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Shao H, Huang J, Wang H, Wang G, Yang X, Cheng M, Sun C, Zou L, Yang Q, Zhang D, Liu Z, Jiang X, Shi L, Shi P, Han B, Jiao B. Fused in sarcoma (FUS) inhibits milk production efficiency in mammals. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3953. [PMID: 38729967 PMCID: PMC11087553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient milk production in mammals confers evolutionary advantages by facilitating the transmission of energy from mother to offspring. However, the regulatory mechanism responsible for the gradual establishment of milk production efficiency in mammals, from marsupials to eutherians, remains elusive. Here, we find that mammary gland of the marsupial sugar glider contained milk components during adolescence, and that mammary gland development is less dynamically cyclic compared to that in placental mammals. Furthermore, fused in sarcoma (FUS) is found to be partially responsible for this establishment of low efficiency. In mouse model, FUS inhibit mammary epithelial cell differentiation through the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57Kip2, leading to lactation failure and pup starvation. Clinically, FUS levels are negatively correlated with milk production in lactating women. Overall, our results shed light on FUS as a negative regulator of milk production, providing a potential mechanism for the establishment of milk production from marsupial to eutherian mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jipeng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 261042, China
| | - Xu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Changjie Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Li Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Qin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xuelong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Peng Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China
| | - Baowei Han
- Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China.
| | - Baowei Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650203, China.
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Smith AE, Sweigart E, Falatic K, Stuart D, Szugye H, Lam SK, Aly H, Das A. Direct breastfeeding frequency of late preterm and term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and availability of mother's own milk at six months of age. a retrospective cohort study. J Perinatol 2024:10.1038/s41372-024-01972-w. [PMID: 38678083 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-01972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother's Own Milk (MOM) reduces the risk of complications in premature infants. Breastfeeding rates for late preterm and term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are significantly lower than that of breastfed healthy term newborns at 6 months of age. DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of neonates born at 34 weeks 0 days or later. Infants who were directly breastfed in the NICU and were discharged on breast milk were included. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the significance of association. RESULTS 171 mother-infant dyads were included. After adjusting for confounders, the number of breastfeeding attempts during the NICU stay was significantly associated with the availability of MOM at six months of age (p = 0.003, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14). CONCLUSION This study is the first to show an association between the number of direct breastfeeding attempts in the NICU and availability of MOM at six months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Smith
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Erin Sweigart
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Falatic
- Department of Childbirth Education, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dena Stuart
- Department of Childbirth Education, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Heidi Szugye
- Breastfeeding Medicine, Department of Primary Care Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suet Kam Lam
- Breastfeeding Medicine, Department of Primary Care Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anirudha Das
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Kuroda KO, Fukumitsu K, Kurachi T, Ohmura N, Shiraishi Y, Yoshihara C. Parental brain through time: The origin and development of the neural circuit of mammalian parenting. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1534:24-44. [PMID: 38426943 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review consolidates current knowledge on mammalian parental care, focusing on its neural mechanisms, evolutionary origins, and derivatives. Neurobiological studies have identified specific neurons in the medial preoptic area as crucial for parental care. Unexpectedly, these neurons are characterized by the expression of molecules signaling satiety, such as calcitonin receptor and BRS3, and overlap with neurons involved in the reproductive behaviors of males but not females. A synthesis of comparative ecology and paleontology suggests an evolutionary scenario for mammalian parental care, possibly stemming from male-biased guarding of offspring in basal vertebrates. The terrestrial transition of tetrapods led to prolonged egg retention in females and the emergence of amniotes, skewing care toward females. The nocturnal adaptation of Mesozoic mammalian ancestors reinforced maternal care for lactation and thermal regulation via endothermy, potentially introducing metabolic gate control in parenting neurons. The established maternal care may have served as the precursor for paternal and cooperative care in mammals and also fostered the development of group living, which may have further contributed to the emergence of empathy and altruism. These evolution-informed working hypotheses require empirical validation, yet they offer promising avenues to investigate the neural underpinnings of mammalian social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi O Kuroda
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kansai Fukumitsu
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takuma Kurachi
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nami Ohmura
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Shiraishi
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Kawamura Gakuen Woman's University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshihara
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Sciences and Technologies, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
