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Dama E, Porgho S, Ake YC, Yameogo I, Gampini S, Adjami AGA, Nikiema A, Kamate M, Tarbangdo F, Sawadogo R, Sawadogo C, Ouedraogo HS, Zerbo H, Rahalison L, Medah I, Dahourou AG, Greco-Kone R, Ake FH. Implementation and performance evaluation of an integrated specimen referral system in Burkina Faso using the national courier services (2020-2022). Front Public Health 2024; 12:1384382. [PMID: 39139671 PMCID: PMC11320995 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1384382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2017, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene (MoH) of Burkina Faso designed and piloted a specimen transport system using the national courier services (La Poste BF) in 4 districts. Based on satisfactory performance indicators, the MoH set a vision aimed at scaling up this system to strengthen disease detection and surveillance of epidemic prone diseases across the country. This work describes the implementation process, performances, and lessons learned. Methodology This work describes the implementation process, performances, and lessons learned. Under the leadership of the Directorate of Population Health Protection within the MoH, a stepwise approach was used to bring together multiple partners across sectors to develop the first needed documents including a guide, an implementation plan, Standard Operating Procedures, and data collection tools. Then, the execution phase included equipment purchase, trainings, and consensus on a financing mechanism. Key indicators were defined to allow performance monitoring. Result The integrated biological specimen referral system (SITEB) was officially launched in January 2020 to transport human biological specimens of priority diseases including COVID-19 from district level to reference laboratories nationwide. As of December 31, 2022, La Poste BF transported 168,856 packages containing 206,314 specimens from all 13 regions. 99.66% of packages were delivered in <24 h as required, and 99.68% of specimens were in good condition at reception. COVID-19 specimens represented respectively 18% and 63% of samples transported in 2020 and 2021. Discussion The political will combined with the experience gained during the pilot phase and the commitment and support from all stakeholders laid to the foundation of the effective implementation of this system. Collaboration between two government entities (MoH and Minister of Transport, Urban Mobility, and Road Safety) to benefit public health has led to reasonable pricing for sustainability. Although all documents integrate the "One Health" approach, the system ensures the transport of only human samples for now. Despite security constraints, Burkina Faso has successfully set up a system using the national postal service to ensure the routine transport of specimens for all diseases under laboratory surveillance including laboratory tests for HIV and TB from the district level to reference laboratories nationwide. This system has also proved to be useful and efficient in managing public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Souleymane Porgho
- General Direction of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Issaka Yameogo
- General Direction of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Aime-Gilles A. Adjami
- World Health Organization, Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs (ESPEN), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Nikiema
- Integrated Quality Laboratory Services (IQLS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mory Kamate
- DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Romial Sawadogo
- Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Charles Sawadogo
- Directorate of Biomedical Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamed S. Ouedraogo
- General Direction of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Habibata Zerbo
- National Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lila Rahalison
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Isaïe Medah
- General Direction of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anicet G. Dahourou
- Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rebecca Greco-Kone
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Gotsche CI, Meierkord A, Baruch J, Körner-Nahodilová L, Weishaar H, Hanefeld J. Approaches, challenges, and opportunities to strengthen the epidemic intelligence workforce: a scoping review. Public Health 2023; 225:353-359. [PMID: 37979312 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weak surveillance systems have limited countries' ability to adequately respond to public health emergencies. Strengthening the human workforce in this field is considered an important opportunity to ensure the future response to infectious diseases outbreaks globally. A scoping review of the academic literature and relevant documents was conducted to identify approaches, challenges, and opportunities to strengthen the epidemic intelligence (EI) workforce. METHODS Five peer-reviewed databases were systematically searched, as well as Google as a grey literature source. English language articles and documents published between 2014 and 2022 were included. No geographical restrictions were set. RESULTS 37 articles and 20 documents were included in the review. Professional training, the acknowledgement of including a broad variety of disciplines into the workforce, the inclusion of communities, the pursuit of a One Health approach and the use of digital tools were identified as impeding and/or facilitating the EI workforce. The review shows that the field epidemiology training programme is a prominent approach for strengthening the EI workforce and that little evidence exists on how non-traditional disciplines (e.g., disciplines besides medicine, laboratory science, or epidemiology) contributing to surveillance may support the future EI workforce. CONCLUSION The identification of approaches, challenges, and opportunities of EI can inform future policy and practice on strengthening the EI workforce. The conduct of more high-quality studies is needed to guide this process. The potential benefits of integrating a wider range of disciplines than currently found in the surveillance workforce and of involving communities in disease surveillance needs to be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Gotsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
| | - A Meierkord
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité Center for Global Health, Institute of International Health, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - J Baruch
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - L Körner-Nahodilová
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - H Weishaar
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - J Hanefeld
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
