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Roman G, Stavik B, Lauritzen KH, Sandset PM, Harrison SP, Sullivan GJ, Chollet ME. "iPSC-derived liver organoids and inherited bleeding disorders: Potential and future perspectives". Front Physiol 2023; 14:1094249. [PMID: 36711019 PMCID: PMC9880334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1094249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The bleeding phenotype of hereditary coagulation disorders is caused by the low or undetectable activity of the proteins involved in hemostasis, due to a broad spectrum of genetic alterations. Most of the affected coagulation factors are produced in the liver. Therefore, two-dimensional (2D) cultures of primary human hepatocytes and recombinant overexpression of the factors in non-human cell lines have been primarily used to mimic disease pathogenesis and as a model for innovative therapeutic strategies. However, neither human nor animal cells fully represent the hepatocellular biology and do not harbor the exact genetic background of the patient. As a result, the inability of the current in vitro models in recapitulating the in vivo situation has limited the studies of these inherited coagulation disorders. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) technology offers a possible solution to overcome these limitations by reprogramming patient somatic cells into an embryonic-like pluripotent state, thus giving the possibility of generating an unlimited number of liver cells needed for modeling or therapeutic purposes. By combining this potential and the recent advances in the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, it allows for the generation of autologous and gene corrected liver cells in the form of three-dimensional (3D) liver organoids. The organoids recapitulate cellular composition and organization of the liver, providing a more physiological model to study the biology of coagulation proteins and modeling hereditary coagulation disorders. This advanced methodology can pave the way for the development of cell-based therapeutic approaches to treat inherited coagulation disorders. In this review we will explore the use of liver organoids as a state-of-the-art methodology for modeling coagulation factors disorders and the possibilities of using organoid technology to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Roman
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Giacomo Roman, ; Maria E. Chollet,
| | - Benedicte Stavik
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut H. Lauritzen
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Morten Sandset
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sean P. Harrison
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth J. Sullivan
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Eugenia Chollet
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Giacomo Roman, ; Maria E. Chollet,
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2
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Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Aninat C, Kattler K, Fekir K, Jarnouen K, Cerec V, Glaise D, Salhab A, Gasparoni G, Takashi K, Ishida S, Walter J, Corlu A. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Consequences of DMSO Treatment on HepaRG Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152298. [PMID: 35892596 PMCID: PMC9331440 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used to sustain or favor hepatocyte differentiation in vitro. Thus, DMSO is used in the differentiation protocol of the HepaRG cells that present the closest drug-metabolizing enzyme activities to primary human hepatocytes in culture. The aim of our study is to clarify its influence on liver-specific gene expression. For that purpose, we performed a large-scale analysis (gene expression and histone modification) to determine the global role of DMSO exposure during the differentiation process of the HepaRG cells. The addition of DMSO drives the upregulation of genes mainly regulated by PXR and PPARα whereas genes not affected by this addition are regulated by HNF1α, HNF4α, and PPARα. DMSO-differentiated-HepaRG cells show a differential expression for genes regulated by histone acetylation, while differentiated-HepaRG cells without DMSO show gene signatures associated with histone deacetylases. In addition, we observed an interplay between cytoskeleton organization and EMC remodeling with hepatocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dubois-Pot-Schneider
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372746115
| | - Caroline Aninat
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Karim Fekir
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Kathleen Jarnouen
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Virginie Cerec
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Denise Glaise
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Abdulrahman Salhab
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Kubo Takashi
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 2109501, Japan; (K.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 2109501, Japan; (K.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Anne Corlu
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
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3
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Development of a Scalable Three-Dimensional Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Liver Organoids. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2455:131-147. [PMID: 35212992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a powerful tool for the generation of specialized cells to be used in regenerative medicine as well as hepatocellular repopulation tool to treat liver metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here we describe a strategy to obtain fully functional liver organoids from hiPSCs in a scalable manner. Our approach uses a two-step process, with a first step involving the scalable formation of homogeneous and uniform-sized human embryoid bodies (hEBs), followed by the application of a four-step liver differentiation protocol for the derivation of liver organoids that possess all the features of primary human hepatocytes. This chapter will also illustrate the characterization of the liver organoids by directed biomolecular techniques.
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4
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Ramos MJ, Bandiera L, Menolascina F, Fallowfield JA. In vitro models for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Emerging platforms and their applications. iScience 2022; 25:103549. [PMID: 34977507 PMCID: PMC8689151 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global healthcare challenge, affecting 1 in 4 adults, and death rates are predicted to rise inexorably. The progressive form of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, no medical treatments are licensed for NAFLD-NASH. Identifying efficacious therapies has been hindered by the complexity of disease pathogenesis, a paucity of predictive preclinical models and inadequate validation of pharmacological targets in humans. The development of clinically relevant in vitro models of the disease will pave the way to overcome these challenges. Currently, the combined application of emerging technologies (e.g., organ-on-a-chip/microphysiological systems) and control engineering approaches promises to unravel NAFLD biology and deliver tractable treatment candidates. In this review, we will describe advances in preclinical models for NAFLD-NASH, the recent introduction of novel technologies in this space, and their importance for drug discovery endeavors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez Ramos
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lucia Bandiera
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.,Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.,Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jonathan Andrew Fallowfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Ramos MJ, Bandiera L, Menolascina F, Fallowfield JA. In vitro models for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Emerging platforms and their applications. iScience 2022; 25:103549. [PMID: 34977507 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global healthcare challenge, affecting 1 in 4 adults, and death rates are predicted to rise inexorably. The progressive form of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, no medical treatments are licensed for NAFLD-NASH. Identifying efficacious therapies has been hindered by the complexity of disease pathogenesis, a paucity of predictive preclinical models and inadequate validation of pharmacological targets in humans. The development of clinically relevant in vitro models of the disease will pave the way to overcome these challenges. Currently, the combined application of emerging technologies (e.g., organ-on-a-chip/microphysiological systems) and control engineering approaches promises to unravel NAFLD biology and deliver tractable treatment candidates. In this review, we will describe advances in preclinical models for NAFLD-NASH, the recent introduction of novel technologies in this space, and their importance for drug discovery endeavors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez Ramos
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lucia Bandiera
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jonathan Andrew Fallowfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Rashidi H, Hay DC. Serum-Free Production of Three-Dimensional Hepatospheres from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2454:305-316. [PMID: 34611817 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing renewable human liver tissue from stem cells has been pursued as a potential source of biological material for pharmaceutical and clinical endeavors. At present, two-dimensional differentiation procedures deliver tissue lacking long-term phenotypic and functional stability. Efforts to overcome these limiting factors have led to the development of protocols to generate three-dimensional cellular aggregates. Here we describe a methodology to generate 3D hepatospheres from human pluripotent stem cells using defined and commercially available reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rashidi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - David C Hay
