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Liu X, Huang P, Yang R, Deng H. mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Construction and Boosting Strategies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19550-19580. [PMID: 37819640 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In late 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a lipid-based mRNA vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, which has pushed this field to be more closely studied and motivated researchers to delve deeper into mRNA therapeutics. To date, the research on mRNA cancer vaccines has been developed rapidly, and substantial hopeful therapeutic results have been achieved against various solid tumors in clinical trials. In this review, we first introduce three main components of mRNA cancer vaccines, including mRNA antigens, adjuvants, and delivery vectors. Engineering these components can optimize the therapeutic effects of mRNA cancer vaccines. For instance, appropriate modification of mRNA structure can alleviate the poor stability and innate immunogenicity of mRNA, and the use of mRNA delivery vectors can address the issues of low delivery efficiency in vivo. Second, we emphatically discuss some strategies to further improve the efficacy of mRNA cancer vaccines, namely modulating the immunosuppressive tumor environment, optimizing administration routes, achieving targeting delivery to intended tissues or organs, and employing combination therapy. These strategies can strengthen the tumor inhibitory ability of mRNA cancer vaccines and increase the possibility of tumor elimination. Finally, we point out some challenges in the clinical practice of mRNA cancer vaccines and offer our perspectives on future developments in this rapidly evolving field. It is anticipated that mRNA cancer vaccines will be rapidly developed for clinical cancer therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Liu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126 China
- Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Rusen Yang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126 China
| | - Hongzhang Deng
- Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
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2
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Mehling B, Wu D, O’Gorman E, Sheridan D, Santora D, Mihályová R. Case report: Dendritic cell-cytokine induced killer cell therapy in subjects with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and peritoneal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1240330. [PMID: 37877016 PMCID: PMC10593447 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1240330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the safety and efficacy of DC-CIK therapy in two patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia or peritoneal cancer, respectively. Participants had received conventional chemotherapy treatment for their specific cancers, and in addition, 1-2 treatments of DC-CIK therapy were administered to subjects over the course of 1 year. Subject A received an initial dosage of 3 intravenous infusions of DC-CIK therapy on three successive days and a repeat dosage 6 months later. Subject B received an initial dosage of 3 intravenous infusions of DC-CIK therapy on three successive days and received further chemotherapy after approximately 1 year. No treatment-related adverse events were reported, and both patients experienced favorable outcomes from the treatment, including enhanced treatment response, increased chemotherapy tolerance, and prolonged survival in comparison to typical 5-year survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mehling
- BHI Therapeutic Sciences Inc., Hackensack, NJ, United States
| | - DongCheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ellen O’Gorman
- BHI Therapeutic Sciences Inc., Hackensack, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel Sheridan
- BHI Therapeutic Sciences Inc., Hackensack, NJ, United States
| | - Doreen Santora
- BHI Therapeutic Sciences Inc., Hackensack, NJ, United States
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3
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Kong B, Kim Y, Kim EH, Suk JS, Yang Y. mRNA: A promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114993. [PMID: 37414361 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is now in the limelight as a powerful tool for treating various human diseases, especially malignant tumors, thanks to the remarkable clinical outcomes of mRNA vaccines using lipid nanoparticle technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent promising preclinical and clinical results that epitomize the advancement in mRNA and nanoformulation-based delivery technologies have highlighted the tremendous potential of mRNA in cancer immunotherapy. mRNAs can be harnessed for cancer immunotherapy in forms of various therapeutic modalities, including cancer vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapies, therapeutic antibodies, and immunomodulatory proteins. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and prospects of mRNA-based therapeutics, including numerous delivery and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjae Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yelee Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Lorentzen CL, Haanen JB, Met Ö, Svane IM. Clinical advances and ongoing trials on mRNA vaccines for cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:e450-e458. [PMID: 36174631 PMCID: PMC9512276 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Years of research exploring mRNA vaccines for cancer treatment in preclinical and clinical trials have set the stage for the rapid development of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therapeutic cancer vaccines based on mRNA are well tolerated, and the inherent advantage in ease of production, which rivals the best available conventional vaccine manufacture methods, renders mRNA vaccines a promising option for cancer immunotherapy. Technological advances have optimised mRNA-based vaccine stability, structure, and delivery methods, and multiple clinical trials investigating mRNA vaccine therapy are now enrolling patients with various cancer diagnoses. Although therapeutic mRNA-based cancer vaccines have not yet been approved for standard treatment, encouraging results from early clinical trials with mRNA vaccines as monotherapy and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors have been obtained. This Review summarises the latest clinical advances in mRNA-based vaccines for cancer treatment and reflects on future perspectives and challenges for this new and promising treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Lund Lorentzen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - John B Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
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5
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Kowalzik F, Schreiner D, Jensen C, Teschner D, Gehring S, Zepp F. mRNA-Based Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:390. [PMID: 33921028 PMCID: PMC8103517 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the world's population and population density promote the spread of emerging pathogens. Vaccines are the most cost-effective means of preventing this spread. Traditional methods used to identify and produce new vaccines are not adequate, in most instances, to ensure global protection. New technologies are urgently needed to expedite large scale vaccine development. mRNA-based vaccines promise to meet this need. mRNA-based vaccines exhibit a number of potential advantages relative to conventional vaccines, namely they (1) involve neither infectious elements nor a risk of stable integration into the host cell genome; (2) generate humoral and cell-mediated immunity; (3) are well-tolerated by healthy individuals; and (4) are less expensive and produced more rapidly by processes that are readily standardized and scaled-up, improving responsiveness to large emerging outbreaks. Multiple mRNA vaccine platforms have demonstrated efficacy in preventing infectious diseases and treating several types of cancers in humans as well as animal models. This review describes the factors that contribute to maximizing the production of effective mRNA vaccine transcripts and delivery systems, and the clinical applications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kowalzik
- Pediatric Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (D.S.); (C.J.); (S.G.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daniel Schreiner
- Pediatric Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (D.S.); (C.J.); (S.G.); (F.Z.)
| | - Christian Jensen
- Pediatric Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (D.S.); (C.J.); (S.G.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Pediatric Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (D.S.); (C.J.); (S.G.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fred Zepp
- Pediatric Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (D.S.); (C.J.); (S.G.); (F.Z.)
