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Pistek M, Andorfer P, Grabherr R, Kraus B, Hernandez Bort JA. Factors affecting rAAV titers during triple-plasmid transient transfection in HEK-293 cells. Biotechnol Lett 2024:10.1007/s10529-024-03520-0. [PMID: 39259435 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of triple-plasmid transfection in recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) production was analyzed by examining two distinct HEK-293 cells lines. These were categorized as high producer (HP) and low producer (LP) based on their differing levels of productivity under identical conditions. Analysis of RNA expression levels of viral genes revealed disparities in plasmid derived gene expression between the cell lines. Further assessment of transfection efficiency utilizing labeled plasmids revealed lower plasmid uptake and less efficient nuclear transport in LP cell line. Additionally, we observed inferior translation activity in LP, contributing to its shortcomings in overall productivity. In our attempt to optimize plasmid ratios to enhance fully packaged rAAV particle yield, we discovered cell-line-specific optimization potential. The findings highlight the transfection's complexity, urging tailored strategies for improved rAAV production based on each cell line's characteristics, enhancing understanding and guiding further efficiency optimization in rAAV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pistek
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a part of Takeda companies, Uferstraße 15, 2304, Orth an der Donau, Austria
| | - Peter Andorfer
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a part of Takeda companies, Uferstraße 15, 2304, Orth an der Donau, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Biotechnology Department, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kraus
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a part of Takeda companies, Uferstraße 15, 2304, Orth an der Donau, Austria
| | - Juan A Hernandez Bort
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, a part of Takeda companies, Uferstraße 15, 2304, Orth an der Donau, Austria.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Wu Y, Zhong A, Sidharta M, Kim TW, Ramirez B, Persily B, Studer L, Zhou T. A robust and inducible precise genome editing via an all-in-one prime editor in human pluripotent stem cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576233. [PMID: 38293122 PMCID: PMC10827208 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Prime editing (PE) allows for precise genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as introducing single nucleotide modifications, small deletions, or insertions at a specific genomic locus, a strategy that shows great promise for creating "Disease in a dish" models. To improve the effectiveness of prime editing in hPSCs, we systematically compared and combined the "inhibition of mismatch repair pathway and p53" on top of the "PEmax" to generate an all-in-one "PE-Plus" prime editor. We show that PE-Plus conducts the most efficient editing among the current PE tools in hPSCs. We further established an inducible prime editing platform in hPSCs by incorporating the all-in-one PE vector into a safe-harbor locus and demonstrated temporal control of precise editing in both hPSCs and differentiated cells. By evaluating disease-associated mutations, we show that this platform allows efficient creation of both monoallelic and biallelic disease-relevant mutations in hPSCs. In addition, this platform enables the efficient introduction of single or multiple edits in one step, demonstrating potential for multiplex editing. Therefore, our method presents an efficient and controllable multiplex prime editing tool in hPSCs and their differentiated progeny.
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3
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Cortina C, Cañellas-Socias A. CRISPR Knock-Ins in Organoids to Track Tumor Cell Subpopulations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2811:137-154. [PMID: 39037655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3882-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The integration of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing techniques with organoid technology has revolutionized the field of tumor modeling, enabling the creation of diverse tumor models with distinct mutational profiles. This protocol details the application of CRISPR knock-ins to engineer tumor organoids with reporter cassettes, which are regulated by endogenous promoters of specific genes of interest. This approach facilitates the precise fluorescent labeling, isolation, and subsequent manipulation of targeted tumor cell subpopulations. The utilization of these knock-in reporter cassettes not only allows the visualization and purification of specific tumor cell subsets but also enables conditional cell ablation and lineage tracing studies. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive guide for the design, construction, delivery, and validation of CRISPR/Cas9 tools tailored for knock-in reporter cassette integration into specific marker genes of interest. By following this protocol, researchers can harness the potential of engineered tumor organoids to decipher intricate tumor heterogeneity, track metastatic trajectories, and unveil novel therapeutic vulnerabilities linked to specific tumor cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Cortina
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Adrià Cañellas-Socias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Kozisek T, Samuelson L, Hamann A, Pannier AK. Systematic comparison of nonviral gene delivery strategies for efficient co-expression of two transgenes in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:76. [PMID: 38062439 PMCID: PMC10704746 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are being researched for cell-based therapies due to a host of unique properties, however, genetic modification of hMSCs, accomplished through nonviral gene delivery, could greatly advance their therapeutic potential. Furthermore, expression of multiple transgenes in hMSCs could greatly advance their clinical significance for treatment of multifaceted diseases, as individual transgenes could be expressed that target separate pathogenic drivers of complex diseases. Expressing multiple transgenes can be accomplished by delivering multiple DNA vectors encoding for each transgene, or by delivering a single poly-cistronic vector that encodes for each transgene and accomplishes expression through either use of multiple promoters, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), or a 2A peptide sequence. These different transgene expression strategies have been used to express multiple transgenes in various mammalian cells, however, they have not been fully evaluated in difficult-to-transfect primary cells, like hMSCs. This study systematically compared four transgene expression and delivery strategies for expression of two reporter transgenes in four donors of hMSCs from two tissue sources using lipid- and polymer-mediate transfection, as follows: (i) delivery of separate DNA vectors in separate nanoparticles; (ii) delivery of separate DNA vectors combined in the same nanoparticle; (iii) delivery of a bi-cistronic DNA vector with an IRES sequence via nanoparticles; and (iv) delivery of a bi-cistronic DNA vector with a dual 2A peptide sequence via nanoparticles. RESULTS Our results indicate that expression of two transgenes in hMSCs, independent of expression or delivery strategy, is inefficient compared to expressing a single transgene. However, delivery of separate DNA vectors complexed in the same nanoparticle, or delivery of a bi-cistronic DNA vector with a dual 2A peptide sequence, significantly increased the number of hMSCs expressing both transgenes compared to other conditions tested. CONCLUSION Separate DNA vectors delivered in the same nanoparticle and bi-cistronic DNA vectors with dual 2A peptide sequences are highly efficient at simultaneously expressing two transgenes in multiple donors of hMSCs from different tissue sources. The data presented in this work can guide the development of hMSC transfection systems for delivery of multiple transgenes, with the goal of producing clinically relevant, genetically modified hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Kozisek
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA
| | - Luke Samuelson
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA
| | - Andrew Hamann
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA.
