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Molecular Characterization of Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Strains Isolated in Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-120766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quinolone resistant Salmonella serotypes have been reported in recent years and have become increasingly widespread worldwide. Objectives: We evaluated the molecular mechanism of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The present study included the Salmonella isolates originated from hospitalized individuals and outpatients in Tehran, Iran. Serotyping of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates was done by slide agglutination method. Then, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of topoisomerase gene gyrA and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was also employed to determine the possible mutation in the gyrA gene of those strains. Mutant strains were detected by enzymatic digestion, and their PCR products were sequenced immediately. Results: Amongst 141 isolates, 60% showed nalidixic acid resistance, whereas none of them were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The commonly prevalent serotypes were S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis. Of 85 nalidixic acid-resistant strains, 17 (20%) isolates harbored the qnrS gene. However, PCR analysis of the quinolone-resistant strains did not detect qnrA and qnrB genes. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis of the QRDRs of the gyrA gene indicated that 16 (18.8%) isolates had mutant patterns, and the most common point mutation was serine to phenylalanine at position 83. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that point mutations in gyrA and the existence of plasmid-mediated gene qnrS were important mechanisms of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from human origin. Other alternative mechanisms of resistance, such as alterations in the expression of efflux pumps, should be studied to provide greater insight into the molecular mechanism of quinolone-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates.
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Habib I, Mohamed MYI, Khan M. Current State of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria in the Food Chain across the Arab Countries: A Descriptive Review. Foods 2021; 10:2369. [PMID: 34681418 PMCID: PMC8535026 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections caused by bacterial pathogens are a common cause of human illness in the Middle East, with a substantial burden of economic loss and public health consequences. This review aims at elucidating recent literature on the prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogens in the food chain in the Arab countries, and to consolidate available evidence on the public health burden and the status of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the concerned three pathogens. The reviewed evidence points to a scarcity of understanding of the magnitude of NTS in the food chain in the Arab countries. Additionally, not much work has been done at the molecular characterization level to address the source-attribution of NTS in the Arab World. Very few surveys have been done on Campylobacter in the food chain in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. There is a gap in quantitative (counts/numbers) surveillance efforts for Campylobacter in the chicken meat supply across all Arab countries, despite the availability of some qualitative (presence/absence) surveillance data. While there are several reports on L. monocytogenes in animal-sourced foods, notably in North African Arab countries, fewer are published on L. monocytogenes in plant-sourced foods. Information on the L. monocytogenes serotypes and strain diversity circulating in the Arab region is widely lacking. Antibiotic resistance in the three pathogens is not fully understood across the Arab region, despite some reports indicating varying trends at the human-food interface. The literature evidence presented in this review stresses that Salmonella, Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes continue to challenge food safety and public health in the Arab countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21221, Egypt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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Abbasi E, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Quinolone resistant Salmonella species isolated from pediatric patients with diarrhea in central Iran. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:140. [PMID: 33784974 PMCID: PMC8010990 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the frequency and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella species that were isolated from infectious diarrhea samples taken from pediatric patients in central Iran. Methods The study analyzed 230 stool specimens that were cultured on XLD, MacConkey agar and GN broth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the Salmonella genus. The antibiotic resistance profiles and the frequency of quinolone and integron genes were obtained. Results Out of 230 samples of infectious diarrhea, 21 (9.1%) cases of Salmonella spp. were identified using culture methods. Another 28 (12.1%) samples had positive PCR results, with S. serovar Paratyphi B and C (9/21; 42.8%) and S. Typhi (3/21; 14.3%) being the most recognized. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were found for nalidixic acid (15/21; 71.4%), tetracycline (9/21; 42.8%). However, six (28.5%) of isolates were found resistant to cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Among the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants, qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB were positive in (9/15; 60%), (6/15; 40%) and (3/15; 20%) of the isolates, respectively. Class 1 and 2 integrons were identified in 15 (71.4%) and 3 (14.3%) isolates, respectively. Conclusion High rates of quinolone resistant and low frequency of MDR Salmonella spp. isolates were identified in central Iran, similar to findings in other parts of Asia. To prevent the spread of these resistant strains, the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates should be under constant surveillance, and empiric antibiotic therapy should be adapted appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran. .,Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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4