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6
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Ahmed R, Sayegh N, Graciotti M, Kandalaft LE. Electroporation as a method of choice to generate genetically modified dendritic cell cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:142-155. [PMID: 32240923 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, immunotherapy has emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach to treat cancer. Immunotherapy offers a plethora of different treatment possibilities. Among these, dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines constitute one of the most promising and valuable therapeutic options. DC-vaccines have been introduced into the clinics more than 15 years ago, and preclinical studies showed their general safety and low toxic effects on patients. However, their treatment efficacy is still rather limited, demanding for novel avenues to improve vaccine efficacy. One way to potentially achieve this is to focus on improving the DC-T cell interaction to further increase T cell priming and downstream activity. A successful DC-T cell interaction requires three different signals (Figure 1): (1) Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and antigen complex interaction with T cell receptor (TCR) (2) interaction between co-stimulatory molecules and their cognate ligands at the cell surface and (3) secretion of cytokines to polarize the immune response toward a Type 1 helper (Th1) phenotype. In recent years, many studies attempted to improve the DC-T cell interaction and overall cancer vaccine therapeutic outcomes by increasing the expression of mediators of signal 1, 2 and/or 3, through genetic modifications of DCs. Transfection of genes of interest can be achieved through many different methods such as passive pulsing, lipofection, viral transfection, or electroporation (EP). However, EP is currently emerging as the method of choice thanks to its safety, versatility, and relatively easy clinical translation. In this review we will highlight the potential benefits of EP over other transfection methods as well as giving an overview of the available studies employing EP to gene-modify DCs in cancer vaccines. Crucial aspects such as safety, feasibility, and gene(s) of choice will be also discussed, together with future perspectives and opportunities for DC genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ahmed
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Naya Sayegh
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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Fink C, Gaudet JM, Fox MS, Bhatt S, Viswanathan S, Smith M, Chin J, Foster PJ, Dekaban GA. 19F-perfluorocarbon-labeled human peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be detected in vivo using clinical MRI parameters in a therapeutic cell setting. Sci Rep 2018; 8:590. [PMID: 29330541 PMCID: PMC5766492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 19Fluorine (19F) perfluorocarbon cell labeling agent, when employed with an appropriate cellular MRI protocol, allows for in vivo cell tracking. 19F cellular MRI can be used to non-invasively assess the location and persistence of cell-based cancer vaccines and other cell-based therapies. This study was designed to determine the feasibility of labeling and tracking peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), a heterogeneous cell population. Under GMP-compliant conditions human PBMC were labeled with a 19F-based MRI cell-labeling agent in a manner safe for autologous re-injection. Greater than 99% of PBMC labeled with the 19F cell-labeling agent without affecting functionality or affecting viability. The 19F-labeled PBMC were detected in vivo in a mouse model at the injection site and in a draining lymph node. A clinical cellular MR protocol was optimized for the detection of PBMC injected both at the surface of a porcine shank and at a depth of 1.2 cm, equivalent to depth of a human lymph node, using a dual 1H/19F dual switchable surface radio frequency coil. This study demonstrates it is feasible to label and track 19F-labeled PBMC using clinical MRI protocols. Thus, 19F cellular MRI represents a non-invasive imaging technique suitable to assess the effectiveness of cell-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corby Fink
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matthew S Fox
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shashank Bhatt
- 200 Elizabeth Street, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- IBBME, University of Toronto, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Michael Smith
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joseph Chin
- Division Of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, Ontario, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory A Dekaban
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Medrano RF, Hunger A, Mendonça SA, Barbuto JAM, Strauss BE. Immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of type I interferons and their application in cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71249-71284. [PMID: 29050360 PMCID: PMC5642635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the pleiotropic antitumor functions exerted by type I interferons (IFNs) have become universally acknowledged, especially their role in mediating interactions between the tumor and the immune system. Indeed, type I IFNs are now appreciated as a critical component of dendritic cell (DC) driven T cell responses to cancer. Here we focus on IFN-α and IFN-β, and their antitumor effects, impact on immune responses and their use as therapeutic agents. IFN-α/β share many properties, including activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and induction of a variety of cellular phenotypes. For example, type I IFNs drive not only the high maturation status of DCs, but also have a direct impact in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cell activation, induction of tumor cell death and inhibition of angiogenesis. A variety of stimuli, including some standard cancer treatments, promote the expression of endogenous IFN-α/β, which then participates as a fundamental component of immunogenic cell death. Systemic treatment with recombinant protein has been used for the treatment of melanoma. The induction of endogenous IFN-α/β has been tested, including stimulation through pattern recognition receptors. Gene therapies involving IFN-α/β have also been described. Thus, harnessing type I IFNs as an effective tool for cancer therapy continues to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan F.V. Medrano
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Hunger
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre M. Barbuto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center, NUCEL-NETCEM, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E. Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM 24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The use of gene delivery systems for the expression of antigenic proteins is an established means for activating a patient’s own immune system against the cancer they carry. Since tumor cells are poor antigen-presenting cells, cross-presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) is essential for the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. A number of polymer-based nanomedicines have been developed to deliver genes into DCs, primarily by incorporating tumor-specific, antigen-encoding plasmid DNA with polycationic molecules to facilitate DNA loading and intracellular trafficking. Direct in vivo targeting of plasmid DNA to DC surface receptors can induce high transfection efficiency and long-term gene expression, essential for antigen loading onto major histocompatibility complex molecules and stimulation of T-cell responses. This chapter summarizes the physicochemical properties and biological information on polymer-based non-viral vectors used for targeting DCs, and discusses the main challenges for successful in vivo gene transfer into DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Howard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gen, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (i, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Biophysical I, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dan Peer
- Britannia Bldg, 2nd Fl, Rm 226, Tel-Aviv Univ, Dept Cell Research, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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10
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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Induced Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells, T Helper Cells, and Natural Killer Helper Cells Can Improve Dendritic Cell Vaccination. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5740373. [PMID: 26980946 PMCID: PMC4766350 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5740373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A coordinated cellular interplay is of crucial importance in both host defense against pathogens and malignantly transformed cells. The various interactions of Dendritic Cells (DC), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and T helper (Th) cells can be influenced by a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and will lead to enhanced CD8+ effector T cell responses. Specific Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) triggering during maturation enables DC to enhance Th1 as well as NK helper cell responses. This effect is correlated with the amount of IL-12p70 released by DC. Activated NK cells are able to amplify the proinflammatory cytokine profile of DC via the release of IFN-γ. The knowledge on how PAMP recognition can modulate the DC is of importance for the design and definition of appropriate therapeutic cancer vaccines. In this review we will discuss the potential role of specific PAMP-matured DC in optimizing therapeutic DC-based vaccines, as some of these DC are efficiently activating Th1, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, to optimize these vaccines, also the inhibitory effects of tumor-derived suppressive factors, for example, on the NK-DC crosstalk, should be taken into account. Finally, the suppressive role of the tumor microenvironment in vaccination efficacy and some proposals to overcome this by using combination therapies will be described.
