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Kabeta T, Tolosa T, Duchateau L, Van Immerseel F, Antonissen G. Prevalence and serotype of poultry salmonellosis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Avian Pathol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38639048 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2344549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The pooled sample prevalence of poultry salmonellosis in Africa is high (14.4%).The highest PPE was recorded in meat and meat products.Salmonella serotypes of zoonotic importance were found in all sample types.Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium are common serotypes spreading in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Kabeta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biometrics Research Group, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ssemanda JN, den Besten HMW, van Wagenberg CPA, Zwietering MH. Quantitative assessment of food safety interventions for Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. along the chicken meat supply chain in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110637. [PMID: 38422679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rural and small-scale chicken farming is a major source of income in most African countries, and chicken meat is an important source of nutrients. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., pathogens with a high reported burden of foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is essential to control these pathogens in chicken meat. Quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) can aid the development of effective food safety control measures and are currently lacking in chicken meat supply chains in the African context. In this study, we developed stochastic QMRA models for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the chicken meat supply chain in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia employing the modular process risk model in @Risk software. The study scope covered chicken farming, transport, slaughtering, consumer handling, and consumption. Effectiveness of candidate interventions was assessed against baseline models' outputs, which showed that the mean annual Campylobacter spp. risk estimates were 6482 cases of illness per 100,000 persons and 164 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 persons in Burkina Faso, and 12,145 cases and 272 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Ethiopia. For Salmonella spp., mean annual estimates were 2713 cases and 1212 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Burkina Faso, and 4745 cases and 432 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Ethiopia. Combining interventions (improved hand washing plus designated kitchen utensils plus improved cooking) resulted in 75 % risk reduction in Burkina Faso at restaurants and 93 to 94 % in Ethiopia at homes for both Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. For Burkina Faso, adding good hygienic slaughter practices at the market to these combined interventions led to over 91 % microbial risk reduction. Interventions that involved multiple food safety actions in a particular step of the supply chain or combining different interventions from different steps of the supply chain resulted in more risk reduction than individual action interventions. Overall, this study demonstrates how diverse and scanty food supply chain information can be applied in QMRA to provide estimates that can be used to stimulate risk-based food safety action in African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Noah Ssemanda
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen P A van Wagenberg
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, 2970, 2502 LS, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Zwietering
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella serovars from pig farms in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 350:109245. [PMID: 34023679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen of global public health importance with developing countries mostly affected. Foodborne outbreaks are often attributed to pork consumption and Salmonella contamination of retail pork is directly linked to the Salmonella prevalence on farm. The widespread use of antimicrobials at different steps of swine production can favor resistant strains of Salmonella. The objectives of this study are to characterize the distribution, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), plasmid, virulence profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars circulating in selected pig farms. Six hundred fecal samples were randomly collected from nine selected farms in Ilorin, Nigeria. Isolates were analyzed by cultural isolation using selective media, conventional biochemical characterization, serotyping, MLST and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Sixteen samples were positive for Salmonella sub-species, comprising of nine serovars. The antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed low-level resistance against 13 antimicrobial agents. Five strains exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid and intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin with chromosomal (double) mutation at gyrA and parC while four strains possessed single mutation in parC. Salmonella Kentucky showed double mutation each at gyrA and parC. WGS analysis, revealed eight diverse sequence types (STs), the most common STs were ST-321 and ST-19 (n = 4) exhibited by S. Muenster and S. Typhimurium, respectively. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogeny analysis showed the 16 isolates to be highly related and fell into 8 existing clusters at NCBI Pathogen Detection. Curtailing the spread of resistant strains will require the establishment of continuous surveillance program at the state and national levels in Nigeria. This study provides useful information for further studies on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in foodborne Salmonella species.
