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Meng X, Yang B, Suen WC. Prospects for modulating the CD40/CD40L pathway in the therapy of the hyper-IgM syndrome. Innate Immun 2017; 24:4-10. [PMID: 29132233 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917739681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of the CD40/CD40L pathway in B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching and germinal center formation has been studied and described extensively in previous literature. Interruption of the CD40/CD40L signal causes hyper-IgM (HIGM) syndrome, which has been classified and recognized as a group of rare inherited immune deficiency disorders. Defects in CD40 and CD40L interactions or in downstream signaling molecules, including activation-induced cytidine deaminase, uracyl-DNA-glycosylase, NF-κB and DNA repair enzymes, result in an increased level of serum IgM and a significantly decreased or absent level of IgA, IgG and IgE that is accompanied by severe recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases. Many genetic defects in HIGM have been identified and, as a result, it is possible for patients to be definitively diagnosed by gene sequencing and to delineate the immunological features of the patients. Modifying the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway may offer the possibility of restoring the normal serum Ab production and curing the immunodeficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has achieved a high rate of success using a sibling donor. In addition, successful examples of treating other immunodeficiencies using gene therapy indicated that there was a possibility of eradicating HIGM with this approach. In this review, we summarize the current drugs and a variety of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of the HIGM syndrome by interfering with the defective CD40/CD40L pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Meng
- 1 Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- 2 Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, PR China
| | - Wen-Chen Suen
- 1 Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523867, PR China
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2
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Suen CM, Mei SHJ, Kugathasan L, Stewart DJ. Targeted delivery of genes to endothelial cells and cell- and gene-based therapy in pulmonary vascular diseases. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1749-79. [PMID: 24265244 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that, despite significant advances in medical therapies over the last several decades, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis. Gene therapy is a method to deliver therapeutic genes to replace defective or mutant genes or supplement existing cellular processes to modify disease. Over the last few decades, several viral and nonviral methods of gene therapy have been developed for preclinical PAH studies with varying degrees of efficacy. However, these gene delivery methods face challenges of immunogenicity, low transduction rates, and nonspecific targeting which have limited their translation to clinical studies. More recently, the emergence of regenerative approaches using stem and progenitor cells such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have offered a new approach to gene therapy. Cell-based gene therapy is an approach that augments the therapeutic potential of EPCs and MSCs and may deliver on the promise of reversal of established PAH. These new regenerative approaches have shown tremendous potential in preclinical studies; however, large, rigorously designed clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Suen
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Crosswhite P, Chen K, Sun Z. AAV delivery of tumor necrosis factor-α short hairpin RNA attenuates cold-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial remodeling. Hypertension 2014; 64:1141-50. [PMID: 25185133 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold temperatures are associated with increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Cold exposure causes lung inflammation, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and right ventricle hypertrophy, but there is no effective therapy because of unknown mechanism. Here, we investigated whether RNA interference silencing of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α decreases cold-induced macrophage infiltration, PH, and pulmonary arterial (PA) remodeling. We found for the first time that continuous cold exposure (5.0°C) increased TNF-α expression and macrophage infiltration in the lungs and PAs right before elevation of right ventricle systolic pressure. The in vivo RNA interference silencing of TNF-α was achieved by intravenous delivery of recombinant AAV-2 carrying TNF-α short hairpin small-interfering RNA 24 hours before cold exposure. Cold exposure for 8 weeks significantly increased right ventricle pressure compared with the warm controls (40.19±4.9 versus 22.9±1.1 mm Hg), indicating that cold exposure caused PH. Cold exposure increased TNF-α, interleukin-6, and phosphodiesterase-1C protein expression in the lungs and PAs and increased lung macrophage infiltration. Notably, TNF-α short hairpin small-interfering RNA prevented the cold-induced increases in TNF-α, interleukin-6, and phosphodiesterase-1C protein expression, abolished lung macrophage infiltration, and attenuated PH (26.28±1.6 mm Hg), PA remodeling, and right ventricle hypertrophy. PA smooth muscle cells isolated from cold-exposed animals showed increased intracellular superoxide levels and cell proliferation along with decreased intracellular cGMP. These cold-induced changes were prevented by TNF-α short hairpin small-interfering RNA. In conclusions, upregulation of TNF-α played a critical role in the pathogenesis of cold-induced PH by promoting pulmonary macrophage infiltration and inflammation. AAV delivery of TNF-α short hairpin small-interfering RNA may be an effective therapeutic approach for cold-induced PH and PA remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Crosswhite