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Pan S, Yu W, Zhang J, Guo Y, Qiao X, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP exposure alters milk liposomes and offspring growth trajectories in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116061. [PMID: 38340598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) has become a global health concern, and EEDs are known to be potent inducers of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP, hereafter abbreviated as TC), a specific ligand for CAR, has been considered as a potential EED. Here, we analyzed the effect of TC exposure to female mice on the histological morphology of their alveoli in the basic unit of lactation. We quantified differences in the milk metabolome of the control and TC-exposed group while assessing the correlations between metabolites and neonatal growth. Mammary histological results showed that TC exposure inhibited alveolar development. Based on the milk metabolomic data, we identified a total of 1505 differential metabolites in both the positive and negative ion mode, which indicated that TC exposure affected milk composition. As expected, the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the drug metabolism pathway. Further analyses revealed that differential metabolites were significantly enriched in multiple lipid metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, suggesting that most differential metabolites were concentrated in lipids. Simultaneously, a quantitative analysis showed that TC exposure led to a decrease in the relative abundance of total milk lipids, affecting the proportion of some lipid subclasses. Notably, a portion of lipid metabolites were associated with neonatal growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that TC exposure may affect milk lipidomes, resulting in the inability of mothers to provide adequate nutrients, ultimately affecting the growth and health of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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5
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Polic A, Eutsler KM, Patel SS. Breastfeeding and the patient's perspective. ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY (NEW YORK) 2023; 48:1629-1636. [PMID: 36625897 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to summarize available data on breastfeeding in patients with a cancer diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of available literature in the MEDLINE database was performed and the data summarized. In addition, two patient interviews were conducted to gain insight into the patient perspective. RESULTS Breastmilk is the nutritional standard for human infants and understanding the implications of a cancer diagnosis on lactation is important in optimizing maternal and infant outcomes. Though limited, available data suggest that breastfeeding may be a safe and appropriate option for some patients undergoing treatment of a malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Patient experiences with breastfeeding in the setting of a cancer diagnosis vary widely, and depend on the type of malignancy, the timing of the diagnosis, and the indicated treatment. Breastfeeding may be an appropriate option for certain patients after multidisciplinary counseling. Alternatives to breastfeeding exist for patients who are unable to or do not desire to breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Polic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Kaitlin M Eutsler
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Soha S Patel
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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6
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Wang N, Yu Z. Editorial: Topic opportunities, barriers and pitfall of current nutritional practice in preterm infants. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1172361. [PMID: 37090927 PMCID: PMC10114544 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1172361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
- Correspondence: Zhangbin Yu
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7
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Liu B, Zhao J, Liu Y, Qiao W, Jiang T, Chen L. Diversity and temporal dynamics of breast milk microbiome and its influencing factors in Chinese women during the first 6 months postpartum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016759. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) plays an important role in providing nutrients, beneficial microorganisms and bioactive components for infants, helping maturation of their immune system and gastrointestinal development. Here, we present a study aiming to investigate the diversity and temporal dynamics of the milk microbiome across the first 6 month postpartum in Chinese healthy breastfeeding women, and to investigate to what extent other variables (e.g., sampling location, infant sex, and mode of delivery) might also be related to variations in the human milk microbiome, and the association with maternal diet and nutrients. Fifty-three healthy pregnant women from four cities were recruited from a China Maternal and Infant Health Cohort Study and breast milk samples were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. We illustrated the diversity and temporal dynamics during lactation (Adonis p-value = 3e–04). Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla, and Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Serratia, and Corynebacterium were the core genera. Partitioning around medoids clustering identified two major internal clusters of breast milk microbiota. Cluster 1 was dominated by Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas, while Cluster 2 was dominated by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Among other environmental variables, sampling location showed significant influence on breast milk microbiome (Adonis p-value = 4e–04), while infant sex (Adonis p-value = 0.33) and mode of delivery (Adonis p-value = 0.19) were less related to variations in the human milk microbiome. Maternal diet such as tuber was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Neisseria (rho = 0.34, adjusted p-value = 0.01) and Cutibacterium (rho = −0.35, adjusted p-value = 0.01), and nutrients such as carbohydrates were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Aquabacterium (rho = −0.39, adjusted p-value = 0.0027), and vitamin B12 was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Coprococcus (rho = 0.40, adjusted p-value = 0.0018), etc. These results illustrated the dynamic changes of composition and diversity during the lactation phases of the Chinese breast milk microbiome and addressed the importance of geographic location on milk microbiota, and associations with maternal diet consumption, which have potential benefits on the establishment and future health of breastfeeding infants.
