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Carvajal A, Kramer M, Argüello H. Salmonella Control in Swine: A Thoughtful Discussion of the Pre- and Post-Harvest Control Approaches in Industrialized Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1035. [PMID: 38612274 PMCID: PMC11010990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both. The current review revises the current state of the art in Salmonella in swine, the control programs ongoing or conducted in the past, and their strengths and failures, with particular attention to the weight of pre- and post-harvest control and the implications that both have for the success of interventions or mitigation after outbreaks. This review provides a novel perspective on Salmonella control in swine, a matter that still includes uncertainties and room for improvement as a question of public health and One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
| | - Melvin Kramer
- EHA Consulting Group, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306, USA;
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
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2
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Long L, You L, Wang D, Wang M, Wang J, Bai G, Li J, Wei X, Li S. Highly prevalent MDR, frequently carrying virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from Guizhou Province, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266443. [PMID: 35588421 PMCID: PMC9119451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium lacking the phase 2 flagellin, is one of the common serotypes causing Salmonellosis worldwide. However, information on Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from Guizhou Province has lacked so far. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes, and characterize the MLST genotypes of Salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from Guizhou province, China. We collected 363 non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) isolates of Guizhou from 2013 to 2018. Biochemical identification, serogroups testing, and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay were conducted to identify Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates. Isolates were determined the antimicrobial resistance by the micro broth dilution method, detected the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes by PCR, and examined the molecular genotyping by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Eighty-seven Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates were detected, accounting for 23.9% (87/363) of the total NTS isolates. All Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates showed highly resistant to sulfaoxazole (93.1%), streptomycin (90.8%), ampicillin (88.5%), tetracycline (86.2%) and doxycycline (86.2%). A high proportion (94.2%) of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates were found. Most (83.9%) Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates carried four antimicrobial resistance genes, especially blaTEM-1, strA-strB, sul2, and tetB genes. Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates showed a high rate of invA, sseL, mgtC, siiE, sopB, gipA, gtgB, sspH1, and sspH2 (72.4%~98.9%). On the contrary, none of the isolates were detected the spvC and pefA genes. MLST analysis revealed three sequence types (STs), and ST34 (97.7%) was the dominant sequence type. This study is the first report of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in humans from Guizhou province, China. The data might be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- infections, risk management, and public health strategies in Guizhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Long
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lv You
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhua Wang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guihuan Bai
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Tongren City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongren, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
| | - Shijun Li
- Laboratory of Bacterial Disease, Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
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3
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Qin X, Yang M, Cai H, Liu Y, Gorris L, Aslam MZ, Jia K, Sun T, Wang X, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040532. [PMID: 35453283 PMCID: PMC9031511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is a global public health problem. Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhmurium, is one of the leading Salmonella serovars in several countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to this serovar in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nineteen eligible studies during 2011–2021 were included. A total of 4514 isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment were reported, which mainly concerned isolates found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled resistance rate of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Rates were found to be very high (values ≥ 75%) for tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin; high (50–75%) for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol; and moderate (25–50%) for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, and colistin were low (values ≤ 25%), but of great concern in terms of their current clinical importance. Furthermore, a high multidrug resistance rate (86%, 95% CI: 78–92%) was present in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, with the ASSuT pattern largely dominating. Subgroup analysis results showed that the high heterogeneity of resistance rates was not entirely dependent on isolated sources. Taken together, the severity of antibiotic resistance in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- urgently requires the rational use of antibiotics in future infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Leon Gorris
- Food Safety Futures, 6524 BS Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Jia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Tianmei Sun