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Khademi F, Vaez H, Ghanbari F, Arzanlou M, Mohammadshahi J, Sahebkar A. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in Iran: a meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:16-29. [PMID: 32013798 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1719701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella serotypes, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, recovered from clinical samples in Iran. A full electronic search using related keywords was conducted in Persian and English languages in ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Scientific Information Database (SID) search engines to find papers published between 1983 and 1 July 2019. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 eligible articles were selected for the final analysis out of the initial 13,186 studies retrieved. The pooled prevalence of quinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in clinical specimens in Iran was 2.9% to ciprofloxacin and 48.1% to nalidixic acid. Additional data on antibiotic resistance was as follows: 54.3% to tetracycline, 50.6% to ceftizoxime, 50.2% to streptomycin, 37.9% to ampicillin, 36.5% to kanamycin, 33.5% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 27.2% to chloramphenicol, 19.1% to cephalothin, 8.8% to ceftriaxone, 7.6% to cefotaxime, 7.4% to aztreonam, 7.2% to gentamicin, 7% to cefepime, 6.8% to ceftazidime, 5.8% to cefixime, 2.7% to imipenem and 2.2% to meropenem. Findings of the present study showed a rising trend of resistance to the drugs of choice for the treatment of Salmonella infections, i.e. ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Iran. However, ciprofloxacin, third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are still effective antibiotics especially against multi-drug resistant strains in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamid Vaez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghanbari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Saddoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arzanlou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jafar Mohammadshahi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis, Kolkata, India, during 2000-2016. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:613-627. [PMID: 31898246 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. The study was undertaken to determine the isolation rate, serovar prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular subtypes of NTS from a hospital-based diarrheal disease surveillance in Kolkata, India. Rectal swabs were collected from children (< 5 years of age) with acute gastroenteritis from 2000 to 2016. Samples were processed following standard procedures for identification of NTS. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, AMR genes, plasmid profiles, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtypes. A total of 99 (1.0%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 9957 samples processed. Of the 17 Salmonella serovars identified, S. Worthington (33%) was predominant followed by S. Enteritidis (13%), S. Typhimurium (12%), and others. The isolates showed high resistance towards nalidixic acid (43%), ampicillin (34%), third-generation cephalosporins (32%), and azithromycin (25%), while low resistance was observed for fluoroquinolones (2%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production (blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV-12 genes) and azithromycin resistance (mphA gene) were common in S. Worthington, while fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA and parC mutations) was found in S. Kentucky. Diverse plasmid profiles were observed among the isolates. PFGE analysis identified genetically related strains of each serovar in circulation. MLST also revealed phylogenetically clonal isolates of which S. Worthington ST592 and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198 were not reported earlier from India. NTS resistant to current drugs of choice poses a potential public health problem. Continuous monitoring of AMR profiles and molecular subtypes of NTS serovars is recommended for controlling the spread of resistant organisms.
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Shahin K, Bouzari M, Wang R, Khorasgani MR. Distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons among Shigella spp. isolated from water sources. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 19:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Ranjbar R, Salighehzadeh R, Sharifiyazdi H. Antimicrobial Resistance and Incidence of Integrons in Aeromonas Species Isolated from Diseased Freshwater Animals and Water Samples in Iran. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040198. [PMID: 31661794 PMCID: PMC6963716 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. is one of the major pathogens of freshwater animals. There has been little research on the genetics of antimicrobial resistance associated with it in Iranian aquaculture. To remedy this lack in research, 74 multi-drug-resistant Aeromonas spp. were isolated from farmed diseased carp, trout, sturgeon, ornamental fish, crayfish, and corresponding water samples and examined for genomic integron sequences. Class 1 integrons, containing seven types of integron cassette arrays (dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA1-orfC, dfrA12-aadA2, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2, dfrA15, dfrB4-catB3-aadA1, aac(6’)-Ib-cr-arr3-dfrA27) were found in 15% of the resistant isolates; no class 2 integrons were detected in any of the resistant isolates. As some tested isolates were resistant to more than two groups of antibiotics, our results demonstrated that freshwater animals in Iran could be a source of multiply drug-resistant Aeromonas spp. This finding suggests that the origin of the antimicrobial resistance of these animals be placed under increased surveillance in the future and that the use of antimicrobials be limited in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran.
| | - Reza Salighehzadeh
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144169155, Iran.
| | - Hassan Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144169155, Iran.
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Harb A, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Habib I. Childhood Diarrhoea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region with Special Emphasis on Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human⁻Food Interface. Pathogens 2019; 8:E60. [PMID: 31064086 PMCID: PMC6631750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease is still one of the most challenging issues for health in many countries across the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), with infectious diarrhoea being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five years of age. However, the understanding of the aetiological spectrum and the burden of enteric pathogens involved in diarrhoeal disease in the EMR is incomplete. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), the focus of this review, is one of the most frequently reported bacterial aetiologies in diarrhoeal disease in the EMR. Strains of NTS with resistance to antimicrobial drugs are increasingly reported in both developed and developing countries. In the EMR, it is now widely accepted that many such resistant strains are zoonotic in origin and acquire their resistance in the food-animal host before onward transmission to humans through the food chain. Here, we review epidemiological and microbiological aspects of diarrhoeal diseases among children in the EMR, with emphasis on the implication and burden of NTS. We collate evidence from studies across the EMR on the zoonotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance in NTS at the interface between human and foods of animal origin. This review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of Salmonella with emphasis on the current situation in the EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Harb
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- Thi-Qar Public Health Division, Ministry of Health, Thi-Qar 64007, Iraq.
| | - Mark O'Dea
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia. m.o'
| | - Sam Abraham
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Ihab Habib
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21516, Egypt.