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Raji MA, Kazeem HM, Magyigbe KA, Ahmed AO, Lawal DN, Raufu IA. Salmonella Serovars, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors Isolated from Intestinal Content of Slaughtered Chickens and Ready-to-Eat Chicken Gizzards in the Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8872137. [PMID: 33748266 PMCID: PMC7943306 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8872137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food-borne diseases, and the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products is a global public health problem. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to July 2017 with an aim of determining the isolation rates of Salmonella species from the intestinal contents of slaughtered chickens, the most common serotypes that invade and colonize the tissues of chickens in Ilorin, and the susceptibilities of the isolated species to commonly used antibiotics. Four hundred samples of intestinal contents from apparently healthy slaughtered chickens and one hundred ready-to-eat chicken gizzards in Ilorin, Kwara State, were examined for the presence of Salmonella and their serotypes. Salmonellae were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by the World Health Organization: preenrichment, selective plating, biochemical testing, and serotyping. A total number of forty-three (43) Salmonella isolates consisting of 33 from intestinal contents and 10 from ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were isolated and identified. There was an overall Salmonella prevalence rate of 8.6% (43/500), and the isolates were distributed as follows: gizzard, 2% (n = 10) and intestinal contents, 6.6% (n = 33). The predominant serovars were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (16) and S. Haifa (5). All ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (5). The Salmonella from intestinal contents belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars 45: d: 1, 7 (11) and S. Haifa (5). Salmonella species isolated were 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime. This is followed by cloxacillin (81%), tetracycline (75%), and sulfamethoxazole (67%). The Salmonella isolates were, however, 100% sensitive to enrofloxacin, 74% to streptomycin, and 72% to gentamycin antibiotics. The most common serotype was S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7. All the twenty five Salmonella serovars consisting of twenty-one serotypes (n = 21), two of the Salmonella that could not be cultured after enrichment, and the two that were contaminated with Proteus possessed the virulence genes of invA and stn. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 and S. Haifa possess virulence genes so they are potentially virulent for humans in this area. The national and local health authorities in Nigeria should improve hygiene measures especially at retail slaughter markets to reduce salmonellosis which is one of the most important food-borne diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Raji
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - H. M. Kazeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K. A. Magyigbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A. O. Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - D. N. Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - I. A. Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Thomas KM, de Glanville WA, Barker GC, Benschop J, Buza JJ, Cleaveland S, Davis MA, French NP, Mmbaga BT, Prinsen G, Swai ES, Zadoks RN, Crump JA. Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 315:108382. [PMID: 31710971 PMCID: PMC6985902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter and Salmonella, particularly non-typhoidal Salmonella, are important bacterial enteric pathogens of humans which are often carried asymptomatically in animal reservoirs. Bacterial foodborne infections, including those derived from meat, are associated with illness and death globally but the burden is disproportionately high in Africa. Commercial meat production is increasing and intensifying in many African countries, creating opportunities and threats for food safety. METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched six databases for English language studies published through June 2016, that reported Campylobacter or Salmonella carriage or infection prevalence in food animals and contamination prevalence in food animal products from African countries. A random effects meta-analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the species-specific prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter and assess relationships between sample type and region and the detection or isolation of either pathogen. RESULTS Seventy-three studies reporting Campylobacter and 187 studies reporting Salmonella across 27 African countries were represented. Adjusted prevalence calculations estimate Campylobacter detection in 37.7% (95% CI 31.6-44.3) of 11,828 poultry samples; 24.6% (95% CI 18.0-32.7) of 1975 pig samples; 17.8% (95% CI 12.6-24.5) of 2907 goat samples; 12.6% (95% CI 8.4-18.5) of 2382 sheep samples; and 12.3% (95% CI 9.5-15.8) of 6545 cattle samples. Salmonella were detected in 13.9% (95% CI 11.7-16.4) of 25,430 poultry samples; 13.1% (95% CI 9.3-18.3) of 5467 pig samples; 9.3% (95% CI 7.2-12.1) of 2988 camel samples; 5.3% (95% CI 4.0-6.8) of 72,292 cattle samples; 4.8% (95% CI 3.6-6.3) of 11,335 sheep samples; and 3.4% (95% CI 2.2-5.2) of 4904 goat samples. 'External' samples (e.g. hide, feathers) were significantly more likely to be contaminated by both pathogens than 'gut' (e.g. faeces, cloaca) while meat and organs were significantly less likely to be contaminated than gut samples. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated widespread prevalence of Campylobacter species and Salmonella serovars in African food animals and meat, particularly in samples of poultry and pig origin. Source attribution studies could help ascertain which food animals are contributing to human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis and direct potential food safety interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Joram J Buza