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Meneguzzi M, Pissetti C, Rebelatto R, Trachsel J, Kuchiishi SS, Reis AT, Guedes RMC, Leão JA, Reichen C, Kich JD. Re-Emergence of Salmonellosis in Hog Farms: Outbreak and Bacteriological Characterization. Microorganisms 2021; 9:947. [PMID: 33925758 PMCID: PMC8146755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical salmonellosis has been increasing significantly in Brazil in recent years. A total of 130 outbreaks distributed among 10 swine-producing states were investigated. One representative Salmonella isolate from each outbreak was characterized through serotyping, antimicrobial resistance profiles, PFGE, and WGS. From 130 outbreaks: 50 were enteric, 48 were septicemic, 17 cases were characterized as hepato-biliary invasive, 13 as nodal and two were not classified. The most prevalent serovars were a monophasic variant of S. typhimurium (55/130), Choleraesuis (46/130), and Typhimurium (14/130). Most of the strains (86.92%) demonstrated a high rate of multi-drug resistance. The identification of a major Choleraesuis clonal group in several Brazilian states sharing the same resistance genes suggested that these strains were closely related. Six strains from this clonal group were sequenced, revealing the same ST-145 and 11 to 47 different SNPs. The detected plasmid type showed multiple marker genes as RepA_1_pKPC-CAV1321, the first to be reported in Salmonella. All AMR genes detected in the genomes were likely present on plasmids, and their phenotype was related to genotypic resistance genes. These findings reveal that salmonellosis is endemic in the most important pig-producing states in Brazil, emphasizing the need to make data available to aid in reducing its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Meneguzzi
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia 89703-720, SC, Brazil; (M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Caroline Pissetti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Raquel Rebelatto
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil;
| | - Julian Trachsel
- National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | | | - Adrienny Trindade Reis
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Monitoramento Animal, CDMA, Belo Horizonte 30411-191, MG, Brazil;
| | - Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Caroline Reichen
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia 89703-720, SC, Brazil; (M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil;
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5
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Clark CG, Landgraff C, Robertson J, Pollari F, Parker S, Nadon C, Gannon VPJ, Johnson R, Nash J. Distribution of heavy metal resistance elements in Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- populations and association with the monophasic genotypes and phenotype. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236436. [PMID: 32716946 PMCID: PMC7384650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- are monophasic S. Typhimurium variants incapable of producing the second-phase flagellar antigen. They have emerged since the mid-1990s to become one of the most prevalent Salmonella serotypes causing human disease world-wide. Multiple genetic events associated with different genetic elements can result in the monophasic phenotype. Several jurisdictions have reported the emergence of a Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone with SGI-4 and a genetic element (MREL) encoding a mercury resistance operon and antibiotic resistance loci that disrupts the second phase antigen region near the iroB locus in the Salmonella genome. We have sequenced 810 human and animal Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates and determined that isolates with SGI-4 and the mercury resistance element (MREL; also known as RR1&RR2) constitute several global clades containing various proportions of Canadian, US, and European isolates. Detailed analysis of the data provides a clearer picture of how these heavy metal elements interact with bacteria within the Salmonella population to produce the monophasic phenotype. Insertion of the MREL near iroB is associated with several deletions and rearrangements of the adjacent flaAB hin region, which may be useful for defining human case clusters that could represent outbreaks. Plasmids carrying genes encoding silver, copper, mercury, and antimicrobial resistance appear to be derived from IS26 mediated acquisition of these genes from genomes carrying SGI-4 and the MREL. Animal isolates with the mercury and As/Cu/Ag resistance elements are strongly associated with porcine sources in Canada as has been shown previously for other jurisdictions. The data acquired in these investigations, as well as from the extensive literature on the subject, may aid source attribution in outbreaks of the organism and interventions to decrease the prevalence of this clone and reduce its impact on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford G Clark
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chrystal Landgraff
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Robertson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Parker
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Nadon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- PulseNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Nash
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Sun H, Wan Y, Du P, Bai L. The Epidemiology of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:87-97. [PMID: 31532231 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains an important foodborne pathogen in all regions of the world, with Typhimurium as one of the most frequent serotypes causing foodborne disease. However, the past two decades have seen a rapid worldwide emergence of a new Salmonella serotype, namely monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, whose antigenic formula is 1,4,[5],12:i:-. It has become one of the 2-5 most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for animal and human infections in different regions. The global epidemic of monophasic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- has mainly been characterized by an increase in multidrug-resistant S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Europe since 1997. The unexpected link to swine has escalated monophasic S. Typhimurium infections to the status of a global public health emergency. The large-scale application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the last 10 years has revealed the phylogenetic associations of the bacterium and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Local and global transmission reconstructed by WGS have shown that different clones have emerged following multiple independent events worldwide, and have elucidated the role of this zoonotic pathogen in the spread of AMR. This article discusses our current knowledge of the global ecology, epidemiology, transmission, bacterial adaptation, and evolution of this emerging Salmonella serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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7