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5
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Chen Z, Yao J, Zhang P, Wang P, Ni S, Liu T, Zhao Y, Tang K, Sun Y, Qian Q, Wang X. Minimized antibiotic-free plasmid vector for gene therapy utilizing a new toxin-antitoxin system. Metab Eng 2023; 79:86-96. [PMID: 37451534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Approaches to improve plasmid-mediated transgene expression are needed for gene therapy and genetic immunization applications. The backbone sequences needed for the production of plasmids in bacterial hosts and the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selection markers represent biological safety risks. Here, we report the development of an antibiotic-free expression plasmid vector with a minimized backbone utilizing a new toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. The Rs_0636/Rs_0637 TA pair was derived from the coral-associated bacterium Roseivirga sp. The toxin gene is integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli host cells, and a recombinant mammalian expression plasmid is constructed by replacing the antibiotic resistance gene with the antitoxin gene Rs_0637 (here named Tiniplasmid). The Tiniplasmid system affords high selection efficiency (∼80%) for target gene insertion into the plasmid and has high plasmid stability in E. coli (at least 9 days) in antibiotic-free conditions. Furthermore, with the aim of reducing the size of the backbone sequence, we found that the antitoxin gene can be reduced to 153 bp without a significant reduction in selection efficiency. To develop its applications in gene therapy and DNA vaccines, the biosafety and efficiency of the Tiniplasmid-based eukaryotic gene delivery and expression were further evaluated in CHO-K1 cells. The results showed that Rs_0636/Rs_0637 has no cell toxicity and that the Tiniplasmid vector has a higher gene expression efficiency than the commercial vectors pCpGfree and pSTD in the eukaryotic cells. Altogether, the results demonstrate the potential of the Rs_0636/Rs_0637-based antibiotic-free plasmid vector for the development and production of safe and efficacious DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianyun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Pingjing Zhang
- Maxirna (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Pengxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Songwei Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Maxirna (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kaihao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Shanghai University Mengchao Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Qijun Qian
- Maxirna (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China; Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Co., Ltd, China; Shanghai University Mengchao Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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6
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Ghanem R, Berchel M, Haute T, Buin X, Laurent V, Youf R, Bouraoui A, Le Gall T, Jaffrès PA, Montier T. Gene transfection using branched cationic amphiphilic compounds for an aerosol administration in cystic fibrosis context. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122491. [PMID: 36529361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For cystic fibrosis gene therapy, the aerosolization of genetic materials is the most relevant delivery strategy to reach the airway epithelium. However, aerosolized formulations have to resist shear forces while maintaining the integrity of plasmid DNA (pDNA) during its journey from the nebulization to the epithelial cells. Herein, we compared the efficiency of gene delivery by aerosolization of two types of formulations: (i) BSV163, a branched cationic amphiphilic compound, co-formulated with different DOPE ratios (mol/mol) and DMPE-PEG5000 and (ii) 25 KDa branched polyethylenimine (b-PEI)-based formulation used as control. This study also aims to determine whether BSV163-based formulations possess the ability to resist the nebulization mechanisms and protect the nucleic acids (pDNA) cargo. Therefore, two CpG free plasmids (pGM144 or pGM169) encoding either the luciferase reporter gene or hCFTR respectively were used. Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) cell-culture was selected as an in-vitro model for aerosol experiments due to its closer analogy with in vivo morphology. Results highlighted that DOPE ratio influences the capacity of the BSV163 based-formulations to mediate high transfection efficacies. Furthermore, we proved that addition of DMPE-PEG5000 upon the formation of the BSV163/DOPE (1/1) lipid film instead of post-insertion led to a higher transgene expression. The aerosolization of this formulation on ALI cell-culture was more efficient than the use of b-PEI-based formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Ghanem
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- Univ Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 65216, Avenue Victor, Le Gorgeu, F-29238 Brest, France
| | - Tanguy Haute
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Xavier Buin
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | | | - Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Amal Bouraoui
- Univ Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 65216, Avenue Victor, Le Gorgeu, F-29238 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- Univ Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 65216, Avenue Victor, Le Gorgeu, F-29238 Brest, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France.
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7
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Potočnik T, Maček Lebar A, Kos Š, Reberšek M, Pirc E, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122700. [PMID: 36559197 PMCID: PMC9786189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Maček Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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8
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In Vitro CRISPR/Cas9 Transfection and Gene-Editing Mediated by Multivalent Cationic Liposome-DNA Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051087. [PMID: 35631673 PMCID: PMC9143451 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) gene-editing offers exciting new therapeutic possibilities for disease treatment with a genetic etiology such as cancer, cardiovascular, neuronal, and immune disorders. However, its clinical translation is being hampered by the lack of safe, versatile, and effective nonviral delivery systems. Herein we report on the preparation and application of two cationic liposome−DNA systems (i.e., lipoplexes) for CRISPR/Cas9 gene delivery. For that purpose, two types of cationic lipids are used (DOTAP, monovalent, and MVL5, multivalent with +5e nominal charge), along with three types of helper lipids (DOPC, DOPE, and monoolein (GMO)). We demonstrated that plasmids encoding Cas9 and single-guide RNA (sgRNA), which are typically hard to transfect due to their large size (>9 kb), can be successfully transfected into HEK 293T cells via MVL5-based lipoplexes. In contrast, DOTAP-based lipoplexes resulted in very low transfection rates. MVL5-based lipoplexes presented the ability to escape from lysosomes, which may explain the superior transfection efficiency. Regarding gene editing, MVL5-based lipoplexes achieved promising GFP knockout levels, reaching rates of knockout superior to 35% for charge ratios (+/−) of 10. Despite the knockout efficiency being comparable to that of Lipofectamine 3000® commercial reagent, the non-specific gene knockout is more pronounced in MVL5-based formulations, probably resulting from the considerable cytotoxicity of these formulations. Altogether, these results show that multivalent lipid-based lipoplexes are promising CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery vehicles, which by further optimization and functionalization may become suitable in vivo delivery systems.