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret A Davis
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Nigel P French
- mEpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Gerard Prinsen
- School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emmanuel S Swai
- State Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Ajayi A, Smith SI, Kalpy JC, Bode-Sojobi IO, René YK, Adeleye AI. Molecular diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:509-527. [PMID: 31658835 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonellosis remain a major public health problem globally. This study determined the diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals. Using standard methods, Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal samples, profiled for antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance genes. Seventy-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from both humans and food animals comprising cattle, sheep, and chicken. Forty-four serovars were identified, with dominant Salmonella Budapest (31.8%). Rare serovars were present in chicken (S. Alfort, S. Wichita, S. Linton, S. Ealing, and S. Ebrie) and humans (S. Mowanjum, S. Huettwillen, S. Limete, and S. Chagoua). Sixty-eight percent of isolates were sensitive to all test antibiotics, while the highest rate of resistance was to nalidixic acid (16.9%; n = 12), followed by ciprofloxacin (11.3%; n = 8) and tetracycline (9.9%; n = 8). Five isolates (7%) were multidrug-resistant and antimicrobial resistance genes coding resistance to tetracycline (tetA), beta-lactam (blaTEM), and quinolone/fluoroquinolone (qnrB and qnrS) were detected. Evolutionary analysis of gyrA gene sequences of human and food animal Salmonella isolates revealed variations but are evolutionarily interconnected. Isolates were grouped into four clades with S. Budapest isolate from cattle clustering with S. Budapest isolated from chicken, whereas S. Essen isolated from sheep and chicken was grouped into a clade. Diverse S. enterica serovars with high antibiotic resistance profile are ubiquitous in food animals; hence, there is a need for surveillance and prudent use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Ajayi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Stella Ifeanyi Smith
- 2 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Julien Coulibaly Kalpy
- 3 Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Nationale de Référence de Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | - Yao Kouamé René
- 3 Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Nationale de Référence de Salmonella, Paris, France
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Oloso NO, Fagbo S, Garbati M, Olonitola SO, Awosanya EJ, Aworh MK, Adamu H, Odetokun IA, Fasina FO. Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals and the Environment in Nigeria: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061284. [PMID: 29914203 PMCID: PMC6025306 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health threat, which has elicited a high-level political declaration at the United Nations General Assembly, 2016. In response, member countries agreed to pay greater attention to the surveillance and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control called for a review of AMR in Nigeria using a “One Health approach”. As anecdotal evidence suggests that food animal health and production rely heavily on antimicrobials, it becomes imperative to understand AMR trends in food animals and the environment. We reviewed previous studies to curate data and evaluate the contributions of food animals and the environment (2000⁻2016) to the AMR burden in Nigeria using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart focused on three areas: Antimicrobial resistance, residues, and antiseptics studies. Only one of the 48 antimicrobial studies did not report multidrug resistance. At least 18 bacterial spp. were found to be resistant to various locally available antimicrobials. All 16 residue studies reported high levels of drug residues either in the form of prevalence or concentration above the recommended international limit. Fourteen different “resistotypes” were found in some commonly used antiseptics. High levels of residues and AMR were found in food animals destined for the human food chain. High levels of residues and antimicrobials discharged into environments sustain the AMR pool. These had evolved into potential public health challenges that need attention. These findings constitute public health threats for Nigeria’s teeming population and require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurudeen Olalekan Oloso
- Department of Production Animal Studies (Epidemiology section), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort Campus 0110, University of Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Shamsudeen Fagbo
- Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Musa Garbati
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Unit, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Borno State, Nigeria.
| | - Steve O Olonitola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Mabel Kamweli Aworh
- Veterinary Drugs/Animal Welfare Branch, Quality Assurance and Standards Division, Department of Veterinary & Pests Control Services, Federal Min. of Agric. & Rural Dev. F.C.D.A, Area 11, Garki, Abuja 900001, Nigeria.
| | - Helen Adamu
- Center for Clinical Care and Clinical Research, Plot 784, By Glimor Engineering, Off Life camp, Gwarimpa Express Way, Jabi, Abuja 240102, Nigeria.
| | - Ismail Ayoade Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240272, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Department of Production Animal Studies (Epidemiology section), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort Campus 0110, University of Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Diseases (ECTAD-FAO), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation, Dar es Salaam 0701072, Tanzania.