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Wu C, Yan M, Liu L, Lai J, Chan EWC, Chen S. Comparative characterization of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from humans and food animals in China, 2003-2011. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00613. [PMID: 29736431 PMCID: PMC5934692 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Food animals are major reservoirs from which specific pathogenic Salmonella strains emerge periodically. Probing the identity and origin of such organisms is essential for formulation of highly-focused infection control measures and analysis of factors underlying dissemination of such strains. In this work, the genetic and phenotypic features of animal and human clinical isolates collected at different geographical localities in China during the period 2003–2011 were characterized and compared. Animal-specific serotypes were identified, with S. Enteritidis, S. Cremieu and S. Fyris being recovered almost exclusively from chicken, ducks and pigs respectively. Nevertheless, only four serotypes were commonly found to be transmitted among both animal and human clinical isolates: S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. Indiana. Strains of the serotypes S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium not only accounted for up to 50% of all human clinical isolates tested, but often shared identical genetic profiles with the animal isolates. Using a recently identified mobile efflux gene, oqxAB, as genetic marker for assessing the efficiency of transmission between animal and human isolates, we demonstrated that a newly emerged genetic trait could be simultaneously detectable among both animal and human clinical isolates. Findings in this work show that transmission of Salmonellae between animal and human is highly efficient and serotype dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiyin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention (ICDC), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lizhang Liu
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Lai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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8
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Shippy DC, Bearson BL, Holman DB, Brunelle BW, Allen HK, Bearson SMD. Porcine Response to a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- Outbreak Isolate. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:253-261. [PMID: 29412766 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- has emerged as a common nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar to cause human foodborne illness. An interesting trait of serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- is that it only expresses the fliC gene for bacterial motility (i.e., monophasic), while most Salmonella strains alternately express two flagellin genes (fliC and fljB). The goal of this study was to characterize the porcine response following inoculation with a multidrug-resistant (MDR) serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolate associated with a multistate pork outbreak to determine if the increased prevalence of serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- in swine is due to enhanced pathogenicity. Pigs were inoculated and subsequently evaluated for the ability of the isolate to colonize intestinal tissues, cause clinical symptoms, induce an immune response, and alter the fecal microbiota over a 7-day period. Pigs exhibited a significant increase in rectal temperature (fever) (p < 0.01) and fecal moisture content (diarrhea) (p < 0.05) at 2 days postinoculation (d.p.i.) compared with preinoculation (day 0). Serum analyses revealed significantly increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels at 2 (p ≤ 0.0001) and 3 (p < 0.01) d.p.i. compared with day 0, and antibodies against Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were present in all pigs by 7 d.p.i. Serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- colonized porcine intestinal tissues and was shed in the feces throughout the 7-day study. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the fecal microbiota was significantly altered following MDR serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- inoculation, with the largest shift observed between 0 and 7 d.p.i. Our data indicate that the pork outbreak-associated MDR serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolate induced transient clinical disease in swine and perturbed the gastrointestinal microbial community. The porcine response to MDR serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- is similar to previous studies with virulent biphasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, suggesting that the absence of fljB does not substantially alter acute colonization or pathogenesis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Shippy
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Bradley L Bearson
- 2 Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Ames, Iowa
| | - Devin B Holman
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Brian W Brunelle
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Heather K Allen
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Shawn M D Bearson
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
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9
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Mateva G, Pedersen K, Sørensen G, Asseva G, Daskalov H, Petrov P, Kantardjiev T, Alexandar I, Löfström C. Use of multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) to investigate genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from human, food, and veterinary sources. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00528. [PMID: 28836358 PMCID: PMC5822324 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium is the most common zoonotic pathogen in Bulgaria. To allow efficient outbreak investigations and surveillance in the food chain, accurate and discriminatory methods for typing are needed. This study evaluated the use of multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) and compared results with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinations for 100 S. Typhimurium strains isolated in Bulgaria during 2008-2012 (50 veterinary/food and 50 human isolates). Results showed that isolates were divided into 80 and 34 groups using MLVA and AMR, respectively. Simpson's index of diversity was determined to 0.994 ± 0.003 and 0.945 ± 0.012. The most frequently encountered MLVA profiles were 3-11-9-NA-211 (n = 5); 3-12-9-NA-211 (n = 3); 3-12-11-21-311 (n = 3); 3-17-10-NA-311 (n = 3); 2-20-9-7-212 (n = 3); and 2-23-NA-NA-111 (n = 3). No clustering of isolates related to susceptibility/resistance to antimicrobials, source of isolation, or year of isolation was observed. Some MLVA types were found in both human and veterinary/food isolates, indicating a possible route of transmission. A majority (83%) of the isolates were found to be resistant against at least one antimicrobial and 44% against ≥4 antimicrobials. Further studies are needed to verify MLVA usefulness over a longer period of time and with more isolates, including outbreak strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Mateva
