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Dankittipong N, Fischer EAJ, Swanenburg M, Wagenaar JA, Stegeman AJ, de Vos CJ. Quantitative Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) into Dutch Livestock Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020281. [PMID: 35203883 PMCID: PMC8868399 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of emerging carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in food-producing animals is essential to control the spread of CPE. We assessed the risk of CPE introduction from imported livestock, livestock feed, companion animals, hospital patients, and returning travelers into livestock farms in The Netherlands, including (1) broiler, (2) broiler breeder, (3) fattening pig, (4) breeding pig, (5) farrow-to-finish pig, and (6) veal calf farms. The expected annual number of introductions was calculated from the number of farms exposed to each CPE source and the probability that at least one animal in an exposed farm is colonized. The total number of farms with CPE colonization was estimated to be the highest for fattening pig farms, whereas the probability of introduction for an individual farm was the highest for broiler farms. Livestock feed and imported livestock are the most likely sources of CPE introduction into Dutch livestock farms. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the number of fattening pig farms determined the number of high introductions in fattening pigs from feed, and that uncertainty on CPE prevalence impacted the absolute risk estimate for all farm types. The results of this study can be used to inform risk-based surveillance for CPE in livestock farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natcha Dankittipong
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Martinus G. de Bruingebouw, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.J.F.); (A.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Egil A. J. Fischer
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Martinus G. de Bruingebouw, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.J.F.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Manon Swanenburg
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (C.J.d.V.)
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department Biomolecular Health Science, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Androclusgebouw, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjan J. Stegeman
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Martinus G. de Bruingebouw, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.J.F.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Clazien J. de Vos
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (C.J.d.V.)
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Munoz L, Pacheco W, Hauck R, Macklin K. Evaluation of commercially manufactured animal feeds to determine presence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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3
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Vidyarthi S, Vaddella V, Cao N, Kuppu S, Pandey P. Pathogens in animal carcasses and the efficacy of rendering for pathogen inactivation in rendered products: A review. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2020.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ge B, Domesle KJ, Gaines SA, Lam C, Bodeis Jones SM, Yang Q, Ayers SL, McDermott PF. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Indicator Organisms Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Isolated from U.S. Animal Food, 2005-2011. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1048. [PMID: 32679763 PMCID: PMC7409216 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role animal food plays in the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria into the human food chain is not well understood. We conducted an analysis of 1025 samples (647 pet food and 378 animal feed) collected across the United States during 2005-2011 for two indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.). The overall prevalence ranged from 12.5% for E. coli to 45.2% for Enterococcus spp., and 11.2% of samples harbored both organisms. Regardless of bacterial genus, animal feed had significantly higher prevalence than pet food (p < 0.001). A general downward trend in prevalence was observed from 2005 to 2009 followed by an upward trend thereafter. Among E. coli isolates (n = 241), resistance was highest to tetracycline (11.2%) and below 5% for fourteen other antimicrobials. Among Enterococcus spp. isolates (n = 1074), Enterococcus faecium (95.1%) was the predominant species. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (30.1%) and ciprofloxacin (10.7%), but below 10% for thirteen other antimicrobials. Multidrug-resistant organisms were observed among both E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates at 3.3%. Compared to National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 2011 retail meat and animal data, the overall resistance for both organisms was much lower in animal food. These findings help establish a historic baseline for the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among U.S. animal food products and future efforts may be needed to monitor changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Ge
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (K.J.D.); (S.A.G.); (C.L.); (S.M.B.J.); (Q.Y.); (S.L.A.); (P.F.M.)