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Founou LL, Amoako DG, Founou RC, Essack SY. Antibiotic Resistance in Food Animals in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:648-665. [PMID: 29683779 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study critically reviewed the published literature and performed a meta-analysis to determine the overall burden of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals in Africa. METHODS English and French published articles indexed in EBSCOhost, PubMed, Web of Science, and African Journals Online were retrieved, with searches being conducted up to August, 2015. Data were pooled and meta-analysis performed using a random-effects model, and the results are described as event rates. RESULTS According to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 articles out of the 852 retrieved were eligible for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The studies included were mainly conducted in Nigeria, with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. being the main bacteria. The pooled estimates showed high level of antibiotic resistance (ABR) (86%; p < 0.001) and multidrug resistance (73%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ABR is substantively prevalent and poses a serious threat for food safety and security in Africa. These findings shed light on areas for future research concerning antibiotic-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria in food animals as etiological agents of infectious diseases in humans. They further yielded some interesting findings on the burden of ABR that could be useful in developing measures to contain this threat in the farm-to-plate continuum in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luria Leslie Founou
- 1 Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa .,2 Department of Food Safety and Environmental Microbiology, Centre of Expertise and Biological Diagnostic of Cameroon , Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- 1 Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
| | - Raspail Carrel Founou
- 1 Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa .,3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre of Expertise and Biological Diagnostic of Cameroon , Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sabiha Yusuf Essack
- 1 Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
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Nyabundi D, Onkoba N, Kimathi R, Nyachieo A, Juma G, Kinyanjui P, Kamau J. Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella isolated from fecal matter of domestic animals and animal products in Nairobi. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2017; 3:2. [PMID: 28883972 PMCID: PMC5530968 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-016-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Salmonella has significant public health implications causing food borne and zoonotic diseases in humans. Treatment of infections due to Salmonella is becoming difficult due to emergence of drug resistant strains. There is therefore need to characterize the circulating non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars in domestic animals and animal products in Kenya as well as determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods A total of 740 fecal samples were collected from cows (n = 150), pigs (n = 182), chicken (n = 191) and chicken eggs (n = 217) from various markets and abattoirs in Nairobi. The prevalence of NTS serovars using culture techniques and biochemical tests, antimicrobial sensitivity testing using disc diffusion method of the commonly prescribed antibiotics and phylogenetic relationships using 16S rRNA were determined. Results The results showed that the overall prevalence of Salmonella was 3.8, 3.6, 5.9 and 2.6% for pigs, chicken, eggs and cows respectively. Two serovars were isolated S. Typhimurium (85%) and S. Enteritidis (15%) and these two serovars formed distinct clades on the phylogenetic tree. Forty percent of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Conclusion The isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics from seemingly healthy animals and animal products poses a significant public health threat. This points to the need for regular surveillance to be carried out and the chain of transmission should be viewed to ascertain sources of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nyabundi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nyamongo Onkoba
- Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rinter Kimathi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Atunga Nyachieo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald Juma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Kinyanjui
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kamau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Serogenotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. isolated from retail meat samples in Lagos, Nigeria. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leekitcharoenphon P, Raufu I, Nielsen MT, Rosenqvist Lund BS, Ameh JA, Ambali AG, Sørensen G, Le Hello S, Aarestrup FM, Hendriksen RS. Investigating Salmonella Eko from Various Sources in Nigeria by Whole Genome Sequencing to Identify the Source of Human Infections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156212. [PMID: 27228329 PMCID: PMC4881965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six Salmonella enterica serovar Eko isolated from various sources in Nigeria were investigated by whole genome sequencing to identify the source of human infections. Diversity among the isolates was observed and camel and cattle were identified as the primary reservoirs and the most likely source of the human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Raufu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mette T. Nielsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - James A. Ameh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abdul G. Ambali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Paris, France
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Chattaway MA, Aboderin AO, Fashae K, Okoro CK, Opintan JA, Okeke IN. Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Enteric Bacteria in Sub-Saharan Africa: Clones, Implications and Research Needs. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:558. [PMID: 27148238 PMCID: PMC4841292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones came into widespread use in African countries in the early 2000s, after patents for the first generation of these drugs expired. By that time, quinolone antibacterial agents had been used intensively worldwide and resistant lineages of many bacterial species had evolved. We sought to understand which Gram negative enteric pandemic lineages have been reported from Africa, as well as the nature and transmission of any indigenous resistant clones. A systematic review of articles indexed in the Medline and AJOL literature databases was conducted. We report on the findings of 43 eligible studies documenting local or pandemic fluoroquinolone-resistant enteric clones in sub-Sahara African countries. Most reports are of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella and Escherichia coli lineages and there have been three reports of cholera outbreaks caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1. Fluoroquinolone-resistant clones have also been reported from commensals and animal isolates but there are few data for non-Enterobacteriaceae and almost none for difficult-to-culture Campylobacter spp. Fluoroquinolone-resistant lineages identified in African countries were universally resistant to multiple other classes of antibacterial agents. Although as many as 972 non-duplicate articles refer to fluoroquinolone resistance in enteric bacteria from Africa, most do not report on subtypes and therefore information on the epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant clones is available from only a handful of countries in the subcontinent. When resistance is reported, resistance mechanisms and lineage information is rarely investigated. Insufficient attention has been given to molecular and sequence-based methods necessary for identifying and tracking resistant clones in Africa and more research is needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England London, UK