- National Diagnostic Research Veterinary InstituteSofiaBulgaria
| | - Karl Pedersen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkFrederiksberg CDenmark
- National Food InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkSøborgDenmark
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- National Food InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkSøborgDenmark
| | - Galina Asseva
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Hristo Daskalov
- National Diagnostic Research Veterinary InstituteSofiaBulgaria
| | - Petar Petrov
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesSofiaBulgaria
| | | | - Irina Alexandar
- Institute of Molecular BiologyBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Charlotta Löfström
- National Food InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkSøborgDenmark
- Agrifood and BioscienceRISE Research Institutes of SwedenLundSweden
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10
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Bonardi S, Bruini I, Bolzoni L, Cozzolino P, Pierantoni M, Brindani F, Bellotti P, Renzi M, Pongolini S. Assessment of Salmonella survival in dry-cured Italian salami. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Boland C, Van Hessche M, Mahillon J, Wattiau P. A liquid bead array for the identification and characterization of fljB-positive and fljB-negative monophasic variants of Salmonella Typhimurium. Food Microbiol 2017; 71:17-24. [PMID: 29366463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella1,4,[5],12:i:- accounts currently for one of the most common serotypes observed worldwide. These isolates do not express the FljB flagellin and mostly derive from Salmonella Typhimurium. They are therefore termed Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variants (STMV) and are considered of comparable public health risk. Since serological identification of the somatic and flagellar antigens of STMV is not sufficient to demonstrate relatedness with Salmonella Typhimurium, additional assays detecting genetic markers unique to Salmonella Typhimurium are required. In addition, identification of the mutations affecting expression of the flagellar gene fljB can be useful to support the monophasic character observed phenotypically. Finally, genetic subtyping of the various mono- and biphasic Salmonella Typhimurium clonal groups can facilitate their epidemiological follow-up. Here, we present a home-made liquid bead array able to fulfill these requirements. This array confirmed the monophasic character of 240 STMV isolates collected in Belgium during 2014-2015 and identified 10 genetic subtypes. Microevolution in and around the fljB locus linked to IS26 insertions is probably one of the driven force accounting for STMV population diversity. Thanks to its open design, other genetic signatures could later be merged to the assay to subtype additional STMV clonal groups and to detect rare mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Boland
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Operational Direction Bacterial Diseases, Foodborne Bacterial Zoonoses & Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Groeselenbergstr. 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology Cluster (ELIM), Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Croix du Sud, 2 - L7.05.12, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Van Hessche
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Operational Direction Bacterial Diseases, Foodborne Bacterial Zoonoses & Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Groeselenbergstr. 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology Cluster (ELIM), Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Croix du Sud, 2 - L7.05.12, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Wattiau
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Operational Direction Bacterial Diseases, Foodborne Bacterial Zoonoses & Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Groeselenbergstr. 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Walia K, Argüello H, Lynch H, Grant J, Leonard FC, Lawlor PG, Gardiner GE, Duffy G. The efficacy of different cleaning and disinfection procedures to reduce Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae in the lairage environment of a pig abattoir. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Helke KL, McCrackin MA, Galloway AM, Poole AZ, Salgado CD, Marriott BP. Effects of antimicrobial use in agricultural animals on drug-resistant foodborne salmonellosis in humans: A systematic literature review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:472-488. [PMID: 27602884 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1230088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Controversy continues concerning antimicrobial use in food animals and its relationship to drug-resistant infections in humans. We systematically reviewed published literature for evidence of a relationship between antimicrobial use in agricultural animals and drug-resistant meat or dairy-borne non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. Based on publications from the United States (U.S.), Canada, and Denmark from January 2010 to July 2014, 858 articles received title and abstract review, 104 met study criteria for full article review with 68 retained for which data are presented. Antibiotic exposure in both cattle and humans found an increased likelihood of Salmonella colonization, whereas in chickens, animals not exposed to antibiotics (organic) were more likely to be Salmonella positive and those that had antibiotic exposure were more likely to harbor antimicrobial resistant Salmonella organisms. In swine literature, only tylosin exposure was examined and no correlation was found among exposure, Salmonella colonization, or antimicrobial resistance. No studies that identified farm antimicrobial use also traced antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - M A McCrackin
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,b Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center Department of Research Service , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ashley M Galloway