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5
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Pandey P, Vidyarthi SK, Vaddella V, Venkitasamy C, Pitesky M, Weimer B, Pires AFA. Improving Biosecurity Procedures to Minimize the Risk of Spreading Pathogenic Infections Agents After Carcass Recycling. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:623. [PMID: 32390969 PMCID: PMC7188909 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal proteins are essential elements of human and animal feed chain and improving the safety of human and animal feed requires understanding and controlling of the transmission of infectious agents in food chain. Many pathogenic infectious agents, such as prion protein is known to damage the central nervous system in the cattle. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) results from infection agent (prion), and affects number of species such as cattle, human, and cats. In addition, Salmonella, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes were found in animal by-products used in the human and animal feed production. Increased interest in controlling microbial risks in human and animal feed is evidenced by a large number of publications, which highlights the need for examining the animal disposal method such as rendering process and provides a broader perspective of rendering process. While existing practices help greatly in controlling microbial contamination, this overview study showed that additional biosafety measures are necessary to ensure microbial safety in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sriram K. Vidyarthi
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The Morning Star Company, Woodland, CA, United States
| | - Venkata Vaddella
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chandrasekar Venkitasamy
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bart Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alda F. A. Pires
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Miller E, Jones SA, Arthur TM. In-Feed Tylosin Phosphate Administration to Feedlot Cattle Minimally Affects Antimicrobial Resistance. J Food Prot 2020; 83:350-364. [PMID: 31971461 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The macrolide class antimicrobial tylosin (trade name Tylan) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for continuous inclusion in feed for liver abscess prevention. To address concerns that this antimicrobial application may threaten human health, a population of feedlot steers was split into a control treatment (n = 42) and a tylosin treatment (n = 42). Feed rations were identical except for the inclusion of tylosin at 60 to 90 mg per head per day. Fecal swab (n = 335), pen surface material (n = 256), feed (n = 56), and water trough (n = 32) samples were obtained over four sample occasions: November (1 day before the start of tylosin inclusion in feed), January (80 days of tylosin in feed), April (167 days), and June (253 days). These samples were cultured for Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, Enterococcus, tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus, and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each June fecal swab and pen surface material sample. Metagenomic DNA samples were pooled by pen for 14 fecal and 14 pen surface material samples. Quantitative PCR was employed to assess the abundances of the following 10 antimicrobial resistance genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). Nasal swab samples (n = 335) were obtained from each steer during each sample period and cultured for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Of these measurements, only January and June mean fecal swab erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus colony counts for tylosin-treated cattle were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than the range of mean values for control treatments. These results suggest that in-feed tylosin through the end of finishing has a narrow and minimal antimicrobial resistance impact. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Eric Miller
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Shuna A Jones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
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7
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Ohta N, Norby B, Loneragan GH, Vinasco J, den Bakker HC, Lawhon SD, Norman KN, Scott HM. Quantitative dynamics of Salmonella and E. coli in feces of feedlot cattle treated with ceftiofur and chlortetracycline. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225697. [PMID: 31791047 PMCID: PMC6887520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in beef cattle is a risk factor for the expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella populations. However, actual changes in the quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces following antibiotic use have not been investigated. Previously, we observed an overall reduction in Salmonella prevalence in cattle feces associated with both ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and chlortetracycline (CTC) use; however, during the same time frame the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella increased. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the dynamics of Salmonella using colony counting (via a spiral-plating method) and hydrolysis probe-based qPCR (TaqMan® qPCR). Additionally, we quantified antibiotic-resistant Salmonella by plating to agar containing antibiotics at Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint concentrations. Cattle were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups across 16 pens in 2 replicates consisting of 88 cattle each. Fecal samples from Days 0, 4, 8, 14, 20, and 26 were subjected to quantification assays. Duplicate qPCR assays targeting the Salmonella invA gene were performed on total community DNA for 1,040 samples. Diluted fecal samples were spiral plated on plain Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) and BGA with ceftriaxone (4 μg/ml) or tetracycline (16 μg/ml). For comparison purposes, indicator non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli were also quantified by direct spiral plating. Quantity of NTS E. coli and Salmonella significantly decreased immediately following CCFA treatment. CTC treatment further decreased the quantity of Salmonella but not NTS E. coli. Effects of antibiotics on the imputed log10 quantity of Salmonella were analyzed via a multi-level mixed linear regression model. The invA gene copies decreased with CCFA treatment by approximately 2 log10 gene copies/g feces and remained low following additional CTC treatment. The quantities of tetracycline or ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella were approximately 4 log10 CFU/g feces; however, most of the samples were under the quantification limit. The results of this study demonstrate that antibiotic use decreases the overall quantity of Salmonella in cattle feces in the short term; however, the overall quantities of antimicrobial-resistant NTS E. coli and Salmonella tend to remain at a constant level throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henk C. den Bakker