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Dama E, Orelle A, Nikiema A, Mandingar PD, Naby A, Bationo GB, Kéita MS, Pierson A, Sawadogo C, Koné RG. Strengthening Biorisk Management Capacities in Burkina Faso: Contribution of the Global Health Security Agenda. Health Secur 2022; 20:479-487. [PMID: 36399610 PMCID: PMC9805872 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Health Security Agenda and the International Health Regulations (2005) recommend that countries strengthen the capacity of their national laboratory systems to comply with the International Health Regulations. To efficiently and effectively direct these efforts, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-in collaboration with the Ministry of Health Directorate of Laboratories, the African Society for Laboratory Medicine, and Integrated Quality Laboratory Service-assessed Burkina Faso's national laboratory system using the World Health Organization Laboratory Assessment Tool. Based on gaps observed in biorisk management, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Laboratory Assessment Tool (BSS LAT) was developed to assess 10 public laboratories handling dangerous pathogens. This tool uses a specific scoring matrix with quantitative output. Composite assessment scores for the 9 primary modules (capacity areas) were reported, with the highest scores reported in cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, waste management (42%), and good laboratory practices (40%), and the lowest scores in biosecurity/biosafety (33%), documents/regulations (18%), emergency management (16%), and risk management (5%). To address challenges identified in the assessments, a set of activities was planned with a focus on biorisk management. Results from an evaluation conducted 1 year later, using the BSS LAT, showed an increase in the average score of all indicators from 25% to 45% and an increase in the biorisk management module score from 5% to 35%. This evaluation process was a decisive step toward strengthening the capacity of the laboratory system in Burkina Faso. Global Health Security Agenda investments and activities have made a lasting impact on improving biosafety and biosecurity in public health laboratories. To ensure sustainability, a strong laboratory quality management program based on a mentorship system is greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Emilie Dama, PhD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Advisor, the Burkina Faso Country Office, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Address correspondence to: Emilie Dama, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prevention Research Centers, American Embassy secteur 15, Ouaga 2000 Rue 15.873, Ouagadougou 35, Burkina Faso
| | - Arnaud Orelle
- Arnaud Orelle, MSc, was Biosafety and EQA Program Coordinator, Integrated Quality Laboratory Services, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdoulaye Nikiema
- Abdoulaye Nikiema, PharmD, MSc, is GHSA Program Manager, African Society of Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Patrick D. Mandingar
- Patrick D. Mandingar, PharmD, MSc, is Head, Monitoring, Evaluation and Quality Management Department, the Directorate of Biomedical Laboratories, General Directorate of Access to Health Products, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alphonse Naby
- Alphonse Naby is Biomedical Technician, the Directorate of Biomedical Laboratories, General Directorate of Access to Health Products, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Gérard B. Bationo
- Gérard B. Bationo, PharmD, DES, is Head, department in charge of medical laboratories monitoring, the Directorate of Biomedical Laboratories, General Directorate of Access to Health Products, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mah-Séré Kéita
- Kéita Mah-Séré, MPH, is Director of Programs, African Society of Laboratory Medicine, Bamako, Mali
| | - Antoine Pierson
- Antoine Pierson, PharmD, is Chief Scientific Officer, Integrated Quality Laboratory Services, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charles Sawadogo
- Charles Sawadogo, PharmD, CES, is Director of Biomedical Laboratories, the Directorate of Biomedical Laboratories, General Directorate of Access to Health Products, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rebecca Greco Koné
- Rebecca Greco Koné, MSc, is Director, the Burkina Faso Country Office, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Zadran A, Ho AVD, Zadran L, Ventura Curiel IJ, Pham TT, Thuan DTB, Kost GJ. Optimizing Public Health Preparedness for Highly Infectious Diseases in Central Vietnam. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092047. [PMID: 36140451 PMCID: PMC9497681 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our primary objectives were (a) to determine the need for and the availability of point-of-care testing (POCT) for infectious diseases and (b) to recommend point-of-care testing strategies and Spatial Care PathsTM (SCPs) that enhance public health preparedness in the regional districts of Thua Thien Hue Province (TTHP), Central Vietnam, where we conducted field surveys. Medical professionals in seven community health centers (CHCs), seven district hospitals (DHs) and one provincial hospital (PH) participated. Survey questions (English and Vietnamese) determined the status of diagnostic testing capabilities for infectious diseases and other acute medical challenges in TTHP. Infectious disease testing was limited: six of seven CHCs (86%) lacked infectious disease tests. One CHC (14%, 1/7) had two forms of diagnostic tests available for the detection of malaria. All CHCs lacked adequate microbiology laboratories. District hospitals had few diagnostic tests for infectious diseases (tuberculosis and syphilis), blood culture (29%, 2/7), and pathogen culture (57%, 4/7) available. The PH had broader diagnostic testing capabilities but lacked preparedness for highly infectious disease threats (e.g., Ebola, MERS-CoV, SARS, Zika, and monkeypox). All sites reported having COVID-19 rapid antigen tests; COVID-19 RT-PCR tests were limited to higher-tier hospitals. We conclude that infectious disease diagnostic testing should be improved and POC tests must be supplied near patients’ homes and in primary care settings for the early detection of infected individuals and the mitigation of the spread of new COVID-19 variants and other highly infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanullah Zadran
- Point-of-Care Testing Center for Teaching and Research (POCT CTR) Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: (A.Z.); (G.J.K.); Tel.: +1-(510)-779-8698 (A.Z.)
| | - An V. D. Ho
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Layma Zadran
- Point-of-Care Testing Center for Teaching and Research (POCT CTR) Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Irene J. Ventura Curiel
- Point-of-Care Testing Center for Teaching and Research (POCT CTR) Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tang-Tung Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, Phan Chau Trinh University, No 9 Nguyen Gia Thieu St, Dien Ban Ward, Dien Ngoc District, Danang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Vinhomes Ocean Park, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Gerald J. Kost
- Point-of-Care Testing Center for Teaching and Research (POCT CTR) Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: (A.Z.); (G.J.K.); Tel.: +1-(510)-779-8698 (A.Z.)