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ann Z Poole
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Cassandra D Salgado
- d Department of Medicine , Infectious Disease Division, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Bernadette P Marriott
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Psychiatry , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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14
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Lynch H, Argüello H, Walia K, Lawlor PG, Duffy G, Gardiner GE, Leonard FC. Evaluation of an Alternative Experimental Infection Method, Which Closely Mimics the Natural Route of Transmission of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:23-28. [PMID: 27788027 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella carriage in pigs is a significant food safety issue. This study describes a new protocol of Salmonella infection based on exposure to an artificially contaminated environment that closely mimics natural exposure to the organism. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of this protocol, which could then be used as a tool in the investigation of control measures. In addition, Salmonella shedding pattern and growth performance of the pigs were examined. Trial pigs (n = 10) were placed in a pen that had been previously contaminated by housing two pigs experimentally challenged with a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (mST). A further 10 pigs were placed in a Salmonella-free pen. Pigs were weighed on days 0 and 28. Feces was collected on days 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and examined for the presence and quantity of Salmonella. The trial was replicated once. All pigs in the contaminated pens shed Salmonella within the first 2 days of exposure with values ranging from 100 to 104 CFU/g. The noninfected pigs had significantly higher final body weights on day 28 than those exposed to the Salmonella contaminated environment in both replicates. The pigs in the Salmonella-free pen had significantly higher average daily weight gain over the 28-day period compared to the infected animals (p < 0.001). Although not significant, numerical improvements in average daily feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were observed in the Salmonella-free pigs when compared to the contaminated pigs. The approach used was successful in infecting pigs with Salmonella without the need for direct inoculation or exposure to seeder pigs. This "natural" method of infection in which pigs are exposed to low levels of environmental contamination with Salmonella may be an effective tool that could be utilized when investigating control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lynch
- 1 Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown , Dublin, Ireland .,2 UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hector Argüello
- 1 Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kavita Walia
- 1 Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown , Dublin, Ireland .,3 Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology , Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Geraldine Duffy
- 1 Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- 3 Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology , Waterford, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- 2 UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Walia K, Argüello H, Lynch H, Leonard FC, Grant J, Yearsley D, Kelly S, Duffy G, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Effect of feeding sodium butyrate in the late finishing period on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs. Prev Vet Med 2016; 131:79-86. [PMID: 27544256 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pork is an important source of human salmonellosis and low-cost on-farm control measures may provide a useful element in reducing the prevalence of this pathogen in food. This study investigated the effectiveness of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate administered to finisher pigs for ∼4-weeks prior to slaughter to control Salmonella shedding on highly contaminated farms. Two trials (A and B) were conducted on two commercial pig farms, which had a history of high Salmonella seroprevalence. In both trials, pens (14 pens of 12 pigs/pen in Trial A and 12 pens of 12-17 pigs/pen in Trial B) were randomly assigned to a control (finisher feed without additive) or a treatment group (the same feed with 3kg sodium butyrate/t) for 24-28days, depending on the trial. Faeces were collected from each pig on days 0, 12 and 24/28, and blood, caecal digesta and ileocaecal/mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from the slaughterhouse. Pigs were weighed at the start and end of the trials, feed intake was recorded, and carcass quality parameters were recorded at slaughter. In Trial A, Salmonella shedding was reduced in the treatment compared to the control group at the end of the trial (30% versus 57% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p<0.001). This reflected the serology results, with detection of a lower seroprevalence in the treatment compared to the control group using the 20% optical density cut-off (69.5% versus 89%; p=0.001). However, no effect on faecal shedding or seroprevalance was observed in Trial B, which may be explained by the detection of a concomitant infection with Lawsonia intracellularis. No significant differences in Salmonella recovery rates were observed in the caecal digesta or lymph nodes in either trial. Furthermore, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) did not differ between groups (p>0.05) in either trial. Numerical improvements in weight gain and FCE were found with sodium butyrate treatment, which gave a cost benefit of €0.04/kg of live-weight gain. Overall, results suggest that strategic feeding of sodium butyrate, at 3kg/t of feed, to finishing pigs for 24-28days prior to slaughter was effective in reducing Salmonella shedding and seroprevalance but perhaps only in the absence of co-infection with other pathogens. However, sodium butyrate supplementation at this rate did not influence intestinal carriage, nor did it reduce seroprevalence to below the cut-off used for the high Salmonella risk category in Ireland (50%), or significantly improve growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Walia
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland; Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Helen Lynch
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Dermot Yearsley
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | | | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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16