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8
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Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. The short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding make breastfeeding or the provision of human milk a public health imperative. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for approximately 6 months after birth. Furthermore, the AAP supports continued breastfeeding, along with appropriate complementary foods introduced at about 6 months, as long as mutually desired by mother and child for 2 years or beyond. These recommendations are consistent with those of the World Health Organization (WHO). Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. The AAP recommends that birth hospitals or centers implement maternity care practices shown to improve breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The Joint Commission monitor breastfeeding practices in United States hospitals. Pediatricians play a critical role in hospitals, their practices, and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and, thus, need to be trained about the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and children and in managing breastfeeding. Efforts to improve breastfeeding rates must acknowledge existing disparities and the impact of racism in promoting equity in breastfeeding education, support, and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Younger Meek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lawrence Noble
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, New York.,New York City Health+Hospitals Elmhurst
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9
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Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. The short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding make breastfeeding, or the provision of human milk, a public health imperative. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for approximately 6 months after birth. Furthermore, the AAP supports continued breastfeeding, along with appropriate complementary foods introduced at about 6 months, as long as mutually desired by mother and child for 2 years or beyond. These recommendations are consistent with those of the World Health Organization (WHO). Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. The AAP recommends that birth hospitals or centers implement maternity care practices shown to improve breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Joint Commission monitor breastfeeding practices in US hospitals. Pediatricians play a critical role in hospitals, their practices, and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and, thus, need to be trained about the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and children and in managing breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Younger Meek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lawrence Noble
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,New York City Health+Hospitals/Elmhurst
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10
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Pannaraj PS, da Costa-Martins AG, Cerini C, Li F, Wong SS, Singh Y, Urbanski AH, Gonzalez-Dias P, Yang J, Webby RJ, Nakaya HI, Aldrovandi GM. Molecular alterations in human milk in simulated maternal nasal mucosal infection with live attenuated influenza vaccination. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1040-1047. [PMID: 35739193 PMCID: PMC9225800 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding protects against mucosal infections in infants. The underlying mechanisms through which immunity develops in human milk following maternal infection with mucosal pathogens are not well understood. We simulated nasal mucosal influenza infection through live attenuated influenza vaccination (LAIV) and compared immune responses in milk to inactivated influenza vaccination (IIV). Transcriptomic analysis was performed on RNA extracted from human milk cells to evaluate differentially expressed genes and pathways on days 1 and 7 post-vaccination. Both LAIV and IIV vaccines induced influenza-specific IgA that persisted for at least 6 months. Regulation of type I interferon production, toll-like receptor, and pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways were highly upregulated in milk on day 1 following LAIV but not IIV at any time point. Upregulation of innate immunity in human milk may provide timely protection against mucosal infections until antigen-specific immunity develops in the human milk-fed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - André Guilherme da Costa-Martins
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chiara Cerini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Youvika Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alysson H Urbanski
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gonzalez-Dias
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Scientific Platform Pasteur-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Panahipour L, Moghaddam DM, Nasirzade J, Kargarpour Z, Gruber R. RNAseq of TGF-β receptor type I kinase-dependent genes in oral fibroblast exposed to milk. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:581. [PMID: 34789212 PMCID: PMC8597240 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is a rich source of natural growth factors that may support oral tissue homeostasis and wound healing. We had shown earlier that blocking TGF-β receptor type I kinase with the inhibitor SB431542 abolished the expression of IL11 and other genes in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to the aqueous fraction of milk. Our aim was to identify the entire signature of TGF-β receptor type I kinase-dependent genes regulated by the aqueous fraction of human milk. Result RNAseq revealed 99 genes being strongly regulated by milk requiring activation of the SB431542-dependent TGF-β receptor type I kinase. Among the SB431542-dependent genes is IL11 but also cadherins, claudins, collagens, potassium channels, keratins, solute carrier family proteins, transcription factors, transmembrane proteins, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily members, and tetraspanin family members. When focusing on our candidate gene, we could identify D609 to suppress IL11 expression, independent of phospholipase C, sphinosine-1 phosphate synthesis, and Smad-3 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. In contrast, genistein and blocking phosphoinositide 3-kinases by wortmannin and LY294002 increased the milk-induced IL11 expression in gingival fibroblasts. Conclusion Taken together, our data revealed TGF-β receptor type I kinase signaling to cause major changes of the genetic signature of gingival fibroblasts exposed to aqueous fraction of human milk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01913-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jila Nasirzade