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Pettinato G. Generation of Hepatocyte Organoids from Human iPS Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:51-70. [PMID: 36125709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) constitute a great source to generate specialized cells that can be employed in cell replacement therapy for a number of degenerative diseases. In this chapter, I describe a strategy to mass-produce fully functional hepatocyte organoids using hiPSCs interlaced with human adipose microvascular endothelial cells (HAMEC). Our unique technology employs a two-step strategy, consisting of the scalable generation of nearly spherical uniform-sized human embryoid bodies (hEBs), and the subsequent employment of a four-step hepatocyte differentiation approach for the generation of hepatocyte organoids that display all the characteristics of human primary hepatocytes. In this chapter, we also describe methodologies to characterize the hepatocyte organoids by using different biomolecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Tuysuz EC, Ozbey U, Gulluoglu S, Kuskucu A, Sahin F, Bayrak OF. miRNAs as cell fate determinants of lateral and paraxial mesoderm differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2021; 478:212-221. [PMID: 34245726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, the role of miRNAs on pluripotency and differentiation of ESCs into specific lineages has been studied extensively. However, the specific role of miRNAs during lateral and paraxial mesoderm cell fate decision is still unclear. To address this, we firstly determined miRNA profile of mouse ESCs differentiating towards lateral and paraxial lineages which were detected using Flk1 and PDGFαR antibodies, and of myogenic and hematopoietic differentiation potential of purified paraxial and lateral mesodermal cells within these populations. miRNAs associated with lateral and paraxial mesoderm, and their targets were identified using bioinformatics tools. The targets of the corresponding miRNAs were validated after transfection into mouse ESCs. The roles of the selected miRNAs in lateral, and paraxial mesoderm formation were assessed along with hematopoietic and myogenic differentiation capacity. Among the miRNAs, mmu-miR-126a-3p, mmu-miR-335-5p and mmu-miR-672-5p, upregulated in lateral mesoderm cells, and mmu-miR-10b-5p, mmu-miR-196a-5p and mmu-miR-615-3p, upregulated in paraxial mesoderm cells. While transient co-transfection of mmu-miR-126a-3p, mmu-miR-335-5p and mmu-miR-672-5p increased the number of lateral mesodermal cells, co-transfection of mmu-miR-10b-5p, mmu-miR-196a-5p and mmu-miR-615-3p increased the number of paraxial mesodermal cells. Moreover, differentiation potential of the lateral mesodermal cells into hematopoietic cell lineage increased upon co-transfection of mmu-miR-126a-3p, mmu-miR-335-5p and mmu-miR-672-5p and differentiation potential of the paraxial mesodermal cells into skeletal muscle lineage were increased upon co-transfection of mmu-miR-10b-5p, mmu-miR-196a-5p and mmu-miR-615-3p. In conclusion, we determined the miRNA profile of lateral and paraxial mesodermal cells and co-transfection of miRNAs increased differentiation potential of both lateral and paraxial mesodermal cells transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Can Tuysuz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Ozbey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukru Gulluoglu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Kuskucu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Bayrak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University Medical School, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Fischer L, Lucendo-Villarin B, Hay DC, O’Farrelly C. Human PSC-Derived Hepatocytes Express Low Levels of Viral Pathogen Recognition Receptors, but Are Capable of Mounting an Effective Innate Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113831. [PMID: 32481600 PMCID: PMC7312201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are key players in the innate immune response to liver pathogens but are challenging to study because of inaccessibility and a short half-life. Recent advances in in vitro differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) facilitated studies of hepatocyte-pathogen interactions. Here, we aimed to define the anti-viral innate immune potential of human HLCs with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR)-expression and the presence of a metabolic switch. We analysed cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR)- and endosomal TLR-expression and activity and adaptation of HLCs to an inflammatory environment. We found that transcript levels of retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation antigen 5 (MDA5), and TLR3 became downregulated during differentiation, indicating the acquisition of a more tolerogenic phenotype, as expected in healthy hepatocytes. HLCs responded to activation of RIG-I by producing interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes. Despite low-level expression of TLR3, receptor expression was upregulated in an inflammatory environment. TLR3 signalling induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines at the gene level, indicating that several PRRs need to interact for successful innate immune activation. The inflammatory responsiveness of HLCs was accompanied by the downregulation of cytochrome P450 3A and 1A2 activity and decreased serum protein production, showing that the metabolic switch seen in primary hepatocytes during anti-viral responses is also present in HLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Fischer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | | | - David C. Hay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
- Correspondence: (D.C.H.); (C.O.)
| | - Cliona O’Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Correspondence: (D.C.H.); (C.O.)
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Nguyen MP, Jain V, Iansante V, Mitry RR, Filippi C, Dhawan A. Clinical application of hepatocyte transplantation: current status, applicability, limitations, and future outlook. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:185-196. [PMID: 32098516 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1733975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatocyte transplantation (HT) is a promising alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of liver-based metabolic diseases and acute liver failure (ALF). However, shortage of good-quality liver tissues, early cell loss post-infusion, reduced cell engraftment and function restricts clinical application.Areas covered: A comprehensive literature search was performed to cover pre-clinical and clinical HT studies. The review discusses the latest developments to address HT limitations: cell sources from marginal/suboptimal donors to neonatal livers, differentiating pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells, in vitro expansion, prevention of immune response to transplanted cells by encapsulation or using innate immunity-inhibiting agents, and enhancing engraftment through partial hepatectomy or irradiation.Expert opinion: To date, published data are highly encouraging specially the alginate-encapsulated hepatocyte treatment of children with ALF. Hepatocyte functions can be further improved through co-culturing with mesenchymal stromal cells. Moreover, ex-vivo genetic correction will enable the use of autologous cells in future personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Phuong Nguyen
- Dhawan Lab. at the Mowat Labs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vandana Jain
- Dhawan Lab. at the Mowat Labs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Iansante
- Dhawan Lab. at the Mowat Labs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ragai R Mitry
- Dhawan Lab. at the Mowat Labs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Filippi
- Dhawan Lab. at the Mowat Labs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Dhawan Lab. at the Mowat Labs, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Exploring the Most Promising Stem Cell Therapy in Liver Failure: A Systematic Review. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2782548. [PMID: 31871465 PMCID: PMC6913162 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2782548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative approaches to transplantation for liver failure are needed. One of the alternative approaches is stem cell therapy. However, stem cell therapy in liver failure is not standardized yet, as every centre have their own methods. This systematic review is aimed at compiling and analyzing the various studies that use stem cells to treat liver failure, to get an insight into potential protocols in terms of safety and efficacy by comparing them to controls. Methods This systematic review was done according to PRISMA guidelines and submitted for registration in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018106119). All published studies in PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, using key words: “human” and “stem cell” AND “liver failure” on 16th June 2018, without time restriction. In addition, relevant articles that are found during full-text search were added. Inclusion criteria included all original articles on stem cell use in humans with liver failure. Data collected included study type, treatment and control number, severity of disease, concomitant therapy, type and source of cells, passage of cells, dose, administration route, repeats, and interval between repeats, outcomes, and adverse events compared to controls. Data were analyzed descriptively to determine the possible causes of adverse reactions, and which protocols gave a satisfactory outcome, in terms of safety and efficacy. Results There were 25 original articles, i.e., eight case studies and 17 studies with controls. Conclusion Among the various adult stem cells that were used in human studies, MSCs from the bone marrow or umbilical cord performed better compared to other types of adult stem cells, though no study showed a complete and sustainable performance in the outcome measures. Intravenous (IV) route was equal to invasive route. Fresh or cryopreserved, and autologous or allogeneic MSCs were equally beneficial; and giving too many cells via intraportal or the hepatic artery might be counterproductive.