- From the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Kai Chen
- From the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- From the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
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4
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Duarte JD, Hanson RL, Machado RF. Pharmacologic treatments for pulmonary hypertension: exploring pharmacogenomics. Future Cardiol 2014; 9:335-49. [PMID: 23668740 DOI: 10.2217/fca.13.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease with multiple etiologies and is categorized into five broad groups. Of these groups, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the most studied and, therefore, all of the currently available drug classes (prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors) were developed to treat PAH. Thus, limited treatment data exist for the less-studied non-PAH forms of PH. Pharmacogenomics can be a tool to better understand the pathways involved in PH, as well as to improve personalization of therapy. However, little pharmacogenomic research has been carried out on this disease. New treatments for PH are on the horizon, deriving from both repurposed currently available drugs and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Duarte
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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5
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Aoki Y, Kai H, Kajimoto H, Kudo H, Takayama N, Yasuoka S, Anegawa T, Iwamoto Y, Uchiwa H, Fukuda K, Kage M, Kato S, Fukumoto Y, Imaizumi T. Large Blood Pressure Variability Aggravates Arteriolosclerosis and Cortical Sclerotic Changes in the Kidney in Hypertensive Rats. Circ J 2014; 78:2284-91. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Aoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Hisashi Kai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | | | - Hiroshi Kudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Narimasa Takayama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Suguru Yasuoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Anegawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Uchiwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Masayoshi Kage
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital
| | - Seiya Kato
- Division of Pathology, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Tsutomu Imaizumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
- International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka Sannno Hospital
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6
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Zhou L, Chen Z, Vanderslice P, So SP, Ruan KH, Willerson JT, Dixon RAF. Endothelial-like progenitor cells engineered to produce prostacyclin rescue monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and provide right ventricle benefits. Circulation 2013; 128:982-94. [PMID: 23841984 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous prostacyclin is approved for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but it has a short half-life and must be delivered systemically via an indwelling intravenous catheter. We hypothesize that localized jugular vein delivery of prostacyclin-producing cells may provide sustained therapeutic effects without the limitations of systemic delivery. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a vector expressing a human cyclooxygenase isoform 1 and prostacyclin synthase fusion protein that produces prostacyclin from arachidonic acid. Endothelial-like progenitor cells (ELPCs) were transfected with the cyclooxygenase isoform 1-prostacyclin synthase plasmid and labeled with lentivirus expressing nuclear-localized red fluorescent protein (nuRFP). The engineered ELPCs (expressing cyclooxygenase isoform 1-prostacyclin synthase and nuRFP) were tested in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. In PAH prevention studies, treatment with engineered ELPCs or control ELPCs (expressing nuRFP alone) attenuated MCT-induced right ventricular systolic pressure increase, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vessel wall thickening. Engineered ELPCs were more effective than control ELPCs in all variables evaluated. In PAH reversal studies, engineered ELPCs or control ELPCs increased the survival rate of rats with established PAH and decreased right ventricular hypertrophy. Engineered ELPCs provided a survival benefit 2 weeks earlier than did control ELPCs. Microarray-based gene ontology analysis of the right ventricle revealed that a number of MCT-altered genes and neurotransmitter pathways (dopamine, serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid) were restored after ELPC-based prostacyclin gene therapy. CONCLUSIONS Cyclooxygenase isoform 1-prostacyclin synthase-expressing ELPCs reversed MCT-induced PAH. A single jugular vein injection offered survival benefits for at least 4 weeks and may provide a promising option for PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Farkas L, Kolb M. Vascular repair and regeneration as a therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 85:355-64. [PMID: 23594605 DOI: 