1
|
Hoepers PG, Nunes PLF, Almeida-Souza HO, Martins MM, Carvalho RDDO, Dreyer CT, Aburjaile FF, Sommerfeld S, Azevedo V, Fonseca BB. Harnessing probiotics capability to combat Salmonella Heidelberg and improve intestinal health in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103739. [PMID: 38678973 PMCID: PMC11060954 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry faces significant challenges in controlling Salmonella contamination while reducing antibiotic use, particularly with the emergence of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) strains posing risks to food safety and public health. Probiotics, notably lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) offer promising alternatives for mitigating Salmonella colonization in broilers. Understanding the efficacy of probiotics in combating SH and their impact on gut health and metabolism is crucial for improving poultry production practices and ensuring food safety standards. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of LAB and SB against SH both in vitro and in vivo broilers, while also investigating their impact on fecal metabolites and caecal microbiome composition. In vitro analysis demonstrated strong inhibition of SH by certain probiotic strains, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) and Lacticaseibacillus acidophilus (LA), while others like SB and Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LD) did not exhibit significant inhibition. In vivo testing revealed that broilers receiving probiotics had significantly lower SH concentrations in cecal content compared to the positive control (PC) at all ages, indicating a protective effect of probiotics against SH colonization. Metagenomic analysis of cecal-content microbiota identified predominant bacterial families and genera, highlighting changes in microbiota composition with age and probiotic supplementation. Additionally, fecal metabolomics profiling showed alterations in metabolite concentrations, suggesting reduced oxidative stress, intestinal inflammation, and improved gut health in probiotic-supplemented birds. These findings underscore the potential of probiotics to mitigate SH colonization and improve broiler health while reducing reliance on antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Lucas Figueiredo Nunes
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Hebreia Oliveira Almeida-Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mario Machado Martins
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Simone Sommerfeld
- Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca
- Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mazengia E, Meschke J, Greeson K, Zhao S, Abbott J, Eckmann K, Tate H, Huang X, Samadpour M. Determining the DNA Fingerprinting Profiles of Salmonella Isolates from Raw Poultry Meats and Human Clinical Samples from the Same Geographic Area Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1265-1274. [PMID: 33635943 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Foods of animal origin, such as poultry, eggs, and pork, are recognized sources of Salmonella infections, but determination of the proportion of foodborne infections associated with various food sources has been challenging. In the present study, 141 Salmonella isolates recovered from 1,322 poultry product samples purchased over a 1-year period from retail stores across Seattle, WA were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using restriction enzyme XbaI. The objectives of the study were (i) to analyze the longitudinal distribution of Salmonella PFGE profiles throughout the sampling period and their clonality within and between poultry processing establishments, (ii) to determine the association between PFGE profiles of Salmonella isolates from locally distributed poultry products and those of clinical isolates submitted to the Washington State Department of Health (WA-DOH) laboratories, and (iii) to compare the PFGE profiles of Salmonella isolates from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) retail meats program. During the 1-year sampling period, multiple indistinguishable PFGE patterns were found across multiple poultry processing establishments. Twelve of the 30 unique PFGE profiles of Salmonella isolates from locally purchased poultry products were indistinguishable from the PFGE profiles of clinical Salmonella isolates submitted to the WA-DOH. When the PFGE profiles from the poultry samples were compared with those found in the NARMS database, eight indistinguishable PFGE matches were found with isolates recovered from chicken breasts, ground turkey, and ground beef from multiple states. Although this study revealed some association between PFGE profiles from raw poultry products and those of clinical isolates from the same geographical area, these results do not prove that all of those clinical isolates were from infections acquired through consumption or handling of poultry. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mazengia
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - J Meschke
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - K Greeson
- Institute for Environmental Health, 15300 Bothell Way N.E., Lake Forest Park, Washington 98155
| | - S Zhao
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - J Abbott
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - K Eckmann
- Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, Office of Microbiology, Shoreline, Washington 98155, USA
| | - H Tate