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12
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Liver biopsy derived induced pluripotent stem cells provide unlimited supply for the generation of hepatocyte-like cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221762. [PMID: 31465481 PMCID: PMC6715171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a promising cell culture model to study metabolism, biotransformation, viral infections and inherited liver diseases. iPSCs provide an unlimited supply for the generation of HLCs, but incomplete HLC differentiation remains a major challenge. iPSC may carry-on a tissue of origin dependent expression memory influencing iPSC differentiation into different cell types. Whether liver derived iPSCs (Li-iPSCs) would allow the generation of more fully differentiated HLCs is not known. METHODS In the current study, we used primary liver cells (PLCs) expanded from liver needle biopsies and reprogrammed them into Li-iPSCs using a non-integrative Sendai virus-based system. Li-iPSCs were differentiated into HLCs using established differentiation protocols. The HLC phenotype was characterized at the protein, functional and transcriptional level. RNA sequencing data were generated from the originating liver biopsies, the Li-iPSCs, fibroblast derived iPSCs, and differentiated HLCs, and used to characterize and compare their transcriptome profiles. RESULTS Li-iPSCs indeed retain a liver specific transcriptional footprint. Li-iPSCs can be propagated to provide an unlimited supply of cells for differentiation into Li-HLCs. Similar to HLCs derived from fibroblasts, Li-HLCs could not be fully differentiated into hepatocytes. Relative to the originating liver, Li-HLCs showed lower expression of liver specific transcription factors and increased expression of genes involved in the differentiation of other tissues. CONCLUSIONS PLCs and Li-iPSCs obtained from small pieces of human needle liver biopsies constitute a novel unlimited source for the production of HLCs. Despite the preservation of a liver specific gene expression footprint in Li-iPSCs, the generation of fully differentiated hepatocytes cannot be achieved with the current differentiation protocols.
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Wang Y, Tatham MH, Schmidt-Heck W, Swann C, Singh-Dolt K, Meseguer-Ripolles J, Lucendo-Villarin B, Kunath T, Rudd TR, Smith AJH, Hengstler JG, Godoy P, Hay RT, Hay DC. Multiomics Analyses of HNF4α Protein Domain Function during Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. iScience 2019; 16:206-217. [PMID: 31185456 PMCID: PMC6556878 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian development, liver differentiation is driven by signals that converge on multiple transcription factor networks. The hepatocyte nuclear factor signaling network is known to be essential for hepatocyte specification and maintenance. In this study, we have generated deletion and point mutants of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF4α) to precisely evaluate the function of protein domains during hepatocyte specification from human pluripotent stem cells. We demonstrate that nuclear HNF4α is essential for hepatic progenitor specification, and the introduction of point mutations in HNF4α's Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) consensus motif leads to disrupted hepatocyte differentiation. Taking a multiomics approach, we identified key deficiencies in cell biology, which included dysfunctional metabolism, substrate adhesion, tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, microRNA transport, and mRNA processing. In summary, the combination of genome editing and multiomics analyses has provided valuable insight into the diverse functions of HNF4α during pluripotent stem cell entry into the hepatic lineage and during hepatocellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Michael H Tatham
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology eV-Hans-Knoll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolyn Swann
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Karamjit Singh-Dolt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jose Meseguer-Ripolles
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Baltasar Lucendo-Villarin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrew J H Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricio Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4UU, UK.