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Harding EF, Russo AG, Yan GJH, Waters PD, White PA. Ancient viral integrations in marsupials: a potential antiviral defence. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab076. [PMID: 34548931 PMCID: PMC8449507 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marsupial viruses are understudied compared to their eutherian mammal counterparts, although they may pose severe threats to vulnerable marsupial populations. Genomic viral integrations, termed 'endogenous viral elements' (EVEs), could protect the host from infection. It is widely known past viral infections and EVEs play an active role in antiviral defence in invertebrates and plants. This study aimed to characterise actively transcribed EVEs in Australian marsupial species, because they may play an integral role in cellular defence against viruses. This study screened publicly available RNA sequencing data sets (n = 35) and characterised 200 viral transcripts from thirteen Australian marsupial species. Of the 200 transcripts, 188 originated from either Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, or Parvoviridae EVEs. The other twelve transcripts were from putative active infections from members of the Herpesviridae and Anelloviridae, and Hepadnaviridae. EVE transcripts (n = 188) were mapped to marsupial genomes (where available, n = 5/13) to identify the genomic insertion sites. Of the 188 transcripts, 117 mapped to 39 EVEs within the koala, bare-nosed wombat, tammar wallaby, brushtail possum, and Tasmanian devil genomes. The remaining eight animals had no available genome (transcripts n = 71). Every marsupial has Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, and Parvoviridae EVEs, a trend widely observed in eutherian mammals. Whilst eutherian bornavirus EVEs are predominantly nucleoprotein-derived, marsupial bornavirus EVEs demonstrate a surprising replicase gene bias. We predicted these widely distributed EVEs were conserved within marsupials from ancient germline integrations, as many were over 65 million years old. One bornavirus replicase EVE, present in six marsupial genomes, was estimated to be 160 million years old, predating the American-Australian marsupial split. We considered transcription of these EVEs through small non-coding RNA as an ancient viral defence. Consistent with this, in koala small RNA sequence data sets, we detected Bornaviridae replicase and Filoviridae nucleoprotein produced small RNA. These were enriched in testis tissue, suggesting they could protect marsupials from vertically transmitted viral integrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice G Russo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Grace J H Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Goldman AS, Chheda S. The Immune System in Human Milk: A Historic Perspective. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021; 77:189-196. [PMID: 34265781 DOI: 10.1159/000516995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk contains a remarkable array of immunological agents that evolved over millions of years to protect the recipient human infant. Furthermore, much of the protection persists long after weaning. However, the scientists who first discovered some components of this immune system have rarely been acknowledged. SUMMARY The scientists who made many fundamental immunological discoveries concerning the immune system in human milk include Alfred François Donné, Paul Ehrlich, Lars Å. Hanson, and Jules Bordet. Based upon their discoveries, a wealth of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating agents, and living, activated leukocytes in human milk were later revealed during the last half of the 20th and the first part of the 21st century. Moreover, it was found that human milk enhances the colonization of commensal bacteria that aid to protect the human infant. Key Message: Their discoveries helped to revitalize breastfeeding in industrialized countries during the past several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armond S Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sadhana Chheda
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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14
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Endocrine-Disrupting Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Breast Milk: Changes during Lactation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010229. [PMID: 33466783 PMCID: PMC7830316 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess infant safety associated with the occurrence of endocrine-disrupting organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in breast milk. Moreover, the association between pregnant mothers' dietary habits and these compounds levels in breast milk was investigated. Breast milk was collected at various stages of lactation. The samples were analyzed by the GC-MS method. The OCP concentrations ranged from < limit of detection (LOD) to 6.81 ng/g lipids. The highest OCP concentrations in breast milk occurred primarily within the first month of lactation, and decreased over the lactation period. It was found that the maternal consumption of certain food products-in particular pork, beef, poultry, eggs, and dairy products-could have affected the content of 1,1'-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene), called DDT and its metabolites in the breast milk. The levels of beta-endosulfan were positively correlated with fish and poultry consumption. The redundancy analysis indicated that the diets of the pregnant women had an important impact on pesticide residues in the breast milk. There is a potential possibility of lowering the content of organochlorine compounds in breast milk by adhering to nutritional recommendations, e.g., avoiding the excessive consumption of fish and other raw food materials of unknown origin.