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9
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Abbasi E, van Belkum A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Quinolone and Macrolide-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni in Pediatric Gastroenteritis Patients from Central Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1080-1086. [PMID: 31021299 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: To determine the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pediatric diarrhea patients in central Iran. Materials and Methods: Stool specimens (n = 230) were investigated using a modified Gram stain, two specific culture media, and C. jejuni-specific PCR. Antibiotic resistance profiles and relevant resistance genes were determined. Genetic relationships among a selection of the isolates were studied by Fla typing. Results: Out of the 230 diarrhea samples, 48 (20.8%) cases of C. jejuni were identified using modified Gram stain, 45 (19.5%) using the culture media, and 76 (33%) cases were identified using PCR. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were observed in 37 (82.2%) strains against tetracycline, in 32 (71.1%) against ciprofloxacin, and in 31 (68.8%) against erythromycin. Twenty (44.4%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin simultaneously. Genotypic investigations found 36 (97.3%) strains carrying the tet (o) gene, 31 (96.8%) harboring the cmeB gene, 22 (68.7%) strains with the gyrA6 gene, 20 (64.5%) strains containing a 23S rRNA mutation, and 21 (65.6%) strains with the qnrS gene. Fla typing of a random subset of 14 strains revealed 11 different types showing the genomic diversity of the isolates. Strains sharing the same Fla type could be easily distinguished by their resistance gene profile. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that genetically diverse quinolone-macrolide-resistant C. jejuni is an important cause of gastroenteritis in children from central Iran. Pediatricians should consider these resistance features once the antibiotic prescription is necessary for prevention of possible complications, especially in those under 5 years of age. Of note, most cases of Campylobacter diarrhea are self-limiting and antibiotics should only be prescribed in those cases where severe complications evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Department, BioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Ranjbar R, Taghipour F, Afshar D, Farshad S. Distribution of Class 1 and 2 Integrons Among Salmonella Enterica Serovars Isolated from Iranian Patients. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Salmonella entericahas become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, partly as a result of genes carried by integrons.Objective:The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons and resistance to antimicrobial agents in clinical isolates ofS. enterica.Methods:This study included allSalmonellaisolates, recovered from patients with salmonellosis, admitted to Medical Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2015-2016. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard biochemical and agglutination tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The presence of class 1 and 2 integrons was investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay, using specific primers.Results:A total of 138Salmonellastrains were isolated and included in this study. Integrons were detected in 45 (32%) isolates. Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 24 (17.3%) and 21 (15.2%) isolates, respectively. All integron-positive isolates showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Resistance to more than three antimicrobial agents was observed in integron-positive isolates.Conclusions:Our findings showed that integrons were widely distributed amongS. entericaisolates in Tehran. Class 1 integrons are more prevalent than class 2 integrons inSalmonellaisolates, and there is an association with MDR patterns. Therefore, these integrons are more likely to be involved in the distribution of resistant phenotypes inSalmonellastrains.