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14
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Pettinato G, Lehoux S, Ramanathan R, Salem MM, He LX, Muse O, Flaumenhaft R, Thompson MT, Rouse EA, Cummings RD, Wen X, Fisher RA. Generation of fully functional hepatocyte-like organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells mixed with Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8920. [PMID: 31222080 PMCID: PMC6586904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in stem cell research, cell transplantation therapy for liver failure is impeded by a shortage of human primary hepatocytes (HPH), along with current differentiation protocol limitations. Several studies have examined the concept of co-culture of human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) with various types of supporting non-parenchymal cells to attain a higher differentiation yield and to improve hepatocyte-like cell functions both in vitro and in vivo. Co-culturing hiPSCs with human endothelial cells (hECs) is a relatively new technique that requires more detailed studies. Using our 3D human embryoid bodies (hEBs) formation technology, we interlaced Human Adipose Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HAMEC) with hiPSCs, leading to a higher differentiation yield and notable improvements across a wide range of hepatic functions. We conducted a comprehensive gene and protein secretion analysis of our HLCs coagulation factors profile, showing promising results in comparison with HPH. Furthermore, a stage-specific glycomic analysis revealed that the differentiated hepatocyte-like clusters (HLCs) resemble the glycan features of a mature tissue rather than cells in culture. We tested our HLCs in animal models, where the presence of HAMEC in the clusters showed a consistently better performance compared to the hiPSCs only group in regard to persistent albumin secretion post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Salem
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Xia He
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwatoyosi Muse
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa T Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Rouse
- Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Rashidi H, Luu NT, Alwahsh SM, Ginai M, Alhaque S, Dong H, Tomaz RA, Vernay B, Vigneswara V, Hallett JM, Chandrashekran A, Dhawan A, Vallier L, Bradley M, Callanan A, Forbes SJ, Newsome PN, Hay DC. 3D human liver tissue from pluripotent stem cells displays stable phenotype in vitro and supports compromised liver function in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3117-3129. [PMID: 30155720 PMCID: PMC6132688 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is an escalating global health issue. While liver transplantation is an effective mode of therapy, patient mortality has increased due to the shortage of donor organs. Developing renewable sources of human liver tissue is therefore attractive. Pluripotent stem cell-derived liver tissue represents a potential alternative to cadaver derived hepatocytes and whole organ transplant. At present, two-dimensional differentiation procedures deliver tissue lacking certain functions and long-term stability. Efforts to overcome these limiting factors have led to the building of three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregates. Although enabling for the field, their widespread application is limited due to their reliance on variable biological components. Our studies focused on the development of 3D liver tissue under defined conditions. In vitro generated 3D tissues exhibited stable phenotype for over 1 year in culture, providing an attractive resource for long-term in vitro studies. Moreover, 3D derived tissue provided critical liver support in two animal models, including immunocompetent recipients. Therefore, we believe that our study provides stable human tissue to better model liver biology 'in the dish', and in the future may permit the support of compromised liver function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rashidi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nguyet-Thin Luu
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Salamah M Alwahsh
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Maaria Ginai
- Institute of Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Sharmin Alhaque
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hua Dong
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Vasanthy Vigneswara
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John M Hallett
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Anil Chandrashekran
- Child Health Clinical Academic Group, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Child Health Clinical Academic Group, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- Institute of Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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16
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Sambathkumar R, Akkerman R, Dastidar S, Roelandt P, Kumar M, Bajaj M, Mestre Rosa AR, Helsen N, Vanslembrouck V, Kalo E, Khurana S, Laureys J, Gysemans C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Verfaillie CM. Generation of hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells from human induced endodermal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197046. [PMID: 29750821 PMCID: PMC5947914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPCs) are one potential stem cell source to generate functional hepatocytes or β-cells. However, human MAPCs have less plasticity than pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), as their ability to generate endodermal cells is not robust. Here we studied the role of 14 transcription factors (TFs) in reprogramming MAPCs to induced endodermal progenitor cells (iENDO cells), defined as cells that can be long-term expanded and differentiated to both hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. We demonstrated that 14 TF-iENDO cells can be expanded for at least 20 passages, differentiate spontaneously to hepatocyte-, endocrine pancreatic-, gut tube-like cells as well as endodermal tumor formation when grafted in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, iENDO cells can be differentiated in vitro into hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. However, the pluripotency TF OCT4, which is not silenced in iENDO cells, may contribute to the incomplete differentiation to mature cells in vitro and to endodermal tumor formation in vivo. Nevertheless, the studies presented here provide evidence that reprogramming of adult stem cells to an endodermal intermediate progenitor, which can be expanded and differentiate to multiple endodermal cell types, might be a valid alternative for the use of PSCs for creation of endodermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Sambathkumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
| | - Renate Akkerman
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sumitava Dastidar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Roelandt
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Mestre Rosa
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicky Helsen
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vanslembrouck
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Kalo
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish Khurana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jos Laureys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
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17
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Alwahsh SM, Rashidi H, Hay DC. Liver cell therapy: is this the end of the beginning? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1307-1324. [PMID: 29181772 PMCID: PMC5852182 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of liver diseases is increasing globally. Orthotopic liver transplantation is widely used to treat liver disease upon organ failure. The complexity of this procedure and finite numbers of healthy organ donors have prompted research into alternative therapeutic options to treat liver disease. This includes the transplantation of liver cells to promote regeneration. While successful, the routine supply of good quality human liver cells is limited. Therefore, renewable and scalable sources of these cells are sought. Liver progenitor and pluripotent stem cells offer potential cell sources that could be used clinically. This review discusses recent approaches in liver cell transplantation and requirements to improve the process, with the ultimate goal being efficient organ regeneration. We also discuss the potential off-target effects of cell-based therapies, and the advantages and drawbacks of current pre-clinical animal models used to study organ senescence, repopulation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salamah M Alwahsh
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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18
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Siller R, Sullivan GJ. Rapid Screening of the Endodermal Differentiation Potential of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 43:1G.7.1-1G.7.23. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Siller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Gareth J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research Blindern Oslo Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Nydalen Oslo Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital Nydalen Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
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19
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Bierwolf J, Volz T, Lütgehetmann M, Allweiss L, Riecken K, Warlich M, Fehse B, Kalff JC, Dandri M, Pollok JM. Primary Human Hepatocytes Repopulate Livers of Mice After In Vitro Culturing and Lentiviral-Mediated Gene Transfer. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 22:742-53. [PMID: 27068494 PMCID: PMC4876526 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies represent a promising alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. However, therapeutic effects are limited by low cell engraftment rates. We recently introduced a technique creating human hepatocyte spheroids for potential therapeutic application. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these spheroids are suitable for engraftment in diseased liver tissues. Intrasplenic spheroid transplantation into immunodeficient uPA/SCID/beige mice was performed. Hepatocyte transduction ability prior to transplantation was tested by lentiviral labeling using red-green-blue (RGB) marking. Eight weeks after transplantation, animals were sacrificed and livers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. To investigate human hepatocyte-specific gene expression profiles in mice, quantitative real-time-PCR was applied. Human albumin and alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations in mouse serum were quantified to assess the levels of human chimerism. Precultured human hepatocytes reestablished their physiological liver tissue architecture and function upon transplantation in mice. Positive immunohistochemical labeling of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen revealed that human hepatocytes retained their in vivo proliferation capacity. Expression profiles of human genes analyzed in chimeric mouse livers resembled levels determined in native human tissue. Extensive vascularization of human cell clusters was detected by demonstration of von Willebrand factor activity. To model gene therapy approaches, lentiviral transduction was performed ex vivo and fluorescent microscopic imaging revealed maintenance of RGB marking in vivo. Altogether, this is the first report demonstrating that cultured and retroviral transduced human hepatocyte spheroids are able to engraft and maintain their regenerative potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Bierwolf
- 1 Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany .,3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Allweiss
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- 4 Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Warlich
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- 4 Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg C Kalff
- 1 Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany .,5 German Center for Infection Research , Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Partner Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg-Matthias Pollok
- 1 Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Bonn , Bonn, Germany
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20
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Effects of Co-Culture Media on Hepatic Differentiation of hiPSC with or without HUVEC Co-Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081724. [PMID: 28783133 PMCID: PMC5578114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of hepatocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is of great interest for applications in pharmacological research. However, full maturation of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes has not yet been achieved in vitro. To improve hepatic differentiation, co-cultivation of hiPSC with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) during hepatic differentiation was investigated in this study. In the first step, different culture media variations based on hepatocyte culture medium (HCM) were tested in HUVEC mono-cultures to establish a suitable culture medium for co-culture experiments. Based on the results, two media variants were selected to differentiate hiPSC-derived definitive endodermal (DE) cells into mature hepatocytes with or without HUVEC addition. DE cells differentiated in mono-cultures in the presence of those media variants showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in secretion of α-fetoprotein and in activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 as compared with cells differentiated in unmodified HCM used as control. Co-cultivation with HUVEC did not further improve the differentiation outcome. Thus, it can be concluded that the effect of the used medium outweighed the effect of HUVEC co-culture, emphasizing the importance of the culture medium composition for hiPSC differentiation.