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15
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Quinn EA. Centering human milk composition as normal human biological variation. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23564. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis Saint Louis Missouri USA
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16
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Sanches BDA, Leonel ECR, Maldarine JS, Tamarindo GH, Barquilha CN, Felisbino SL, Goés RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Telocytes are associated with tissue remodeling and angiogenesis during the postlactational involution of the mammary gland in gerbils. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2512-2523. [PMID: 32856745 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The postlactational involution of the mammary gland is a complex process. It involves the collapse of the alveoli and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which in turn implies a complex set of interrelations between the epithelial, stromal, and extracellular matrix elements. The telocytes, a new type of CD34-positive stromal cell that differs from fibroblasts in morphological terms and gene expression, were detected in the stroma of several tissues, including the mammary gland; however, their function remains elusive. The present study employed three-dimensional reconstructions and immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescence techniques in histological sections of the mammary gland of the Mongolian gerbil during lactation and postlactational involution to evaluate the presence of telocytes and to investigate a possible function for these cells. By means of immunofluorescence assays for CD34 and c-kit, major markers of telocytes, and also through morphological and ultrastructural evidences, telocytes were observed to surround the mammary ducts and collapsing alveoli. It was also found that these cells are associated with matrix metalloproteinase 9, which indicates that telocytes can play a role in extracellular matrix digestion, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, a factor that promotes angiogenesis. Together, these data indicate that telocytes are a distinct cell type in the mammary gland and, for the first time, show that these cells possibly play a role in tissue remodeling and angiogenesis during the postlactional involution of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen C R Leonel
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme H Tamarindo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline N Barquilha
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L Felisbino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Goés
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brink LR, Lönnerdal B. Milk fat globule membrane: the role of its various components in infant health and development. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108465. [PMID: 32758540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding confers many benefits to the breast-fed infant which are reflected by better short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to formula-fed infants. Many components of breast milk are likely to contribute to these favorable outcomes, and there has recently been focus on the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). This fraction is a heterogenous mixture of proteins (many of them glycosylated), phospholipids, sphingolipids, gangliosides, choline, sialic acid and cholesterol which is lacking in infant formula as milk fat (which is also low in these components) is replaced by vegetable oils. Many of these components have been shown to have biological effects, and there is considerable evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials that providing bovine MFGM results in improved outcomes, in particular with regard to infections and neurodevelopment. Since bovine MFGM is commercially available, it is possible to add it to infant formula. There are, however, considerable variations in composition among commercial sources of bovine MFGM, and as it is not known which of the individual components provide the various bioactivities, it becomes important to critically review studies to date and to delineate the mechanisms behind the activities observed. In this review, we critically examine the preclinical and clinical studies on MFGM and its components in relation to resistance to infections, cognitive development, establishment of gut microbiota and infant metabolism, and discuss possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Brink
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616.
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18
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Gianni ML, Morniroli D, Bettinelli ME, Mosca F. Human Milk and Lactation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040899. [PMID: 32224879 PMCID: PMC7230226 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is uniquely tailored to meet infants’ specific nutritional requirements [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lorella Gianni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0255-032-483
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Enrica Bettinelli
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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19
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The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020077. [PMID: 32093351 PMCID: PMC7074355 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is needed for optimal growth as it satisfies both the nutritional and biological needs of an infant. The established relationship between breastfeeding and an infant’s health is attributable to the nutritional and non-nutritional, functional components of human milk including metabolites such as the lipids, amino acids, biogenic amines and carbohydrates. These components have diverse roles, including protecting the infant against infections and guiding the development of the infant’s immature immune system. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immune modulatory and anti-infective role of human milk metabolites and their effects on infant health and development. We also review the literature on potential determinants of the human milk metabolome, including maternal infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and mastitis.
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20
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Zhao L, Ke H, Xu H, Wang GD, Zhang H, Zou L, Xiang S, Li M, Peng L, Zhou M, Li L, Ao L, Yang Q, Shen CKJ, Yi P, Wang L, Jiao B. TDP-43 facilitates milk lipid secretion by post-transcriptional regulation of Btn1a1 and Xdh. Nat Commun 2020; 11:341. [PMID: 31953403 PMCID: PMC6969145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk lipid secretion is a critical process for the delivery of nutrition and energy from parent to offspring. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is less clear. Here we report that TDP-43, a RNA-binding protein, underwent positive selection in the mammalian lineage. Furthermore, TDP-43 gene (Tardbp) loss induces accumulation of large lipid droplets and severe lipid secretion deficiency in mammary epithelial cells to outside alveolar lumens, eventually resulting in lactation failure and pup starvation within three weeks postpartum. In human milk samples from lactating women, the expression levels of TDP-43 is positively correlated with higher milk output. Mechanistically, TDP-43 exerts post-transcriptional regulation of Btn1a1 and Xdh mRNA stability, which are required for the secretion of lipid droplets from epithelial cells to the lumen. Taken together, our results highlights the critical role of TDP-43 in milk lipid secretion, providing a potential strategy for the screening and intervention of clinical lactation insufficiency. Milk lipid secretion is a critical process for the delivery of nutrition and energy from parent to offspring. Here the authors found that TDP-43, a RNA-binding protein, is required for milk lipid secretion by post-transcriptional regulation of Btn1a1 and Xdh mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Shu Xiang
- The First Hospital of Kunming, Calmette International Hospital, 650011, Kunming, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401120, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Yubei District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 401120, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfang Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401120, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Ao
- Kunming Angel Women's and Children's Hospital, 650032, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Che-Kun James Shen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Nankang, Taiwan
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401120, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China.
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China. .,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.