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - X Huang
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - M Samadpour
- Institute for Environmental Health, 15300 Bothell Way N.E., Lake Forest Park, Washington 98155
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Souza AIS, Saraiva MMS, Casas MRT, Oliveira GM, Cardozo MV, Benevides VP, Barbosa FO, Freitas Neto OC, Almeida AM, Berchieri A. High occurrence of β-lactamase-producing Salmonella Heidelberg from poultry origin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230676. [PMID: 32231395 PMCID: PMC7108700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Heidelberg is commonly reported in foodborne outbreaks around the world, and chickens and poultry products are known as important source of these pathogen. Multidrug-resistant S. Heidelberg strains are disseminated into poultry production chair, which can lead to severe clinical infections in humans and of difficult to treat. This study aimed at evaluating the β-lactam susceptibility and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella Heidelberg at Brazilian poultry production chain. Sixty-two S. Heidelberg strains from poultry production chain (poultry, poultry meat and poultry farm) were used. All strains were evaluated to antimicrobial susceptibility by diffusion disk test, as well as β-lactam resistance genes. Genotypic relatedness was assessed by Pulsed-Field Gel Eletrophoresis, using Xba1 restriction enzyme. Forty-one strains were characterized as multidrug-resistant according to phenotype characterization. The resistance susceptibility revealed 31 distinct profiles, with higher prevalence of streptomycin (61/62), nalidixic acid (50/62), tetracycline (43/62) and β-lactam drugs (37/62). blaCMY-2 was the more frequent β-lactamase gene found (38/62); other resistance genes found were blaCTX-M (2/62), blaSHV (3/62) and blaTEM-1 (38/62). No carbapenemase genes was found. The Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis showed 58 different profiles. Strains with a larger number of antimicrobial resistance were grouped into ten major clusters apart from others. The spread of resistance by ampC continues to rise, thereby turning concern to public health, since the β-lactam antimicrobials are used as a therapeutic treatment in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I. S. Souza
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Postgraduation Program, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. S. Saraiva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique R. T. Casas
- Nucleus of Enteric Diseases and Infections by Special Pathogens of the Center for Bacteriology of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M. Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marita V. Cardozo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdinete P. Benevides
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Postgraduation Program, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O. Barbosa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Veterinary Medicine Postgraduation Program, School of Agricultural ad Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana M. Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eshaghi Zadeh SH, Fahimi H, Fardsanei F, Soltan Dallal MM. Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:160-166. [PMID: 30706828 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666190130171020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. METHODS A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). RESULTS The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fardsanei
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Keefer AB, Xiaoli L, M'ikanatha NM, Yao K, Hoffmann M, Dudley EG. Retrospective whole-genome sequencing analysis distinguished PFGE and drug-resistance-matched retail meat and clinical Salmonella isolates. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:270-286. [PMID: 30672732 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of outbreak and sporadic-associated foodborne illnesses in the United States. These infections have been associated with a range of foods, including retail meats. Traditionally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) have been used to facilitate public health investigations of Salmonella infections. However, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as an alternative tool that can be routinely implemented. To assess its potential in enhancing integrated surveillance in Pennsylvania, USA, WGS was used to directly compare the genetic characteristics of 7 retail meat and 43 clinical historic Salmonella isolates, subdivided into 3 subsets based on PFGE and AST results, to retrospectively resolve their genetic relatedness and identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses revealed that the retail meat isolates within S. Heidelberg, S. Typhimurium var. O5- subset 1 and S. Typhimurium var. O5- subset 2 were separated from each primary PFGE pattern-matched clinical isolate by 6-12, 41-96 and 21-81 SNPs, respectively. Fifteen resistance genes were identified across all isolates, including fosA7, a gene only recently found in a limited number of Salmonella and a ≥95 % phenotype to genotype correlation was observed for all tested antimicrobials. Moreover, AMR was primarily plasmid-mediated in S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium var. O5- subset 2, whereas AMR was chromosomally carried in S. Typhimurium var. O5- subset 1. Similar plasmids were identified in both the retail meat and clinical isolates. Collectively, these data highlight the utility of WGS in retrospective analyses and enhancing integrated surveillance for Salmonella from multiple sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Keefer