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21
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Future Challenges in the Generation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Montacir H, Freyer N, Knöspel F, Urbaniak T, Dedova T, Berger M, Damm G, Tauber R, Zeilinger K, Blanchard V. The Cell-Surface N-Glycome of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Differentiated Hepatic Cells thereof. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1234-1241. [PMID: 28370937 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent stem cells that offer a wide range of applications in regenerative medicine. In addition, they have been proposed as an appropriate alternative source of hepatocytes. In this work, hESCs were differentiated into definitive endodermal cells (DECs), followed by maturation into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Their cell-surface N-glycome was profiled and also compared with that of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Undifferentiated hESCs contained large amounts of high-mannose N-glycans. In contrast, complex-type N-glycans such as asialylated or monosialylated biantennary and triantennary N-glycans were dominant in HLCs, and fully galactosylated structures were significantly more abundant than in undifferentiated hESCs. The cell-surface N-glycosylation of PHHs was more biologically processed than that of HLCs, with bisialylated biantennary and trisialylated triantennary structures predominant. This is the first report of the cell surface N-glycome of PHHs and of HLCs being directly generated from hESCs without embryoid body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Montacir
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Urbaniak
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tereza Dedova
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Berger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rudolf Tauber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Wang Y, Alhaque S, Cameron K, Meseguer-Ripolles J, Lucendo-Villarin B, Rashidi H, Hay DC. Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2017:55355. [PMID: 28287600 PMCID: PMC5409275 DOI: 10.3791/55355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the human body. The differentiation of hPSCs to human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) has been extensively studied, and efficient differentiation protocols have been established. The combination of extracellular matrix and biological stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules, have made it possible to generate HLCs that resemble primary human hepatocytes. However, the majority of procedures still employ undefined components, giving rise to batch-to-batch variation. This serves as a significant barrier to the application of the technology. To tackle this issue, we developed a defined system for hepatocyte differentiation using human recombinant laminins as extracellular matrices in combination with a serum-free differentiation process. Highly efficient hepatocyte specification was achieved, with demonstrated improvements in both HLC function and phenotype. Importantly, this system is easy to scale up using research and GMP-grade hPSC lines promising advances in cell-based modelling and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - Sharmin Alhaque
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - Kate Cameron
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | - Hassan Rashidi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh;
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24
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Cervantes-Alvarez E, Wang Y, Collin de l'Hortet A, Guzman-Lepe J, Zhu J, Takeishi K. Current strategies to generate mature human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cholangiocytes and future applications. Organogenesis 2017; 13:1-15. [PMID: 28055309 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1278133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research has significantly evolved over the last few years, allowing the differentiation of pluripotent cells into almost any kind of lineage possible. Studies that focus on the liver have considerably taken a leap into this novel technology, and hepatocyte-like cells are being generated that are close to resembling actual hepatocytes both genotypically and phenotypically. The potential of this extends from disease models to bioengineering, and even also innovative therapies for end-stage liver disease. Nonetheless, too few attention has been given to the non-parenchymal cells which are also fundamental for normal liver function. This includes cholangiocytes, the cells of the biliary epithelium, without whose role in bile modification and metabolism would impair hepatocyte survival. Such can be observed in diseases that target them, so called cholangiopathies, for which there is much yet to study so as to improve therapeutical options. Protocols that describe the induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cholangiocytes are scarce, although progress is being achieved in this area as well. In order to give the current view on this emerging research field, and in hopes to motivate further advances, we present here a review on the known differentiation strategies with sight into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Yang Wang
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | | | - Jorge Guzman-Lepe
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jiye Zhu
- c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Kazuki Takeishi
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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25
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Yanagihara K, Liu Y, Kanie K, Takayama K, Kokunugi M, Hirata M, Fukuda T, Suga M, Nikawa H, Mizuguchi H, Kato R, Furue MK. Prediction of Differentiation Tendency Toward Hepatocytes from Gene Expression in Undifferentiated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1884-1897. [PMID: 27733097 PMCID: PMC5165660 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have potential as tools for predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity in the early phases of drug development. However, the propensity of hPSC lines to differentiate into specific lineages is reported to differ. The ability to predict low propensity of hPSCs to differentiate into hepatocytes would facilitate the selection of useful hPSC clones and substantially accelerate development of hPSC-derived hepatocytes for pharmaceutical research. In this study, we compared the expression of genes associated with hepatic differentiation in five hPSC lines including human ES cell line, H9, which is known to differentiate into hepatocytes, and an hPSC line reported with a poor propensity for hepatic differentiation. Genes distinguishing between undifferentiated hPSCs, hPSC-derived hepatoblast-like differentiated cells, and primary human hepatocytes were drawn by two-way cluster analysis. The order of expression levels of genes in undifferentiated hPSCs was compared with that in hPSC-derived hepatoblast-like cells. Three genes were selected as predictors of low propensity for hepatic differentiation. Expression of these genes was investigated in 23 hPSC clones. Review of representative cells by induction of hepatic differentiation suggested that low prediction scores were linked with low hepatic differentiation. Thus, our model using gene expression ranking and bioinformatic analysis could reasonably predict poor differentiation propensity of hPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Yanagihara
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujung Liu
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Kanie
- 2 Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- 3 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan .,4 The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan .,5 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minako Kokunugi
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan .,6 Department of Oral Biology & Engineering Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhi Hirata
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nikawa
- 6 Department of Oral Biology & Engineering Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- 3 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan .,5 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan .,7 Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- 2 Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miho K Furue