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21
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Kimyon S, Mete A. Effects of Breastfeeding and Perinatal Factors on Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.534838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Goldman AS. Future Research in the Immune System of Human Milk. J Pediatr 2019; 206:274-279. [PMID: 30528758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Ojo-Okunola A, Nicol M, du Toit E. Human Breast Milk Bacteriome in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111643. [PMID: 30400268 PMCID: PMC6266581 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that, beyond nutritional components, human breast milk (HBM) contains a wide variety of non-nutritive bio-factors perfectly suited for the growing infant. In the pre-2000 era, HBM was considered sterile and devoid of micro-organisms. Though HBM was not included as part of the human microbiome project launched in 2007, great strides have been made in studying the bacterial diversity of HBM in both a healthy state and diseased state, and in understanding their role in infant health. HBM provides a vast array of beneficial micro-organisms that play a key role in colonizing the infant’s mucosal system, including that of the gut. They also have a role in priming the infant’s immune system and supporting its maturation. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-infective role of HBM bacteriome (bacterial community) and its effect on infant health. We also provide key information from the literature by exploring the possible origin of microbial communities in HBM, the bacterial diversity in this niche and the determinants influencing the HBM bacteriome. Lastly, we investigate the role of the HBM bacteriome in maternal infectious disease (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mastitis)), and cancer. Key gaps in HBM bacterial research are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ojo-Okunola
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Mark Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Elloise du Toit
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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Zimmerman E. Pacifier and bottle nipples: the targets for poor breastfeeding outcomes. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zimmerman
- Northeastern University, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Boston, United States.
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26
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Zhang Y, Jin Y, Vereijken C, Stahl B, Jiang H. Breastfeeding experience, challenges and service demands among Chinese mothers: A qualitative study in two cities. Appetite 2018; 128:263-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chehab MA, Selim NAA, Itani R. The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative and Qatar, 2016. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2018; 13:309-310. [PMID: 31435340 PMCID: PMC6695021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding instills countless benefits that extend beyond the infant and child to the entire nation. One of the global targets set by the WHO to improve maternal, infant, and young child nutrition is to increase the rate of exclusive breast-feeding “in the first 6 months” up to at least 50% by 2025.3 Thus, as a global endeavor to promote and sustain breastfeeding, the WHO and UNICEF launched the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) 1 year after the Innocenti Declaration of 1990. Regarding the State of Qatar, there was a 34% rate of early initiation of breastfeeding “within the first hour of birth” and a 29% rate of exclusive breastfeeding between 2010 and 2015. In Qatar during 2016, many obstacles in achieving the aforementioned global target remained. In addition, there are still no hospitals with a BFHI accreditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad A Chehab
- Community Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nagah A A Selim
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rayan Itani
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Antenatal Breastfeeding Education and Support: Summary and Analysis of 2 Cochrane Publications. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2018; 32:144-152. [PMID: 29689015 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Key breastfeeding outcomes identified by the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and Healthy People 2020 include early initiation, any such feeding at 6 months of age, and exclusivity. Broader themes in the current literature include infants who ever breastfed and overall duration. Healthcare providers need to know what current practices demonstrate effectiveness. A review of 2 Cochrane articles on which interventions impact these selected outcomes does not reveal any significant implications for clinical practice. Scant evidence exists to support any specific support efforts or educational outreach to improve these outcomes. A discussion of potential strategies to consider for future research and clinical practice is put forth.
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Stopenski S, Aslam A, Zhang X, Cardonick E. After Chemotherapy Treatment for Maternal Cancer During Pregnancy, Is Breastfeeding Possible? Breastfeed Med 2017; 12:91-97. [PMID: 28170295 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report breastfeeding complaints of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy and correlate success with characteristics of their treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective cohort study of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy who attempted breastfeeding. We surveyed participants about breast engorgement, milk let down, and consistent breast milk production through mailed questionnaires. Treatment details, including the type and number of chemotherapy cycles given during pregnancy and antepartum or postpartum depression, were collected. A single pathologist evaluated surgical specimens to note lactational changes while blinded to patient's treatment. The primary endpoint was successful breastfeeding without reporting any lack of or decreased breast milk production. RESULTS When comparing women who underwent chemotherapy during pregnancy to women who did not, there was a significant difference in reporting a lack of or a perceived decrease in breast milk supply and the need to provide supplemental feeding to their infants (63.5% and 9%, respectively, p < 0.001). In the women who received chemotherapy, there was no significant difference in maternal age, cancer type, or stage with regard to breastfeeding difficulties. Gestational age at the first cycle and the number of cycles were significant factors associated with breastfeeding difficulties (p = 0.006 and p = 0.0003, respectively). Antepartum and postpartum depression was not associated with decreased breast milk production. A lack of lactational changes and significant lobular atrophy were noted in the women given neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Women who undergo chemotherapy during a pregnancy are more likely to report breastfeeding difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Stopenski