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9
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Anvari S, Foroughi F, Azad M, Maali A, Alizadeh S, Ahmadi MH. Cloning and expressing of interleukine 2 in amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells, as a potent feeder layer. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 10:63-71. [PMID: 34316493 PMCID: PMC8310657 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2021.38845.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is rapidly expanding due to their unique properties in cell therapy, especially as the feeder layer in the ex-vivo expansion of immune cells. Also, Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an essential human cytokine in the expansion of hematopoietic precursors and progenitors, i.e., NK cells and T cells, while there is no endogenous expression of IL-2 in MSCs. This study aimed to examine the potency of amniotic membrane (AM)-MSCs as the IL-2 secretory cells. IL-2-containing pCMV3-C-GFPspark shuttle vector was transformed in E.coli DH5-alpha. After cloning, the plasmid DNA was extracted and transfected in isolated AM-MSCs, by lipofectamine-2000. Then, the RNA and protein expression levels of exogenous IL-2 were evaluated 3 to 15 days after transfection, using ELISA and qRT-PCR. Fluorescent microscopy and flowcytometry assays were used for evaluating the GFP-positivity of transfected AM-MSCs, as IL-2 expression control. There was a significant increase in RNA expression of exogenous IL-2 in transfected AM-MSCs in 3 to 15 days after transfection. (p<0.001) Also, IL-2 concentration released in the medium was increased in 3rd day after transfection (611 pg/ml). However, the RNA and protein expression of IL-2 was reduced through passing the time. The results show AM-MSC is a suitable host for the expression and secretion of IL-2 as a critical cytokine in the ex-vivo expansion of hematopoietic precursors and progenitors, i.e., NK cells and T cells. Also, the survival time of IL-2 expression in AM-MSCs was long enough for use as a feeder layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Anvari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - SafarAli Alizadeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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10
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Counsell JR, De Brabandere G, Karda R, Moore M, Greco A, Bray A, Diaz JA, Perocheau DP, Mock U, Waddington SN. Re-structuring lentiviral vectors to express genomic RNA via cap-dependent translation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:357-365. [PMID: 33553484 PMCID: PMC7838728 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral (LV) vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) package two copies of their single-stranded RNA into vector particles. Normally, this RNA genome is reverse transcribed into a double-stranded DNA provirus that integrates into the cell genome, providing permanent gene transfer and long-term expression. Integration-deficient LV vectors have been developed to reduce the frequency of genomic integration and thereby limit their persistence in dividing cells. Here, we describe optimization of a reverse-transcriptase-deficient LV vector, which enables direct translation of LV RNA genomes upon cell entry, for transient expression of vector payloads as mRNA without a DNA intermediate. We have engineered a novel LV genome arrangement in which HIV-1 sequences are removed from the 5' end, to enable ribosomal entry from the 5' 7-methylguanylate cap for efficient translation of the vector payload. We have shown that this LV-mediated mRNA delivery platform provides transient transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. This has a potential application in gene and cell therapy scenarios requiring temporary payload expression in cells and tissues that can be targeted with pseudotyped LV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Guillaume De Brabandere
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Marc Moore
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Antonio Greco
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alysha Bray
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Dany P Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Mock
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK.,MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Zimmermann A, Hercher D, Regner B, Frischer A, Sperger S, Redl H, Hacobian A. Evaluation of BMP-2 Minicircle DNA for Enhanced Bone Engineering and Regeneration. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:55-63. [PMID: 32338217 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200427121350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the significant osteoinductive potential of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) non-viral gene therapy cannot be fully exploited therapeutically. This is mainly due to weak gene delivery and brief expression peaks restricting the therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the application of minicircle DNA, allowing prolonged expression potential. It offers notable advantages over conventional plasmid DNA. The lack of bacterial sequences and the resulting reduction in size, enables safe usage and improved performance for tissue regeneration. METHODS We inserted an optimized BMP-2 gene cassette with minicircle plasmid technology. BMP-2 minicircle plasmids were produced in E. coli yielding plasmids lacking bacterial backbone elements. Comparative studies of these BMP-2 minicircles and conventional BMP-2 plasmids were performed in vitro in cell systems, including bone marrow derived stem cells. Tests performed included gene expression profiles and cell differentiation assays. RESULTS A C2C12 cell line transfected with the BMP-2-Advanced minicircle showed significantly elevated expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and BMP-2 protein amount when compared to cells transfected with conventional BMP-2-Advanced plasmid. Furthermore, the plasmids show suitability for stem cell approaches by showing significantly higher levels of ALP activity and mineralization when introduced into human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). CONCLUSION We have designed a highly bioactive BMP-2 minicircle plasmid with the potential to fulfil clinical requirements for non-viral gene therapy in the field of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Zimmermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Regner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amelie Frischer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Sperger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ara Hacobian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Kim NY, Son WR, Choi JY, Yu CH, Hur GH, Jeong ST, Shin YK, Hong SY, Shin S. Immunogenicity and Biodistribution of Anthrax DNA Vaccine Delivered by Intradermal Electroporation. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:414-421. [PMID: 32286944 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200414144550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anthrax is a lethal bacterial disease caused by gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis and vaccination is a desirable method to prevent anthrax infections. In the present study, DNA vaccine encoding a protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis was prepared and we investigated the influence of DNA electrotransfer in the skin on the induced immune response and biodistribution. METHODS AND RESULTS The tdTomato reporter gene for the whole animal in vivo imaging was used to assess gene transfer efficiency into the skin as a function of electrical parameters. Compared to that with 25 V, the transgene expression of red fluorescent protein increased significantly when a voltage of 90 V was used. Delivery of DNA vaccines expressing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domain 4 (PAD4) with an applied voltage of 90 V induced robust PA-D4-specific antibody responses. In addition, the in vivo fate of anthrax DNA vaccine was studied after intradermal administration into the mouse. DNA plasmids remained at the skin injection site for an appropriate period of time after immunization. Intradermal administration of DNA vaccine resulted in detection in various organs (viz., lung, heart, kidney, spleen, brain, and liver), although the levels were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION Our results offer important insights into how anthrax DNA vaccine delivery by intradermal electroporation affects the immune response and biodistribution of DNA vaccine. Therefore, it may provide valuable information for the development of effective DNA vaccines against anthrax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chi Ho Yu
- The 4th R & D Institute Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejon, Korea
| | - Gyeung Haeng Hur
- The 4th R & D Institute Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejon, Korea
| | - Seong Tae Jeong
- The 4th R & D Institute Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejon, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Youl Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungho Shin
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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A Novel Cre Recombinase-Mediated In Vivo Minicircle DNA (CRIM) Vaccine Provides Partial Protection against Newcastle Disease Virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00407-19. [PMID: 31053588 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00407-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Minicircle DNA (mcDNA), which contains only the necessary components for eukaryotic expression and is thus smaller than traditional plasmids, has been designed for application in genetic manipulation. In this study, we constructed a novel plasmid containing both the Cre recombinase under the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and recombinant lox66 and lox71 sites located outside the cytomegalovirus (CMV) expression cassette. The strictly controlled synthesis of Cre recombinase in vivo maintained the complete form of the plasmid in vitro, whereas the in vivo production of Cre transformed the parental plasmid to mcDNA after transfection. The newly designed Cre recombinase-mediated in vivo mcDNA platform, named CRIM, significantly increased the nuclear entry of mcDNA, followed by increased production of mRNA and protein, using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a model. Similar results were also observed in chickens when the vaccine was delivered by the regulated-delayed-lysis Salmonella strain χ11218, where significantly increased production of EGFP was observed in chicken livers. Then, we used the HN gene of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus as an antigen model to construct the traditional plasmid pYL43 and the novel mcDNA plasmid pYL47. After immunization, our CRIM vaccine provided significantly increased protection against challenge compared with that of the traditional plasmid, providing us with a novel mcDNA vaccine platform.IMPORTANCE Minicircle DNA (mcDNA) has been considered an attractive alternative to DNA vaccines; however, the relatively high cost and complicated process of purifying mcDNA dramatically restricts the application of mcDNA in the veterinary field. We designed a novel in vivo mcDNA platform in which the complete plasmid could spontaneously transform into mcDNA in vivo In combination with the regulated-delayed-lysis Salmonella strain, the newly designed mcDNA vaccine provides us with an elegant platform for veterinary vaccine development.