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Eshaghi Zadeh SH, Fahimi H, Fardsanei F, Soltan Dallal MM. Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:160-166. [PMID: 30706828 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666190130171020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. METHODS A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). RESULTS The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fardsanei
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ranjbar R, Behzadi P, Najafi A, Roudi R. DNA Microarray for Rapid Detection and Identification of Food and Water Borne Bacteria: From Dry to Wet Lab. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:330-338. [PMID: 29290845 PMCID: PMC5737027 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A rapid, accurate, flexible and reliable diagnostic method may significantly decrease the costs of diagnosis and treatment. Designing an appropriate microarray chip reduces noises and probable biases in the final result. Objective: The aim of this study was to design and construct a DNA Microarray Chip for a rapid detection and identification of 10 important bacterial agents. Method: In the present survey, 10 unique genomic regions relating to 10 pathogenic bacterial agents including Escherichia coli (E.coli), Shigella boydii, Sh.dysenteriae, Sh.flexneri, Sh.sonnei, Salmonella typhi, S.typhimurium, Brucella sp., Legionella pneumophila, and Vibrio cholera were selected for designing specific long oligo microarray probes. For this reason, the in-silico operations including utilization of the NCBI RefSeq database, Servers of PanSeq and Gview, AlleleID 7.7 and Oligo Analyzer 3.1 was done. On the other hand, the in-vitro part of the study comprised stages of robotic microarray chip probe spotting, bacterial DNAs extraction and DNA labeling, hybridization and microarray chip scanning. In wet lab section, different tools and apparatus such as Nexterion® Slide E, Qarraymini spotter, NimbleGen kit, TrayMixTM S4, and Innoscan 710 were used. Results: A DNA microarray chip including 10 long oligo microarray probes was designed and constructed for detection and identification of 10 pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: The DNA microarray chip was capable to identify all 10 bacterial agents tested simultaneously. The presence of a professional bioinformatician as a probe designer is needed to design appropriate multifunctional microarray probes to increase the accuracy of the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella diarrhoeal infection among children in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3486-3496. [PMID: 29103396 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study among children aged <5 years in Thi-Qar Governorate, south-eastern Iraq, in order to examine the prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance associated with gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection. From 320 diarrhoea cases enrolled between March and August 2016, 33 (10·3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8·4-12·4) cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica. The most commonly identified serovar was Typhimurium (54%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of Salmonella infection in children from households supplied by pipe water was 4·7 (95% CI 1·6-13·9) times higher compared with those supplied with reverse osmosis treated water. Similarly, children from households with domestic animals were found to have a higher odds (OR 10·5; 95% CI 3·8-28·4) of being Salmonella stool culture-positive. The likelihood of Salmonella infection was higher (OR 3·9; 95% CI 1·0-6·4) among children belonging to caregiver with primary vs. tertiary education levels. Lower odds (OR 0·4; 95% CI 0·1-0·9) of Salmonella infection were associated with children exclusively breast fed as compared with those exclusively bottle fed. Salmonella infection was three times lower (95% CI 0·1-0·7) in children belonging to caregiver who reported always washing hands after cleaning children following defecation, vs. those belonging to caregivers who did not wash hands. The antimicrobial resistance profile by disc diffusion revealed that non-susceptibility to tetracycline (78·8%), azithromycin (66·7%) and ciprofloxacin (57·6%) were the most commonly seen, and 84·9% of Salmonella isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant. This is the first study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella infection among children in this setting. This work provides specific epidemiological data which are crucial to understand and combat paediatric diarrhoea in Iraq.
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Malehmir S, Ranjbar R, Harzandi N. The Molecular Study of Antibiotic Resistance to Quinolones in Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated in Tehran, Iran. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:189-194. [PMID: 29151995 PMCID: PMC5678238 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Salmonella is known as one of the most important causes of gastrointestinal disease in the world. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are used successfully in the treatment of salmonellosis particularly for infections that have become resistant to several antibiotics. But non-susceptible isolates to quinolones have been reported in several countries. The data are limited about the prevalence of quinolone-resistant isolates in our country. Therefore, this study investigated the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolated in Children's Medical Center in Tehran during 2014-2015. Methods and Materials: Salmonella isolates were isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and screening of Salmonella strains resistant to quinolones were performed according to the CLSI guidelines. The molecular investigation was done using specific primers for detection of qnr genes including: qnrA, qnrB and qnrS, by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overall, 92 (66.6%) strains were resistant to nalidixic acid. None of the strains showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Out of the 92 nalidixic acid resistant strains, 52 (56.52%) harbored qnrS genes, 15 strains (16.30%) had both qnrA and qnrS genes. Two (1.1%) isolates were positive for qnrB gene. Twenty four (26.08%) nalidixic acid resistant isolates did not have any qnr qens. Conclusion: The results of this study show high prevalence of resistance to nalidixic and qnr genes in Salmonella isolates. Plasmid nature of this type of resistance poses an increased risk of dissemination of quinolone resistance between Salmonella and non-Salmonella isolates circulating in hospitals environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Malehmir