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University , Camden, New Jersey
| | - Anum Aslam
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University , Camden, New Jersey
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- 2 Department of Pathology, Cooper University Hospital , Camden, New Jersey
| | - Elyce Cardonick
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cooper University Hospital , Camden, New Jersey
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30
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Veltmaat JM. Prenatal Mammary Gland Development in the Mouse: Research Models and Techniques for Its Study from Past to Present. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:21-76. [PMID: 27796947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development starts during prenatal life, when at designated positions along the ventrolateral boundary of the embryonic or fetal trunk, surface ectodermal cells coalesce to form primordia for mammary glands, instead of differentiating into epidermis. With the wealth of genetically engineered mice available as research models, our understanding of the prenatal phase of mammary development has recently greatly advanced. This understanding includes the recognition of molecular and mechanistic parallels between prenatal and postnatal mammary morphogenesis and even tumorigenesis, much of which can moreover be extrapolated to human. This makes the murine embryonic mammary gland a useful model for a myriad of questions pertaining to normal and pathological breast development. Hence, unless indicated otherwise, this review describes embryonic mammary gland development in mouse only, and lists mouse models that have been examined for defects in embryonic mammary development. Techniques that originated in the field of developmental biology, such as explant culture and tissue recombination, were adapted specifically to research on the embryonic mammary gland. Detailed protocols for these techniques have recently been published elsewhere. This review describes how the development and adaptation of these techniques moved the field forward from insights on (comparative) morphogenesis of the embryonic mammary gland to the understanding of tissue and molecular interactions and their regulation of morphogenesis and functional development of the embryonic mammary gland. It is here furthermore illustrated how generic molecular biology and biochemistry techniques can be combined with these older, developmental biology techniques, to address relevant research questions. As such, this review should provide a solid starting point for those wishing to familiarize themselves with this fascinating and important subdomain of mammary gland biology, and guide them in designing a relevant research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Veltmaat
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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Karlsson O, Rodosthenous RS, Jara C, Brennan KJ, Wright RO, Baccarelli AA, Wright RJ. Detection of long non-coding RNAs in human breastmilk extracellular vesicles: Implications for early child development. Epigenetics 2016; 11:721-729. [PMID: 27494402 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1216285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk has many documented beneficial effects on the developing human infant, but the components of breastmilk that influence these developmental pathways have not been fully elucidated. Increasing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mechanism of communication between the mother and child. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of particular interest given their key role in gene expression and development. However, it is not known whether breastmilk EVs contain lncRNAs. We used qRT-PCR to determine whether EVs isolated from human breastmilk contain lncRNAs previously reported to be important for developmental processes. We detected 55 of the 87 screened lncRNAs in EVs from the 30 analyzed breastmilk samples, and CRNDE, DANCR, GAS5, SRA1 and ZFAS1 were detected in >90% of the samples. GAS5, SNHG8 and ZFAS1 levels were highly correlated (Spearman's rho > 0.9; P < 0.0001), which may indicate that the loading of these lncRNAs into breastmilk EVs is regulated by the same pathways. The detected lncRNAs are important epigenetic regulators involved in processes such as immune cell regulation and metabolism. They may target a repertoire of recipient cells in offspring and could be essential for child development and health. Further experimental and epidemiological studies are warranted to determine the impact of breastmilk EV-encapsulated lnRNAs in mother to child signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Calvin Jara
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Kasey J Brennan
- b Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,d Kravis Children's Hospital , Department of Pediatrics , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- b Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,d Kravis Children's Hospital , Department of Pediatrics , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Mobbs EJ, Mobbs GA, Mobbs AED. Imprinting, latchment and displacement: a mini review of early instinctual behaviour in newborn infants influencing breastfeeding success. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:24-30. [PMID: 25919999 PMCID: PMC5033030 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Instinctive behaviours have evolved favouring the mother–infant dyad based on fundamental processes of neurological development, including oral tactile imprinting and latchment. Latchment is the first stage of emotional development based on the successful achievement of biological imprinting. The mechanisms underpinning imprinting are identified and the evolutionary benefits discussed. Conclusion It is proposed that the oral tactile imprint to the breast is a keystone for optimal latchment and breastfeeding, promoting evolutionary success.