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14
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Uludag H, Ubeda A, Ansari A. At the Intersection of Biomaterials and Gene Therapy: Progress in Non-viral Delivery of Nucleic Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:131. [PMID: 31214586 PMCID: PMC6558074 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials play a critical role in technologies intended to deliver therapeutic agents in clinical settings. Recent explosion of our understanding of how cells utilize nucleic acids has garnered excitement to develop a range of older (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, plasmid DNA and transposons) and emerging (e.g., short interfering RNA, messenger RNA and non-coding RNAs) nucleic acid agents for therapy of a wide range of diseases. This review will summarize biomaterials-centered advances to undertake effective utilization of nucleic acids for therapeutic purposes. We first review various types of nucleic acids and their unique abilities to deliver a range of clinical outcomes. Using recent advances in T-cell based therapy as a case in point, we summarize various possibilities for utilizing biomaterials to make an impact in this exciting therapeutic intervention technology, with the belief that this modality will serve as a therapeutic paradigm for other types of cellular therapies in the near future. We subsequently focus on contributions of biomaterials in emerging nucleic acid technologies, specifically focusing on the design of intelligent nanoparticles, deployment of mRNA as an alternative to plasmid DNA, long-acting (integrating) expression systems, and in vitro/in vivo expansion of engineered T-cells. We articulate the role of biomaterials in these emerging nucleic acid technologies in order to enhance the clinical impact of nucleic acids in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Uludag
- Department of Chemical and Materinals Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anyeld Ubeda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aysha Ansari
- Department of Chemical and Materinals Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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15
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von der Haar K, Jonczyk R, Lavrentieva A, Weyand B, Vogt P, Jochums A, Stahl F, Scheper T, Blume CA. Electroporation: A Sustainable and Cell Biology Preserving Cell Labeling Method for Adipogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biores Open Access 2019; 8:32-44. [PMID: 30944770 PMCID: PMC6445215 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2019.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AD-hMSCs) represent a promising source for tissue engineering and are already widely used in cell therapeutic clinical trials. Until today, an efficient and sustainable cell labeling system for cell tracking does not exist. We evaluated transient transfection through electroporation for cell labeling and compared it with lentiviral transduction for AD-hMSCs. In addition, we tested whether nonsense DNA or a reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is the more suitable label for AD-hMSCs. Using electroporation, the transfection efficiency reached a maximal level of 44.6 ± 1.1% EGFP-positive cells after selective and expansive cultivation of the mixed MSC population, and was 44.5 ± 1.4% after gene transfer with Cyanin3-marked nonsense-label DNA, which remained stable during 2 weeks of nonselective cultivation (37.2 ± 4.7% positive AD-hMSCs). Electroporation with both nonsense DNA and pEGFP-N1 led to a slight growth retardation of 45.2% and 59.1%, respectively. EGFP-transfected or transduced AD-hMSCs showed a limited adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity, whereas it was almost unaffected in cells electroporated with the nonsense-label DNA. The nonsense DNA was detectable through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for at least 5 weeks/10 passages and in differentiated AD-hMSCs. EGFP-labeled cells were trackable for 24 h in vitro and served as testing cells with new materials for dental implants for 7 days. In contrast, lentivirally transduced AD-hMSCs showed an altered natural immune phenotype of the AD-hMSCs with lowered expression of two cell type defining surface markers (CD44 and CD73) and a relevantly decreased cell growth by 71.8% as assessed by the number of colony-forming units. We suggest electroporation with nonsense DNA as an efficient and long-lasting labeling method for AD-hMSCs with the comparably lowest negative impact on the phenotype or the differentiation capacity of the cells, which may, therefore, be suitable for tissue engineering. In contrast, EGFP transfection by electroporation is efficient but may be more suitable for cell tracking within cell therapies without MSC differentiation procedures. Since current protocols of lentiviral gene transduction include the risk of cell biological alterations, electroporation seems advantageous and sustainable enough for hMSC labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin von der Haar
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Weyand
- Department of Plastic Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Vogt
- Department of Plastic Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Jochums
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Pinyon JL, Klugmann M, Lovell NH, Housley GD. Dual-Plasmid Bionic Array-Directed Gene Electrotransfer in HEK293 Cells and Cochlear Mesenchymal Cells Probes Transgene Expression and Cell Fate. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:211-224. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Pinyon
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nigel H. Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Komissarov AA, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. In Vitro Assay for the Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects Provided by a Combination of Suicide and Killer Genes in a Bicistronic Vector. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1895:135-147. [PMID: 30539535 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8922-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