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Harzandi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Ranjbar R, Elhaghi P, Shokoohizadeh L. Multilocus Sequence Typing of the Clinical Isolates of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Tehran Hospitals. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:443-448. [PMID: 29234176 PMCID: PMC5722961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the most important serovars of Salmonella enterica and is associated with human salmonellosis worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have focused on the characteristics of Salmonella Typhimurium in many countries as well as in Asia. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic characteristics of Salmonella Typhimurium using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). METHODS Clinical samples (urine, blood, and stool) were collected from patients, who were admitted to 2 hospitals in Tehran between April and September, 2015. Salmonella Typhimurium strains were identified by conventional standard biochemical and serological testing. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Salmonella Typhimurium isolates against 16 antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion assay. The clonal relationship between the strains of Salmonella Typhimurium was analyzed using MLST. RESULTS Among the 68 Salmonella isolates, 31% (n=21) were Salmonella Typhimurium. Of the total 21 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, 76% (n=16) were multidrug-resistant and showed resistance to 3 or more antibiotic families. The Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were assigned to 2 sequence types: ST19 and ST328. ST19 was more common (86%). Both sequence types were further assigned to 1 eBURST group. CONCLUSION This is the first study of its kind in Iran to determine the sequence types of the clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium in Tehran hospitals using MLST. ST19 was detected as the major sequence type of Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Elhaghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Leili Shokoohizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran,Correspondence: Leili Shokoohizadeh, PhD; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mahdieh Street, P. O. Box: 65178-38736, Hamadan, Iran Tel: +98 81 38276295 Fax: +98 81 38276299
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Sedighi M, Halajzadeh M, Ramazanzadeh R, Amirmozafari N, Heidary M, Pirouzi S. Molecular detection of β-lactamase and integron genes in clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:321-328. [PMID: 28700049 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0001-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are increasing globally with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the current study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (β-lactamase and integron genes) using multiplex PCR. METHODS One-hundred K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from different clinical samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with thirteen different antibiotics. Multiplex-PCR was used to detect β-lactamase (bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV , bla VEB, bla PER, bla GES, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla OXA, and bla KPC) and integron genes (int I, int II, and int III). RESULTS: The highest and lowest rate of resistance was exhibited against amikacin (93%) and imipenem (8%), respectively. The frequency of β-lactamase-positive K. pneumoniae was 37%, and the prevalence of the bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV , bla VEB, bla PER, bla GES, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla OXA, and bla KPC genes was 38%, 24%, 19%, 12%, 6%, 11%, 33%, 0%, 28%, and 23%, respectively. Of the 100 isolates, eight (8%) were positive for class I integrons; however, class II and III integrons were not detected in any of the strains. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate co-carriage of a number of β-lactamase genes and antibiotic resistance integrons on the same plasmids harboring multi-drug resistance genes. It seems that these properties help to decrease treatment complications due to resistant bacterial infections by rapid detection, infection-control programs and prevention of transmission of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Sedighi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Masoumeh Halajzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rashid Ramazanzadeh
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Noor Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Serve Pirouzi
- School of Hejab, Baneh management, Department of Kurdistan Education and Training, Department of Iran Education and Training, Baneh, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Ranjbar R, Arjomandzadegan M, Hosseiny H. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Growth Control Properties of Nonoscale Structure Produced from Aloe vera var. littoralis Extract on Clinical Isolates of Salmonella. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:E28. [PMID: 28758958 PMCID: PMC5620516 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine antibacterial properties of microemulsion structure produced from Aloe vera var. littoralis extract as a new tool of nanoscale drug-like materials. Aloe vera var. littoralis (A. littoralis) extract was prepared by distillation method. A nonocarrier structure in the microemulsion system was prepared from the extract. Serial concentrations were prepared from 8 mg/mL extract and the nonocarrier containing 0.1 mg/mL pure extract and were evaluated by a disk diffusion method for 35 Salmonella clinical isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by microbroth dilution assay using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) Microplate Reader apparatus. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. From 35 clinical isolates of Salmonella, 17 isolates-including resistant isolates of S.E.1103 and S.E.49-had a zone of inhibition (ZI) of 7 to 32 mm in 0.007 mg/mL of the extract. S.E.76 isolate exposed to 30 µg/mL ceftazidime disk had a ZI of 12 mm but had 10 mm in 7µg/mL of A. littoralis extract. The inhibitory effect of a nanocarrier at a concentration of 25 µg/mL by 20 mm ZI was comparable by the ceftazidime (30 µg/mL) effect. MIC50 was 0.25 mg/mL and MBC50 was 0.5 mg/mL by MTT method for the extract. It was shown that A.littoralis extract had antioxidant activity of 31.67 µM/mg that could be increased based on concentration. It was concluded that the nanocarrier had a significant effect on the studied isolates in comparison with ordinary antibiotics and had potential for use as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial material in complementary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of MedicalSciences, 1417613151 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Arjomandzadegan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC) and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, 3813898197 Arak, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseiny
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, 3813898197 Arak, Iran.