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Baharom M, Ahmad N, Hod R, Abdul Manaf MR. Dengue Early Warning System as Outbreak Prediction Tool: A Systematic Review. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:871-886. [PMID: 35535237 PMCID: PMC9078425 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s361106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Early warning system (EWS) for vector-borne diseases is incredibly complex due to numerous factors originating from human, environmental, vector and the disease itself. Dengue EWS aims to collect data that leads to prompt decision-making processes that trigger disease intervention strategies to minimize the impact on a specific population. Dengue EWS may have a similar structural design, functions, and analytical approaches but different performance and ability to predict outbreaks. Hence, this review aims to summarise and discuss the evidence of different EWSs, their performance, and their ability to predict dengue outbreaks. A systematic literature search was performed of four primary databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, and EBSCOhost. Eligible articles were evaluated using a checklist for assessing the quality of the studies. A total of 17 studies were included in this systematic review. All EWS models demonstrated reasonably good predictive abilities to predict dengue outbreaks. However, the accuracy of their predictions varied greatly depending on the model used and the data quality. The reported sensitivity ranged from 50 to 100%, while specificity was 74 to 94.7%. A range between 70 to 96.3% was reported for prediction model accuracy and 43 to 86% for PPV. Overall, meteorological alarm indicators (temperatures and rainfall) were the most frequently used and displayed the best performing indicator. Other potential alarm indicators are entomology (female mosquito infection rate), epidemiology, population and socioeconomic factors. EWS is an essential tool to support district health managers and national health planners to mitigate or prevent disease outbreaks. This systematic review highlights the benefits of integrating several epidemiological tools focusing on incorporating climatic, environmental, epidemiological and socioeconomic factors to create an early warning system. The early warning system relies heavily on the country surveillance system. The lack of timely and high-quality data is critical for developing an effective EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazni Baharom
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norfazilah Ahmad
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: Norfazilah Ahmad, Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia, Tel +60391458781, Fax +60391456670, Email
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
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Assessment of the Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Reference Veterinary Laboratory of Parakou in Benin. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030146. [PMID: 34449734 PMCID: PMC8396302 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal biosafety and biosecurity are major requirements of global health security. This study assessed the biorisk management in the reference veterinary laboratory of Parakou (Benin). The study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and evaluative. The non-probability sampling method with the reasoned choice was used. The Food and Agriculture Organization laboratory mapping tool-safety was used to collect information from the laboratory team. Group discussion, working environment observation, and document exploitation were the data collection techniques. The biorisk management was rated good if the average indicator of the laboratory reached at least 80%. Otherwise, the biorisk management was rated insufficient. The overall laboratory biosafety and biosecurity score was insufficient (42.4%). Per area, the scores were 26.7% for engineering, 33.3% for administration, 53.8% for personal protective equipment, and 62.3% for the operational. There was no area or category score that reached 80%. Containment, waste disposal, and personal protective equipment disposal were the best performing categories with a score above 60%. The laboratory has no biosafety and accident prevention program. Its premises require renovation. The standard operating procedures for biosafety are not yet finalized, and the training mechanism is not optimal. Therefore, strong advocacy and implementation of a biorisk management improvement plan appear as urgent corrective actions which are required to help the reference veterinary laboratory of Parakou in its task to protect the livestock and, ultimately, the people of Benin from dangerous diseases and emerging pathogens.
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Kachuwaire O, Zakaryan A, Manjengwa J, Davtyan Z, Châtard J, Orelle A, Tumanyan P, Petikyan A, Hambardzumyan N, Pierson A. Quality management system implementation in human and animal laboratories. One Health 2021; 13:100278. [PMID: 34189238 PMCID: PMC8217679 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to rapidly detect emerging and re-emerging threats relies on a strong network of laboratories providing high quality testing services. Improving laboratory quality systems to ensure that these laboratories effectively play their critical role using a tailored stepwise approach can assist them to comply with the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHRs) and the World Organization for Animal Health's (OIE) guidelines. Methods Fifteen (15) laboratories in Armenia's human and veterinary laboratory networks were enrolled into a quality management system strengthening programme from 2017 to 2020. Training was provided for key staff, resulting in an implementation plan developed to address gaps. Routine mentorship visits were conducted. Audits were undertaken at baseline and post-implementation using standardised checklists to assess laboratory improvements. Results Baseline audit general indicator scores ranged from 21% to 46% for human laboratories and 37% to 60% for the veterinary laboratories. Following implementation scores improved ranging from 7 to 39% for human laboratories and 12% to 19% for veterinary laboratories. Conclusion In general, there has been improvement for both human and veterinary laboratories in the areas of QMS implementation, particularly in organizational structure, human resources, equipment management, supply chain and data management. Central facilities developed systems that are ready for international accreditation. This One Health strengthening project ensured simultaneous strengthening of both human and veterinary laboratories which is not a common approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arsen Zakaryan
- Integrated Quality Laboratory Services (IQLS), Lyon, France
| | | | - Zaruhi Davtyan
- Integrated Quality Laboratory Services (IQLS), Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Châtard