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Kanninen LK, Harjumäki R, Peltoniemi P, Bogacheva MS, Salmi T, Porola P, Niklander J, Smutný T, Urtti A, Yliperttula ML, Lou YR. Laminin-511 and laminin-521-based matrices for efficient hepatic specification of human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2016; 103:86-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Pettinato G, Ramanathan R, Fisher RA, Mangino MJ, Zhang N, Wen X. Scalable Differentiation of Human iPSCs in a Multicellular Spheroid-based 3D Culture into Hepatocyte-like Cells through Direct Wnt/β-catenin Pathway Inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32888. [PMID: 27616299 PMCID: PMC5018737 DOI: 10.1038/srep32888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute liver failure by cell transplantation is hindered by a shortage of human hepatocytes. Current protocols for hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) result in low yields, cellular heterogeneity, and limited scalability. In the present study, we have developed a novel multicellular spheroid-based hepatic differentiation protocol starting from embryoid bodies of hiPSCs (hiPSC-EBs) for robust mass production of human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) using two novel inhibitors of the Wnt pathway. The resultant hiPSC-EB-HLCs expressed liver-specific genes, secreted hepatic proteins such as Albumin, Alpha Fetoprotein, and Fibrinogen, metabolized ammonia, and displayed cytochrome P450 activities and functional activities typical of mature primary hepatocytes, such as LDL storage and uptake, ICG uptake and release, and glycogen storage. Cell transplantation of hiPSC-EB-HLC in a rat model of acute liver failure significantly prolonged the mean survival time and resolved the liver injury when compared to the no-transplantation control animals. The transplanted hiPSC-EB-HLCs secreted human albumin into the host plasma throughout the examination period (2 weeks). Transplantation successfully bridged the animals through the critical period for survival after acute liver failure, providing promising clues of integration and full in vivo functionality of these cells after treatment with WIF-1 and DKK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J. Mangino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Downregulation of IGF-1 receptor occurs after hepatic linage commitment during hepatocyte differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Freyer N, Knöspel F, Strahl N, Amini L, Schrade P, Bachmann S, Damm G, Seehofer D, Jacobs F, Monshouwer M, Zeilinger K. Hepatic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Perfused Three-Dimensional Multicompartment Bioreactor. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:235-48. [PMID: 27610270 PMCID: PMC5003005 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great potential for application in regenerative medicine, pharmacological drug screening, and toxicity testing. However, full maturation of hiPSC into functional hepatocytes has not yet been achieved. In this study, we investigated the potential of a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) hollow fiber membrane bioreactor technology to improve the hepatic differentiation of hiPSC in comparison to static two-dimensional (2D) cultures. A total of 100 × 106 hiPSC were seeded into each 3D bioreactor (n = 3). Differentiation into definitive endoderm (DE) was induced by adding activin A, Wnt3a, and sodium butyrate to the culture medium. For further maturation, hepatocyte growth factor and oncostatin M were added. The same differentiation protocol was applied to hiPSC maintained in 2D cultures. Secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a marker for DE, was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 2D cultures, while secretion of albumin, a typical characteristic for mature hepatocytes, was higher after hepatic differentiation of hiPSC in 3D bioreactors. Functional analysis of multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes showed activity of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 in both groups, although at a lower level compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH). CYP2B6 activities were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 3D bioreactors compared with 2D cultures, which is in line with results from gene expression. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the majority of cells was positive for albumin, cytokeratin 18 (CK18), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4A) at the end of the differentiation process. In addition, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) staining revealed the formation of bile duct-like structures in 3D bioreactors similar to native liver tissue. The results indicate a better maturation of hiPSC in the 3D bioreactor system compared to 2D cultures and emphasize the potential of dynamic 3D culture systems in stem cell differentiation approaches for improved formation of differentiated tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Strahl
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Schrade
- Charité Centrum Grundlagenmedizin, Institut für Vegetative Anatomie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Charité Centrum Grundlagenmedizin, Institut für Vegetative Anatomie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Dr. med. vet. Katrin Zeilinger, Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany, E-mail:
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- a MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David C Hay
- a MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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31
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Szkolnicka D, Hay DC. Concise Review: Advances in Generating Hepatocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Translational Medicine. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1421-6. [PMID: 27015786 PMCID: PMC4982058 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the major organs in the human body. Severe or prolonged exposure of the liver to different factors may cause life-threatening disease, which necessitates donor organ transplantation. While orthotopic liver transplantation can be used to effectively treat liver failure, it is an invasive procedure, which is severely limited by organ donation. Therefore, alternative sources of liver support have been proposed and studied. This includes the use of pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes as a renewable source of cells for therapy. In addition to cell-based therapies, in vitro engineered liver tissue provides powerful models for human drug discovery and disease modeling. This review focuses on the generation of hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells and their application in translational medicine. Stem Cells 2016;34:1421-1426.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szkolnicka
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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32
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Kanninen LK, Porola P, Niklander J, Malinen MM, Corlu A, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Urtti A, Yliperttula ML, Lou YR. Hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells on human liver progenitor HepaRG-derived acellular matrix. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:207-17. [PMID: 26854693 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes are extensively needed in drug discovery and development. Stem cell-derived hepatocytes are expected to be an improved and continuous model of human liver to study drug candidates. Generation of endoderm-derived hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, is a complex, challenging process requiring specific signals from soluble factors and insoluble matrices at each developmental stage. In this study, we used human liver progenitor HepaRG-derived acellular matrix (ACM) as a hepatic progenitor-specific matrix to induce hepatic commitment of hPSC-derived definitive endoderm (DE) cells. The DE cells showed much better attachment to the HepaRG ACM than other matrices tested and then differentiated towards hepatic cells, which expressed hepatocyte-specific makers. We demonstrate that Matrigel overlay induced hepatocyte phenotype and inhibited biliary epithelial differentiation in two hPSC lines studied. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the HepaRG ACM, a hepatic progenitor-specific matrix, plays an important role in the hepatic differentiation of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa K Kanninen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Porola
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Niklander
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Corlu
- Inserm UMR991, Liver Metabolisms and Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | | | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo L Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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33
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Cameron K, Tan R, Schmidt-Heck W, Campos G, Lyall MJ, Wang Y, Lucendo-Villarin B, Szkolnicka D, Bates N, Kimber SJ, Hengstler JG, Godoy P, Forbes SJ, Hay DC. Recombinant Laminins Drive the Differentiation and Self-Organization of hESC-Derived Hepatocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1250-1262. [PMID: 26626180 PMCID: PMC4682209 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived somatic cells represent an unlimited resource for basic and translational science. Although promising, there are significant hurdles that must be overcome. Our focus is on the generation of the major cell type of the human liver, the hepatocyte. Current protocols produce variable populations of hepatocytes that are the product of using undefined components in the differentiation process. This serves as a significant barrier to scale-up and application. To tackle this issue, we designed a defined differentiation process using recombinant laminin substrates to provide instruction. We demonstrate efficient hepatocyte specification, cell organization, and significant improvements in cell function and phenotype. This is driven in part by the suppression of unfavorable gene regulatory networks that control cell proliferation and migration, pluripotent stem cell self-renewal, and fibroblast and colon specification. We believe that this represents a significant advance, moving stem cell-based hepatocytes closer toward biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Cameron