- 1Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lingzi Xiaoli
- 1Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Kuan Yao
- 3Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- 3Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward G Dudley
- 4E. coli Reference Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,1Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muñoz-Vargas L, Finney SK, Hutchinson H, Masterson MA, Habing G. Impact of Clinical Salmonellosis in Veal Calves on the Recovery of Salmonella in Lymph Nodes at Harvest. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:678-685. [PMID: 28910140 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of Salmonella recovered in feces and mesenteric and prefemoral lymph nodes (LNs) from cohorts of calves with and without a confirmed outbreak of salmonellosis. In a prospective cohort study, 160 calves from four farms without a reported outbreak (nonoutbreak farms) were sampled at farm and harvest. In addition, harvest samples from 80 calves of two farms with a confirmed outbreak (outbreak farms) were collected. A culture protocol for Salmonella isolation was applied for all samples and recovered isolates were further characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PFGE. Among nonoutbreak farms, Salmonella was recovered from 0% (0/160) farm fecal samples, 3.7% (6/160) harvest fecal swabs, 21.9% (35/160) mesenteric LNs, and 0.6% (1/160) prefemoral LNs. Serotypes identified in nonoutbreak herds included Salmonella Typhimurium, Cerro, Hartford, and Newport. Most isolates (64.3%, 27/42) exhibited a unique multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype, including resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Salmonella prevalence in harvest fecal samples and prefemoral LNs among calves from outbreak farms was numerically higher, but not significantly different than those without an outbreak. Serotypes recovered from outbreak farms included Salmonella Heidelberg and Typhimurium, and the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strains 4,5,12:i:- and 4,12:i:-, which have been also reported as highly pathogenic in humans. All isolates (33/33) exhibited an MDR phenotype. Salmonella strains recovered from ill calves in two outbreaks had indistinguishable PFGE patterns, suggesting between-farm transmission. In addition, the genotype of Salmonella Heidelberg causing an outbreak among calves was recovered from three prefemoral LNs of surviving members of the cohort at harvest. Implementation of preharvest biosecurity measures (limited personnel and visitor traffic, vehicle, footwear, and utensils disinfection) should be highly recommended to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella on farms and safeguard the food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lohendy Muñoz-Vargas
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah K Finney
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Holden Hutchinson
- 2 Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Margaret A Masterson
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Greg Habing
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morales-Barrera E, Calhoun N, Lobato-Tapia JL, Lucca V, Prado-Rebolledo O, Hernandez-Velasco X, Merino-Guzman R, Petrone-García VM, Latorre JD, Mahaffey BD, Teague KD, Graham LE, Wolfenden AD, Baxter MFA, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Risks Involved in the Use of Enrofloxacin for Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Heidelberg in Commercial Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:72. [PMID: 27630995 PMCID: PMC5005317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the risks involved in the use of Enrofloxacin for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) or Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in commercial poultry and determine the effects of a probiotic as an antibiotic alternative. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the risks involved in the use of Enrofloxacin for SE or SH in commercial poultry. Experiment 1 consisted of two trials. In each trial, chickens were assigned to one of three groups; control + SE challenged; Enrofloxacin 25 mg/kg + SE; and Enrofloxacin 50 mg/kg + SE. Chickens received Enrofloxacin in the drinking water from days 1 to 5 of age. On day 6, all groups received fresh water without any treatment. All chickens were orally gavaged with 107 cfu/chick of SE at 7 days of age and euthanized on 8 days of age. In Experiment 2, turkey poults were assigned to one of the three groups; control + SH; probiotic + SH; and Enrofloxacin 50 mg/kg + SH. Poults received probiotic or Enrofloxacin in the drinking water from days 1 to 5 of age. On day 6, poults received fresh water without any treatment. Poults were orally gavaged with 107 cfu/poult of SH at 7 days of age. Poults were weighed and humanely killed 24 h post-SH challenge to evaluate serum concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran to evaluate intestinal permeability, metagenomics, and SH infection. In both trials of Experiment 1, chickens treated with Enrofloxacin were more susceptible to SE organ invasion and intestinal colonization when compared with control non-treated