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11
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Smits ELJM, Stein B, Nijs G, Lion E, Van Tendeloo VF, Willemen Y, Anguille S, Berneman ZN. Generation and Cryopreservation of Clinical Grade Wilms' Tumor 1 mRNA-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1393:27-35. [PMID: 27033213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3338-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
First described in the 1970s, dendritic cells (DC) are currently subjects of intense investigation to exploit their unique antigen-presenting and immunoregulatory capacities. In cancer, DC show promise to elicit or amplify immune responses directed against cancer cells by activating natural killer (NK) cells and tumor antigen-specific T cells. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is a tumor-associated antigen that is expressed in a majority of cancer types and has been designated as an antigen of major interest to be targeted in clinical cancer immunotherapy trials. In this chapter, we describe the generation, cryopreservation, and thawing of clinical grade autologous monocyte-derived DC vaccines that are loaded with WT1 by messenger RNA (mRNA) electroporation. This in-house-developed transfection method gives rise to presentation of multiple antigen epitopes and can be used for all patients without restriction of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J M Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.T.431, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Barbara Stein
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Griet Nijs
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.T.431, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.T.431, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.T.431, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.T.431, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, D.T.431, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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12
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Antigenically Modified Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Generate Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15262. [PMID: 26471005 PMCID: PMC4608011 DOI: 10.1038/srep15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a promising platform to produce dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. To streamline the production process, we investigated a unique antigen-loading strategy that suits this novel platform. Specifically, we stably modified hPSCs using tumour antigen genes in the form of a full-length tumour antigen gene or an artificial tumour antigen epitope-coding minigene. Such antigenically modified hPSCs were able to differentiate into tumour antigen-presenting DCs. Without conventional antigen-loading, DCs derived from the minigene-modified hPSCs were ready to prime a tumour antigen-specific T cell response and further expand these specific T cells in restimulation processes. These expanded tumour antigen-specific T cells were potent effectors with central memory or effector memory phenotype. Thus, we demonstrated that immunocompetent tumour antigen-loaded DCs can be directly generated from antigenically modified hPSCs. Using such strategy, we can completely eliminate the conventional antigen-loading step and significantly simplify the production of DC vaccine from hPSCs.
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13
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Mullins CS, Wegner T, Klar E, Classen CF, Linnebacher M. Optimizing the process of nucleofection for professional antigen presenting cells. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:472. [PMID: 26404473 PMCID: PMC4581479 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In times of rapidly increasing numbers of immunological approaches entering the clinics, antigen delivery becomes a pivotal process. The genuine way of rendering antigen presenting cells (APC) antigen specific, largely influences the outcome of the immune response. Short peptides bear the demerit of HLA restriction, whereas the proper way of delivery for long peptide sequences is currently a matter of debate. Electroporation is a reliable method for antigen delivery, especially using nucleic acids. The nucleofection process is based on this approach with the twist of further ensuring delivery also into the nucleus. Beside the form of antigen, the type of APC used for immune response induction may be crucial. Dendritic cells (DC) are by far the most commonly used APC; however B cells have entered this field as well and have gained wide acceptance. Results In this study, we compared B cells to DC with regard to nucleofection efficiency and intensity of resulting antigen expression. APC were transfected either with plasmid DNA containing the reporter gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) or directly with in vitro-transcribed (IVT) GPF mRNA as a surrogate antigen. Out of nearly 100 different nucleofection programs tested, the top five for each cell type were identified and validated using cells from cancer patients. Flow cytometric analyses of transfected cells determining GFP expression and viability revealed a reverse correlation of efficiency and viability. Finally, donor dependant variances were analyzed. Conclusion In summary, nucleofection of both DC and B cells is feasible with plasmid DNA and IVT mRNA. And no differences with regard to nucleofectability were observed between the two cell types. Using IVT mRNA omits the danger of genomic integration and plasmid DNA constructs permit a more potent and longer lasting antigen expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1446-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Susanne Mullins
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,University Children's Hospital Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Tabea Wegner
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ernst Klar
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Carl-Friedrich Classen
- University Children's Hospital Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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Anguille S, Smits EL, Bryant C, Van Acker HH, Goossens H, Lion E, Fromm PD, Hart DN, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Dendritic Cells as Pharmacological Tools for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:731-53. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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15
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Vpx-Independent Lentiviral Transduction and shRNA-Mediated Protein Knock-Down in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208151 PMCID: PMC4514788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune system is based on their ability to sense and present foreign antigens. Powerful tools to research DC function and to apply in cell-based immunotherapy are either silencing or overexpression of genes achieved by lentiviral transduction. To date, efficient lentiviral transduction of DCs or their monocyte derived counterparts (MDDCs) required high multiplicity of infection (MOI) or the exposure to the HIV-2/SIV protein Vpx to degrade viral restriction factor SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). Here we present a Vpx-independent method for efficient (>95%) transduction of MDDCs at lower MOI. The protocol can be used both for ectopic gene expression and knock-down. Introducing shRNA targeting viral entry receptor CD4 and restriction factor SAMHD1 into MDDCs resulted in down-regulation of targeted proteins and, consequently, expected impact on HIV infection. This protocol for MDDCs transduction is robust and free of the potential risk arising from the use of Vpx which creates a virus infection-prone environment, potentially dangerous in clinical setting.
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16
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Willemen Y, Van den Bergh JMJ, Lion E, Anguille S, Roelandts VAE, Van Acker HH, Heynderickx SDI, Stein BMH, Peeters M, Figdor CG, Van Tendeloo VFI, de Vries IJ, Adema GJ, Berneman ZN, Smits ELJ. Engineering monocyte-derived dendritic cells to secrete interferon-α enhances their ability to promote adaptive and innate anti-tumor immune effector functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:831-42. [PMID: 25863943 PMCID: PMC11028489 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has demonstrated potential in clinical trials as a new effective cancer treatment, but objective and durable clinical responses are confined to a minority of patients. Interferon (IFN)-α, a type-I IFN, can bolster anti-tumor immunity by restoring or increasing the function of DCs, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, type-I IFN signaling on DCs was found to be essential in mice for tumor rejection by the innate and adaptive immune system. Targeted delivery of IFN-α by DCs to immune cells could boost the generation of anti-tumor immunity, while avoiding the side effects frequently associated with systemic administration. Naturally circulating plasmacytoid DCs, major producers of type-I IFN, were already shown capable of inducing tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in cancer patients without severe toxicity, but their limited number complicates their use in cancer vaccination. In the present work, we hypothesized that engineering easily generated human monocyte-derived mature DCs to secrete IFN-α using mRNA electroporation enhances their ability to promote adaptive and innate anti-tumor immunity. Our results show that IFN-α mRNA electroporation of DCs significantly increases the stimulation of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell as well as anti-tumor NK cell effector functions in vitro through high levels of IFN-α secretion. Altogether, our findings mark IFN-α mRNA-electroporated DCs as potent inducers of both adaptive and innate anti-tumor immunity and pave the way for clinical trial evaluation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium,