- Integrated Quality Laboratory Services (IQLS), Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Orelle
- Integrated Quality Laboratory Services (IQLS), Lyon, France
| | - Pertch Tumanyan
- Republican Veterinary Sanitary, Phytosanitary Center for Laboratory Services, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Aida Petikyan
- National Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, SNCO, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nune Hambardzumyan
- National Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, SNCO, Yerevan, Armenia
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Balajee SA, Salyer SJ, Greene-Cramer B, Sadek M, Mounts AW. The practice of event-based surveillance: concept and methods. GLOBAL SECURITY: HEALTH, SCIENCE AND POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2020.1848444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Arunmozhi Balajee
- Division of Viral Disease, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie J. Salyer
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US CDC, United States of America
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mahmoud Sadek
- Health Emergency Information and Risk Assessment Unit, Eastern Mediterranean Region WHO Office, Egypt
| | - Anthony W. Mounts
- Office of Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), United States of America
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Yoon YK, Lee J, Kim SI, Peck KR. A Systematic Narrative Review of Comprehensive Preparedness Strategies of Healthcare Resources for a Large Resurgence of COVID-19 Nationally, with Local or Regional Epidemics: Present Era and Beyond. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e387. [PMID: 33200593 PMCID: PMC7669459 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has penetrated our daily lives, leading us to a new normal era. The unexpected impact of COVID-19 has posed a unique challenge for the health care system, bringing innovation around the world. Considering the current pandemic pattern, comprehensive preparedness strategies of healthcare resources need to be implemented to prepare for a large resurgence of COVID-19 within a short time. With the unprecedented spread of the new pandemic and the impending influenza season, scientific evidence-based schemes need to be developed through cooperation, coordination, and solidarity. Based on the early experience with the current pandemic, this narrative interpretive review of qualitative studies suggests a 6-domain plan to establish a better health care system that is prepared to deal with the current and future public health crises. The 6 domains are medical institutions, medical workforce, medical equipment, COVID-19 surveillance, data and information application, and governance structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyung Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jacob Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Clara A, Ndiaye SM, Joseph B, Nzogu MA, Coulibaly D, Alroy KA, Gourmanon DC, Diarrassouba M, Toure-Adechoubou R, Houngbedji KA, Attiey HB, Balajee SA. Community-Based Surveillance in Côte d'Ivoire. Health Secur 2020; 18:S23-S33. [PMID: 32004127 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-based surveillance can be an important component of early warning systems. In 2016, the Côte d'Ivoire Ministry of Health launched a community-based surveillance project in 3 districts along the Guinea border. Community health workers were trained in detection and immediate reporting of diseases and events using a text-messaging platform. In December 2017, surveillance data from before and after implementation of community-based surveillance were analyzed in intervention and control districts. A total of 3,734 signals of priority diseases and 4,918 unusual health events were reported, of which 420 were investigated as suspect diseases and none were investigated as unusual health events. Of the 420 suspected cases reported, 23 (6%) were laboratory confirmed for a specific pathogen. Following implementation of community-based surveillance, 5-fold and 8-fold increases in reporting of suspected measles and yellow fever clusters, respectively, were documented. Reporting incidence rates in intervention districts for suspected measles, yellow fever, and acute flaccid paralysis were significantly higher after implementation, with a difference of 29.2, 19.0, and 2.5 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. All rate differences were significantly higher in intervention districts (p < 0.05); no significant increase in reporting was noted in control districts. These findings suggest that community-based surveillance strengthened detection and reporting capacity for several suspect priority diseases and events. However, the surveillance program was very sensitive, resulting in numerous false-positives. Learning from the community-based surveillance implementation experience, the ministry of health is revising signal definitions to reduce sensitivity and increase specificity, reviewing training materials, considering scaling up sustainable reporting platforms, and standardizing community health worker roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Clara
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Serigne M Ndiaye
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Benie Joseph
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Maurice A Nzogu
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Karen A Alroy
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Djebo C Gourmanon
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Mamadou Diarrassouba
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Koffi Ange Houngbedji
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Henry Banny Attiey
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - S Arunmozhi Balajee
- Alexey Clara, MD, Karen A. Alroy, DVM, and Djebo C. Gourmanon, MD, are Epidemiologists, and S. Arunmozhi Balajee, PhD, is Associate Director of Global Health Security; all in the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Serigne M. Ndiaye, PhD, is Program Director; Mamadou Diarrassouba, MD, is Emergency Management Lead; and Ramatou Toure-Adechoubou, PharmD, is a Public Health Specialist for Laboratory; all in the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Côte d'Ivoire, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Benie Joseph is a Professor and Director of Public Health, and Daouda Coulibaly, MD, MPH, is Deputy Director, Epidemiology Hygiene Research; both at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Maurice A. Nzogu holds a master's degree in humanitarian aid and international cooperation and is the Deputy Health Coordinator; Koffi Ange Houngbedji, MD, MPH, is Health Coordinator; and Henry Banny Attiey has a master's degree in monitoring evaluation and is Monitoring Evaluation Health Coordinator Health Sector; all at the International Rescue Committee, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Dr. Clara and Dr. Ndiaye contributed equally to this article. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Stevenson M. A situation analysis of the state of supply of in vitro diagnostics in Low-Income Countries. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:1836-1846. [PMID: 32758073 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1801791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) are medical devices and accessories used to test bodily samples for causative agents of disease. IVDs play a central role in the diagnosis of individuals, in the rationale use of medicines, in burden of disease estimates, as well as in public health surveillance; especially for detection of emerging epidemics, the identification and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance, and the documentation of infection rates in populations. This article examines how the state of (a) product quality, (b) pricing, and (c) development country manufacturing capacity, are affecting the supply of IVDs in Low-Income Countries (LICs). Data informing this work is derived from interviews with representatives of leading stakeholder organisations working in this space, and analysis of secondary literature. The findings of this analysis are that the supply of IVDs in LICs is undermined by (i) significant variation in product quality; (ii) inconsistent market demand from governments; (iii) limited opportunities for pooled procurement; (iv) a lack of transparency and consistency in product pricing; and (v) insufficient competition among producers capable of innovating for populations with limited purchasing power and low-resource settings. The article then examines four strategies for how these challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stevenson
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Hamilton, Canada
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12
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Nasir A, Shaukat K, Hameed IA, Luo S, Alam TM, Iqbal F. A Bibliometric Analysis of Corona Pandemic in Social Sciences: A Review of Influential Aspects and Conceptual Structure. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2020; 8:133377-133402. [PMID: 34812340 PMCID: PMC8545329 DOI: 10.1109/access.2020.3008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Corona pandemic has affected the whole world, and it is a highly researched area in biological sciences. As the current pandemic has affected countries socially and economically, the purpose of this bibliometric analysis is to provide a holistic review of the corona pandemic in the field of social sciences. This study aims to highlight significant, influential aspects, research streams, and themes. We have reviewed 395 journal articles related to coronavirus in the field of social sciences from 2003 to 2020. We have deployed 'biblioshiny' a web-interface of the 'bibliometrix 3.0' package of R-studio to conduct bibliometric analysis and visualization. In the field of social sciences, we have reported influential aspects of coronavirus literature. We have found that the 'Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report' is the top journal. The core article of coronavirus literature is 'Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia'. The most commonly used word, in titles, abstracts, author's keywords, and keywords plus, is 'SARS'. Top affiliation is 'The University of Hong Kong'. Hong Kong is a leading country based on citations, and the USA is on top based on total publications. We have used a conceptual framework to identify potential research streams and themes in coronavirus literature. Four research streams are found by deploying a co-occurrence network. These research streams are 'Social and economic effects of epidemic disease', 'Infectious disease calamities and control', 'Outbreak of COVID 19,' and 'Infectious diseases and the role of international organizations'. Finally, a thematic map is used to provide a holistic understanding by dividing significant themes into basic or transversal, emerging or declining, motor, highly developed, but isolated themes. These themes and subthemes have proposed future directions and critical areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Nasir
- Department of Management SciencesLahore College for Women UniversityLahore54000Pakistan
| | - Kamran Shaukat
- School of Electrical Engineering and ComputingThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSW2308Australia
- Punjab University College of Information Technology, University of the PunjabLahore54590Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A. Hameed
- Department of ICT and Natural SciencesNorwegian University of Science and Technology7491TrondheimNorway
| | - Suhuai Luo
- School of Electrical Engineering and ComputingThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSW2308Australia
| | - Talha Mahboob Alam
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Engineering and TechnologyLahore54890Pakistan
| | - Farhat Iqbal
- Punjab University College of Information Technology, University of the PunjabLahore54590Pakistan
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13
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Clara A, Dao ATP, Mounts AW, Bernadotte C, Nguyen HT, Tran QM, Tran QD, Dang TQ, Merali S, Balajee SA, Do TT. Developing monitoring and evaluation tools for event-based surveillance: experience from Vietnam. Global Health 2020; 16:38. [PMID: 32354353 PMCID: PMC7191785 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016-2017, Vietnam's Ministry of Health (MoH) implemented an event-based surveillance (EBS) pilot project in six provinces as part of Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) efforts. This manuscript describes development and design of tools for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of EBS in Vietnam. METHODS A strategic EBS framework was developed based on the EBS implementation pilot project's goals and objectives. The main process and outcome components were identified and included input, activities, outputs, and outcome indicators. M&E tools were developed to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The tools included a supervisory checklist, a desk review tool, a key informant interview guide, a focus group discussion guide, a timeliness form, and an online acceptability survey. An evaluation team conducted field visits for assessment of EBS 5-9 months after implementation. RESULTS The quantitative data collected provided evidence on the number and type of events that were being reported, the timeliness of the system, and the event-to-signal ratio. The qualitative and subjective data collected helped to increase understanding of the system's field utility and acceptance by field staff, reasons for non-compliance with established guidelines, and other factors influencing implementation. CONCLUSIONS The use of M&E tools for the EBS pilot project in Vietnam provided data on signals and events reported, timeliness of reporting and response, perceptions and opinions of implementers, and fidelity of EBS implementation. These data were valuable for Vietnam's MoH to understand the function of the EBS program, and the success and challenges of implementing this project in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Clara