chickens (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, poults treated with 50 mg/kg of Enrofloxacin showed an increase in body weight, however, this group also showed an increase in SH susceptibility, intestinal permeability, and lower proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but with control group had the highest proportion of Proteobacteria. By contrast, poults that received the probiotic had the highest proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but lowest Proteobacteria. The results of the present study suggest that prophylactic utilization of Enrofloxacin at five times the recommended dose in poultry increases the susceptibility to salmonellae infections, and confirms that probiotics may be an effective tool in salmonellae infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Morales-Barrera
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City , México
| | - Nicole Calhoun
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Jose L Lobato-Tapia
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City , México
| | - Vivian Lucca
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Omar Prado-Rebolledo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima , Colima , México
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ruben Merino-Guzman
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Victor M Petrone-García
- Departamento de ciencias pecuarias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán UNAM , Cuautitlán , México
| | - Juan D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Brittany D Mahaffey
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Kyle D Teague
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Lucas E Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Amanda D Wolfenden
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Mikayla F A Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoffmann M, Zhao S, Pettengill J, Luo Y, Monday SR, Abbott J, Ayers SL, Cinar HN, Muruvanda T, Li C, Allard MW, Whichard J, Meng J, Brown EW, McDermott PF. Comparative genomic analysis and virulence differences in closely related salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg isolates from humans, retail meats, and animals. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 6:1046-68. [PMID: 24732280 PMCID: PMC4040988 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) is one of the top serovars causing human salmonellosis. Recently, an antibiotic-resistant strain of this serovar was implicated in a large 2011 multistate outbreak resulting from consumption of contaminated ground turkey that involved 136 confirmed cases, with one death. In this study, we assessed the evolutionary diversity of 44 S. Heidelberg isolates using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) generated by the 454 GS FLX (Roche) platform. The isolates, including 30 with nearly indistinguishable (one band difference) Xbal pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns (JF6X01.0032, JF6X01.0058), were collected from various sources between 1982 and 2011 and included nine isolates associated with the 2011 outbreak. Additionally, we determined the complete sequence for the chromosome and three plasmids from a clinical isolate associated with the 2011 outbreak using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) system. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses, we were able to distinguish highly clonal isolates, including strains isolated at different times in the same year. The isolates from the recent 2011 outbreak clustered together with a mean SNP variation of only 17 SNPs. The S. Heidelberg isolates carried a variety of phages, such as prophage P22, P4, lambda-like prophage Gifsy-2, and the P2-like phage which carries the sopE1 gene, virulence genes including 62 pathogenicity, and 13 fimbrial markers and resistance plasmids of the incompatibility (Inc)I1, IncA/C, and IncHI2 groups. Twenty-one strains contained an IncX plasmid carrying a type IV secretion system. On the basis of the recent and historical isolates used in this study, our results demonstrated that, in addition to providing detailed genetic information for the isolates, WGS can identify SNP targets that can be utilized for differentiating highly clonal S. Heidelberg isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hoffmann
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prasertsee T, Khantaprab N, Yamsakul P, Santiyanont P, Chokesajjawatee N, Patchanee P. Repetitive sequence-based PCR fingerprinting and the relationship of antimicrobial-resistance characteristics and corresponding genes among Salmonella strains from pig production. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Matusiak K, Oleksy M, Borowski S, Nowak A, Korczyński M, Dobrzański Z, Gutarowska B. The use of Yucca schidigera and microbial preparation for poultry manure deodorization and hygienization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 170:50-59. [PMID: 26797046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of microbial preparation and Yucca schidigera in the removal of odorous volatile compounds from poultry manure as well as to evaluate antimicrobial properties of these amendments. It was demonstrated that the combined treatment of poultry manure (PM) with the microbial preparation and Y. schidigera extract can reduce the concentration of odorants by 58%-73%, depending on the tested compound. When Y. schidigera extract and the microbial preparation were applied at a time interval of 48 h, the deodorization efficiency was improved by 6-24%. Furthermore, Y. schidigera extract has antimicrobial properties, which affect poultry manure hygienization. It was found that when the microbial preparation was enriched with Lactobacillus plantarum, it became insensitive to the antimicrobial properties of Y. schidigera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Matusiak