When using bicistronic expression constructs the issue arises concerning proper evaluation of the cytotoxic efficiency of a combination of therapeutic genes. For this purpose, an approach can be applied based on the transient transfection of cultured human cells with a specifically designed set of mono- and bicistronic expression constructs and on the comparison of their cytotoxic effects. Here the application of this approach is described using an example of the evaluation of the combined cytotoxic action of bifunctional yeast cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase fusion protein (FCU1) and hepatitis A virus 3C protease in a bicistronic plasmid construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Komissarov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Keller AA, Scheiding B, Breitling R, Licht A, Hemmerich P, Lorkowski S, Reissmann S. Transduction and transfection of difficult-to-transfect cells: Systematic attempts for the transfection of protozoa Leishmania. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:14-27. [PMID: 30216507 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are used to internalize different cargoes, including DNA, into live mammalian and plant cells. Despite many cells being easily transfected with this approach, other cells are rather "difficult" or "hard to transfect," including protist cells of the genus Leishmania. Based on our previous results in successfully internalizing proteins into Leishmania tarentolae cells, we used single CPPs and three different DNA-binding proteins to form protein-like complexes with plasmids covered with CPPs. We attempted magnetofection, electroporation, and transfection using a number of commercially available detergents. While complex formation with negatively charged DNA required substantially higher amounts of CPPs than those necessary for mostly neutral proteins, the cytotoxicity of the required amounts of CPPs and auxiliaries was thoroughly studied. We found that Leishmania cells were indeed susceptible to high concentrations of some CPPs and auxiliaries, although in a different manner compared with that for mammalian cells. The lack of successful transfections implies the necessity to accept certain general limitations regarding DNA internalization into difficult-to-transfect cells. Only electroporation allowed reproducible internalization of large and rigid plasmid DNA molecules through electrically disturbed extended membrane areas, known as permeable membrane macrodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Anneliese Keller
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - Berith Scheiding
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute for Aging Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegmund Reissmann
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jena, Germany
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19
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Bugeon S, de Chevigny A, Boutin C, Coré N, Wild S, Bosio A, Cremer H, Beclin C. Direct and efficient transfection of mouse neural stem cells and mature neurons by in vivo mRNA electroporation. Development 2017; 144:3968-3977. [PMID: 28982684 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vivo brain electroporation of DNA expression vectors is a widely used method for lineage and gene function studies in the developing and postnatal brain. However, transfection efficiency of DNA is limited and adult brain tissue is refractory to electroporation. Here, we present a systematic study of mRNA as a vector for acute genetic manipulation in the developing and adult brain. We demonstrate that mRNA electroporation is far more efficient than DNA electroporation, and leads to faster and more homogeneous protein expression in vivo Importantly, mRNA electroporation allows the manipulation of neural stem cells and postmitotic neurons in the adult brain using minimally invasive procedures. Finally, we show that this approach can be efficiently used for functional studies, as exemplified by transient overexpression of the neurogenic factor Myt1l and by stably inactivating Dicer nuclease in vivo in adult born olfactory bulb interneurons and in fully integrated cortical projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bugeon
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille 13009, France
| | | | - Camille Boutin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Nathalie Coré
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Stefan Wild
- Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach 51429, Germany
| | | | - Harold Cremer
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Christophe Beclin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille 13009, France
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20
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Komissarov A, Demidyuk I, Safina D, Roschina M, Shubin A, Lunina N, Karaseva M, Kostrov S. Cytotoxic effect of co-expression of human hepatitis A virus 3C protease and bifunctional suicide protein FCU1 genes in a bicistronic vector. Mol Biol Rep 2017; 44:323-332. [PMID: 28748410 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-017-4113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports on various cancer models demonstrate a great potential of cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine suicide system in cancer therapy. However, this approach has limited success and its application to patients has not reached the desirable clinical significance. Accordingly, the improvement of this suicide system is an actively developing trend in gene therapy. The purpose of this study was to explore the cytotoxic effect observed after co-expression of hepatitis A virus 3C protease (3C) and yeast cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase fusion protein (FCU1) in a bicistronic vector. A set of mono- and bicistronic plasmid constructs was generated to provide individual or combined expression of 3C and FCU1. The constructs were introduced into HEK293 and HeLa cells, and target protein synthesis as well as the effect of 5-fluorocytosine on cell death and the time course of the cytotoxic effect was studied. The obtained vectors provide for the synthesis of target proteins in human cells. The expression of the genes in a bicistronic construct provide for the cytotoxic effect comparable to that observed after the expression of genes in monocistronic constructs. At the same time, co-expression of FCU1 and 3C recapitulated their cytotoxic effects. The combined effect of the killer and suicide genes was studied for the first time on human cells in vitro. The integration of different gene therapy systems inducing cell death (FCU1 and 3C genes) in a bicistronic construct allowed us to demonstrate that it does not interfere with the cytotoxic effect of each of them. A combination of cytotoxic genes in multicistronic vectors can be used to develop pluripotent gene therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Komissarov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Ilya Demidyuk
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182.