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harvey M. Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Rossato J, Brito B, Kobayashi R, Koga V, Sarmiento J, Nakazato G, Lopes L, Balsan L, Grassotti T, Brito K. Antimicrobial resistance, diarrheagenic and avian pathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli from poultry feed and the ingredients. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diarrheagenic (DEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal infections (ExPEC), respectively. We aimed to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility, gene encoding virulence factors associated to DEC and APEC, and phylogenetic classification in E. coli isolated from 320 samples of feed and ingredients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index and Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were calculated. Phylogenetic classification was performed on samples harboring DEC and/or APEC virulence-associated genes. A total of 110 E. coli strains were isolated in 15% (49/320) of the evaluated inputs (n=13 vegetable meal; n=33 animal meal, n=3 feed). In general, the isolates showed the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance to sulfonamide and cefazolin and 18% (20/110) were multi-drug resistant. MAR index of feed samples was the highest (0.467). Six and five strains had APEC and DEC virulence-associated genes, respectively, and belonging to phylogenetic groups A and B1. These findings point to the need for strict microbiological control during the production process of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Rossato
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Brazil
| | - B.G. Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Brazil
| | | | - V.L. Koga
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - T.T. Grassotti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Brazil
| | - K.C.T. Brito
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Brazil
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Pandey PK, Biswas S, Kass P. Microbial pathogen quality criteria of rendered products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5247-55. [PMID: 27121572 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The North American rendering industry processes approximately 24 million metric tons (Mt) of raw materials and produces more than 8 million Mt of rendered products. More than 85 % of rendered products produced annually in the USA are used for producing animal feed. Pathogen contamination in rendered products is an important and topical issue. Although elevated temperatures (115-140 °C) for 40-90 min during the standard rendering processes are mathematically sufficient to completely destroy commonly found pathogens, the presence of pathogens in rendered products has nevertheless been reported. Increased concern over the risk of microbial contamination in rendered products may require additional safeguards for producing pathogen-free rendered products. This study provides an overview of rendered products, existing microbial pathogen quality criteria of rendered products (MPQCR), limitations, and the scope of improving the MPQCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sagor Biswas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Hsieh YC, Poole TL, Runyon M, Hume M, Herrman TJ. Prevalence of Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Salmonella Strains with Conjugative Antimicrobial-Resistant Serovars Contaminating Animal Feed in Texas. J Food Prot 2016; 79:194-204. [PMID: 26818979 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize 365 nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from animal feed. Among the 365 isolates, 78 serovars were identified. Twenty-four isolates (7.0%) were recovered from three of six medicated feed types. Three of these isolates derived from the medicated feed, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella Typhimurium var. O 5- (Copenhagen), and Salmonella Lexington var. 15+ (Manila), displayed antimicrobial resistance. Susceptibility testing revealed that only 3.0% (12) of the 365 isolates displayed resistance to any of the antimicrobial agents. These 12 isolates were recovered from unmedicated dry beef feed (n = 3), medicated dry beef feed (n = 3), cabbage culls (n = 2), animal protein products (n = 2), dry dairy cattle feed (n = 1), and fish meal (n = 1). Only Salmonella Newport and Salmonella Typhimurium var. O 5- (Copenhagen) were multidrug resistant. Both isolates possessed the IncA/C replicon and the blaCMY-2 gene associated with cephalosporin resistance. Plasmid replicons were amplified from 4 of 12 resistant isolates. Plasmids (40 kb) were Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Kentucky. Conjugation experiments were done using 7 of the 12 resistant isolates as donors. Only Salmonella Montevideo, possessing a plasmid and amplifying IncN, produced transconjugants. Transconjugants displayed the same antimicrobial resistance profile as did the donor isolate. Three isolates that amplified replicons corresponding to IncA/C or IncHI2 did not produce transconjugants at 30 or 37°C. The results of this study suggest that the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella contaminating animal feed is low in Texas. However, Salmonella was more prevalent in feed by-products; fish meal had the highest prevalence (84%) followed by animal protein products (48%). Ten of the 35 feed types had no Salmonella contamination. Further investigation is needed to understand the possible role of specific feed types in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Hsieh
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Toni L Poole
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Mick Runyon
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Michael Hume
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Timothy J Herrman
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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11
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Huang Y, Zhang L, Tiu L, Wang HH. Characterization of antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria from an aquaculture ecosystem. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:914. [PMID: 26441859 PMCID: PMC4561822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to improve the understanding of antibiotic resistance (AR) ecology through characterization of antibiotic-resistant commensal isolates associated with an aquaculture production system. A total of 4767 isolates non-susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Sul/Tri), tetracycline (Tet), erythromycin (Erm), or cefotaxime (Ctx), originated from fish, feed, and environmental samples of an aquaculture farm with no known history of antibiotic applications were examined. Close to 80% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance in media containing the corresponding antibiotics, and representative AR genes were detected in various isolates by PCR, with feed isolates had the highest positive rate detected. Identified AR gene carriers involved 18 bacterial genera. Selected AR genes led to acquired resistance in other bacteria by transformation. The AR traits in many isolates were stable in the absence of selective pressure. AR-rich feed and possibly environmental factors may contribute to AR in the aquaculture ecosystem. For minimum inhibitory concentration test, brain heart infusion medium was found more suitable for majority of the bacteria examined than cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth, with latter being the recommended medium for clinical isolates by standard protocol. The data indicated a need to update the methodology due to genetic diversity of microbiota for better understanding of the AR ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
| | - Laura Tiu
- South Centers, The Ohio State University, Piketon, OHUSA
| | - Hua H. Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OHUSA