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Poland
| | - Magdalena Oleksy
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Poland
| | - Sebastian Borowski
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dobrzański
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Poland
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Farias LFP, Oliveira CJB, Medardus JJ, Molla BZ, Wolfe BA, Gebreyes WA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enterica in Captive Wildlife and Exotic Animal Species in Ohio, USA. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:438-44. [PMID: 25388917 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, phenotypic and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella enterica recovered from captive wildlife host species and in the environment in Ohio, USA. A total of 319 samples including faecal (n = 225), feed (n = 38) and environmental (n = 56) were collected from 32 different wild and exotic animal species in captivity and their environment in Ohio. Salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were serotyped, and genotyping was performed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella was detected in 56 of 225 (24.9%) faecal samples; six of 56 (10.7%) environmental samples and six of 38 (15.8%) feed samples. Salmonella was more commonly isolated in faecal samples from giraffes (78.2%; 36/46), cranes (75%; 3/4) and raccoons (75%; 3/4). Salmonella enterica serotypes of known public health significance including S. Typhimurium (64.3%), S. Newport (32.1%) and S. Heidelberg (5.3%) were identified. While the majority of the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible (88.2%; 60 of 68), multidrug-resistant strains including penta-resistant type, AmStTeKmGm (8.8%; six of 68) were detected. Genotypic diversity was found among S. Typhimurium isolates. The identification of clonally related Salmonella isolates from environment and faeces suggests that indirect transmission of Salmonella among hosts via environmental contamination is an important concern to workers, visitors and other wildlife. Results of this study show the diversity of Salmonella serovars and public health implications of human exposure from wildlife reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F P Farias
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J J Medardus
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B Z Molla
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B A Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Keelara S, Thakur S. Dissemination of plasmid-encoded AmpC β-lactamases in antimicrobial resistant Salmonella serotypes originating from humans, pigs and the swine environment. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Keelara S, Scott HM, Morrow WM, Hartley CS, Griffin DL, Gebreyes WA, Thakur S. Comparative phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from human clinical cases, pigs, and the environment in North Carolina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 11:156-64. [PMID: 24237109 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains are of great public health concern. We compared the phenotypic and genotypic relationships among temporally and spatially related AMR Salmonella isolates (n=1058) representing several predominant serovars, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhimurium var. 5-, Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Muenchen, Salmonella Schwarzengrund, and Salmonella Rissen of human clinical cases (n=572), pig (n=212), and farm environment (n=274) origin in North Carolina. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method, and genotypic resistance determinants, including class I and II integrons, were identified. Overall, Salmonella isolates exhibited the highest frequency of resistance to tetracycline (50%), followed by sulfisoxazole (36%) and streptomycin (27%). We identified 16 different antimicrobial resistance genes, including extended spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases-producing genes (bla(TEM), bla(PSE), and bla(CMY-2)), in all the β-lactam- and cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella isolates from humans, pigs, and the environment. Class I integrons of 1-kb and 1.2-kb size were identified from all the three sources (humans, 66%; pigs, 85%; environment, 58%), while Class II integrons of 2-kb size were identified only in pig (10%) and environmental (19%) isolates. We detected genotypic similarity between Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from humans, pigs, and the environment while serovars Derby, Heidelberg, and Muenchen exhibited genotypic diversity. Detection of AMR Salmonella isolates from humans, pigs, and the environment is a concern for clinicians and veterinarians to mitigate the dissemination of AMR Salmonella strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivaramu Keelara
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