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García P, Malorny B, Rodicio MR, Stephan R, Hächler H, Guerra B, Lucarelli C. Horizontal Acquisition of a Multidrug-Resistance Module (R-type ASSuT) Is Responsible for the Monophasic Phenotype in a Widespread Clone of Salmonella Serovar 4,[5],12:i:. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:680. [PMID: 27242707 PMCID: PMC4861720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium incapable of expressing the second-phase flagellar antigen (fljAB operon), and it is recognized to be one of the most prevalent serovars causing human infections. A clonal lineage characterized by phage type DT193, PulseNet PFGE profile STYMXB.0131 and multidrug resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline (R-type ASSuT) is commonly circulating in Europe. In this study we determined the deletions affecting the fljAB operon and the resistance region responsible for the R-type ASSuT in a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- DT193/STYMXB.0131, through an approach based on PCRs and Southern blot hybridization of genomic DNA. Using a set of nine specific PCRs, the prevalence of the resistance region was assessed in a collection of 144 S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-/ASSuT/STYMXB.0131 strains isolated from Germany, Switzerland and Italy. A 28 kb-region is embedded between the loci STM2759 and iroB, replacing the DNA located in between, including the fljAB operon. It encompasses the genes bla TEM-1, strA-strB, sul2 and tet(B) responsible for the R-type ASSuT together with genes involved in plasmid replication and orfs of unknown function characteristically located on IncH1 plasmids. Its location and internal structure is fairly conserved in S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-/ASSuT/STYMXB.0131 strains regardless of the isolation source or country. Hence, in the S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-/ASSuT/STYMXB.0131 clonal lineage widespread in Germany, Switzerland and Italy, a resistance region derived from IncH1 plasmids has replaced the chromosomal region encoding the second flagellar phase and is an example of the stabilization of new plasmid-derived genetic material due to integration into the bacterial chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | - Burkhard Malorny
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentBerlin, Germany
| | - M. Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | - Roger Stephan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, National Centre for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Hächler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, National Centre for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentBerlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Lucarelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and ControlStockholm, Sweden
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17
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Andrés-Barranco S, Vico JP, Marín CM, Herrera-León S, Mainar-Jaime RC. Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Pigs and Pig Environment-Related Sources and Evidence of New Circulating Monophasic Strains in Spain. J Food Prot 2016; 79:407-12. [PMID: 26939650 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 117 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and 59 monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-) strains isolated between 2008 and 2012 from pig, wild bird, rodent, and farm environment samples from the northeast of Spain were characterized by phage typing, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis in order to evaluate their phenotypic and genetic relatedness. In Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, the most prevalent phage types were U311 (40.7%) and DT195 (22%), which did not correspond with the so-called Spanish clone and generally showed a different resistance pattern (ASSuT). Antibiotic resistance was found in 85.8% of the isolates, with 94.1% of them displaying multidrug resistance. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis identified 92 different profiles, six of them shared by both serovars. The minimum spanning tree showed one major cluster that included 95% of the Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates, which came from different animal sources, geographic locations, and time periods, suggesting high clonality among those Salmonella strains and the ability to spread among pig farms. Overall, isolates of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- were more similar to European strains than to the well-characterized Spanish clone. The spread of these new strains of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- would likely have been favored by the important pig trade between this Spanish region and other European countries. The overall high prevalence of multidrug resistance observed in these new strains should be noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Barranco
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Vico
- CONICET-UCC Unidad Asociada: Área Ingeniería, Ciencias Agrarias, Biológicas y de la Salud, Avenida Armada Argentina 3555, 5017 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Clara María Marín
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- Seccón de Enterobacterias, Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raú Carlos Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Avenida Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
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18
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de Knegt LV, Pires SM, Löfström C, Sørensen G, Pedersen K, Torpdahl M, Nielsen EM, Hald T. Application of Molecular Typing Results in Source Attribution Models: The Case of Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) of Salmonella Isolates Obtained from Integrated Surveillance in Denmark. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:571-88. [PMID: 27002674 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important cause of bacterial foodborne infections in Denmark. To identify the main animal-food sources of human salmonellosis, risk managers have relied on a routine application of a microbial subtyping-based source attribution model since 1995. In 2013, multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) substituted phage typing as the subtyping method for surveillance of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolated from animals, food, and humans in Denmark. The purpose of this study was to develop a modeling approach applying a combination of serovars, MLVA types, and antibiotic resistance profiles for the Salmonella source attribution, and assess the utility of the results for the food safety decisionmakers. Full and simplified MLVA schemes from surveillance data were tested, and model fit and consistency of results were assessed using statistical measures. We conclude that loci schemes STTR5/STTR10/STTR3 for S. Typhimurium and SE9/SE5/SE2/SE1/SE3 for S. Enteritidis can be used in microbial subtyping-based source attribution models. Based on the results, we discuss that an adjustment of the discriminatory level of the subtyping method applied often will be required to fit the purpose of the study and the available data. The issues discussed are also considered highly relevant when applying, e.g., extended multi-locus sequence typing or next-generation sequencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V de Knegt
