help in better understanding the pathobiology of mastitis, although clinical validation will be required before field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China
| | - Yuenan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China
| | - Chen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
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25
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Mastitis Modifies the Biogenic Amines Profile in Human Milk, with Significant Changes in the Presence of Histamine, Putrescine and Spermine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162426. [PMID: 27584695 PMCID: PMC5008837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight nitrogenous organic compounds with different biological activities. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for the development of the gut and immune system of newborns, and are all found in human milk. Little is known, however, about the role of histamine, tyramine or cadaverine in breast milk. Nor is it known whether mastitis alters the BA composition of milk. The BA profile of human milk, and the influence of mastitis on BA concentrations, were therefore investigated. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine were the main BAs detected. In mastitis-affected milk, the concentrations of putrescine, spermine and histamine were higher.
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26
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Obermajer T, Pogačić T. Commentary: Relationship between Milk Microbiota, Bacterial Load, Macronutrients, and Human Cells during Lactation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1281. [PMID: 27581429 PMCID: PMC4987343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Obermajer
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, University of Ljubljana Domžale, Slovenia
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27
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Say B, Dizdar EA, Degirmencioglu H, Uras N, Sari FN, Oguz S, Canpolat FE. The effect of lactational mastitis on the macronutrient content of breast milk. Early Hum Dev 2016; 98:7-9. [PMID: 27341630 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mastitis in lactating mothers reduces milk production and alters the cellular composition of milk. Changes occurring in the mammary gland during the inflammatory response are believed to increase the permeability of the blood-milk barrier. This study examined the effect of mastitis during lactation on the macronutrient content of breast milk. METHODS The study was conducted at Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital. Transitional breast milk samples were obtained from term lactating mothers with or without mastitis. Milk protein, fat, carbohydrate, and energy levels were measured using a mid-infrared human milk analyzer. RESULTS The study recruited 30 term lactating mothers: 15 mothers diagnosed with mastitis and 15 healthy mothers. The characteristics of the mothers in both groups were similar. Fat, carbohydrate, and energy levels were statistically lower in the milk samples of mothers with mastitis compared with the mothers without mastitis. CONCLUSION Lactational mastitis was associated with lower breast milk fat, carbohydrate, and energy levels. The local inflammatory response induced by cytokines and increased blood-milk barrier permeability might account for the changes in the fat, carbohydrate, and energy levels of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgul Say
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evrim Alyamaç Dizdar
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Degirmencioglu
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Uras
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nur Sari
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suna Oguz
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fuat Emre Canpolat
- Division of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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28
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Anderson PO, Sauberan JB. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:42-52. [PMID: 27060684 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding has positive health consequences for both the breastfed infant and the nursing mother.(1,2) Although information on drug use during lactation is available through sites such as LactMed,(3) available information is often incomplete. Unlike pregnancy, in which large numbers of pregnant women need to be studied to assure safety, measurement of drug concentrations in breastmilk in a relatively few subjects can provide valuable information to assess drug safety. This article reviews methods of measuring and predicting drug passage into breastmilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Anderson
- Health Sciences Clinical Professor, University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J B Sauberan
- Neonatal Research Institute, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, California, USA
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29
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Guerra E, Downey E, O'Mahony JA, Caboni MF, O'Shea C, Ryan AC, Kelly AL. Influence of duration of gestation on fatty acid profiles of human milk. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL)Alma Mater Studiorum – University of BolognaCesena (FC)Italy
| | - Eimear Downey
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - James A. O'Mahony
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL)Alma Mater Studiorum – University of BolognaCesena (FC)Italy
| | - Carol‐Anne O'Shea
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Anthony C. Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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30