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rosanne Tan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology eV-Hans-Knöll Institute, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gisela Campos
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcus J Lyall
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Yu Wang
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | | | - Dagmara Szkolnicka
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nicola Bates
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricio Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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34
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Sampaziotis F, Segeritz CP, Vallier L. Potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells in studies of liver disease. Hepatology 2015; 62:303-11. [PMID: 25502113 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a leading cause of death in the Western world. However, our insight into the underlying disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic agents has been hindered by limited availability of primary tissue, intraspecies variability associated with the use of animal models, and reduced long-term viability of isolated and diseased liver cells. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiation protocols to generate hepatocyte-like cells has opened the possibility of addressing these issues. Here, we discuss the recent progress and potential in the production of various cell types constituting the liver and their applications to model liver diseases and test drug toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Habibollah S, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. Application of Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood as Alternative Modes for Liver Therapy. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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36
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Gouliarmou V, Pelkonen O, Coecke S. Differentiation-Promoting Medium Additives for Hepatocyte Cultivation and Cryopreservation. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:143-159. [PMID: 26272140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Isolated primary hepatocytes are considered as the reference system for in vitro hepatic methods. Following the isolation of primary hepatocytes from liver tissue, an unfavorable process named dedifferentiation is initiated leading to the attenuation of the hepatocellular phenotype both at the morphological and functional level. Freshly isolated hepatocytes can be used immediately or can be cryopreserved for future purposes. Currently, a number of antidedifferentiation strategies exist to extend the life span of isolated hepatocytes. The addition of differentiation-promoting compounds to the hepatocyte culture medium is the oldest and simplest antidedifferentiation approach applied. In the present chapter, the most commonly used medium additives for cultivation and cryopreservation of primary hepatocytes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gouliarmou
- EURL ECVAM, Systems Toxicology Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Via Fermi 2749, Ispra, 21027, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous hurdles presented by the complexity of the liver's structure and function, advances in liver physiology, stem cell biology and reprogramming, and the engineering of tissues and devices are accelerating the development of cell-based therapies for treating liver disease and liver failure. This State of the Art Review discusses both the near- and long-term prospects for such cell-based therapies and the unique challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science at MIT, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, David H. Koch Institute at MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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38
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Du C, Narayanan K, Leong MF, Wan AC. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes and endothelial cells in multi-component hydrogel fibers for liver tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6006-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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SOX2 Is Regulated Differently from NANOG and OCT4 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells during Early Differentiation Initiated with Sodium Butyrate. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:298163. [PMID: 24707296 PMCID: PMC3951062 DOI: 10.1155/2014/298163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 regulate self-renewal and pluripotency in human embryonic stem (hES) cells; however, their expression profiles during early differentiation of hES cells are unclear. In this study, we used multiparameter flow cytometric assay to detect all three transcription factors (NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2) simultaneously at single cell level and monitored the changes in their expression during early differentiation towards endodermal lineage (induced by sodium butyrate). We observed at least four distinct populations of hES cells, characterized by specific expression patterns of NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 and differentiation markers. Our results show that a single cell can express both differentiation and pluripotency markers at the same time, indicating a gradual mode of developmental transition in these cells. Notably, distinct regulation of SOX2 during early differentiation events was detected, highlighting the potential importance of this transcription factor for self-renewal of hES cells during differentiation.
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Szkolnicka D, Farnworth SL, Lucendo-Villarin B, Storck C, Zhou W, Iredale JP, Flint O, Hay DC. Accurate prediction of drug-induced liver injury using stem cell-derived populations. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:141-8. [PMID: 24375539 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major progress in the knowledge and management of human liver injury, there are millions of people suffering from chronic liver disease. Currently, the only cure for end-stage liver disease is orthotopic liver transplantation; however, this approach is severely limited by organ donation. Alternative approaches to restoring liver function have therefore been pursued, including the use of somatic and stem cell populations. Although such approaches are essential in developing scalable treatments, there is also an imperative to develop predictive human systems that more effectively study and/or prevent the onset of liver disease and decompensated organ function. We used a renewable human stem cell resource, from defined genetic backgrounds, and drove them through developmental intermediates to yield highly active, drug-inducible, and predictive human hepatocyte populations. Most importantly, stem cell-derived hepatocytes displayed equivalence to primary adult hepatocytes, following incubation with known hepatotoxins. In summary, we have developed a serum-free, scalable, and shippable cell-based model that faithfully predicts the potential for human liver injury. Such a resource has direct application in human modeling and, in the future, could play an important role in developing renewable cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szkolnicka
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; FibromEd Products Ltd., Edinburgh Bio-Quarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; Department of Oncology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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41
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Costa A, Sarmento B, Seabra V. An evaluation of the latestin vitrotools for drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:103-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.857402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Sun P, Zhou X, Farnworth SL, Patel AH, Hay DC. Modeling human liver biology using stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22011-21. [PMID: 24201130 PMCID: PMC3856048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived hepatocytes represent promising models to study human liver biology and disease. This concise review discusses the recent progresses in the field, with a focus on human liver disease, drug metabolism and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingnan Sun
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; E-Mails: (P.S.); (X.Z.)
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; E-Mail:
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; E-Mails: (P.S.); (X.Z.)