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Mirhosseini SA, Fooladi AAI, Amani J, Sedighian H. Production of recombinant flagellin to develop ELISA-based detection of Salmonella Enteritidis. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:774-781. [PMID: 28739413 PMCID: PMC5628325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne diseases, caused by the pathogenic bacteria, are highly prevalent in the world. Salmonella is one of the most important bacterial genera responsible for this. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the non-typhoid Salmonellae that can be transmitted to human from poultry products, water, and contaminated food. In recent years, new and rapid detection methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed. In this study, recombinant FliC (rFliC) was produced to be used as an antigen. The immunization was conducted in mice with the purified recombinant FliC (rFliC). The mice were subcutaneously immunized with rFliC and elicited significant rFliC specific serum IgG antibodies. An indirect ELISA system was established for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis. Our results confirmed that the recombinant flagellin can be one of the excellent indicators for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mirhosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ranjbar R, Naghoni A, Afshar D, Nikkhahi F, Mohammadi M. Rapid Molecular Approach for Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio cholera. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016; 7:373-377. [PMID: 28053842 PMCID: PMC5194224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal tract infection is still one of the serious public health problems in many geographic areas and is endemic in most countries including Iran. Early detection of the gastrointestinal tract pathogens can be extremely important. The aim of the current study was to apply a shortened time-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid and simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio cholera. METHODS The standard and clinical strains of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and V. cholerae were used in the assay. Multiplex PCR was performed and optimized based on amplification of invA, putative integrase, and ompW genes for detecting Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and V. cholerae, respectively. The specificity of the assay was evaluated by testing 12 different bacterial species. RESULTS Only Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and V. cholerae strains had positive results when subjected to the assay using multiplex PCR. The assay showed a high sensitivity, and no amplification products were observed in multiplex PCR with any of the other microorganisms. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the invA, putative integrase, and ompW-based multiplex PCR assay appears to be an efficient method for rapid and simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ali Naghoni
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Afshar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Ranjbar R, Ahmadi M, Memariani M. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) for genotyping of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Infantis isolated from human sources. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:299-304. [PMID: 27765620 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important cause of food-borne infection worldwide. Detection of outbreaks caused by Salmonella spp. relies on suitable and robust methods for genotyping. Little is known about the genetic diversity of the Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Infantis strains isolated from human sources in Iran. In this study, 40 isolates of S. Infantis, which were previously recovered from patients with gastroenteritis or diarrhea in Tehran between years 2007 and 2009, were subjected to multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and ERIC-PCR. Using MLVA method, 31 types were identified. The MLVA clustering of the isolates by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) revealed the presence of two major clusters. The discriminatory power of MLVA was superior to that of PFGE and ERIC-PCR. Overall, our data showed that MLVA assay could effectively differentiate closely related strains. It is technically simple and inexpensive to perform. Furthermore, MLVA can be used as a helpful method for epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Tajbakhsh M, Avini MY, Alikhajeh J, Tajeddin E, Rahbar M, Eslami P, Alebouyeh M, Zali MR. Emergence of blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-169 and blaPER-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes among different Salmonella enterica serovars from human faecal samples. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:550-6. [PMID: 27117981 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1166260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broad-spectrum β-lactams are used for empirical therapy of severe infections with non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes; however, activities of these drugs against the strains producing different β-lactamase is not so clear. This study investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase genes among isolates of S. enterica serovars from human faecal samples and determined their diversity in activity against different β-lactams. METHODS Antimicrobial resistance of faecal isolates of S. enterica to extended-spectrum cephalosporins was analysed and MIC values were determined for the strains presenting extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) phenotypes. The β-lactamase genes were identified by PCR and sequencing. β-lactamase activity of the Salmonella strains exhibiting ESBL phenotype was detected by biological, iodometric, spectrophotometry and nitrocefin assays. RESULTS Out of 202 S. enterica isolates, ESBLs phenotype was detected among 3.4% (7/202) of the strains. blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-15 were among the frequent β-lactamase genes. Detection of blaTEM-169 in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar Bredeney and blaPER-1 in S. enterica serovar Infantis was a new finding in this experiment. Location of blaCTX-M-15/blaTEM-169/blaPER-1 genes on plasmid was confirmed in a transformation experiment. While crude extracts of the enzymes from each strain showed higher activity against cephalothin and cefotaxime, the lowest activity was detected against ceftazidime. The greatest synergistic activity was seen in a strain of S. enterica that carried blaCTX-M-15 and blaPER-1 genes compared with those presenting blaCTX-M-15/blaTEM-169 or blaCTX-M-15/blaTEM-1 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results show dissemination of ESBLs encoding genes and their combined activity among different serovars of S. enterica that are a threat for future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedeh Tajbakhsh
- a Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran ;,b Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Yaghoobi Avini
- a Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Jahan Alikhajeh
- c Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Elahe Tajeddin
- a Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- d Department of Microbiology , Iranian Reference Health Laboratory Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran , Iran ;,e Department of Microbiology , Central Laboratory, Milad Hospital , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parisa Eslami