10.1159/000350177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen substantial changes in our understanding of the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a severe and devastating disease without curative treatment. It is now accepted that injury to the endothelial cells of the pulmonary arteries is central for the subsequent development of lumen-obliterative lung vascular lesions. A variety of circulating and lung-resident progenitor and stem cells likely contribute to vascular integrity, and evidence for the presence of cells expressing stem and progenitor cell markers is found inside and in the immediate vicinity of pulmonary vascular lesions in PAH. The currently available vasodilator therapies mainly target enhanced vasoconstriction in the lung circulation and help to maintain or improve right ventricular function, but do not treat pulmonary vascular remodeling, the underlying cause of the disease. Vascular gene therapy and cell therapy with progenitor and stem cells is a progressing field in the context of the development of novel treatment options for PAH, but the majority of the studies are currently performed at the level of preclinical studies in animal models. The current review provides an overview of the current knowledge on cell- and gene therapy-based approaches for vascular repair and regeneration in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Disease, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0456, USA. lfarkas @ vcu.edu
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8
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Ruan KH, Mohite A, So SP, Ruan CH. Establishing novel prostacyclin-synthesizing cells with therapeutic potential against heart diseases. Int J Cardiol 2013; 163:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Crosswhite P, Sun Z. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-1 attenuates cold-induced pulmonary hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 61:585-92. [PMID: 23319544 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to cold caused pulmonary arterial hypertension (cold-induced pulmonary hypertension [CIPH]) and increased phosphodiesterase-1C (PDE-1C) expression in pulmonary arteries (PAs) in rats. The purpose of this study is to investigate a hypothesis that inhibition of PDE-1 would decrease inflammatory infiltrates and superoxide production leading to attenuation of CIPH. Three groups of male rats were exposed to moderate cold (5±1°C) continuously, whereas 3 groups were maintained at room temperature (23.5±1°C, warm; 6 rats/group). After 8-week exposure to cold, 3 groups in each temperature condition received continuous intravenous infusion of 8-isobutyl-methylxanthine (8-IBMX) (PDE-1 inhibitor), apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) or vehicle, respectively, for 1 week. Cold exposure significantly increased right-ventricular systolic pressure compared with warm groups (33.8±3.2 versus 18.6±0.3 mm Hg), indicating that animals developed CIPH. Notably, treatment with 8-IBMX significantly attenuated the cold-induced increase in right ventricular pressure (23.5±1.8 mm Hg). Cold exposure also caused right-ventricular hypertrophy, whereas 8-IBMX reversed cold-induced right ventricular hypertrophy. Cold exposure increased PDE-1C protein expression, macrophage infiltration, NADPH oxidase activity, and superoxide production in PAs and resulted in PA remodeling. 8-IBMX abolished cold-induced upregulation of PDE-1C in PAs. Interestingly, inhibition of PDE-1 eliminated cold-induced macrophage infiltration, NADPH oxidase activation, and superoxide production in PAs and reversed PA remodeling. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin abolished cold-induced superoxide production and attenuated CIPH and PA remodeling. In conclusion, inhibition of PDE-1 attenuated CIPH and reversed cold-induced PA remodeling by suppressing macrophage infiltration and superoxide production, suggesting that upregulation of PDE-1C expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of CIPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Crosswhite
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, USA
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10
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence shows that pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a fatal disease despite the introduction of new pharmacological treatments. New options are therefore needed and gene therapy approaches are a rational consideration based on emerging understanding of the genetic basis of PAH. AREAS COVERED This review briefly discusses the recent developments in clinical management of PAH and the investigation of gene delivery techniques for pulmonary vascular disease from 1997 to 2010, relating this to improved understanding of disease pathogenesis during this period. There is a focus on bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2, as mutations in this gene are clearly linked to disease pathogenesis and outcomes. The reader will gain insight into the gene vector strategies being used, the target cells and the specific genes being delivered as candidate therapeutic approaches for PAH. EXPERT OPINION Various genes and strategies for delivery have achieved improvements in PAH in animal models, which is encouraging for the development of this technology for human application. The main limiting factor for clinical progress relates to gene delivery vector technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Reynolds
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Hanson Institute, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Lung Research Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia.