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17
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Golani-Armon A, Golan M, Shamay Y, Raviv L, David A. DC3-decorated polyplexes for targeted gene delivery into dendritic cells. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:213-24. [PMID: 25560976 DOI: 10.1021/bc500529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a family of specialized antigen presenting cells (APCs) that detect antigens and initiate a wide spectrum of immune responses against them. These characteristics make them promising candidates for immunotherapy manipulations. In this study we designed and synthesized DC-targeted block copolymers composed of linear polyethylenimine (PEI) conjugated to hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) installed with a DC-targeting peptide (DC3, primary sequence FYPSYHSTPQRP). Two different conjugation procedures (basic and modified) were employed to synthesize the DC3-PEG-b-PEI and the control SCRM-PEG-b-PEI (with a scrambled DC3 peptide sequence) by one-pot synthesis, in two steps. In the first, basic conjugation procedure, PEG with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and maleimide (MAL) groups (NHS-PEG-MAL, 3.5 kDa) was first coupled to linear PEI (25 kDa) via the NHS group to yield the intermediate MAL-PEG-b-PEI, that was then conjugated to N-terminus-cysteine harboring peptides DC3 or SCRM via the MAL double bond to yield the final DC3-PEG-b-PEI or SCRM-PEG-b-PEI copolymers, respectively. In the second, modified conjugation procedure, Fmoc-cysteine harboring DC3 or SCRM peptides were first conjugated to NHS-PEG-MAL via the MAL group followed by coupling to linear PEI via the NHS functional group. Fmoc cleavage yielded the same final product as in the basic procedure. The modified conjugation procedure was capable of yielding block copolymers richer with peptides, as determined by (1)H NMR analysis. Self-assembly of DC3-PEG-b-PEI copolymers and DNA molecules yielded nanosized polyion complexes (polyplexes), with lower surface charge and limited cytotoxicity when compared to the PEI building block. Significant transfection efficiency of the DC-targeted polyplexes by murine dendritic DC2.4 cells was observed only in DC3-PEG-b-PEI/DNA polyplexes synthesized by the modified conjugation procedure. These polyplexes, with higher peptide-load, showed greater transfection capability in DC2.4 cells relative to the control nontargeted SCRM-PEG-b-PEI/DNA polyplexes, but not in endothelial cells. The transfection efficiency was comparable to or higher than that of the PEI/DNA positive control. The results indicate that PEGylated-PEI polyplexes show significant transfection efficiency into DCs when decorated with DC3 peptide, and are attractive candidates for immunotherapy via DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Golani-Armon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and ‡Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel 84105
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18
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Peng W, Nan Z, Liu Y, Shen H, Lin C, Lin L, Yuan B. Dendritic cells transduced with CPEB4 induced antitumor immune response. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:273-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Benteyn D, Heirman C, Bonehill A, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. mRNA-based dendritic cell vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:161-76. [PMID: 25196947 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.957684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been proposed as a powerful treatment modality. Active immunotherapy aspires to stimulate the patient's immune system, particularly T cells. These cells can recognize and kill cancer cells and can form an immunological memory. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of our immune system. They take up and process antigens to present them to T cells. Consequently, DCs have been investigated as a means to stimulate cancer-specific T-cell responses. An efficient strategy to program DCs is the use of mRNA, a well-defined and safe molecule that can be easily generated at high purity. Importantly, vaccines consisting of mRNA-modified DCs showed promising results in clinical trials. Therefore, we will introduce cancer immunotherapy and DCs and give a detailed overview on the application of mRNA to generate cancer-fighting DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Benteyn
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/E, 1090 Jette, Belgium
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20
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Furugaki K, Cui L, Kunisawa Y, Osada K, Shinkai K, Tanaka M, Kataoka K, Nakano K. Intraperitoneal administration of a tumor-associated antigen SART3, CD40L, and GM-CSF gene-loaded polyplex micelle elicits a vaccine effect in mouse tumor models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101854. [PMID: 25013909 PMCID: PMC4094388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyplex micelles have demonstrated biocompatibility and achieve efficient gene transfection in vivo. Here, we investigated a polyplex micelle encapsulating genes encoding the tumor-associated antigen squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells-3 (SART3), adjuvant CD40L, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a DNA vaccine platform in mouse tumor models with different types of major histocompatibility antigen complex (MHC). Intraperitoneally administrated polyplex micelles were predominantly found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Compared with mock controls, the triple gene vaccine significantly prolonged the survival of mice harboring peritoneal dissemination of CT26 colorectal cancer cells, of which long-term surviving mice showed complete rejection when re-challenged with CT26 tumors. Moreover, the DNA vaccine inhibited the growth and metastasis of subcutaneous CT26 and Lewis lung tumors in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively, which represent different MHC haplotypes. The DNA vaccine highly stimulated both cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell activities, and increased the infiltration of CD11c+ DCs and CD4+/CD8a+ T cells into tumors. Depletion of CD4+ or CD8a+ T cells by neutralizing antibodies deteriorated the anti-tumor efficacy of the DNA vaccine. In conclusion, a SART3/CD40L+GM-CSF gene-loaded polyplex micelle can be applied as a novel vaccine platform to elicit tumor rejection immunity regardless of the recipient MHC haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Furugaki
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lin Cui
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Kunisawa
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shinkai
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakano
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lion E, de Winde CM, Van Tendeloo VFI, Smits ELJM. Loading of acute myeloid leukemia cells with poly(I:C) by electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:233-241. [PMID: 24619684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the technique of electroporation as an efficient method to load primary leukemic cells with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogue, polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), and detail on the delicate freezing and thawing procedure of primary leukemic cells.Electroporation is a non-viral gene transfer method by which short-term pores in the membrane of cells are generated by an electrical pulse, allowing molecules to enter the cell. RNA electroporation, a technique developed in our laboratory, is a widely used and versatile transfection method for efficient introduction of both coding RNA (messenger RNA) and non-coding RNA, e.g., dsRNA and small interfering (siRNA), into mammalian cells. Accurate cell processing and storage of patient material is essential for optimal recovery and quality of the cell product for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lion
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Design of an Optimized Wilms' Tumor 1 (WT1) mRNA Construct for Enhanced WT1 Expression and Improved Immunogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e134. [PMID: 24253259 PMCID: PMC3889186 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor antigen-encoding mRNA for dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination has gained increasing popularity in recent years. Within this context, two main strategies have entered the clinical trial stage: the use of mRNA for ex vivo antigen loading of DCs and the direct application of mRNA as a source of antigen for DCs in vivo. DCs transfected with mRNA-encoding Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein have shown promising clinical results. Using a stepwise approach, we re-engineered a WT1 cDNA-carrying transcription vector to improve the translational characteristics and immunogenicity of the transcribed mRNA. Different modifications were performed: (i) the WT1 sequence was flanked by the lysosomal targeting sequence of dendritic cell lysosomal-associated membrane protein to enhance cytoplasmic expression; (ii) the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of WT1 was deleted to promote shuttling from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; (iii) the WT1 DNA sequence was optimized in silico to improve translational efficiency; and (iv) this WT1 sequence was cloned into an optimized RNA transcription vector. DCs electroporated with this optimized mRNA showed an improved ability to stimulate WT1-specific T-cell immunity. Furthermore, in a murine model, we were able to show the safety, immunogenicity, and therapeutic activity of this optimized mRNA. This work is relevant for the future development of improved mRNA-based vaccine strategies K.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e134; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.54; published online 19 November 2013.