- e Department of Microbiology , Central Laboratory, Milad Hospital , Tehran , Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- a Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran ;,b Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- a Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran ;,b Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Ranjbar R, Babaie S. Evaluation the antibacterial effects of Echinophora platyloba extracts against some Salmonella species. Electron Physician 2016; 8:1943-8. [PMID: 27054002 PMCID: PMC4821308 DOI: 10.19082/1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonellosis, which is caused by nontyphoid salmonella bacteria, is one of the most common foodborne diseases, and it causes gastrointestinal infections worldwide, most of which are limited gastroenteritis that requires antimicrobial treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of echinophora platyloba extract on inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella choleraesuis. METHODS Echinophora Platyloba extract was collected in the East Azarbaijan Province in Iran in June 2015. Weeds, infected plants, and dried roots were separated and removed. After drying and grinding the plant, 100 grams of powder were weighed, and the extraction of the plant was carried out by percolation. This study tested the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by the broth micro dilution method and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). All of the data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, version 22.0. One-Way ANOVA and the Duncan test were used to compare the effect of various concentrations of the extract on each type of bacteria. RESULTS Our results indicated that, in 250 mg/ml of extracts discs, the largest growth inhibition zones were formed, and they were 26.11 ± 1.16, 21.23 ± 0.89, and 19.65 ± 0.60 in S. enteritidis, S. typhi, and S. choleraesuis groups, respectively. The statistical results indicated that, in each type of bacteria, there was a statistical difference (p < 0.01) between the various concentrations of the extracts and the chloramphenicol discs. Also, it was indicated that this extract at a concentration of 150 mg/ml had a germicidal effect on S. enteritidis and S. typhi bacteria and that 250 mg/ml had a bactericidal effect on S. choleraesuis. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that E. platyloba extract has potential effects as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Babaie
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mirjafari Tafti ZS, Rahbar M, Eslami P, Hashemi SHR, Hajia M, Gharehbaghi Dori M, Abdinia B. A Survey of the Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enteropathogens Isolates in an Iranian Hospital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep32713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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High Efficacy of Molecular Methods for Identification of Salmonella enterica Serogroups. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Domingues S, Nielsen KM, da Silva GJ. Global dissemination patterns of common gene cassette arrays in class 1 integrons. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1313-37. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Bakhshi B, Ghafari M, Pourshafie MR, Zarbakhsh B, Katouli M, Rahbar M, Hajia M, Hosseini-Aliabad N, Boustanshenas M. Resistance-Gene Cassettes Associated With Salmonella enterica Genotypes. Lab Med 2015; 46:90-6. [PMID: 25918187 DOI: 10.1309/lmfn8d17sohqhgrp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of salmonellosis is complex because of the diversity and different serotypes of Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) that occur in different reservoirs and geographic incidences. OBJECTIVES To determine the genotype distribution and resistance-gene content of 2 classes of integron among S. enterica isolates. METHODS Thirty-six S. enterica species were isolated and tested for their serological distribution and the resistance-gene contents of 2 classes of integron, as well as for their genetic diversity, using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping method. RESULTS Serogroups E (36.1%) and D (30.5%) were dominant among the isolates. All of the isolates in serogroup D belonged to the serovar enteritidis. The aadA1 gene was found within all resistance-gene cassettes. We observed 4 common and 26 single pulsotypes among the isolates, which indicated a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates. Using the PulseNet International standard protocol, it was found that these isolates were different from those reported previously in Iran. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a few common and new pulsotypes among the isolates suggests the emergence and spread of new clones of S. enterica in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghafari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Behnaz Zarbakhsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran
| | - Mohammad Katouli
- Department of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Department of Microbiology, Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Hajia
- Department of Microbiology, Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Hosseini-Aliabad
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Boustanshenas
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Salimian Rizi K, Najar-Peerayeh S, Bakhshi B, Rahbar M. Prevalence of ESBLs and Integrons in Clinical Isolates of Salmonella spp. From Four Hospitals of Tehran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep21820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Salimian Rizi K, Najar Peerayeh S, Bakhshi B, Rahbar M. Prevalence of integrons and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Among Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter spp. From Hospitals of Tehran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Emergence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M-Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases and Class 1 Integron AmongEnterobacter cloacaeIsolates Collected from Hospitals of Tehran and Qazvin, Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:424-30. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Asgharpour F, Rajabnia R, Ferdosi Shahandashti E, Marashi MA, Khalilian M, Moulana Z. Investigation of Class I Integron in Salmonella infantis and Its Association With Drug Resistance. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10019. [PMID: 25147710 PMCID: PMC4138636 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection with non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most important health problems all over the world. Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasing among Salmonella infantis species. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of presence of class 1 integrons in S. infantis species as well as its association with drug resistance. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 50 S. infantis isolated strains, collected from chicken samples between 2009-2011. These strains were identified by standard biochemical tests and serology. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and minimum inhibitory concentration determination for 14 antibacterial agents were performed using micro dilution and disk diffusion methods. The detection of class 1 integron was performed by the PCR method. The demographic and microbiological data for the integron positive and negative isolates were compared by SPSS software. Results: Eighteen out of 50 (36%) of isolated S. infantis species had intl gene. The isolated bacteria were sensitive to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin (100%). Also isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline and streptomycin. All isolate with class 1 integron were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: The result of this study showed that due to increased level of drug resistance in S. infantis and the presence of class 1 integron in these strains, resistance can be transferred to other food borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Asgharpour