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11
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Simvastatin prevents large blood pressure variability induced aggravation of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive rats by inhibiting RhoA/Ras–ERK pathways. Hypertens Res 2010; 34:341-7. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Chaumais MC, Jobard M, Huertas A, Vignand-Courtin C, Humbert M, Sitbon O, Rieutord A, Montani D. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of continuous intravenous epoprostenol. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1587-98. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.534458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The Hyper-immunoglobulin M syndromes (HIGM) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders resulting in defects of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), with or without defects of somatic hypermutation (SHM). They can be classified as defects of signalling through CD40 causing both a humoral immunodeficiency and a susceptibility to opportunistic infections, or intrinsic defects in B cells of the mechanism of CSR resulting in a pure humoral immunodeficiency. A HIGM picture can also be seen as part of generalized defects of DNA repair and in antibody deficiency syndromes, such as common variable immunodeficiency. CD40 signalling defects may require corrective therapy with bone marrow transplantation. Gene therapy, a potential curative approach in the future, currently remains a distant prospect. Those with a defective CSR mechanism generally do well on immunologoblulin replacement therapy. Complications may include autoimmunity, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in some cases, a predisposition to lymphoid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Graham Davies
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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14
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Takemiya K, Kai H, Yasukawa H, Tahara N, Kato S, Imaizumi T. Mesenchymal stem cell-based prostacyclin synthase gene therapy for pulmonary hypertension rats. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:409-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Liu C, Fan M, Bian Z, Chen Z, Li Y. Effects of targeted fusion anti-caries DNA vaccine pGJA-P/VAX in rats with caries. Vaccine 2009; 26:6685-9. [PMID: 18789994 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our previously prophylactic studies have proved that the anti-caries DNA vaccine pGJA-P/VAX could generate effective immune response by intramuscular (i.m.) and intranasal (i.n.) administration in rats without caries. In the present, we determine whether it also could produce efficacy in rats with caries. By immunized with pGJA-P/VAX, rats were elicited both significantly higher anti-Streptococcus mutans serum IgG and salivary SIgA responses, compared to those with pVAX1. Correspondingly, rats immunized with pGJA-P/VAX via i.n. displayed significantly fewer enamel, dentinal lesions compared to those with pVAX1 via i.n. However, there was no significant difference in dental caries lesions between pGJA-P/VAX (i.m.) and pVAX1 (i.m.). These findings suggest that DNA vaccination via i.n., with bupivacaine delivery system, could be a promising alternatives for slowing down caries development in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430079 Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Jacobs W, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Epoprostenol in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 5:83-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250802622962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Gaine S, Gomberg-Maitland M. New targets for pulmonary hypertension: gene and stem cell therapy. Int J Clin Pract 2008:2-3. [PMID: 18078387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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18
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Koga M, Kai H, Egami K, Murohara T, Ikeda A, Yasuoka S, Egashira K, Matsuishi T, Kai M, Kataoka Y, Kuwano M, Imaizumi T. Mutant MCP-1 therapy inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth of malignant melanoma in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 365:279-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kusumanto YH, Mulder NH, Dam WA, Losen M, Losen MH, De Baets MH, Meijer C, Hospers GAP. Improvement of in vivo transfer of plasmid DNA in muscle: comparison of electroporation versus ultrasound. Drug Deliv 2007; 14:273-7. [PMID: 17613014 DOI: 10.1080/10717540601098807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-based gene delivery to muscle is a treatment strategy for many diseases with potential advantages above viral-based gene delivery methods, however, with a relative low transfection efficiency. We compared two physical methods - electroporation and ultrasound - that facilitate DNA uptake into cells. Mice (C57Bl/6) were injected intramuscular using plasmid DNA encoding an intracellular protein (p53) followed by electroporation or ultrasound. Then 48 hr after the injections the mice were sacrificed. The parameter for transfection efficiency was the area of muscle expressing the transgene. The p53 expression plasmid showed a 36-fold increase (p = 0.015) in transfection efficiency with electroporation compared to ultrasound. Compared with ultrasound, electroporation significantly improves transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA transfer into skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoka H Kusumanto