St. Amand JA, Otto SJG, Cassis R, Annett Christianson CB. Antimicrobial resistance ofSalmonella entericaserovar Heidelberg isolated from poultry in Alberta. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:379-86. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.811465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
Mebrhatu MT, Cenens W, Aertsen A. An overview of the domestication and impact of the Salmonella mobilome. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:63-75. [PMID: 23356413 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.755949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are accountable for a large fraction of the global infectious disease burden, with most of their infections being food- or water-borne. The phenotypic features and adaptive potential of Salmonella spp. appear to be driven to a large extent by mobile or laterally acquired genetic elements. A better understanding of the conduct and diversification of these important pathogens consequently requires a more profound insight into the different mechanisms by which these pivotal elements establish themselves in the cell and affect its behavior. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the physiological impact and domestication of the Salmonella mobilome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Foley SL, Nayak R, Hanning IB, Johnson TJ, Han J, Ricke SC. Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4273-9. [PMID: 21571882 PMCID: PMC3127710 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00598-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure to Salmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency of Salmonella contamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute to Salmonella colonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s, Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled by S. Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease of S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts in Salmonella populations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stepan RM, Sherwood JS, Petermann SR, Logue CM. Molecular and comparative analysis of Salmonella enterica Senftenberg from humans and animals using PFGE, MLST and NARMS. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:153. [PMID: 21708021 PMCID: PMC3224216 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella species are recognized worldwide as a significant cause of human and animal disease. In this study the molecular profiles and characteristics of Salmonella enterica Senftenberg isolated from human cases of illness and those recovered from healthy or diagnostic cases in animals were assessed. Included in the study was a comparison with our own sequenced strain of S. Senfteberg recovered from production turkeys in North Dakota. Isolates examined in this study were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility profiling using the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) panel which tested susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobial agents. The molecular profiles of all isolates were determined using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and the sequence types of the strains were obtained using Multi-Locus Sequence Type (MLST) analysis based on amplification and sequence interrogation of seven housekeeping genes (aroC, dnaN, hemD, hisD, purE, sucA, and thrA). PFGE data was input into BioNumerics analysis software to generate a dendrogram of relatedness among the strains. RESULTS The study found 93 profiles among 98 S. Senftenberg isolates tested and there were primarily two sequence types associated with humans and animals (ST185 and ST14) with overlap observed in all host types suggesting that the distribution of S. Senftenberg sequence types is not host dependent. Antimicrobial resistance was observed among the animal strains, however no resistance was detected in human isolates suggesting that animal husbandry has a significant influence on the selection and promotion of antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSION The data demonstrates the circulation of at least two strain types in both animal and human health suggesting that S. Senftenberg is relatively homogeneous in its distribution. The data generated in this study could be used towards defining a pathotype for this serovar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stepan
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stokes HW, Gillings MR. Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:790-819. [PMID: 21517914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics were one of the great discoveries of the 20th century. However, resistance appeared even in the earliest years of the antibiotic era. Antibiotic resistance continues to become worse, despite the ever-increasing resources devoted to combat the problem. One of the most important factors in the development of resistance to antibiotics is the remarkable ability of bacteria to share genetic resources via Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT). LGT occurs on a global scale, such that in theory, any gene in any organism anywhere in the microbial biosphere might be mobilized and spread. With sufficiently strong selection, any gene may spread to a point where it establishes a global presence. From an antibiotic resistance perspective, this means that a resistance phenotype can appear in a diverse range of infections around the globe nearly simultaneously. We discuss the forces and agents that make this LGT possible and argue that the problem of resistance can ultimately only be managed by understanding the problem from a broad ecological and evolutionary perspective. We also argue that human activities are exacerbating the problem by increasing the tempo of LGT and bacterial evolution for many traits that are important to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatch W Stokes