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23
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Robert-Tissot C, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS, Speiser DE. Mobilizing and evaluating anticancer T cells: pitfalls and solutions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1325-40. [PMID: 24127850 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.843456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising means to fight cancer, prompting a steady increase in clinical trials and correlative laboratory studies in this field. As antitumor T cells play central roles in immunity against malignant diseases, most immunotherapeutic protocols aim to induce and/or strengthen their function. Various treatment strategies have elicited encouraging clinical responses; however, major challenges have been uncovered that should be addressed in order to fully exploit the potential of immunotherapy. Here, we outline pitfalls for the mobilization of antitumor T cells and offer solutions to improve their therapeutic efficacy. We provide a critical perspective on the main methodologies used to characterize T-cell responses to cancer therapies, with a focus on discrepancies between T-cell attributes measured in vitro and protective responses in vivo. This review altogether provides recommendations to optimize the design of future clinical trials and highlights important considerations for the proficient analysis of clinical specimens available for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Robert-Tissot
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
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24
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Anguille S, Lion E, Van den Bergh J, Van Acker HH, Willemen Y, Smits EL, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN. Interleukin-15 dendritic cells as vaccine candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1956-61. [PMID: 23778748 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their professional antigen-presenting capacity and unique potential to induce tumor antigen-specific T cell immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have attracted much interest over the past decades for therapeutic vaccination against cancer. Clinical trials have shown that the use of tumor antigen-loaded DCs in cancer patients is safe and that it has the potential to induce anti-tumor immunity which, in some cases, culminates in striking clinical responses. Unfortunately, in a considerable number of patients, DC vaccination is unable to mount effective anti-tumor immune responses and, if it does so, the resultant immunity is often insufficient to translate into tangible clinical benefit. This underscores the necessity to re-design and optimize the current procedures for DC vaccine manufacturing. A new generation of DC vaccines with improved potency has now become available for clinical use as a result of extensive pre-clinical research. One of the promising next-generation DC vaccine candidates are interleukin (IL)-15-differentiated DCs. In this commentary, we will compile the research data that have been obtained by our group and other groups with these so-called IL-15 DCs and summarize the evidence supporting the implementation of IL-15 DCs in DC-based cancer vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Anguille
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR); University of Antwerp; Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp, Belgium
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25
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Cui H, Zhang W, Hu W, Liu K, Wang T, Ma N, Liu X, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Recombinant mammaglobin A adenovirus-infected dendritic cells induce mammaglobin A-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes against breast cancer cells in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63055. [PMID: 23650543 PMCID: PMC3641140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammaglobin A (MGBA) is a novel breast cancer-associated antigen almost exclusively over-expressed in primary and metastatic human breast cancers, making it a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. The development of dendritic cell (DC)-induced tumor antigen specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may hold promise in cancer immunotherapy. In this study we constructed recombinant replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors encoding MGBA and evaluated their ability to trigger anti-tumor immunity in vitro. DCs were isolated from the human peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) of two HLA-A33+ healthy female volunteers, and infected with adenovirus carrying MGBA cDNA (Ad-MGBA). After that, the Ad-MGBA-infected DCs were used to stimulate CD8+ CTLs in vitro and the latter was used for co-culture with breast cancer cell lines. The data revealed that infection with Ad-MGBA improved DC maturation and up-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12), but down-regulated interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion from DCs. Ad-MGBA-infected DC-stimulated CD8+CTLs displayed the highest cytotoxicity towards HLA-A33+/MGBA+ breast cancer MDA-MB-415 cells compared with other CD8+CTL populations, and compared with the cytotoxicity towards HLA-A33−/MGBA+ breast cancer HBL-100 cells and HLA-A33−/MGBA− breast cancer MDA-MB 231 cells. In addition, Ad-MGBA-infected DC-stimulated CD8+ CTLs showed a high level of IFNγ secretion when stimulated with HLA-A33+/MGBA+ breast cancer MDA-MB-415 cells, but not when stimulated with HLA-A33−/MGBA+ HBL-100 and HLA-A33−/MGBA−MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, killing of CD8+CTLs against breast cancer was in a major histocompability complex (MHC)-limited pattern. Finally, the data also determined the importance of TNF-α in activating DCs and T cells. These data together suggest that MGBA recombinant adenovirus-infected DCs could induce specific anti-tumor immunity against MGBA+ breast cancers, which could provide a novel strategy in the immunotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Cui
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- College of Nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Nursing, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Youhong Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Dekaban GA, Hamilton AM, Fink CA, Au B, de Chickera SN, Ribot EJ, Foster PJ. Tracking and evaluation of dendritic cell migration by cellular magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:469-83. [PMID: 23633389 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a means by which cells labeled ex vivo with a contrast agent can be detected and tracked over time in vivo. This technology provides a noninvasive method with which to assess cell-based therapies in vivo. Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are a promising cancer immunotherapy, but its success is highly dependent on the injected DC migrating to a secondary lymphoid organ such as a nearby lymph node. There the DC can interact with T cells to elicit a tumor-specific immune response. It is important to verify DC migration in vivo using a noninvasive imaging modality, such as cellular MRI, so that important information regarding the anatomical location and persistence of the injected DC in a targeted lymph node can be provided. An understanding of DC biology is critical in ascertaining how to label DC with sufficient contrast agent to render them detectable by MRI. While iron oxide nanoparticles provide the best sensitivity for detection of DC in vivo, a clinical grade iron oxide agent is not currently available. A clinical grade (19) Fluorine-based perfluorcarbon nanoemulsion is available but is less sensitive, and its utility to detect DC migration in humans remains to be demonstrated using clinical scanners presently available. The ability to quantitatively track DC migration in vivo can provide important information as to whether different DC maturation and activation protocols result in improved DC migration efficiency which will determine the vaccine's immunogenicity and ultimately the tumor immunotherapy's outcome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Dekaban
- BioTherapeutics Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Chen YZ, Ruan GX, Yao XL, Li LM, Hu Y, Tabata Y, Gao JQ. Co-transfection gene delivery of dendritic cells induced effective lymph node targeting and anti-tumor vaccination. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1502-12. [PMID: 23371516 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful genetically engineered Dendritic Cell (DC) can enhance DC's antigen presentation and lymph node migration. The present study aims to genetically engineer a DC using an efficient non-viral gene delivery vector to induce a highly efficient antigen presentation and lymph node targeting in vivo. METHODS Spermine-dextran (SD), a cationic polysaccharide vector, was used to prepare a gene delivery system for DC engineering. Transfection efficiency, nuclear trafficking, and safety of the SD/DNA complex were evaluated. A vaccine prepared by engineering DC with SD/gp100, a plasmid encoding melanoma-associated antigen, was injected subcutaneously into mice to evaluate the tumor suppression. The migration of the engineered DCs was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SD/DNA complex has a better transfection behavior in vitro than commercially purchased reagents. The DC vaccine co-transfected with plasmid coding CCR7, a chemokine receptor essential for DC migration, and plasmid coding gp100 displayed superior tumor suppression than that with plasmid coding gp100 alone. Migration assay demonstrated that DC transfected with SD/CCR7 can promote DC migration capacity. CONCLUSIONS The study is the first to report the application of nonviral vector SD to co-transfect DC with gp100 and CCR7-coding plasmid to induce both the capacity of antigen presentation and lymph node targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Anguille S, Lion E, Tel J, de Vries IJM, Couderé K, Fromm PD, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Berneman ZN. Interleukin-15-induced CD56(+) myeloid dendritic cells combine potent tumor antigen presentation with direct tumoricidal potential. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51851. [PMID: 23284789 PMCID: PMC3532168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the quintessential antigen-presenting cells of the human immune system and play a prime role in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses, explaining the strong and still growing interest in their application for cancer immunotherapy. Much current research in the field of DC-based immunotherapy focuses on optimizing the culture conditions for in vitro DC generation in order to assure that DCs with the best possible immunogenic qualities are being used for immunotherapy. In this context, monocyte-derived DCs that are alternatively induced by interleukin-15 (IL-15 DCs) have attracted recent attention due to their superior immunostimulatory characteristics. In this study, we show that IL-15 DCs, in addition to potent tumor antigen-presenting function, possess tumoricidal potential and thus qualify for the designation of killer DCs. Notwithstanding marked expression of the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD56 on a subset of IL-15 DCs, we found no evidence of a further phenotypic overlap between IL-15 DCs and NK cells. Allostimulation and antigen presentation assays confirmed that IL-15 DCs should be regarded as bona fide myeloid DCs not only from the phenotypic but also from the functional point of view. Concerning their cytotoxic activity, we demonstrate that IL-15 DCs are able to induce apoptotic cell death of the human K562 tumor cell line, while sparing tumor antigen-specific T cells. The cytotoxicity of IL-15 DCs is predominantly mediated by granzyme B and, to a small extent, by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but is independent of perforin, Fas ligand and TNF-α. In conclusion, our data provide evidence of a previously unappreciated role for IL-15 in the differentiation of human monocytes towards killer DCs. The observation that IL-15 DCs have killer DC capacity lends further support to their implementation in DC-based immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Anguille
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp, Belgium.