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; E-Mail:
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Sarah L. Farnworth
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK; E-Mail:
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-131-651-9549; Fax: +44-131-651-9501
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43
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Szkolnicka D, Zhou W, Lucendo-Villarin B, Hay DC. Pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes: potential and challenges in pharmacology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 53:147-59. [PMID: 23294308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a fascinating organ and performs a wide range of functions necessary for life. Because the hepatocyte is the major functional cell type found in the liver, it is important that we better understand its role in health and disease. Functional hepatocytes have been derived from many sources, including human stem cell populations. These models offer new opportunities to further our understanding of human liver biology from diverse genotypes and, in the future, to facilitate the development of novel medicines or cell-based therapies. This review discusses limitations in current cell-based models and the advantages offered by pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szkolnicka
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
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44
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Direct effect of chenodeoxycholic acid on differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells cultured under feeder-free culture conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:375076. [PMID: 23509715 PMCID: PMC3591134 DOI: 10.1155/2013/375076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligand, is a member of the nuclear receptor family and is probably involved in regulating the cellular activities of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Recently, although it was reported that the FXR ligand can mediate differentiation, apoptosis, and/or growth arrest in several cell types, it is still not well known how CDCA mediates effects in ES cells. Therefore, we investigated the direct effect of CDCA on mES cells. Feeder-free mES cells were treated in a dose-dependent manner with CDCA (50, 100, and 200 μM) for 72 h, and then a 100 μM CDCA treatment was performed for an additional 72 h. We analyzed the morphology, cell growth, cell characteristics, immunocytochemistry, and RT-PCR. In CDCA-treated cells, we observed the disappearance of pluripotent stem cell markers including alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, and Nanog and a time- and dose-dependent increase in expression of nestin, PAX6, and α-smooth muscle actin, but not α-fetoprotein. The 100 μM CDCA-treated cells in their second passage continued this differentiation pattern similar to those in the controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that CDCA can guide mES cells by an FXR-independent pathway to differentiate into ectoderm and/or mesoderm, but not endoderm.
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45
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Fakunle ES, Loring JF. Ethnically diverse pluripotent stem cells for drug development. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:709-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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Sivertsson L, Synnergren J, Jensen J, Björquist P, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Hepatic differentiation and maturation of human embryonic stem cells cultured in a perfused three-dimensional bioreactor. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:581-94. [PMID: 22970843 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a serious and frequently occurring adverse drug reaction in the clinics and is hard to predict during preclinical studies. Today, primary hepatocytes are the most frequently used cell model for drug discovery and prediction of toxicity. However, their use is marred by high donor variability regarding drug metabolism and toxicity, and instable expression levels of liver-specific genes such as cytochromes P450. An in vitro model system based on human embryonic stem cells (hESC), with their unique properties of pluripotency and self-renewal, has potential to provide a stable and unlimited supply of human hepatocytes. Much effort has been made to direct hESC toward the hepatic lineage, mostly using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures. Although the results are encouraging, these cells lack important functionality. Here, we investigate if hepatic differentiation of hESC can be improved by using a 3-dimensional (3D) bioreactor system. Human ESCs were differentiated toward the hepatic lineage using the same cells in either the 3D or 2D system. A global transcriptional analysis identified important differences between the 2 differentiation regimes, and we identified 10 pathways, highly related to liver functions, which were significantly upregulated in cells differentiated in the bioreactor compared to 2D control cultures. The enhanced hepatic differentiation observed in the bioreactor system was also supported by immunocytochemistry. Taken together, our results suggest that hepatic differentiation of hESC is improved when using this 3D bioreactor technology as compared to 2D culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Sivertsson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Wang A, Sander M. Generating cells of the gastrointestinal system: current approaches and applications for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:763-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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Chen YF, Tseng CY, Wang HW, Kuo HC, Yang VW, Lee OK. Rapid generation of mature hepatocyte-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells by an efficient three-step protocol. Hepatology 2012; 55:1193-203. [PMID: 22095466 PMCID: PMC3779307 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end-stage cirrhosis and fulminant liver failure, but the lack of available donor livers is a major obstacle to liver transplantation. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from the reprogramming of somatic fibroblasts, have been shown to resemble embryonic stem (ES) cells in that they have pluripotent properties and the potential to differentiate into all cell lineages in vitro, including hepatocytes. Thus, iPSCs could serve as a favorable cell source for a wide range of applications, including drug toxicity testing, cell transplantation, and patient-specific disease modeling. Here, we describe an efficient and rapid three-step protocol that is able to rapidly generate hepatocyte-like cells from human iPSCs. This occurs because the endodermal induction step allows for more efficient and definitive endoderm cell formation. We show that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which synergizes with activin A and Wnt3a, elevates the expression of the endodermal marker Foxa2 (forkhead box a2) by 39.3% compared to when HGF is absent (14.2%) during the endodermal induction step. In addition, iPSC-derived hepatocytes had a similar gene expression profile to mature hepatocytes. Importantly, the hepatocyte-like cells exhibited cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme activity, secreted urea, uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and possessed the ability to store glycogen. Moreover, the hepatocyte-like cells rescued lethal fulminant hepatic failure in a nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mouse model. CONCLUSION We have established a rapid and efficient differentiation protocol that is able to generate functional hepatocyte-like cells from human iPSCs. This may offer an alternative option for treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Tseng
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsei-Wei Wang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Oscar K. Lee
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov PA. Strategies to produce hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:111-9. [PMID: 21988469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a potent source for unlimited production of hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells that may replace primary human hepatocytes in a variety of fields including liver cell therapy, liver tissue engineering, manufacturing bioartificial liver, modeling inherited and chronic liver diseases, drug screening and toxicity testing. Human ESCs are able to spontaneously form embryoid bodies, which then spontaneously differentiate to various tissue-specific cell lineages containing a total of 10-30% albumin-producing hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells. Enrichment of embryoid bodies with the definitive endoderm, from which hepatocytes arise, yields increasing the final ratio of hepatocyte population up by 50-65%. Current strategies of the directed differentiation of human ESCs (and iPSCs) to hepatocytes that reproduce liver embryogenesis by sequential stimulation of culturing ESCs with tissue-specific growth factors result in achieving the differentiation rate up to 60-80%. In the future, directed differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs to hepatocytes should be further optimized towards generating homogeneous cultures of hepatocytes in order to avoid expensive procedures of separation and isolation of hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Bionanotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow, Russia
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50
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Embryonic stem cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:14-25. [PMID: 22437810 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells undergo self-renewal and are pluripotent, i.e., they can give rise to all the types of specialised cells in the body. Scientific knowledge on ES cells is increasing rapidly, leading to opportunities for establishment of ES cell-based in vitro tests for drug discovery, preclinical safety pharmacology and toxicology. The main properties of ES cells making them useful in in vitro assays are that they have a normal diploid karyotype and can provide a large number of cells for high-throughput assays. Human ES cells additionally have the potential to provide solutions to problems related to interspecies differences and methods for screening for human polymorphisms, thus supporting robust human hazard identification and optimised drug discovery strategies. Importantly, ES cell based assays could be potential tools to reduce and perhaps replace, animal experiments. This chapter will describe ongoing research in the use of ES cells in toxicology and safety pharmacology, focusing on the major areas of progress, namely, embryotoxicology, cardiotoxicology and hepatoxicology.
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