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara M Pires
- Research Group for Risk-Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Löfström
- Research Group for Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- Research Group for Diagnostic Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva M Nielsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Kim A, Lim SK, Lee K, Jung SC, Cho YS, Yun SJ, Song CS, Jung BY. Characterization ofSalmonella entericaSerovar 4,[5],12:i:- Isolates from Korean Food Animals. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:766-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aeran Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kichan Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Suk-Chan Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seon-Jong Yun
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Yeal Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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20
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Barco L, Barrucci F, Cortini E, Ramon E, Olsen JE, Luzzi I, Lettini AA, Ricci A. Ascertaining the relationship between Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- by MLVA and inferring the sources of human salmonellosis due to the two serovars in Italy. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:301. [PMID: 25983720 PMCID: PMC4415582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current picture of human salmonellosis shows Salmonella Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- as the most common serovars in Italy. The aims of this study were to investigate the genetic relationship between these serovars, as well as to test the possibility of inferring sources of human salmonellosis due to S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- by using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) subtyping data. Single isolates from 268 human sporadic cases and 325 veterinary isolates (from pig, cattle, chicken, and turkey) collected over the period 2009-2011 were typed by MLVA, and the similarities of MLVA profiles were investigated using different analytical approaches. Results showed that isolates of S. 4,[5],12:i:- were more clonal compared to S. Typhimurium and that clones of both serovars from different non-human sources were very close to those which were responsible for human infections, suggesting that source attribution by MLVA typing should be possible. However, using the Asymmetric Island Model it was not possible to obtain a confident ranking of sources responsible for human infections based on MLVA profiles. The source assignments provided by the model could have been jeopardized by the high heterogeneity found within each source and the negligible divergence between sources as well as by the limited source data available, especially for some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barco
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Federica Barrucci
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Enzo Cortini
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Elena Ramon
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ida Luzzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, RomeItaly
| | - Antonia A. Lettini
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
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21
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Pedersen K, Sørensen G, Löfström C, Leekitcharoenphon P, Nielsen B, Wingstrand A, Aarestrup FM, Hendriksen RS, Baggesen DL. Reappearance of Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in Danish pig herds. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Extensive genetic variability linked to IS26 insertions in the fljB promoter region of atypical monophasic variants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3169-75. [PMID: 25724958 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00270-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-nine monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates, collected in Belgium during the period from 2008 to 2011, have been serotyped as 4,[5]:i:- and shown to harbor an fljB coding sequence. The genetic differences between these strains and phenotypically biphasic Salmonella Typhimurium were analyzed through PCR and DNA sequencing. Genetic alterations in the fljB promoter region affecting expression of the phase 2 flagellin were observed in 53 isolates. Other genetic events in the invertible region carrying the fljB promoter were observed in 2 isolates. For the remaining 4 isolates, no molecular differences with a reference biphasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain could be observed. Next-generation sequencing of one representative isolate affected in the fljB promoter region revealed a 26-kb IS26 composite transposon insertion along with a local genomic rearrangement. Several other IS26 element-mediated alterations of this genomic region were observed. This group of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium isolates was genetically heterogeneous, as revealed by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), PCR, and sequencing. Pigs and pork represented a major source of such monophasic isolates in Belgium, as reported in other countries. Three out of 5 isolates of human origin presented genetic profiles identical to those of food isolates, demonstrating the pathogenic potential of the newly characterized variants and potential dissemination along the food chain. This study highlighted the key role played by IS26 insertions in the loss of phase 2 flagellin expression and the subsequent generation of multiple monophasic variant lineages from biphasic Salmonella Typhimurium ancestors.
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