- School of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Yangpu, ShanghaiChina
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12
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Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica transmission associated with starling-livestock interactions. Vet Microbiol 2015; 179:60-8. [PMID: 25960334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bird-livestock interactions have been implicated as potential sources for bacteria within concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in particular are known to contaminate cattle feed and water with Salmonella enterica through their fecal waste. We propose that fecal waste is not the only mechanisms through which starlings introduce S. enterica to CAFO. The goal of this study was to assess if starlings can mechanically move S. enterica. We define mechanical movement as the transportation of media containing S. enterica, on the exterior of starlings within CAFO. We collected 100 starlings and obtained external wash and gastrointestinal tract (GI) samples. We also collected 100 samples from animal pens. Within each pen we collected one cattle fecal, feed, and water trough sample. Isolates from all S. enterica positive samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All sample types, including 17% of external starling wash samples, contained S. enterica. All sample types had at least one antimicrobial resistant (AMR) isolate and starling GI samples harbored multidrug resistant S. enterica. The serotypes isolated from the starling external wash samples were all found in the farm environment and 11.8% (2/17) of isolates from positive starling external wash samples were resistant to at least one class of antibiotics. This study provides evidence of a potential mechanism of wildlife introduced microbial contamination in CAFO. Mechanical movement of microbiological hazards, by starlings, should be considered a potential source of bacteria that is of concern to veterinary, environmental and public health.
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13
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Amado IR, Vázquez JA, Fuciños P, Méndez J, Pastrana L. Optimization of Antimicrobial Combined Effect of Organic Acids and Temperature on Foodborne Salmonella and Escherichia coli in Cattle Feed by Response Surface Methodology. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:1030-6. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rodríguez Amado
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-IIM (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Vázquez
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-IIM (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuciños
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-IIM (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jesús Méndez
- Cooperativas Orensanas Sociedad Cooperativa Ltda (COREN), Polígono San Ciprián de Viñas, Ourense, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Pastrana
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Ge B, LaFon PC, Carter PJ, McDermott SD, Abbott J, Glenn A, Ayers SL, Friedman SL, Paige JC, Wagner DD, Zhao S, McDermott PF, Rasmussen MA. Retrospective Analysis of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus in Animal Feed Ingredients. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:684-91. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Ge
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Patricia C. LaFon
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Peggy J. Carter
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Shawn D. McDermott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Jason Abbott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Althea Glenn
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Sherry L. Ayers
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Sharon L. Friedman
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Joseph C. Paige
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David D. Wagner
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Patrick F. McDermott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Mark A. Rasmussen
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
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15
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Carlson JC, Engeman RM, Hyatt DR, Gilliland RL, DeLiberto TJ, Clark L, Bodenchuk MJ, Linz GM. Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:9. [PMID: 21324202 PMCID: PMC3050709 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive bird species known to cause damage to plant and animal agriculture. New evidence suggests starlings may also contribute to the maintenance and spread of diseases within livestock facilities. Identifying and mitigating the risk pathways that contribute to disease in livestock is necessary to reduce production losses and contamination of human food products. To better understand the impact starlings have on disease transmission to cattle we assessed the efficacy of starling control as a tool to reduce Salmonella enterica within a concentrated animal feeding operation. We matched a large facility, slated for operational control using DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, also 3-chloro p-toluidine hydrochloride, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline), with a comparable reference facility that was not controlling birds. In both facilities, we sampled cattle feed, cattle water and cattle feces for S. enterica before and after starling control operations. RESULTS Within the starling-controlled CAFO, detections of S. enterica contamination disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following starling control operations. Within the reference facility, detections of S. enterica contamination increased substantially within feed bunks and water troughs. Starling control was not observed to reduce prevalence of S. enterica in the cattle herd. Following starling control operations, herd prevalence of S. enterica increased on the reference facility but herd prevalence of S. enterica on the starling-controlled CAFO stayed at pretreatment levels. CONCLUSIONS Within the starling-controlled facility detections of S. enterica disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following control operations. Since cattle feed and water are obvious routes for the ingestion of S. enterica, starling control shows promise as a tool to help livestock producers manage disease. Yet, we do not believe starling control should be used as a stand alone tool to reduce S. enterica infections. Rather starling control could be used as part of a comprehensive disease management plan for concentrated animal feeding operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Carlson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Richard M Engeman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Doreene R Hyatt
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bacteriology Section, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA
| | - Rickey L Gilliland
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Texas Wildlife Services, 5730 Northwest Parkway, Suite 700, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Thomas J DeLiberto
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Larry Clark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Michael J Bodenchuk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Texas Wildlife Services, 5730 Northwest Parkway, Suite 700, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - George M Linz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 2110 Miriam Circle, Suite B, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA