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anh T P Dao
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony W Mounts
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Quy M Tran
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Quang D Tran
- General Department of Preventive Medicine, under the Vietnam Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tan Q Dang
- General Department of Preventive Medicine, under the Vietnam Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sharifa Merali
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Arunmozhi Balajee
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Trang T Do
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Semenza JC, Sewe MO, Lindgren E, Brusin S, Aaslav KK, Mollet T, Rocklöv J. Systemic resilience to cross-border infectious disease threat events in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1855-1863. [PMID: 31022321 PMCID: PMC6852001 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent health emergencies threaten global health security. International Health Regulations (IHR) aim to prevent, detect and respond to such threats, through increase in national public health core capacities, but whether IHR core capacity implementation is necessary and sufficient has been contested. With a longitudinal study we relate changes in national IHR core capacities to changes in cross-border infectious disease threat events (IDTE) between 2010 and 2016, collected through epidemic intelligence at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). By combining all IHR core capacities into one composite measure we found that a 10% increase in the mean of this composite IHR core capacity to be associated with a 19% decrease (p = 0.017) in the incidence of cross-border IDTE in the EU. With respect to specific IHR core capacities, an individual increase in national legislation, policy & financing; coordination and communication with relevant sectors; surveillance; response; preparedness; risk communication; human resource capacity; or laboratory capacity was associated with a significant decrease in cross-border IDTE incidence. In contrast, our analysis showed that IHR core capacities relating to point-of-entry, zoonotic events or food safety were not associated with IDTE in the EU. Due to high internal correlations between core capacities, we conducted a principal component analysis which confirmed a 20% decrease in risk of IDTE for every 10% increase in the core capacity score (95% CI: 0.73, 0.88). Globally (EU excluded), a 10% increase in the mean of all IHR core capacities combined was associated with a 14% decrease (p = 0.077) in cross-border IDTE incidence. We provide quantitative evidence that improvements in IHR core capacities at country-level are associated with fewer cross-border IDTE in the EU, which may also hold true for other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maquines Odhiambo Sewe
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Lindgren
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Brusin
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Mollet
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Palagyi A, Marais BJ, Abimbola S, Topp SM, McBryde ES, Negin J. Health system preparedness for emerging infectious diseases: A synthesis of the literature. Glob Public Health 2019; 14:1847-1868. [PMID: 31084412 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1614645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This review reflects on what the literature to date has taught us about how health systems of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) respond to emerging infectious disease (EID) outbreaks. These findings are then applied to propose a conceptual framework characterising an EID prepared health system. A narrative synthesis approach was adopted to explore the key elements of LMIC health systems during an EID outbreak. Overarching themes ('core health system constructs') and sub-themes ('elements') relevant to EID preparedness were extracted from 49 peer-reviewed articles. The resulting conceptual framework recognised six core constructs: four focused on material resources and structures (i.e. system 'hardware'), including (i) Surveillance, (ii) Infrastructure and medical supplies, (iii) Workforce, and (iv) Communication mechanisms; and two focused on human and institutional relationships, values and norms (i.e. system 'software'), including (i) Governance, and (ii) Trust. The article reinforces the interconnectedness of the traditional health system building blocks to EID detection, prevention and response, and highlights the critical role of system 'software' (i.e. governance and trust) in enabling LMIC health systems to achieve and maintain EID preparedness. The review provides recommendations for refining a set of indicators for an 'optimised' health system EID preparedness tool to aid health system strengthening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palagyi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Public Health , Sydney , Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Ben J Marais
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Seye Abimbola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Public Health , Sydney , Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Stephanie M Topp
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia.,Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Emma S McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University , Townsville , Australia
| | - Joel Negin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Public Health , Sydney , Australia
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16
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Clara A, Do TT, Dao ATP, Tran PD, Dang TQ, Tran QD, Ngu ND, Ngo TH, Phan HC, Nguyen TTP, Lai AT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen MK, Nguyen HTM, Becknell S, Bernadotte C, Nguyen HT, Nguyen QC, Mounts AW, Balajee SA. Event-Based Surveillance at Community and Healthcare Facilities, Vietnam, 2016-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1649-1658. [PMID: 30124198 PMCID: PMC6106426 DOI: 10.3201/eid2409.171851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance and outbreak reporting systems in Vietnam required improvements to function effectively as early warning and response systems. Accordingly, the Ministry of Health of Vietnam, in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, launched a pilot project in 2016 focusing on community and hospital event–based surveillance. The pilot was implemented in 4 of Vietnam’s 63 provinces. The pilot demonstrated that event-based surveillance resulted in early detection and reporting of outbreaks, improved collaboration between the healthcare facilities and preventive sectors of the ministry, and increased community participation in surveillance and reporting.