| | - Dina Safina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Marina Roschina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Andrey Shubin
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Nataliya Lunina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Maria Karaseva
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Sergey Kostrov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, 2 Kurchatova Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
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21
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Wang Q, Irobalieva RN, Chiu W, Schmid MF, Fogg JM, Zechiedrich L, Pettitt BM. Influence of DNA sequence on the structure of minicircles under torsional stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:7633-7642. [PMID: 28609782 PMCID: PMC5737869 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence dependence of the conformational distribution of DNA under various levels of torsional stress is an important unsolved problem. Combining theory and coarse-grained simulations shows that the DNA sequence and a structural correlation due to topology constraints of a circle are the main factors that dictate the 3D structure of a 336 bp DNA minicircle under torsional stress. We found that DNA minicircle topoisomers can have multiple bend locations under high torsional stress and that the positions of these sharp bends are determined by the sequence, and by a positive mechanical correlation along the sequence. We showed that simulations and theory are able to provide sequence-specific information about individual DNA minicircles observed by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). We provided a sequence-specific cryo-ET tomogram fitting of DNA minicircles, registering the sequence within the geometric features. Our results indicate that the conformational distribution of minicircles under torsional stress can be designed, which has important implications for using minicircle DNA for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rossitza N. Irobalieva
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F. Schmid
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Fogg
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, 77030, USA
| | - B. Montgomery Pettitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Junqueira Reis LC, Picanço-Castro V, Paes BCMF, Pereira OA, Gerdes Gyuricza I, de Araújo FT, Morato-Marques M, Moreira LF, Costa EDBO, dos Santos TPM, Covas DT, Pereira Carramaschi LDV, Russo EMDS. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell for the Study and Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7492914. [PMID: 28814957 PMCID: PMC5549510 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7492914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a monogenic disease of high mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. There is no broad, effective, and safe definitive treatment for SCA, so the palliative treatments are the most used. The establishment of an in vitro model allows better understanding of how the disease occurs, besides allowing the development of more effective tests and treatments. In this context, iPSC technology is a powerful tool for basic research and disease modeling, and a promise for finding and screening more effective and safe drugs, besides the possibility of use in regenerative medicine. This work obtained a model for study and treatment of SCA using iPSC. Then, episomal vectors were used for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells to obtain integration-free iPSC. Cells were collected from patients treated with hydroxyurea and without treatment. The iPSCP Bscd lines were characterized for pluripotent and differentiation potential. The iPSC lines were differentiated into HSC, so that we obtained a dynamic and efficient protocol of CD34+CD45+ cells production. We offer a valuable tool for a better understanding of how SCA occurs, in addition to making possible the development of more effective drugs and treatments and providing better understanding of widely used treatments, such as hydroxyurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Cunha Junqueira Reis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Blood Center Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Picanço-Castro
- Blood Center Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Cristina Martins Fernandes Paes
- Blood Center Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Olívia Ambrozini Pereira
- Philosophy, Sciences and Languages School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Blood Center Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa Maria de Sousa Russo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Blood Center Foundation of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Suschak JJ, Williams JA, Schmaljohn CS. Advancements in DNA vaccine vectors, non-mechanical delivery methods, and molecular adjuvants to increase immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2837-2848. [PMID: 28604157 PMCID: PMC5718814 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1330236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major advantage of DNA vaccination is the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines are currently used in veterinary medicine, but have not achieved widespread acceptance for use in humans due to their low immunogenicity in early clinical studies. However, recent clinical data have re-established the value of DNA vaccines, particularly in priming high-level antigen-specific antibody responses. Several approaches have been investigated for improving DNA vaccine efficacy, including advancements in DNA vaccine vector design, the inclusion of genetically engineered cytokine adjuvants, and novel non-mechanical delivery methods. These strategies have shown promise, resulting in augmented adaptive immune responses in not only mice, but also in large animal models. Here, we review advancements in each of these areas that show promise for increasing the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- a U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- a U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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Nowakowski A, Andrzejewska A, Boltze J, Nitzsche F, Cui LL, Jolkkonen J, Walczak P, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Translation, but not transfection limits clinically relevant, exogenous mRNA based induction of alpha-4 integrin expression on human mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1103. [PMID: 28439079 PMCID: PMC5430815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent promising resource of cells for regenerative medicine in neurological disorders. However, efficient and minimally invasive methods of MSCs delivery to the brain still have to be developed. Intra-arterial route is very promising, but MSCs are missing machinery for diapedesis through blood-brain barrier. Thus, here we have tested a mRNA-based method to induce transient expression of ITGA4, an adhesion molecule actively involved in cell extravasation. We observed that transfection with an ITGA4-mRNA construct bearing a conventional cap analogue (7-methylguanosine) failed to produce ITGA4 protein, but exogenous ITGA4-mRNA was detected in transfected MSCs. This indicates that not transfection, but rather translation being the major roadblock. Stabilization of ITGA4-mRNA with SSB proteins resulted in ITGA4 protein synthesis in HEK293 cells only, whereas in MSCs, satisfactory results were obtained only after using an anti-reverse-cap-analogue (ARCA). The presence of ITGA4 protein in MSCs was transient and lasted for up to 24 h after transfection. Membranous location was confirmed by flow cytometry of viable non-permeabilized cells using anti-ITGA4 antibody. The mRNA-based expression of itga4 transgene is potentially sufficient for diapedesis after intra-arterial delivery. To conclude, mRNA-based engineering of stem cells is a rapid and integration-free method and attractive from the perspective of potential future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nowakowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Cell Therapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska Nitzsche
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Cell Therapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Li-Li Cui
- Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, University Hospital of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. .,Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. .,Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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25
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Thumann G, Harmening N, Prat-Souteyrand C, Marie C, Pastor M, Sebe A, Miskey C, Hurst LD, Diarra S, Kropp M, Walter P, Scherman D, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z, Johnen S. Engineering of PEDF-Expressing Primary Pigment Epithelial Cells by the SB Transposon System Delivered by pFAR4 Plasmids. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 6:302-314. [PMID: 28325297 PMCID: PMC5363513 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) is characterized by choroidal blood vessels growing into the subretinal space, leading to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration and vision loss. Vessel growth results from an imbalance of pro-angiogenic (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and anti-angiogenic factors (e.g., pigment epithelium-derived factor [PEDF]). Current treatment using intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF antibodies improves vision in about 30% of patients but may be accompanied by side effects and non-compliance. To avoid the difficulties posed by frequent intravitreal injections, we have proposed the transplantation of pigment epithelial cells modified to overexpress human PEDF. Stable transgene integration and expression is ensured by the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon system delivered by pFAR4 miniplasmids, which have a backbone free of antibiotic resistance markers. We demonstrated efficient expression of the PEDF gene and an optimized PEDF cDNA sequence in as few as 5 × 103 primary cells. At 3 weeks post-transfection, PEDF secretion was significantly elevated and long-term follow-up indicated a more stable secretion by cells transfected with the optimized PEDF transgene. Analysis of transgene insertion sites in human RPE cells showed an almost random genomic distribution. The results represent an important contribution toward a clinical trial aiming at a non-viral gene therapy of nvAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Thumann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nina Harmening
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Corinne Marie
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé UMR 8258, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, UTCBS, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, 75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Pastor
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé UMR 8258, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, UTCBS, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, 75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Attila Sebe
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Sabine Diarra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Kropp
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Scherman
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé UMR 8258, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, UTCBS, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, 75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Johnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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26
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Rauta PR, Nayak B, Monteiro GA, Mateus M. Design and characterization of plasmids encoding antigenic peptides of Aha1 from Aeromonas hydrophila as prospective fish vaccines. J Biotechnol 2017; 241:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Dormiani K, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi H, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Forouzanfar M, Baharvand H, Ghaedi K, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Rational Development of A Polycistronic Plasmid with A CpG-Free Bacterial Backbone as A Potential Tool for Direct Reprogramming. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:565-581. [PMID: 28042541 PMCID: PMC5086335 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from somatic cells by direct reprogramming. These reprogrammed pluripotent cells have different applications in biomedical fields such as regenerative medicine. Although viral vectors are widely used for
efficient reprogramming, they have limited applications in the clinic due to the risk for
immunogenicity and insertional mutagenesis. Accordingly, we designed and developed a
small, non-integrating plasmid named pLENSO/Zeo as a 2A-mediated polycistronic expression vector.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we developed a single plasmid which
includes a single expression cassette containing open reading frames of human LIN28,
NANOG, SOX2 and OCT4 along with an EGFP reporter gene. Each reprogramming factor is separated by an intervening sequence that encodes a 2A self-processing peptide.