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16
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Carlson JC, Franklin AB, Hyatt DR, Pettit SE, Linz GM. The role of starlings in the spread of Salmonella within concentrated animal feeding operations. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Habimana O, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Vestby LK, Nesse LL, Heir E. Micro ecosystems from feed industry surfaces: a survival and biofilm study of Salmonella versus host resident flora strains. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:48. [PMID: 21044298 PMCID: PMC2989951 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of Salmonella enterica serovars in feed ingredients, products and processing facilities is a well recognized problem worldwide. In Norwegian feed factories, strict control measures are implemented to avoid establishment and spreading of Salmonella throughout the processing chain. There is limited knowledge on the presence and survival of the resident microflora in feed production plants. Information on interactions between Salmonella and other bacteria in feed production plants and how they affect survival and biofilm formation of Salmonella is also limited. The aim of this study was to identify resident microbiota found in feed production environments, and to compare the survival of resident flora strains and Salmonella to stress factors typically found in feed processing environments. Moreover, the role of dominant resident flora strains in the biofilm development of Salmonella was determined. RESULTS Surface microflora characterization from two feed productions plants, by means of 16 S rDNA sequencing, revealed a wide diversity of bacteria. Survival, disinfection and biofilm formation experiments were conducted on selected dominant resident flora strains and Salmonella. Results showed higher survival properties by resident flora isolates for desiccation, and disinfection compared to Salmonella isolates. Dual-species biofilms favored Salmonella growth compared to Salmonella in mono-species biofilms, with biovolume increases of 2.8-fold and 3.2-fold in the presence of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results offer an overview of the microflora composition found in feed industry processing environments, their survival under relevant stresses and their potential effect on biofilm formation in the presence of Salmonella. Eliminating the establishment of resident flora isolates in feed industry surfaces is therefore of interest for impeding conditions for Salmonella colonization and growth on feed industry surfaces. In-depth investigations are still needed to determine whether resident flora has a definite role in the persistence of Salmonella in feed processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lene K Vestby
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Live L Nesse
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
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18
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Kaneene JB, Miller R, May K, Hattey JA. An Outbreak of Multidrug-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerotype Oranienburg in Michigan Dairy Calves. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1193-201. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John B. Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - RoseAnn Miller
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Katherine May
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Joseph A. Hattey
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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19
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Green AL, Dargatz DA, Wagner BA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR, Kopral CA. Analysis of Risk Factors Associated withSalmonellaspp. Isolated from U.S. Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:825-33. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Green
- Tennessee Department of Health, Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A. Dargatz
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bruce A. Wagner
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott R. Ladely
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chris A. Kopral
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
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20
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Wales AD, Allen VM, Davies RH. Chemical treatment of animal feed and water for the control of Salmonella. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:3-15. [PMID: 19821738 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Salmonella in animal feedstuffs is important, principally to protect the human food chain from contamination by Salmonella derived from infected animals. The transmission of Salmonella from animal feeds to animals, and onward to human food products, has been convincingly documented. This is especially important for chicken breeding and laying flocks and pigs, in view of the consequences of recent or imminent control legislation in the European Union. Animal feed ingredients, particularly animal and plant-derived protein meals, are frequently contaminated with Salmonella either from source or from processing plant, and recontamination in compounding mills is an additional problem. Several complementary strategies have been used to control this feed contamination, and these include a range of chemical treatments. The principal agents used are as follows: organic acids and their salts, formaldehyde, and bacterial membrane disruptors such as terpenes and essential oils. Experimental agents include chlorate compounds. Many products use blends of agents from the same or different chemical groups to achieve synergistic or combination effects. The present review draws upon published and company data to describe the various modes of action and efficacies of different chemical agents delivered in feed or in drinking water against Salmonella occurring in feed or in livestock environments. Reasons for the failure of protection are explored, along with problems in usage such as corrosion and reduced palatability. Given the wide array of products available with contrasting modes of action, the need for standardized tests of efficacy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wales
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
New concepts have emerged in the past few years that help us to better understand the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These include, among others, the discovery of the mutator state and the concept of mutant selection window for resistances emerging primarily through mutations in existing genes. Our understanding of horizontal gene transfer has also evolved significantly in the past few years, and important new mechanisms of AMR transfer have been discovered, including, among others, integrative conjugative elements and ISCR (insertion sequences with common regions) elements. Simultaneously, large-scale studies have helped us to start comprehending the immense and yet untapped reservoir of both AMR genes and mobile genetic elements present in the environment. Finally, new PCR- and DNA sequencing-based techniques are being developed that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of classical vectors of AMR genes, such as plasmids, and to monitor them in a more global and systematic way.