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Kawakami T, Kanazawa H, Satoh T, Ieda M, Ieda Y, Kimura K, Mochizuki H, Shimada T, Yokoyama C, Ogawa S, Tanabe T, Fukuda K. AAV-PGIS gene transfer improves hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:656-61. [PMID: 17904526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although prostaglandin I2 is used to treat pulmonary hypertension (PH), continuous intravenous administration is necessary. We investigated whether human PGIS (hPGIS) gene transfer using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector was effective in treating an animal model of PH. PH was induced by subjecting mice to 10% O(2). Type 1-AAV-hPGIS was injected into the left thigh muscle after 24h. Significant PH was induced at 8 weeks, but AAV-hPGIS administration significantly inhibited the increase in RV systolic pressure. PH-induced BNP up-regulation in the RV was reduced to the control level. The severe medial thickening of pulmonary arteries in PH was significantly suppressed by AAV-hPGIS. The hPGIS gene was detected only on the injected side. No pathological changes were observed at the injected site. At 24 weeks, all PH mice were deceased, but 47% of AAV-hPGIS-treated mice survived. This study demonstrated that AAV-hPGIS administration was effective in treating PH and prolonging survival.
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MESH Headings
- 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha/metabolism
- Animals
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Hypoxia/complications
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Organ Size
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
- Transfection/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawakami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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21
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Koga M, Kai H, Yasukawa H, Yamamoto T, Kawai Y, Kato S, Kusaba K, Kai M, Egashira K, Kataoka Y, Imaizumi T. Inhibition of progression and stabilization of plaques by postnatal interferon-gamma function blocking in ApoE-knockout mice. Circ Res 2007; 101:348-56. [PMID: 17495225 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.106.147256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A role of interferon-gamma is suggested in early development of atherosclerosis. However, the role of interferon-gamma in progression and destabilization of advanced atherosclerotic plaques remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether postnatal inhibition of interferon-gamma signaling could inhibit progression of atherosclerotic plaques and stabilize the lipid- and macrophage-rich advanced plaques. Atherosclerotic plaques were induced in ApoE-knockout (KO) mice by feeding high-fat diet from 8 weeks old (w). Interferon-gamma function was postnatally inhibited by repeated gene transfers of a soluble mutant of interferon-gamma receptors (sIFNgammaR), an interferon-gamma inhibitory protein, into the thigh muscle every 2 weeks. When sIFNgammaR treatment was started at 12 w (atherosclerotic stage), sIFNgammaR not only prevented plaque progression but also stabilized advanced plaques at 16 w: sIFNgammaR decreased accumulations of the lipid and macrophages and increased fibrotic area with more smooth muscle cells. Moreover, sIFNgammaR downregulated expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteinases but upregulated procollagen type I. sIFNgammaR did not affect serum cholesterol levels. In conclusion, postnatal blocking of interferon-gamma function by sIFNgammaR treatment would be a new strategy to inhibit plaque progression and to stabilize advanced plaques through the antiinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Jain S, Ventura H, deBoisblanc B. Pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2007; 11:104-9. [PMID: 17536114 DOI: 10.1177/1089253207301732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to elevations in precapillary pulmonary vascular resistance are complex and likely involve multiple pathways, but the histopathologic sequelae of these processes are restricted to a few findings, primarily neoangiogenesis, intimal and smooth muscle proliferation, vasoconstriction, and/or in situ thrombosis. Regardless of the etiology of pulmonary hypertension, abnormalities in endothelial function are often observed and likely play a central role in mediating structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Jain
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Foundation Clinic, Jefferson, USA
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23
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Ali O, Wharton J, Gibbs JSR, Howard L, Wilkins MR. Emerging therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:803-18. [PMID: 17501693 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to increased vascular tone and structural remodelling of pulmonary vessels. The therapies that are in use so far have been developed to correct endothelial dysfunction and reduce vasomotor tone. These treatments have a limited effect on the remodelling process and, increasingly, the focus is turning to potent strategies for inhibiting vascular proliferation and promoting vascular apoptosis. Multiple novel targets have been uncovered over the last 5 years and several are now in early clinical trials. At present, it is clear that there is no single treatment for the condition. Although this is the case, studies are investigating the role of combining therapies that are already established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali