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29
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Abstract
The long-term outlook for adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains dismal. The main reason for this state of affairs lies in the fact that the majority of AML patients will eventually relapse, even after obtaining complete remission following front-line chemotherapy. Relapses are generally attributed to the persistence of a small number of chemotherapy-resistant leukemic (stem) cells, a condition known as minimal residual disease (MRD). The eradication of MRD, with the eventual aim of reducing the risk of relapse, therefore represents a high-priority goal of modern AML therapy. It is now well established that the immune system plays a crucial role in the defense against AML. This knowledge has fuelled the development of immune-based approaches to control MRD and, ultimately, to prevent relapse. One of the promising strategies that have emerged in this regard involves the use of dendritic cells for therapeutic vaccination. This review article aims to introduce the reader into the conceptual and practical aspects of DC-based vaccination for AML. Next, we will review the first clinical results obtained with this immunotherapeutic approach in AML patients. Finally, we will briefly reflect on the potential place of DC vaccination in the future therapy of AML.
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Lion E, Smits ELJM, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. NK cells: key to success of DC-based cancer vaccines? Oncologist 2012; 17:1256-70. [PMID: 22907975 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic and regulatory antitumor functions of natural killer (NK) cells have become attractive targets for immunotherapy. Manipulation of specific NK cell functions and their reciprocal interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) might hold therapeutic promise. In this review, we focus on the engagement of NK cells in DC-based cancer vaccination strategies, providing a comprehensive overview of current in vivo experimental and clinical DC vaccination studies encompassing the monitoring of NK cells. From these studies, it is clear that NK cells play a key regulatory role in the generation of DC-induced antitumor immunity, favoring the concept that targeting both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms may synergistically promote clinical outcome. However, to date, DC vaccination trials are only infrequently accompanied by NK cell monitoring. Here, we discuss different strategies to improve DC vaccine preparations via exploitation of NK cells and provide a summary of relevant NK cell parameters for immune monitoring. We underscore that the design of DC-based cancer vaccines should include the evaluation of their NK cell stimulating potency both in the preclinical phase and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lion
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, TIGR, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
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31
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Jia LT, Chen SY, Yang AG. Cancer gene therapy targeting cellular apoptosis machinery. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:868-76. [PMID: 22800735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The unraveling of cellular apoptosis machinery provides novel targets for cancer treatment, and gene therapy targeting this suicidal system has been corroborated to cause inflammation-free autonomous elimination of neoplastic cells. The apoptotic machinery can be targeted by introduction of a gene encoding an inducer, mediator or executioner of apoptotic cell death or by inhibition of anti-apoptotic gene expression. Strategies targeting cancer cells, which are achieved by selective gene delivery, specific gene expression or secretion of target proteins via genetic modification of autologous cells, dictate the outcome of apoptosis-based cancer gene therapy. Despite so far limited clinical success, gene therapy targeting the apoptotic machinery has great potential to benefit patients with threatening malignancies provided the availability of efficient and specific gene delivery and administration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tao Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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32
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Anguille S, Willemen Y, Lion E, Smits EL, Berneman ZN. Dendritic cell vaccination in acute myeloid leukemia. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:647-56. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.693744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Maroof H, Hassan ZM, Mobarez AM, Mohamadabadi MA. Lactobacillus acidophilus could modulate the immune response against breast cancer in murine model. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1353-9. [PMID: 22711009 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immune-therapy is an interesting avenue of studying the effects of deviating immune system responses to achieve the desired result. Lactobacilli are inhabitants of the GI tract which have shown beneficial health effects on various ailments including malignancies. Their mechanisms of action comprise a very intense area of research. In this study we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in in vivo model of breast cancer. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L.a) was isolated from traditional home-made yogurt and also from neonatal stool by aerobic overnight culture at 37°C in MRS broth. Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) assay was performed to find the best immunostimulant dose. 4T1 tumour bearing mice were treated with 2 × 10(8) cfu of isolated L. acidophilus and 20 mg/kg Cyclophosphamide for 15 consecutive days. Tumour volume was measured using a digital vernier calliper. Lymphocyte proliferation was done using MTT proliferation assay. Production of IFNγ, IL-4 and TGF-β from cultured Splenocytes was assessed in the presence of purified tumour antigen. According to results administration of L.a induced a significant decrease in tumour growth pattern (P value = 0.00). Significant alterations in splenocyte production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and TGf-β (P values < 0.05) and also lymphocyte proliferation in L.a treated animals was evident (P value < 0.05). This study indicated that oral administration of L.a is able to alter the cytokine production in tumour bearing mice into a Th1 protective pattern, favourable to anti tumour immunity. Reduced tumour growth rate and increased lymphocyte proliferation are also thus supportive. Further studies are required to elucidate the exact mechanism by which local actions of probiotics affect the systemic immune responses against transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Maroof
- Department of microbiology, zanjan branch, Islamic azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
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34
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Raϊch-Regué D, Grau-López L, Naranjo-Gómez M, Ramo-Tello C, Pujol-Borrell R, Martínez-Cáceres E, Borràs FE. Stable antigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness induced by tolerogenic dendritic cells from multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:771-82. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Off-the-shelf adenoviral-mediated immunotherapy via bicistronic expression of tumor antigen and iMyD88/CD40 adjuvant. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1462-71. [PMID: 22434138 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent modest successes in ex vivo dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy have motivated continued innovation in the area of DC manipulation and activation. Although ex vivo vaccine approaches continue to be proving grounds for new DC manipulation techniques, the intrinsic limits of ex vivo therapy, including high cost, minimal standardization, cumbersome delivery, and poor accessibility, incentivizes the development of vaccines compatible with in vivo DC targeting. We describe here a method to co-deliver both tumor-specific antigen (TSA) and an iMyD88/CD40 adjuvant (iMC), to DCs that combines toll-like receptor (TLR) and CD40 signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that simple TSA delivery via adenoviral vectors results in strong antitumor immunity. Addition of iMC delivered in a separate vector is insufficient to enhance this effect. However, when delivered simultaneously with TSA in a single bicistronic vector (BV), iMC is able to significantly enhance antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses and inhibit established tumor growth. This study demonstrates the spatial-temporal importance of concurrent DC activation and TSA presentation. Further, it demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo molecular enhancement of DCs necessary for effective antitumor immune responses.