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Pokorska J, Kułaj D, Dusza M, Żychlińska-Buczek J, Makulska J. New Rapid Method of DNA Isolation from Milk Somatic Cells. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 27:113-7. [PMID: 26913552 PMCID: PMC4806335 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2015.1116446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of genomic DNA is one of the basic steps in many different molecular analyses. There are a few reports on methods of DNA isolation from milk, but many of them are time consuming and expensive, and require relatively large volumes of raw milk. In this study a rapid, sensitive, and efficient method of DNA extraction from milk somatic cells of various mammals (cattle, sheep, goats, horses) is presented. It was found that milk is a good source of genomic DNA, and to obtain a sufficient amount and quality of DNA, suitable for molecular analysis such as PCR, 10 mL of raw milk is sufficient. Thanks to this method, stress in animals can be reduced during collection of researched material. Therefore, this method could be widely used in molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pokorska
- Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Institute of Animal Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Kułaj
- Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Institute of Animal Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dusza
- Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Institute of Animal Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Żychlińska-Buczek
- Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Institute of Animal Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Makulska
- Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Institute of Animal Science, Krakow, Poland
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32
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Patel SH, Vaidya YH, Joshi CG, Kunjadia AP. Culture-dependent assessment of bacterial diversity from human milk with lactational mastitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Maldonado-Lobón JA, Díaz-López MA, Carputo R, Duarte P, Díaz-Ropero MP, Valero AD, Sañudo A, Sempere L, Ruiz-López MD, Bañuelos Ó, Fonollá J, Olivares Martín M. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 Reduces Staphylococcus Load in the Breastmilk of Lactating Mothers Suffering Breast Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Breastfeed Med 2015; 10:425-32. [PMID: 26352805 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2015.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent results indicate that human mastitis and painful breastfeeding may be characterized by a mammary bacterial dysbiosis, a process in which the population of potential pathogens increases at the expense of the normal mammary microbiota. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of three different doses of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 to reduce the load of Staphylococcus in the breastmilk of women suffering from painful breastfeeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized double-blinded controlled study with four study groups was performed. Three groups received the probiotic strain for 3 weeks at doses of 3×10(9) colony-forming units (CFU)/day, 6×10(9) CFU/day, or 9×10(9) CFU/day. The fourth group received a placebo of maltodextrin. The main outcome of the study was Staphylococcus counts in breastmilk. The secondary outcomes were Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and total bacteria counts in breastmilk, immunoglobulin A and interleukin 8 concentrations in breastmilk, and breast pain scores. RESULTS At the end of the study, a significant decrease in the Staphylococcus load was observed in the probiotic groups compared with the baseline loads (p=0.045), whereas the control group maintained similar levels over time. A significant difference in the pain score was observed among the groups receiving the three probiotic doses compared with the control group (p=0.035, p=0.000, and p=0.028, respectively). A dose-response effect could not be observed because the three doses tested induced similar effects, and no significant differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that L. fermentum CECT5716 is an efficient treatment for breast pain during lactation associated with a high level of Staphylococcus in breastmilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Maldonado-Lobón
- 1 Biosearch Life S.A. , Granada, Spain .,2 PhD Program in Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Duarte
- 3 Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital , Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - María Dolores Ruiz-López
- 4 Nutrition and Bromatology Department, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .,5 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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Mavangira V, Gandy JC, Zhang C, Ryman VE, Daniel Jones A, Sordillo LM. Polyunsaturated fatty acids influence differential biosynthesis of oxylipids and other lipid mediators during bovine coliform mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6202-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, Brabin BJ, Suchdev PS, van Ommen B. Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE). J Nutr 2015; 145:1039S-1108S. [PMID: 25833893 PMCID: PMC4448820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing recognition has emerged of the complexities of the global health agenda—specifically, the collision of infections and noncommunicable diseases and the dual burden of over- and undernutrition. Of particular practical concern are both 1) the need for a better understanding of the bidirectional relations between nutritional status and the development and function of the immune and inflammatory response and 2) the specific impact of the inflammatory response on the selection, use, and interpretation of nutrient biomarkers. The goal of the Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE) is to provide guidance for those users represented by the global food and nutrition enterprise. These include researchers (bench and clinical), clinicians providing care/treatment, those developing and evaluating programs/interventions at scale, and those responsible for generating evidence-based policy. The INSPIRE process included convening 5 thematic working groups (WGs) charged with developing summary reports around the following issues: 1) basic overview of the interactions between nutrition, immune function, and the inflammatory response; 2) examination of the evidence regarding the impact of nutrition on immune function and inflammation; 3) evaluation of the impact of inflammation and clinical conditions (acute and chronic) on nutrition; 4) examination of existing and potential new approaches to account for the impact of inflammation on biomarker interpretation and use; and 5) the presentation of new approaches to the study of these relations. Each WG was tasked with synthesizing a summary of the evidence for each of these topics and delineating the remaining gaps in our knowledge. This review consists of a summary of the INSPIRE workshop and the WG deliberations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