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17
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Clara A, Do TT, Dao AT, Tran PD, Dang TQ, Tran QD, Ngu ND, Ngo TH, Phan HC, Nguyen TT, Lai AT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen MK, Nguyen HT, Becknell S, Bernadotte C, Nguyen HT, Nguyen QC, Mounts AW, Balajee SA. Event-Based Surveillance at Community and Healthcare Facilities, Vietnam, 2016–2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Kambouris ME, Gaitanis G, Manoussopoulos Y, Arabatzis M, Kantzanou M, Kostis GD, Velegraki A, Patrinos GP. Humanome Versus Microbiome: Games of Dominance and Pan-Biosurveillance in the Omics Universe. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 22:528-538. [PMID: 30036141 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Global governance of pathogens such as Ebola virus and infectious diseases is central to global health, and to innovation in systems medicine. Worrisomely, the gaps in human immunity and healthcare services combined with novel pathogens emerging by travel, biotechnological advances, or the rupture of the host-species barrier challenge infectious diseases' global governance. Such biorisks and biothreats may scale up to global catastrophic biological risks (GCBRs) spatiotemporally, either as individual or as collective risks. The scale and intensity of such threats challenge current thinking on surveillance, and calls for a move toward pan-biosurveillance. New multilayered, cross-sectoral, and adaptable strategies of prevention and intervention on GCBRs should be developed, considering human hosts in entirety, and in close relationship with other hosts (plants and animals). This also calls for the "Humanome," which we introduce in this study as the totality of human subjects plus any directly dependent biological or nonbiological entities (products, constructs, and interventions). Surveillance networks should be implemented by integrating communications, diagnostics, and robotics/aeronautics technologies. Suppression of pathogens must be enforced both before and during an epidemic outbreak, the former allowing more drastic measures before the pathogens harbor the host. We propose in this expert review that microbiome-level intervention might particularly prove as an effective solution in medical and environmental scales against traditional, currently emerging, and future infectious threats. We conclude with a discussion on the ways in which the humanome and microbiome contest and cooperate, and how this knowledge might usefully inform in addressing the GCBRs, bioterrorism, and associated threats in the pursuit of pan-biosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- 2 Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yiannis Manoussopoulos
- 3 Plant Protection Division of Patras, Institute of Industrial and Forage Plants N.E.O & Amerikis , Patras, Greece
| | - Michael Arabatzis
- 4 First Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kantzanou
- 5 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - George D Kostis
- 6 Department of Sociology, Panteion University , Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- 7 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
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19
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Kost GJ. Molecular and point-of-care diagnostics for Ebola and new threats: National POCT policy and guidelines will stop epidemics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:657-673. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1491793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J. Kost
- Point-of-Care Center for Teaching and Research (POCT•CTRTM), School of Medicine, UC Davis, and Knowledge Optimization®, Davis, CA
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20
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Hagan JE, Greiner A, Luvsansharav UO, Lake J, Lee C, Pastore R, Takashima Y, Sarankhuu A, Demberelsuren S, Smith R, Park B, Goodson JL. Use of a Diagonal Approach to Health System Strengthening and Measles Elimination after a Large Nationwide Outbreak in Mongolia. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23. [PMID: 29155667 PMCID: PMC5711310 DOI: 10.3201/eid2313.170594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a highly transmissible infectious disease that causes serious illness and death worldwide. Efforts to eliminate measles through achieving high immunization coverage, well-performing surveillance systems, and rapid and effective outbreak response mechanisms while strategically engaging and strengthening health systems have been termed a diagonal approach. In March 2015, a large nationwide measles epidemic occurred in Mongolia, 1 year after verification of measles elimination in this country. A multidisciplinary team conducted an outbreak investigation that included a broad health system assessment, organized around the Global Health Security Agenda framework of Prevent-Detect-Respond, to provide recommendations for evidence-based interventions to interrupt the epidemic and strengthen the overall health system to prevent future outbreaks of measles and other epidemic-prone infectious threats. This investigation demonstrated the value of evaluating elements of the broader health system in investigating measles outbreaks and the need for using a diagonal approach to achieving sustainable measles elimination.
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21
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Vieira AR, Salzer JS, Traxler RM, Hendricks KA, Kadzik ME, Marston CK, Kolton CB, Stoddard RA, Hoffmaster AR, Bower WA, Walke HT. Enhancing Surveillance and Diagnostics in Anthrax-Endemic Countries. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23. [PMID: 29155651 PMCID: PMC5711320 DOI: 10.3201/eid2313.170431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring anthrax disproportionately affects the health and economic welfare of poor, rural communities in anthrax-endemic countries. However, many of these countries have limited anthrax prevention and control programs. Effective prevention of anthrax outbreaks among humans is accomplished through routine livestock vaccination programs and prompt response to animal outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses a 2-phase framework when providing technical assistance to partners in anthrax-endemic countries. The first phase assesses and identifies areas for improvement in existing human and animal surveillance, laboratory diagnostics, and outbreak response. The second phase provides steps to implement improvements to these areas. We describe examples of implementing this framework in anthrax-endemic countries. These activities are at varying stages of completion; however, the public health impact of these initiatives has been encouraging. The anthrax framework can be extended to other zoonotic diseases to build on these efforts, improve human and animal health, and enhance global health security.
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22
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Pinell-McNamara VA, Acosta AM, Pedreira MC, Carvalho AF, Pawloski L, Tondella ML, Briere E. Expanding Pertussis Epidemiology in 6 Latin America Countries through the Latin American Pertussis Project. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23. [PMID: 29155677 PMCID: PMC5711316 DOI: 10.3201/eid2313.170457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Latin American Pertussis Project (LAPP), established in 2009, is a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pan American Health Organization, Sabin Vaccine Institute, and the ministries of health of 6 countries in Latin America. The project goal is to expand understanding of pertussis epidemiology in Latin America to inform strategies for control and prevention. Here we describe LAPP structure and activities. After an initial surveillance evaluation, LAPP activities are tailored to individual country needs. LAPP activities align with Global Health Security Agenda priorities and have focused on expanding laboratory diagnostic capacity, implementing a laboratory quality control and quality assurance program, and providing epidemiologic support to strengthen reporting of pertussis surveillance data. Lessons learned include that ongoing mentoring is key to the successful adoption of new technologies and that sustainability of laboratory diagnostics requires a regional commitment to procure reagents and related supplies.