- The i3 Institute, University of Technology, Broadway 2007, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Menconi A, Wolfenden A, Shivaramaiah S, Terraes J, Urbano T, Kuttel J, Kremer C, Hargis B, Tellez G. Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in neonatal broiler chickens and turkey poults. Poult Sci 2011; 90:561-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
20
|
Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from human patients with those from animal and food sources. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:1130-3. [PMID: 21177888 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01931-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-eight Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from humans were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, and plasmids and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Most (88%) contained plasmids, and 47% were resistant to antimicrobials. The overall results were compared to those of previous S. Heidelberg studies of food- and animal-related sources, and multiple similarities were observed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang S, Zhao W, Raza A, Friendship R, Johnson R, Kostrzynska M, Warriner K. Prevalence of Salmonella infecting bacteriophages associated with Ontario pig farms and the holding area of a high capacity pork processing facility. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2318-2325. [PMID: 20661898 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is interest in applying bacteriophages to control Salmonella in pig production and pork processing. The following reports on the prevalence of Salmonella infecting bacteriophages within Ontario pig farms and associated with the holding area of a pork slaughterhouse. RESULTS Salmonella infecting bacteriophages were present in 30 and 28 of the effluent manure samples collected from 36 farms using S. Typhimurium DT104 or S. Heidelberg as host cell respectively. Bacteriophages were recovered in 95-100% of the 48 samples taken from holding pens within a high capacity slaughterhouse over a 12 month period. Bacteriophages isolated from farms exhibited similar host ranges which differed to that of slaughterhouse isolates. Salmonella (n = 21) from the slaughterhouse were susceptible to the endogenous bacteriophages. Despite being susceptible to the resident phages, the Salmonella populations were found to be genetically stable with the same genotypes being recovered over successive visits. Salmonella isolated from the farms were frequently resistant to the endogenous phages. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophages are prevalent in the pig slaughterhouse environment although they do not have a significant impact on the genetic structure of Salmonella populations. However, there was evidence that the Salmonella population structure on farms is influenced by the presence of infecting phages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Molina N, Millán B, Araque M. Indicadores de calidad sanitaria y fenotipificación de Salmonella enterica aislada de pollo crudo comercializado en el área urbana de Mérida, Venezuela. INFECTIO 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(10)70109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
23
|
Cox LAT, Popken DA. Assessing potential human health hazards and benefits from subtherapeutic antibiotics in the United States: tetracyclines as a case study. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2010; 30:432-457. [PMID: 20136749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many scientists, activists, regulators, and politicians have expressed urgent concern that using antibiotics in food animals selects for resistant strains of bacteria that harm human health and bring nearer a "postantibiotic era" of multidrug resistant "super-bugs." Proposed political solutions, such as the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA), would ban entire classes of subtherapeutic antibiotics (STAs) now used for disease prevention and growth promotion in food animals. The proposed bans are not driven by formal quantitative risk assessment (QRA), but by a perceived need for immediate action to prevent potential catastrophe. Similar fears led to STA phase-outs in Europe a decade ago. However, QRA and empirical data indicate that continued use of STAs in the United States has not harmed human health, and bans in Europe have not helped human health. The fears motivating PAMTA contrast with QRA estimates of vanishingly small risks. As a case study, examining specific tetracycline uses and resistance patterns suggests that there is no significant human health hazard from continued use of tetracycline in food animals. Simple hypothetical calculations suggest an unobservably small risk (between 0 and 1.75E-11 excess lifetime risk of a tetracycline-resistant infection), based on the long history of tetracycline use in the United States without resistance-related treatment failures. QRAs for other STA uses in food animals also find that human health risks are vanishingly small. Whether such QRA calculations will guide risk management policy for animal antibiotics in the United States remains to be seen.
Collapse
|