- Imperial College London, Experimental Medicine & Toxicology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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24
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Ito T, Okada T, Mimuro J, Miyashita H, Uchibori R, Urabe M, Mizukami H, Kume A, Takahashi M, Ikeda U, Sakata Y, Shimada K, Ozawa K. Adenoassociated virus-mediated prostacyclin synthase expression prevents pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Hypertension 2007; 50:531-6. [PMID: 17635855 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) is the final committed enzyme in the metabolic pathway of prostacyclin production. The therapeutic option of intravenous prostacyclin infusion in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension is limited by the short half-life of the drug and life-threatening catheter-related complications. To develop a better delivery system for prostacyclin, we examined the feasibility of intramuscular injection of an adenoassociated virus (AAV) vector expressing PGIS for preventing monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. We developed an AAV serotype 1-based vector carrying a human PGIS gene (AAV-PGIS). AAV-PGIS or the control AAV vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein was injected into the anterior tibial muscles of 3-week-old male Wistar rats; this was followed by the monocrotaline administration at 7 weeks. Eight weeks after injecting the vector, the plasma levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1alpha) increased in a vector dose-dependent manner. At this time point, the PGIS transduction (1x10(10) genome copies per body) significantly decreased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (33.9+/-2.4 versus 46.1+/-3.0 mm Hg; P<0.05), pulmonary vascular resistance (0.26+/-0.03 versus 0.41+/-0.03 mm Hg x mL(-1) x min(-1) x kg(-1); P<0.05), and medial thickness of the peripheral pulmonary artery (14.6+/-1.5% versus 23.5+/-0.5%; P<0.01) as compared with the controls. Furthermore, the PGIS-transduced rats demonstrated significantly improved survival rates as compared with the controls (100% versus 50%; P<0.05) at 8 weeks postmonocrotaline administration. An intramuscular injection of AAV-PGIS prevents monocrotaline-pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats and provides a new therapeutic alternative for preventing pulmonary arterial hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ito
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Epoprostenol and the structurally related compounds treprostinil, iloprost, and beraprost are collectively referred to as prostanoids. The discovery of epoprostenol in 1976 and unequivocal demonstration of its efficacy in 1996 dramatically altered the approach to therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Development of prostanoids available through multiple routes of administration and the discovery and development of other agents acting through alternative pathways continue to expand the array of therapeutic options. The use of prostanoids in combination with other PAH drugs and for treating pulmonary hypertensive disorders outside of the PAH classification are areas of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne L Strauss
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Mail Code UHN67, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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26
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O'Callaghan DS, O'Callaghan D, Gaine SP. Combination therapy and new types of agents for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2007; 28:169-85, ix. [PMID: 17338934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review assesses the available evidence supporting the use of drug combinations for the management of the various forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Ongoing and forthcoming randomized trials evaluating this strategy are also highlighted. Furthermore, new types of agents to treat PAH in the future are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot S O'Callaghan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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27
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Kusaba K, Kai H, Koga M, Takayama N, Ikeda A, Yasukawa H, Seki Y, Egashira K, Imaizumi T. Inhibition of intrinsic interferon-gamma function prevents neointima formation after balloon injury. Hypertension 2007; 49:909-15. [PMID: 17309951 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000259668.37901.