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36
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Abstract
Cell systems have recently emerged as biological drug carriers, as an interesting alternative to other systems such as micro- and nano-particles. Different cells, such as carrier erythrocytes, bacterial ghosts and genetically engineered stem and dendritic cells have been used. They provide sustained release and specific delivery of drugs, enzymatic systems and genetic material to certain organs and tissues. Cell systems have potential applications for the treatment of cancer, HIV, intracellular infections, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson’s disease or in gene therapy. Carrier erythrocytes containing enzymes such us L-asparaginase, or drugs such as corticosteroids have been successfully used in humans. Bacterial ghosts have been widely used in the field of vaccines and also with drugs such as doxorubicin. Genetically engineered stem cells have been tested for cancer treatment and dendritic cells for immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although further research and more clinical trials are necessary, cell-based platforms are a promising strategy for drug delivery.
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37
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Selmeczi D, Hansen TS, Met O, Svane IM, Larsen NB. Efficient large volume electroporation of dendritic cells through micrometer scale manipulation of flow in a disposable polymer chip. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:383-92. [PMID: 21207149 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present a hybrid chip of polymer and stainless steel designed for high-throughput continuous electroporation of cells in suspension. The chip is constructed with two parallel stainless steel mesh electrodes oriented perpendicular to the liquid flow. The relatively high hydrodynamic resistance of the micrometer sized holes in the meshes compared to the main channel enforces an almost homogeneous flow velocity between the meshes. Thereby, very uniform electroporation of the cells can be accomplished. Successful electroporation of 20 million human dendritic cells with mRNA is demonstrated. The performance of the chip is similar to that of the traditional electroporation cuvette, but without an upper limit on the number of cells to be electroporated. The device is constructed with two female Luer parts and can easily be integrated with other microfluidic components. Furthermore it is fabricated from injection molded polymer parts and commercially available stainless steel mesh, making it suitable for inexpensive mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Selmeczi
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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38
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Yaghoobi M, Le Gouvello S, Aloulou N, Duprez-Dutreuil C, Walker F, Sobhani I. FoxP3 overexpression and CD1a+ and CD3+ depletion in anal tissue as possible mechanisms for increased risk of human papillomavirus-related anal carcinoma in HIV infection. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13:768-73. [PMID: 20394639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We analysed local cellular and humoral immunity factors in the anal mucosa in an attempt to explain how HIV infection increases the risk of anal cancer in HPV-infected patients. METHOD HIV-positive cases and matched HIV-negative controls with more than one recurrence of condylomas were included in a prospective study following treatment of the initial lesions. Patients were followed every 3 to 6 months for the development of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN3) and cancer for up to 60 months. Tissue CD1a(+), CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) cells and mRNAs of selected cytokines and chemokines were quantified and compared in patients with or without AIN3 or cancer using morphometric or immunohistochemistry analysis and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Sixty-six individuals (22 patients and 44 controls) were included. In the case group, CD1a(+) and CD3(+) cell counts were significantly lower in biopsies from AIN3 and cancer specimens compared with those from AIN 1-2 or normal biopsies (P < 0.0001). A CD1a(+) count of < 10/mm was predictive of AIN3 and cancer (Odds ratio = 9.4, 95% CI: 5.4-18.3, P < 0.0001). IL-8 and IL23 levels were significantly higher in cancer than in non-cancer tissues regardless of HIV status (P = 0.02). FoxP3 expression was significantly higher in HIV-infected cases than in controls with AIN3/cancer (P < 0.04). CONCLUSION Depletion of CD1a(+) and CD3(+) cells and overexpression of FoxP3 in the anal mucosa appear likely to contribute to the risk of HPV-related anal cancer in HIV-infected patients. Furthermore, overexpression of IL-8 and IL-23 in the anal mucosa might be responsible for the development of this cancer regardless of HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaghoobi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Wen CC, Chen HM, Chen SS, Huang LT, Chang WT, Wei WC, Chou LC, Arulselvan P, Wu JB, Kuo SC, Yang NS. Specific microtubule-depolymerizing agents augment efficacy of dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:44. [PMID: 21689407 PMCID: PMC3141632 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are associated with immunogenic cell death and have the ability to enhance maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs). Specific microtubule-depolymerizing agents (MDAs) such as colchicine have been shown to confer anti-cancer activity and also trigger activation of DCs. Methods In this study, we evaluated the ability of three MDAs (colchicine and two 2-phenyl-4-quinolone analogues) to induce immunogenic cell death in test tumor cells, activate DCs, and augment T-cell proliferation activity. These MDAs were further evaluated for use as an adjuvant in a tumor cell lysate-pulsed DC vaccine. Results The three test phytochemicals considerably increased the expression of DAMPs including HSP70, HSP90 and HMGB1, but had no effect on expression of calreticulin (CRT). DC vaccines pulsed with MDA-treated tumor cell lysates had a significant effect on tumor growth, showed cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against tumors, and increased the survival rate of test mice. In vivo antibody depletion experiments suggested that CD8+ and NK cells, but not CD4+ cells, were the main effector cells responsible for the observed anti-tumor activity. In addition, culture of DCs with GM-CSF and IL-4 during the pulsing and stimulation period significantly increased the production of IL-12 and decreased production of IL-10. MDAs also induced phenotypic maturation of DCs and augmented CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation when co-cultured with DCs. Conclusions Specific MDAs including the clinical drug, colchicine, can induce immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, and DCs pulsed with MDA-treated tumor cell lysates (TCLs) can generate potent anti-tumor immunity in mice. This approach may warrant future clinical evaluation as a cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Wen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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40
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Smits ELJ, Lee C, Hardwick N, Brooks S, Van Tendeloo VFI, Orchard K, Guinn BA. Clinical evaluation of cellular immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:757-69. [PMID: 21519825 PMCID: PMC11029703 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently under active investigation as an adjuvant therapy to improve the overall survival of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by eliminating residual leukaemic cells following standard therapy. The graft-versus-leukaemia effect observed following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has already demonstrated the significant role of immune cells in controlling AML, paving the way to further exploitation of this effect in optimized immunotherapy protocols. In this review, we discuss the current state of cellular immunotherapy as adjuvant therapy for AML, with a particular focus on new strategies and recently published results of preclinical and clinical studies. Therapeutic vaccines that are being tested in AML include whole tumour cells as an autologous source of multiple leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA) and autologous dendritic cells loaded with LAA as effective antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T cells or natural killer cells is under active investigation. Results from phase I and II trials are promising and support further investigation into the potential of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent or fight relapse in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium.