| | - Aaron O Aboderin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Fashae
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Japheth A Opintan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana Accra, Ghana
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
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Raufu IA, Odetokun IA, Oladunni FS, Adam M, Kolapo UT, Akorede GJ, Ghali IM, Ameh JA, Ambali A. Serotypes, antimicrobial profiles, and public health significance of Salmonella from camels slaughtered in Maiduguri central abattoir, Nigeria. Vet World 2015; 8:1068-72. [PMID: 27047200 PMCID: PMC4774774 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1068-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at determining the serotypes, antimicrobial profiles, and public health importance of Salmonella strains from camels slaughtered at Maiduguri central abattoir, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred samples were obtained from camel comprising of intestines, feces, liver, and spleen (n=50 each). Non-lactose fermenting dark center Salmonella colonies were identified using standard biochemical techniques, serotyped and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using minimum inhibition concentration method. RESULTS Out of the 200 samples collected, 17 were Salmonella positive (spleen=7, intestine=6, feces=3, and liver=1) with a prevalence of 8.5%. Five serotypes comprising Salmonella Eko, 7 (3.5%), Salmonella Uganda, 4 (2.0%), Salmonella Amager, 2 (1.0%), Salmonella Westhampton, 2 (1.0%), and Salmonella Give, 2 (1.0%) were incriminated. Majority of the serotypes were sensitive to the antimicrobials, but one Salmonella Amager exhibited resistance to streptomycin, and one each of Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Eko were resistant to sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSION This study revealed the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance profile of newly emerging Salmonella from camels in the northeast of Nigeria, which can serve as a means for the transmission of Salmonella to human. Therefore, there is a need for the establishment of national Salmonella surveillance and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismail A. Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Fatai S. Oladunni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Adam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ubaidat T. Kolapo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ganiu J. Akorede
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ibraheem M. Ghali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - James A. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
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14
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Kagambèga A, Barro N, Traoré AS, Siitonen A, Haukka K. Characterization of Salmonella enterica and detection of the virulence genes specific to diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from poultry carcasses in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:589-93. [PMID: 22551070 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred chicken carcasses purchased from three markets selling poultry in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, between June 2010 and October 2010 were examined for their microbiological quality. The presence of Salmonella was investigated using standard bacteriological procedures, and the isolates obtained were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The presence of virulence-associated genes of the five main pathogroups of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli-Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli, and enteroinvasive E. coli-was investigated using 16-plex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the mixed bacterial cultures from the poultry samples. Of the 100 chicken carcasses studied, 57 were contaminated by Salmonella; 16 different serotypes were identified, the most frequent being Salmonella Derby, found in 28 samples. Four Salmonella strains were resistant to tetracycline, and two were resistant to streptomycin. Based on the PCR detection of the virulence genes, in total, 45 carcasses were contaminated by three pathogroups of E. coli: STEC, EPEC, or EAEC. The STEC and EPEC virulence genes were detected on six and 39 carcasses, respectively. EAEC virulence genes were only detected in combination with those of EPEC (on 11 carcasses) or STEC (on two carcasses). The STEC-positive carcasses contained the genes stx(1), stx(2), eaeA, escV, and ent in different combinations. None of the EPEC-positive carcasses contained the bfp gene, indicating that only atypical EPEC was present. EAEC virulence genes detected were aggR and/or pic. The high proportion of chicken carcasses contaminated by Salmonella and diarrheagenic E. coli indicates a potential food safety risk for consumers and highlights the necessity of public awareness of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assèta Kagambèga
- Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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Barua H, Biswas PK, Olsen KEP, Christensen JP. Prevalence and characterization of motile Salmonella in commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35914. [PMID: 22558269 PMCID: PMC3338475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a globally widespread food-borne pathogen having major impact on public health. All motile serovars of Salmonella enterica of poultry origin are zoonotic, and contaminated meat and raw eggs are an important source to human infections. Information on the prevalence of Salmonella at farm/holding level, and the zoonotic serovars circulating in layer poultry in the South and South-East Asian countries including Bangladesh, where small-scale commercial farms are predominant, is limited. To investigate the prevalence of Salmonella at layer farm level, and to identify the prevalent serovars we conducted a cross-sectional survey by randomly selecting 500 commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. Faecal samples from the selected farms were collected following standard procedure, and examined for the presence of Salmonella using conventional bacteriological procedures. Thirty isolates were randomly selected, from the ninety obtained from the survey, for serotyping and characterized further by plasmid profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results of the survey showed that the prevalence of motile Salmonella at layer farm level was 18% (95% confidence interval 15-21%), and Salmonella Kentucky was identified to be the only serovar circulating in the study population. Plasmid analysis of the S. Kentucky and non-serotyped isolates revealed two distinct profiles with a variation of two different sizes (2.7 and 4.8 kb). PFGE of the 30 S. Kentucky and 30 non-serotyped isolates showed that all of them were clonally related because only one genotype and three subtypes were determined based on the variation in two or three bands. This is also the first report on the presence of any specific serovar of Salmonella enterica in poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himel Barua
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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