- Department of Microbiology,paramedical Sciences,Babol University of Medical Sciences,Babol, IR Iran
| | - Ramazan Rajabnia
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Elaheh Ferdosi Shahandashti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Amin Marashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR Iran
| | - Mahya Khalilian
- Department of Pathobiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Moulana
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Zahra Moulana, Infection Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran. Tel: +98-1113268528; +98-9113130045, Fax: +98-1113234367, E-mail:
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Bakhshi B, Eftekhari N, Pourshafie MR. Genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance among intestinal bacteria. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e9924. [PMID: 25147720 PMCID: PMC4138638 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.9924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Integrons are the major reasons of multidrug resistance (MDR) among enteropathogenic bacteria. Occurrence of horizontal gene transfer between integron-carrying microorganisms and other enteric bacteria may increase the rate of emergence of integron-associated antibiotic resistance. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate class 1 integrons among members of enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 enteropathogenic bacterial isolates from diarrhoeal patients were included in this study. Identities of the isolates were investigated by biochemical tests and confirmed by genus or species specific PCRs. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Presence of class 1 integron among the isolates was investigated using primers specific for the integrase gene conserved region. Results: The result of this study showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole, especially in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (100%), Shigella sonnei (93.7%) and Vibrio cholerae (95%). The results showed that 16 (57.1%) of the 28 EPEC, 9 (25%) of the 36 Salmonella enterica, 32 of the 13 (40.6%) Sh. sonnei, and only 1 (4.2%) of the 24 V. cholerae isolate harbored class 1 integron. Conclusions: The data obtained in the present study suggested that class 1 integrons are widely distributed among members of Enterobacteriaceae. The resistance patterns of our E. coli, S. sonnei, and S. enterica isolates were nearly identical, suggesting the same genetic elements involved in attainment of multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Bita Bakhshi, Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal-Ale-Ahmad Ave., Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2182884558, Fax: +98-2182884555, E-mail:
| | - Nazanin Eftekhari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
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Ranjbar R, Naghoni A, Yousefi S, Ahmadi A, Jonaidi N, Panahi Y. The Study of Genetic Relationship Among Third Generation Cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica Strains by ERIC-PCR. Open Microbiol J 2013; 7:142-5. [PMID: 24358066 PMCID: PMC3866615 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801307010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen responsible for disease in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic relationship among third generation cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica strains by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Methods: The study included all Salmonella isolates obtained from clinical cases in a pediatric hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2006 to 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The genetic relationship between third generation cephalosporins-resistant Salmonella enterica strains was determined using ERIC-PCR. Results: Of 136 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from pediatric patients, six isolates including four Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis and two Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis showed an extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant phenotype. ERIC-PCR differentiated Salmonella enterica serotypes Infantis and Enteritidis into 2 distinct clusters arbitrarily named as E1 and E2. Profile E1 was found in two Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates, and profile E2 was found in four Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis isolates. Conclusion: Extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant Salmonella could be attributed to a few predominant serotypes including Enteritidis and Infantis in this study. Genetic analysis using ERIC-PCR showed that closely related clones are responsible for the occurrence of extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant Salmonella infection in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Naghoni
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nematollah Jonaidi
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Detection of Class 1, 2, and 3 Integrons Among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Children in Tehran Hospitals. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.11845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ghaderi R, Tadayon K, Avagyan S, Khaki P, Bidhendi SM, Forbes KJ, Mosavari N, Toroghi MR, Moosakhani F, Banihashemi R, Sekhavati M, Karimnasab N. The population structure of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis in Iran analyzed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:889-94. [PMID: 23096767 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Enteritidis is the most frequent etiological agent of salmonellosis in humans and poultry. To understand the genetic diversity of S. Enteritidis in Iran, we examined 69 chicken isolates from 18 broiler farms and six non-epidemic human isolates from six geographically distant provinces by multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Among SE2, SE3, SE5, SE7, SE8, SENTR4, and SENTR7, only SE5 with four and SENTR7 with two alleles, respectively, proved variable giving estimates of locus genetic diversity of 0.58 and 0. In all, six closely related MLVA profiles were identified among which three were commonly represented by human and chicken isolates. This population homogeneity contrasts with the high diversity at these loci reported elsewhere and is likely a consequence of a single clone of S. Enteritidis distributed across Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainak Ghaderi
- Veterinary Aerobic Bacterial Research and Vaccine Production Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, 3197619751, Iran
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