The reprogramming cassette is located downstream of a CMV promoter. The vector is
easily propagated in the E. coli GT115 strain through a CpG-depleted vector backbone.
We evaluated the stability of the constructed vector bioinformatically, and its ability to stoichiometric expression of the reprogramming factors using quantitative molecular methods
analysis after transient transfection into HEK293 cells.
Results In the present study, we developed a nonviral episomal vector named pLENSO/
Zeo. Our results demonstrated the general structural stability of the plasmid DNA. This
relatively small vector showed concomitant, high-level expression of the four reprogramming factors with similar titers, which are considered as the critical parameters for efficient
and consistent reprogramming.
Conclusion According to our experimental results, this stable extrachromosomal plasmid expresses reliable amounts of four reprogramming factors simultaneously. Consequently, these promising results encouraged us to evaluate the capability of pLENSO/Zeo
as a simple and feasible tool for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from primary
cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kianoush Dormiani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Forouzanfar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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28
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Lesueur LL, Mir LM, André FM. Overcoming the Specific Toxicity of Large Plasmids Electrotransfer in Primary Cells In Vitro. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e291. [PMID: 27111417 PMCID: PMC5014460 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer is a safe and efficient nonviral technique for the transfer of nucleic acids of all sizes. Using a small reporter plasmid (3.5 kbp), electrotransfer of more than 90% of the cells, with ~70% viability, can be routinely achieved even in primary cells like mesenchymal stem cells. However, under the same experimental conditions, electrotransfer of larger plasmids (from 6 to 16 kbp) results in very low viability and transfection efficacy. Here, we show that these strong decreases are directly linked to the physical size of the plasmid molecule. Moreover, large plasmids are toxic only when the cells are exposed to electrotransfer pulses. This specific toxicity of large plasmids during electrotransfer is not due to transgene expression and occurs within less than 45 minutes. Indeed, postpulses recovery times of up to 45 minutes are able to entirely abolish the specific toxicity of large plasmid electrotransfer, resulting in a survival and transfection efficacy identical to that of small plasmids. Finally, electrotransfer of small and large plasmids can reach 90–99% of transfection with 60–90% survival considering the findings here reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa L Lesueur
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck M André
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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29
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Glucocorticoid Cell Priming Enhances Transfection Outcomes in Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Ther 2015; 24:331-341. [PMID: 26478250 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are one of the most widely researched stem cell types with broad applications from basic research to therapeutics, the majority of which require introduction of exogenous DNA. However, safety and scalability issues hinder viral delivery, while poor efficiency hinders nonviral gene delivery, particularly to hMSCs. Here, we present the use of a pharmacologic agent (glucocorticoid) to overcome barriers to hMSC DNA transfer to enhance transfection using three common nonviral vectors. Glucocorticoid priming significantly enhances transfection in hMSCs, demonstrated by a 3-fold increase in efficiency, 4-15-fold increase in transgene expression, and prolonged transgene expression when compared to transfection without glucocorticoids. These effects are dependent on glucocorticoid receptor binding and caused in part by maintenance of normal metabolic function and increased cellular (5-fold) and nuclear (6-10-fold) DNA uptake over hMSCs transfected without glucocorticoids. Results were consistent across five human donors and in cells up to passage five. Glucocorticoid cell priming is a simple and effective technique to significantly enhance nonviral transfection of hMSCs that should enhance their clinical use, accelerate new research, and decrease reliance on early passage cells.
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Schleef M, Schirmbeck R, Reiser M, Michel ML, Schmeer M. Minicircle: Next Generation DNA Vectors for Vaccination. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1317:327-39. [PMID: 26072415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2727-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The use of DNA vaccines requires pharmaceutical grade DNA that causes the immunization on the basis of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the protein to be vaccinated against. This nucleic acid sequence can be a circular or linear plasmid, preferably a double stranded one and should not contain any other and especially not any "toxic" sequences. Sequences that are not desirable to be part of the DNA drug can be those deriving from the (typically) bacterial amplification system to produce the DNA vaccine. These could be those portions of a plasmid that are only used for controlling the bacterial replication of the plasmid or those used to select for the plasmid during cloning or even worse during production. After initial approaches to avoid the presence of these sequences in DNA vaccine plasmids with "mini-plasmids," a significant improvement in product safety was obtained by use of minicircles-circular and ccc-supercoiled expression cassettes of the DNA vaccine. Initial results proofed their extremely high expression level and recent comparison of DNA vaccines based on either plasmid or minicircle DNA show successful vaccination against HBV in mice, as shown in this overview chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schleef
- PlasmidFactory GmbH & Co. KG, Meisenstr. 96, 33607, Bielefeld, Germany,
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Gaspar V, de Melo-Diogo D, Costa E, Moreira A, Queiroz J, Pichon C, Correia I, Sousa F. Minicircle DNA vectors for gene therapy: advances and applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:353-79. [PMID: 25539147 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.996544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleic-acid-based biopharmaceuticals enclose a remarkable potential for treating debilitating or life-threatening diseases that currently remain incurable. This promising area of research envisages the creation of state-of-the-art DNA vaccines, pluripotent cells or gene-based therapies, which can be used to overcome current issues. To achieve this goal, DNA minicircles are emerging as ideal nonviral vectors due to their safety and persistent transgene expression in either quiescent or actively dividing cells. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the characteristics of minicircle DNA (mcDNA) technology and the current advances in their production. The possible modifications to further improve minicircle efficacy are also emphasized and discussed in light of recent advances. As a final point, the main therapeutic applications of mcDNA are summarized, with a special focus on pluripotent stem cells production and cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Achieving in-target and persistent transgene expression is a challenging issue that is of critical importance for a successful therapeutic outcome. The use of miniaturized mcDNA cassettes with additional modifications that increase and prolong expression may contribute to an improved generation of biopharmaceuticals. The unique features of mcDNA render it an attractive alternative to overcome current technical issues and to bridge the significant gap that exists between basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Gaspar
- University of Beira Interior, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center , Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã , Portugal +351 275 329 002, +351 275 329 055 ; +351 275 329 099 ; ;
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Reissmann S. Cell penetration: scope and limitations by the application of cell-penetrating peptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:760-84. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siegmund Reissmann