| | - Fayrouz A Sakr Ashour
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, CA
| | - Bernard J Brabin
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and
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Li N, Richoux R, Boutinaud M, Martin P, Gagnaire V. Role of somatic cells on dairy processes and products: a review. DAIRY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 94:517-538. [PMID: 25309683 PMCID: PMC4180028 DOI: 10.1007/s13594-014-0176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cells are an important component naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count is used as an indicator of udder health and milk quality. The role of somatic cells in dairy processes and products is ill-defined in most studies because the role of these cells combines also the concomitance of physicochemical modifications of milk, bacterial count, and the udder inflammation in the presence of high somatic cell count. The aim of this review is to focus on the role of somatic cells themselves and of endogenous enzymes from somatic cells in milk, in dairy transformation processes, and in characteristics of final products overcoming biases due to other factors. The immune function of somatic cells in the udder defense and their protective role in milk will be primarily considered. Different characteristics of milk induced by various somatic cell counts, types, and their endogenous enzymes influencing directly the technological properties of milk and the final quality of dairy products will be discussed as well. By comparing methods used in other studies and eliminating biases due to other factors not considered in these studies, a new approach has been suggested to evaluate the effective role of somatic cells on dairy processes and products. In addition, this new approach allows the characterization of somatic cells and their endogenous enzymes and, in future research, will allow the clarification of mechanisms involved in the release of these components from somatic cells during dairy processes, particularly in cheese technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Li
- INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France ; Actalia, BP 50915, 35009 Rennes, Cedex France
| | - R Richoux
- Actalia, BP 50915, 35009 Rennes, Cedex France
| | - M Boutinaud
- INRA, UMR 1348, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage, 35590 Saint Gilles, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1348, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - P Martin
- INRA, UMR 1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France ; AgroParisTech, UMR 1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - V Gagnaire
- INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
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Lin S, Hou J, Xiang F, Zhang X, Che L, Lin Y, Xu S, Tian G, Zeng Q, Yu B, Zhang K, Chen D, Wu D, Fang Z. Mammary inflammation around parturition appeared to be attenuated by consumption of fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:190. [PMID: 24378112 PMCID: PMC3896666 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis endangers the health of domestic animals and humans, and may cause problems concerning food safety. It is documented that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play significant roles in attenuating saturated fatty acids (SFA)-induced inflammation. This study was therefore conducted to determine whether mammary inflammation could be affected by consumption of diets rich in n-3 PUFA. Methods Forty-eight rats after mating began to receive diets supplemented with 5% fish oil (FO) or 7% soybean oil (SO). Blood and mammary tissue samples (n = 6) at day 0 and 14 of gestation and day 3 postpartum were collected 9 hours after intramammary infusion of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine free fatty acids (FFA) concentration and FA composition in plasma and inflammation mediators in mammary tissues. Results At day 14 of gestation and day 3 postpartum, the FO-fed rats had lower plasma concentrations of C18:2n6, C20:4n6, total n-6 PUFA and SFA, and higher plasma concentrations of C20:5n3 and total n-3 PUFA than the SO-fed rats. Plasma C22:6n3 concentration was also higher in the FO-fed than in the SO-fed rats at day 3 postpartum. Compared with the SO-fed rats, the FO-fed rats had lower mammary mRNA abundance of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and protein level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but had higher mammary mRNA abundances of interleukin (IL)-10 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ at day 14 of gestation. Following LPS infusion at day 3 postpartum, the SO-fed rats had increased plasma concentrations of FFA, C18:1n9, C18:3n3, C18:2n6 and total n-6 PUFA, higher mammary mRNA abundances of IL-1β, TNF-α and XOR but lower mammary mRNA abundance of IL-10 than the FO-fed rats. Conclusions Mammary inflammation around parturition appeared to be attenuated by consumption of a diet rich in n-3 PUFA, which was associated with up-regulated expression of IL-10 and PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition of human milk, its variation, and its clinical relevance. The composition of human milk is the biological norm for infant nutrition. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization. Some of these molecules (eg, lactoferrin) are being investigated as novel therapeutic agents. Human milk changes in composition from colostrum to late lactation, within feeds, by gestational age, diurnally, and between mothers. Feeding infants with expressed human milk is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ballard
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation & Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
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