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41
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Lebson L, Wang T, Jiang Q, Whartenby KA. Induction of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper gene limits the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccines. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:563-70. [PMID: 21546924 PMCID: PMC3138804 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown great promise in generating anti-tumor immune responses but have generally fallen short of producing durable cures. Determining mechanisms by which these vaccines fail will provide one strategy towards improving their success. Several manipulations of DCs have improved their migration and longevity, but the immune inhibitory environment surrounding tumors provides a powerful suppressive influence. To determine the mechanisms by which DCs at the site of the tumor convert to a suppressive phenotype, we evaluated pathways in DCs that become expressed at the tumor site. Our results revealed that tumors lead to induction of the glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene in DCs, and that this gene is critical for the development of tumor induced tolerance of both DCs and T cells. Previous data suggested that GILZ is a pivotal gene in the balance between activation and tolerance of DCs. Our new data show that GILZ is highly upregulated in DCs in the tumor microenvironment in vivo and that blockade of this gene in DC vaccines significantly improves long term survival. These results suggest that GILZ may be an ideal candidate gene to target for novel immune-based tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lebson
- Department of Neurology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Nierkens S, Janssen EM. Harnessing dendritic cells for tumor antigen presentation. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2195-213. [PMID: 24212804 PMCID: PMC3757412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells that are crucial for the induction of anti-tumor T cell responses. As a consequence, research has focused on the harnessing of DCs for therapeutic interventions. Although current strategies employing ex vivo-generated and tumor-antigen loaded DCs have been proven feasible, there are still many obstacles to overcome in order to improve clinical trial successes and offset the cost and complexity of customized cell therapy. This review focuses on one of these obstacles and a pivotal step for the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; the in vitro loading of DCs with tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nierkens
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Edith M. Janssen
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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43
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WeiPeng, Zhao G, Ma Y, Yu H, Wang X. Dendritic cells transfected with PEG10 recombinant adenovirus elicit anti-tumor immune response in vitro and in vivo. Vaccine 2011; 29:3501-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Shurin MR, Gregory M, Morris JC, Malyguine AM. Genetically modified dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: a better tomorrow? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1539-53. [PMID: 20955111 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.526105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Dendritic cells (DC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells that induce and maintain primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses directed against tumor antigens. Consequently, there has been much interest in their application as antitumor vaccines. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A large number of DC-based vaccine trials targeting a variety of cancers have been conducted; however, the rate of reported clinically significant responses remains low. Modification of DC to express tumor antigens or immunostimulatory molecules through the transfer of genes or mRNA transfection offers a logical alternative with potential advantages over peptide- or protein antigen-loaded DC. In this article, we review the current results and future prospects for genetically modified DC vaccines for the treatment of cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Genetically-modified dendritic cell-based vaccines represent a powerful tool for cancer therapy. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of dendritic cell vaccines alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Genetically modified DC-based anti-cancer vaccination holds promise, perhaps being best employed in the adjuvant setting with minimal residual disease after primary therapy, or in combination with other antitumor or immune-enhancing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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45
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Zhang C, Wang QT, Liu H, Zhang ZZ, Huang WL. Advancement and prospects of tumor gene therapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2011; 30:182-8. [PMID: 21352695 PMCID: PMC4013314 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is one of the most attractive fields in tumor therapy. In past decades, significant progress has been achieved. Various approaches, such as viral and non-viral vectors and physical methods, have been developed to make gene delivery safer and more efficient. Several therapeutic strategies have evolved, including gene-based (tumor suppressor genes, suicide genes, antiangiogenic genes, cytokine and oxidative stress-based genes) and RNA-based (antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference) approaches. In addition, immune response-based strategies (dendritic cell- and T cell-based therapy) are also under investigation in tumor gene therapy. This review highlights the progress and recent developments in gene delivery systems, therapeutic strategies, and possible clinical directions for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China;
| | - Qing-Tao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China;
| | - He Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China;
| | - Zhen-Zhu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China;
| | - Wen-Lin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China;
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China;
- Research Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
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46
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The inside out of lentiviral vectors. Viruses 2011; 3:132-159. [PMID: 22049307 PMCID: PMC3206600 DOI: 10.3390/v3020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses induce a wide variety of pathologies in different animal species. A common feature of the replicative cycle of these viruses is their ability to target non-dividing cells, a property that constitutes an extremely attractive asset in gene therapy. In this review, we shall describe the main basic aspects of the virology of lentiviruses that were exploited to obtain efficient gene transfer vectors. In addition, we shall discuss some of the hurdles that oppose the efficient genetic modification mediated by lentiviral vectors and the strategies that are being developed to circumvent them.
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47
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Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α), a type I IFN, is a well-known antitumoral agent. The investigation of its clinical properties in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been prompted by its pleiotropic antiproliferative and immune effects. So far, integration of IFN-α in the therapeutic arsenal against AML has been modest in view of the divergent results of clinical trials. Recent insights into the key pharmacokinetic determinants of the clinical efficacy of IFN along with advances in its pharmaceutical formulation, have sparked renewed interest in its use. This paper reviews the possible applicability of IFN-α in the treatment of AML and provides a rational basis to re-explore its efficacy in clinical trials.
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48
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Gene carriers and transfection systems used in the recombination of dendritic cells for effective cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:565643. [PMID: 21197274 PMCID: PMC3010860 DOI: 10.1155/2010/565643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. They play a vital role in the initiation of immune response by presenting antigens to T cells and followed by induction of T-cell response. Reported research in animal studies indicated that vaccine immunity could be a promising alternative therapy for cancer patients. However, broad clinical utility has not been achieved yet, owing to the low transfection efficiency of DCs. Therefore, it is essential to improve the transfection efficiency of DC-based vaccination in immunotherapy. In several studies, DCs were genetically engineered by tumor-associated antigens or by immune molecules such as costimulatory molecules, cytokines, and chemokines. Encouraging results have been achieved in cancer treatment using various animal models. This paper describes the recent progress in gene delivery systems including viral vectors and nonviral carriers for DC-based genetically engineered vaccines. The reverse and three-dimensional transfection systems developed in DCs are also discussed.
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Hamilton MJ, Ho VW, Kuroda E, Ruschmann J, Antignano F, Lam V, Krystal G. Role of SHIP in cancer. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:2-13. [PMID: 21056081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase, SHIP (or SHIP1), is a hematopoietic-restricted phosphatidylinositide phosphatase that translocates to the plasma membrane after extracellular stimulation and hydrolyzes the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-generated second messenger PI-3,4,5-P(3) to PI-3,4-P(2). As a result, SHIP dampens down PI-3,4,5-P(3)-mediated signaling and represses the proliferation, differentiation, survival, activation, and migration of hematopoietic cells. There are multiple lines of evidence suggesting that SHIP may act as a tumor suppressor during leukemogenesis and lymphomagenesis. Because of its ability to skew macrophage progenitors toward M1 macrophages and naïve T cells toward T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells, SHIP may play a critical role in activating the immune system to eradicate solid tumors. In this review, we will discuss the role of SHIP in hematopoietic cells and its therapeutic potential in terms of suppressing leukemias and lymphomas and manipulating the immune system to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Hamilton
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Augmentation of adenovirus 5 vector-mediated gene transduction under physiological pH conditions by a chitosan/NaHCO3 solution. Gene Ther 2010; 18:232-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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