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Dornburger Strasse 25 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Bioscience GmbH; Loebstedter Strasse 80 07749 Jena Germany
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Yarmush ML, Golberg A, Serša G, Kotnik T, Miklavčič D. Electroporation-Based Technologies for Medicine: Principles, Applications, and Challenges. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 16:295-320. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071813-104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; email (M.L.Y.):
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854;
| | - Alexander Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; email (M.L.Y.):
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Kotnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Orlova NA, Kovnir SV, Hodak JA, Vorobiev II, Gabibov AG, Skryabin KG. Improved elongation factor-1 alpha-based vectors for stable high-level expression of heterologous proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:56. [PMID: 24929670 PMCID: PMC4067061 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing highly productive clonal cell lines with constant productivity over 2-3 months of continuous culture remains a tedious task requiring the screening of tens of thousands of clonal colonies. In addition, long-term cultivation of many candidate lines derived in the absence of drug selection pressure is necessary. Expression vectors based on the elongation factor-1 alpha (EEF1A) gene and the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) selection marker (with separate promoters) can be used to obtain highly productive populations of stably transfected cells in the selection medium, but they have not been tested for their ability to support target gene amplification under gradually increasing methotrexate pressure. RESULTS We have modified EEF1A-based vectors by linking the DHFR selection marker to the target gene in the bicistronic RNA, shortening the overall plasmid size, and adding an Epstein-Barr virus terminal repeat fragment (EBVTR) element. Presence of the EBVTR element increased the rate of stable transfection by the plasmid by 24 times that of the EBVTR-minus control and improved the rate of methotrexate-driven gene amplification. The mean expression level of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) used herein as a model protein, increased up to eight-fold using a single round of amplification in the case of adherent colonies formation and up to 4.5-fold in the case of suspension polyclonal cultures. Several eGFP-expressing cell populations produced using vectors with antibiotic resistance markers instead of the DHFR marker were compared with each other. Stable transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells by the p1.2-Hygro-eGFP plasmid (containing a hygromycin resistance marker) generated highest eGFP expression levels of up to 8.9% of the total cytoplasmic protein, with less than 5% of the cell population being eGFP-negative. CONCLUSIONS The p1.1 vector was very effective for stable transfection of CHO cells and capable of rapid MTX-driven target gene amplification, while p1.2-Hygro achieved similar eGFP expression levels as p1.1. The set of vectors we have developed should speed-up the process of generating highly productive clonal cell lines while substantially decreasing the associated experimental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivan I Vorobiev
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Centre "Bioengineering", Russian Academy of Sciences, 60-letija Oktyabrya 7, Moscow 117312, Russia.
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Abstract
Recent developments in DNA vaccine research provide a new momentum for this rather young and potentially disruptive technology. Gene-based vaccines are capable of eliciting protective immunity in humans to persistent intracellular pathogens, such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, for which the conventional vaccine technologies have failed so far. The recent identification and characterization of genes coding for tumor antigens has stimulated the development of DNA-based antigen-specific cancer vaccines. Although most academic researchers consider the production of reasonable amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) for immunological studies relatively easy to solve, problems often arise during this first phase of production. In this chapter we review the current state of the art of pDNA production at small (shake flasks) and mid-scales (lab-scale bioreactor fermentations) and address new trends in vector design and strain engineering. We will guide the reader through the different stages of process design starting from choosing the most appropriate plasmid backbone, choosing the right Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain for production, and cultivation media and scale-up issues. In addition, we will address some points concerning the safety and potency of the produced plasmids, with special focus on producing antibiotic resistance-free plasmids. The main goal of this chapter is to make immunologists aware of the fact that production of the pDNA vaccine has to be performed with as much as attention and care as the rest of their research.
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Abstract
Electrical pulses directly and effectively boost both in vitro and in vivo gene transfer, but this process is greatly affected by non-electrical factors that exist during electroporation. These factors include, but are not limited to, the types of cells or tissues used, property of DNA, DNA formulation, and expressed protein. In this mini-review, we only describe and discuss a summary of DNA properties and selected DNA formulations on gene transfer via electroporation. The properties of DNA were selected for review because a substantial amount of remarkable work has been performed during the past few years but has received less notice than other works, although DNA properties appear to be critical for boosting electroporation delivery. The selected formulations will be covered in this mini-review because we are only interested in the simple formulations that could be used for cell or gene therapy via electroporation. Plus, there was an extensive review of DNA formulations in the first edition of this book. The formulations discussed in this mini-review represent novel developments in recent years and may impact electroporation significantly. These advancements in DNA formulations could prove to be important for gene delivery and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Marker-free plasmids for biotechnological applications – implications and perspectives. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:539-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Williams JA. Vector Design for Improved DNA Vaccine Efficacy, Safety and Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:225-49. [PMID: 26344110 PMCID: PMC4494225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccination is a disruptive technology that offers the promise of a new rapidly deployed vaccination platform to treat human and animal disease with gene-based materials. Innovations such as electroporation, needle free jet delivery and lipid-based carriers increase transgene expression and immunogenicity through more effective gene delivery. This review summarizes complementary vector design innovations that, when combined with leading delivery platforms, further enhance DNA vaccine performance. These next generation vectors also address potential safety issues such as antibiotic selection, and increase plasmid manufacturing quality and yield in exemplary fermentation production processes. Application of optimized constructs in combination with improved delivery platforms tangibly improves the prospect of successful application of DNA vaccination as prophylactic vaccines for diverse human infectious disease targets or as therapeutic vaccines for cancer and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Williams
- Nature Technology Corporation/Suite 103, 4701 Innovation Drive, Lincoln, NE 68521, USA.
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Madeira C, Rodrigues CAV, Reis MSC, Ferreira FFCG, Correia RESM, Diogo MM, Cabral JMS. Nonviral Gene Delivery to Neural Stem Cells with Minicircles by Microporation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1379-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Madeira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica S. C. Reis
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. C. G. Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel E. S. M. Correia
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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