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22
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Greger M. The Human/Animal Interface: Emergence and Resurgence of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 33:243-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410701647594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food‐producing animals ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008; 6:720. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Effect of subtherapeutic administration of antibiotics on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli bacteria in feedlot cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4405-16. [PMID: 18502931 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00489-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in 300 feedlot steers receiving subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics was investigated through the collection of 3,300 fecal samples over a 314-day period. Antibiotics were selected based on the commonality of use in the industry and included chlortetracycline plus sulfamethazine (TET-SUL), chlortetracycline (TET), virginiamycin, monensin, tylosin, or no antibiotic supplementation (control). Steers were initially fed a barley silage-based diet, followed by transition to a barley grain-based diet. Despite not being administered antibiotics prior to arrival at the feedlot, the prevalences of steers shedding TET- and ampicillin (AMP)-resistant E. coli were >40 and <30%, respectively. Inclusion of TET-SUL in the diet increased the prevalence of steers shedding TET- and AMP-resistant E. coli and the percentage of TET- and AMP-resistant E. coli in the total generic E. coli population. Irrespective of treatment, the prevalence of steers shedding TET-resistant E. coli was higher in animals fed grain-based compared to silage-based diets. All steers shed TET-resistant E. coli at least once during the experiment. A total of 7,184 isolates were analyzed for MIC of antibiotics. Across antibiotic treatments, 1,009 (13.9%), 7 (0.1%), and 3,413 (47.1%) E. coli isolates were resistant to AMP, gentamicin, or TET, respectively. In addition, 131 (1.8%) and 143 (2.0%) isolates exhibited potential resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, as indicated by either ceftazidime or cefpodoxime resistance. No isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The findings of the present study indicated that subtherapeutic administration of tetracycline in combination with sulfamethazine increased the prevalence of tetracycline- and AMP-resistant E. coli in cattle. However, resistance to antibiotics may be related to additional environmental factors such as diet.
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25
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Sapkota AR, Lefferts LY, McKenzie S, Walker P. What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:663-70. [PMID: 17520050 PMCID: PMC1867957 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal feeding practices in the United States have changed considerably over the past century. As large-scale, concentrated production methods have become the predominant model for animal husbandry, animal feeds have been modified to include ingredients ranging from rendered animals and animal waste to antibiotics and organoarsenicals. In this article we review current U.S. animal feeding practices and etiologic agents that have been detected in animal feed. Evidence that current feeding practices may lead to adverse human health impacts is also evaluated. DATA SOURCES We reviewed published veterinary and human-health literature regarding animal feeding practices, etiologic agents present in feed, and human health effects along with proceedings from animal feed workshops. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles and books identified using PubMed, Agricola, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention databases. DATA SYNTHESIS Findings emphasize that current animal feeding practices can result in the presence of bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, prions, arsenicals, and dioxins in feed and animal-based food products. Despite a range of potential human health impacts that could ensue, there are significant data gaps that prevent comprehensive assessments of human health risks associated with animal feed. Limited data are collected at the federal or state level concerning the amounts of specific ingredients used in animal feed, and there are insufficient surveillance systems to monitor etiologic agents "from farm to fork." CONCLUSIONS Increased funding for integrated veterinary and human health surveillance systems and increased collaboration among feed professionals, animal producers, and veterinary and public health officials is necessary to effectively address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Sapkota
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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26
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Myint MS, Johnson YJ, Paige JC, Bautista DA. A cross-sectional study of bacterial contamination in plant-protein feed from feed stores in Northern Virginia and Maryland. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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