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is still controversial whether intrinsic interferon (IFN)-gamma promotes or attenuates vascular remodeling in hyperproliferative vascular disorders, such as neointima formation after balloon injury. Thus, we investigated whether inhibition of intrinsic IFN-gamma function prevents neointima formation. For this purpose, naked DNA plasmid encoding a soluble mutant of IFN-gamma receptor alpha-subunit (sIFNgammaR; an IFN-gamma inhibitory protein) or mock plasmid was injected into the thigh muscle of male Wistar rats 2 days before balloon injury (day -2). sIFNgammaR gene transfer significantly elevated serum levels of sIFNgammaR protein for 2 weeks. In mock-treated rats, balloon injury induced smooth muscle cell proliferation in the neointima with a peak at day 7 and produced thick neointima at day 14. sIFNgammaR treatment reduced the number of proliferating intimal smooth muscle cells by 50% at day 7 and attenuated neointima formation with a 45% reduction of the intima/media area ratio at day 14. In mock-treated rats, at day 7, balloon injury induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and upregulations of IFN regulatory factor-1 (a transcription factor mediating IFN-gamma signal). Balloon injury also upregulated the key molecules of neointima formation, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor. These changes were suppressed by sIFNgammaR treatment. In conclusion, it is suggested that intrinsic IFN-gamma promotes neointima formation probably through IFN regulatory factor-1/intercellular adhesion molecule-1-mediated and platelet-derived growth factor-mediated mechanisms. Thus, inhibition of IFN-gamma signaling may be a new therapeutic target for prevention of neointima formation of hyperproliferative vascular disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Vessels/injuries
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Thigh
- Time Factors
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Intima/physiopathology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kusaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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28
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Koga M, Kai H, Yasukawa H, Kato S, Yamamoto T, Kawai Y, Kusaba K, Seki Y, Kai M, Egashira K, Kataoka Y, Imaizumi T. Postnatal blocking of interferon-gamma function prevented atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:259-67. [PMID: 17510508 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether interferon-gamma has a positive or negative impact on atherosclerotic plaque formation. Thus, we examined the effects of postnatal interferon-gamma function blocking on plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoEKO) mice by overexpressing a soluble mutant of interferon-gamma receptor (sIFNgammaR), an interferon-gamma inhibitory protein. Mice were fed a Western-type diet from 8 weeks of age. sIFNgammaR or mock plasmid (control) was injected into the thigh muscle at 8 and 10 weeks' age, because serum sIFNgammaR protein was transiently increased with a peak at 2 days after a single sIFNgammaR gene transfer and remained elevated for 2 weeks. At 12 weeks' age, control apoEKO mice showed marked atherosclerotic plaques from the ascending aorta to the aortic arch. The plaques in the aortic root had massive lipid cores and macrophage infiltration with thin fibrous cap and few smooth muscle cells, demonstrating low plaque stability. In contrast, the luminal plaque area was remarkably reduced in sIFNgammaR-treated apoEKO mice. sIFNgammaR treatment not only reduced lipid core areas and macrophage infiltration but also increased smooth muscle cell count and fibrotic area, suggesting improved plaque stability. In controls, interleukin-1beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 were remarkably upregulated in the aortic wall. These changes were significantly reversed by sIFNgammaR. sIFNgammaR treatment had no effects on serum cholesterol levels. In conclusion, sIFNgammaR treatment prevented plaque formation in apoEKO mice by inhibiting inflammatory changes in the arterial wall. The present study provides insight into a new strategy for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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29
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Liu L, Liu H, Visner G, Fletcher BS. Sleeping Beauty-mediated eNOS gene therapy attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. FASEB J 2006; 20:2594-6. [PMID: 17065228 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6254fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disorder with high mortality rates and limited treatment options. Gene therapy is an alternative treatment strategy, yet viral vectors have inherent disadvantages including immune activation. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a nonviral method of gene delivery that overcomes some of these drawbacks. A SB-based transposon harboring a constitutively active endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats via tail vein injection using the carrier polyethylenimine. Two days after transposon delivery, monocrotaline (MCT) was administered to induce PH. Hemodynamic, histological, and molecular measurements were performed four weeks later. Animals coinjected with transposase showed a significant reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure (PABP, 31.67+/-6.03 mmHg, P<0.01), an attenuation of right ventricle (RV) to whole heart (WH) wt ratios (0.227+/-0.0252, P<0.05) and a decrease in the pulmonary vessel wall thickness index (36.87%, P<0.001), compared with those animals receiving the eNOS transposon and a nonfunctional transposase (PABP 44.33+/-4.04 mmHg; RV/WH ratio 0.280+/-0.01; wall thickness index 62.14%) or control animals receiving MCT injection alone (PABP 49.67+/-3.22 mmHg; RV/WH ratio 0.290+/-0.0265; wall thickness index 71.99%). The physiological improvements correlated with therapeutic gene expression, suggesting that transposon-based genetic approaches have utility in the treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA