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23
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Cáceres VM, Sidibe S, Andre M, Traicoff D, Lambert S, King M, Kazambu D, Lopez A, Pedalino B, Guibert DJH, Wassawa P, Cardoso P, Assi B, Ly A, Traore B, Angulo FJ, Quick L. Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23. [PMID: 29155654 PMCID: PMC5711303 DOI: 10.3201/eid2313.170299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014–2015 epidemic of Ebola virus disease in West Africa primarily affected Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Several countries, including Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, experienced Ebola importations. Realizing the importance of a trained field epidemiology workforce in neighboring countries to respond to Ebola importations, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Epidemiology Training Program unit implemented the Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness (STEP) initiative. STEP was a mentored, competency-based initiative to rapidly build up surveillance capacity along the borders of the at-risk neighboring countries Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau. The target audience was district surveillance officers. STEP was delivered to 185 participants from 72 health units (districts or regions). Timeliness of reporting and the quality of surveillance analyses improved 3 months after training. STEP demonstrated that mentored, competency-based training, where learners attain competencies while delivering essential public health services, can be successfully implemented in an emergency response setting.
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24
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Fitzmaurice AG, Mahar M, Moriarty LF, Bartee M, Hirai M, Li W, Gerber AR, Tappero JW, Bunnell R. Contributions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Implementing the Global Health Security Agenda in 17 Partner Countries. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23. [PMID: 29155676 PMCID: PMC5711326 DOI: 10.3201/eid2313.170898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), a partnership of nations, international organizations, and civil society, was launched in 2014 with a mission to build countries’ capacities to respond to infectious disease threats and to foster global compliance with the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assists partner nations to improve IHR 2005 capacities and achieve GHSA targets. To assess progress through these CDC-supported efforts, we analyzed country activity reports dating from April 2015 through March 2017. Our analysis shows that CDC helped 17 Phase I countries achieve 675 major GHSA accomplishments, particularly in the cross-cutting areas of public health surveillance, laboratory systems, workforce development, and emergency response management. CDC’s engagement has been critical to these accomplishments, but sustained support is needed until countries attain IHR 2005 capacities, thereby fostering national and regional health protection and ensuring a world safer and more secure from global health threats.
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25
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Abstract
The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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26
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Wilson ML, Fleming KA, Kuti MA, Looi LM, Lago N, Ru K. Access to pathology and laboratory medicine services: a crucial gap. Lancet 2018; 391:1927-1938. [PMID: 29550029 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As global efforts accelerate to implement the Sustainable Development Goals and, in particular, universal health coverage, access to high-quality and timely pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services will be needed to support health-care systems that are tasked with achieving these goals. This access will be most challenging to achieve in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have a disproportionately large share of the global burden of disease but a disproportionately low share of global health-care resources, particularly PALM services. In this first in a Series of three papers on PALM in LMICs, we describe the crucial and central roles of PALM services in the accurate diagnosis and detection of disease, informing prognosis and guiding treatment, contributing to disease screening, public health surveillance and disease registries, and supporting medical-legal systems. We also describe how, even though data are sparse, these services are of both insufficient scope and inadequate quality to play their key role in health-care systems in LMICs. Lastly, we identify four key barriers to the provision of optimal PALM services in resource-limited settings: insufficient human resources or workforce capacity, inadequate education and training, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient quality, standards, and accreditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Fleming
- Centre for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA; Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Modupe A Kuti
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lai Meng Looi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nestor Lago
- Department of Pathology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kun Ru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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27
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Abade A, Eidex RB, Maro A, Gratz J, Liu J, Kiwelu I, Mujaga B, Kelly ME, Mmbaga BT, Gibson JJ, Mosha F, Houpt ER. Use of TaqMan Array Cards to Screen Outbreak Specimens for Causes of Febrile Illness in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1640-1642. [PMID: 29611511 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the deployment of a custom-designed molecular diagnostic TaqMan Array Card (TAC) to screen for 31 bacterial, protozoal, and viral etiologies in blood from outbreaks of acute febrile illness in Tanzania during 2015-2017. On outbreaks notified to the Tanzanian Ministry of Health, epidemiologists were dispatched and specimens were collected, transported to a central national laboratory, and tested by TAC within 2 days. This algorithm streamlined investigation, diagnosed a typhoid outbreak, and excluded dozens of other etiologies. This method is usable in-country and may be incorporated into algorithms for diagnosing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abade
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rachel B Eidex
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Athanasia Maro
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jean Gratz
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jie Liu
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ireen Kiwelu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Buliga Mujaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Maria E Kelly
- National Health Laboratory Quality Assurance and Training Center (NHLQATC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - James J Gibson
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fausta Mosha
- National Health Laboratory Quality Assurance and Training Center (NHLQATC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eric R Houpt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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28
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Cáceres VM, Sidibe S, Andre M, Traicoff D, Lambert S, King M, Kazambu D, Lopez A, Pedalino B, Guibert DJH, Wassawa P, Cardoso P, Assi B, Ly A, Traore B, Angulo FJ, Quick L. Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.3201/eid23s1.170299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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