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Farkaš R. Apocrine secretion: New insights into an old phenomenon. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1740-50. [PMID: 25960390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While apocrine secretion was among the earliest secretory mechanisms to be identified, its underlying basis remains poorly understood. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review reappraises our understanding of apocrine secretion using insights about apocrine secretion from the salivary glands of Drosophila, in which molecular genetic analyses have provided a glimmer of hope for elucidating the mechanistic aspects of this fundamental process. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the well-defined process of exocytosis, apocrine secretion is non-vesicular transport and secretory pathway that entails the loss of part of the cytoplasm. It often involves apical protrusions and generates cytoplasmic fragments inside a secretory lumen. In its most intense phase this process is accompanied by the release of large fragments of cellular structures and entire organelles that include mitochondria, Golgi, and portions of the endoplasmic reticulum, among others. Proteomic analyses revealed that the secretion is composed of hundreds to thousands of membranous, cytoskeletal, microsomal, mitochondrial, ribosomal, and even nuclear as well as nucleolar proteins. Strikingly, although many nuclear proteins are released, the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid itself remains intact. In spite of this complexity, it appears that several protein components of apocrine secretion are identical, regardless of the location of the apocrine gland. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This type of secretion appears to be common to many, if not all, barrier epithelial tissues including skin derivatives and the epididymis, and is implicated also in lung/bronchi and intestinal epithelium. Apocrine secretion is a mechanism that provides the en masse delivery of a very complex proteinaceous mixture from polarized epithelial tissues to allow for communication at exterior interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Hirnle L, Berghausen-Mazur M, Kątnik-Prastowska I. Terminal glycotope expression on milk fibronectin differs from plasma fibronectin and changes over lactation. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Oftedal OT, Nicol SC, Davies NW, Sekii N, Taufik E, Fukuda K, Saito T, Urashima T. Can an ancestral condition for milk oligosaccharides be determined? Evidence from the Tasmanian echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus setosus). Glycobiology 2014; 24:826-39. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olav T Oftedal
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | | | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Nobuhiro Sekii
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Epi Taufik
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tadao Saito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tadasu Urashima
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Lactation biology, microbial selection, and human diversity are central themes that could guide investment in scientific research, industrial innovation, and regulatory policy oversight to propel yogurt into the central role for health-promoting food products. The ability of yogurt to provide the nourishing properties of milk together with the live microorganisms from fermentation provides a unique combination of food assets. Academic research must now define the various targets on which these biological assets act to improve health and develop the metrics that can quantitatively document their benefits. The food industry must reconcile that yogurt and its microorganisms cannot be expected to provide measurable benefits for all consumers, at all doses, and at all times. A supportive regulatory oversight must demand safety and yet encourage innovations that support a value proposition for yogurt in health. Health valuation in the marketplace will be driven by parallel innovations, including accurate assessment technologies, validated microbial ingredients, and health-aware consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Vandenplas Y, De Greef E, Devreker T, Veereman-Wauters G, Hauser B. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Infants and Children. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:251-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Siren
- JGK Memorial Library, FIN-00260 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
This article reviews risks of illness or exposures to breastfed infants. Galactosemia in an infant is a contraindication to breastfeeding. There are no medical conditions in the mother that are contraindications, although diagnostic procedures, treatment, or illness can interfere. Restrictive diets or malnutrition are not contraindications but are opportunities to provide nutritional counseling. Environmental toxic exposures within the United States are uncommon; breastfeeding is not usually contraindicated. In any concerning situation, an assessment and discussion of risks and benefits for the mother-infant dyad (breastfed or formula fed) is indicated. Coordinated medical care and lactation assistance can facilitate successful breastfeeding.
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Abstract
Worldwide, breastfeeding saves the lives of infants and reduces their disease burden. Breastfeeding also reduces the disease burden for mothers. This article examines who chooses to breastfeed and for how long in the United States. It also reviews the latest evidence about the consequences of breastfeeding for the health of the infant and mother. This review provides support for current national and international recommendations that support breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Dieterich
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850; tel: 415-609-5438
| | - Julia P. Felice
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850; tel: 617-797-8618
| | - Elizabeth O’Sullivan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850; tel: 607-379-5624
| | - Kathleen M. Rasmussen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850; tel: 607-255-2290
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Abstract
The Renaissance of breastfeeding is at hand. With the energy of an epidemic and the passion of a crusade, breastfeeding has become the norm for infant feeding. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have affirmed breastfeeding's value to public health. Strong organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Association of Family Practice, and the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine have confirmed the value of human milk. The discussion is over. Leading the charge is an eclectic group of health professionals and women, but the cause cannot rest. Efforts to change hospital behavior are key, but the support for mother-baby couples at home for the weeks and months that follow has just begun. Duration is the challenge. Employment and employers comprise one arm of the campaign. The other arms of the effort are under construction. Now is a time to move ahead, not rest on past achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Lawrence
- Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Lactation Study Center in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Lawrence RA. The evolution of the mammary gland and the milk it produces. Breastfeed Med 2012; 7:131. [PMID: 22803927 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2012.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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