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30
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Haj RM, Cinco JE, Mazer CD. Treatment of pulmonary hypertension with selective pulmonary vasodilators. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006; 19:88-95. [PMID: 16547439 DOI: 10.1097/01.aco.0000192765.27453.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pulmonary vasodilators are important in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Although systemic vasodilators may be effective in lowering pulmonary artery pressure, systemic vasodilation is the main limitation to dose titration. This review summarizes the latest research and developments in pulmonary vasodilators in the management of acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Nitric oxide, the prototype of selective pulmonary vasodilators, remains an effective option in the management of pulmonary hypertension; however, cost and complexity of administration have led to consideration of other pulmonary vasodilators. Animal research suggests that nitric oxide may have an important role in the prevention of pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass. Experience with phosphodiesterase inhibitors, as monotherapy or as part of combination therapy, suggests that these agents improve cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and can be considered as alternatives and/or adjuncts to nitric oxide. Prostacyclins are a versatile class of pulmonary vasodilator as they have been shown to improve pulmonary hemodynamics administered intravenously or via inhalation. Endothelin receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective for long-term management of pulmonary hypertension. Several gene therapy strategies are currently undergoing evaluation. SUMMARY Selective pulmonary vasodilation can be achieved through delivery of vasodilators directly to the lungs or targeting pulmonary specific processes. Several therapeutic options are available that demonstrate selectivity for the pulmonary vasculature. These agents can facilitate optimization of cardiopulmonary hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Haj
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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31
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Wu KK, Liou JY. Cellular and molecular biology of prostacyclin synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:45-52. [PMID: 16115610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) cDNA comprises 1500 nucleotides coding for a 500 amino acid protein. It is a heme protein with spectral characteristics of cytochrome p450 (CYP). It does not possess the typical CYP mono-oxygenase activity but catalyzes the rearrangement of prostaglandin H2 to form PGI2. Analysis of its structure-function by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis reveals a long substrate channel lined by hydrophobic residues. Cys-441 has been identified as the proximal axial ligand of heme. Tyr-430 is nitrated by peroxynitrite which results in reduced PGIS catalytic activity, suggesting that Tyr-430 is located close to the heme pocket. PGIS is constitutively expressed and may be upregulated by cytokines, reproductive hormones, and growth factors. It is physically colocalized with cyclooxygenases and phospholipases, and functionally coupled with these enzymes. PGIS coupling with COX-2 has been shown to play an important role in vascular protection, embryo development and implantation, and cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Wu
- Vascular Biology Research Center, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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32
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Nasrallah R, Hébert RL. Prostacyclin signaling in the kidney: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F235-46. [PMID: 16006589 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00454.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor pathways is key to the maintenance of homeostasis and the outcome of disease. In the kidney, prostaglandins (PGs) uphold this balance and regulate renal function: hemodynamics, renin secretion, growth responses, tubular transport processes, and cell fate. With the advent of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors, targeted deletions in mice (COX knockouts, PG receptor knockouts), and the discovery of intracrine signaling options for PGs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and perinuclear PGE2receptors: EP1,3,4), many advances have been made in the study of arachidonic acid metabolites. Although prostacyclin (PGI2) is a major product of the COX pathway, there is very little emphasis on its importance to the kidney. This review will discuss PGI2biology and its relevance to different aspects of renal disease (growth, fibrosis, apoptosis), highlighting the most significant research from the past decade of PGI2literature, what we have learned from other organ systems, while stressing the significance of cross talk between various PGI2signaling pathways and its implications for renal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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33
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