1
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Penaud-Budloo M, Lecomte E, Lecomte Q, Pacouret S, Broucque F, Guy-Duché A, Dupont JB, Jeanson-Leh L, Robin C, Blouin V, Ayuso E, Adjali O. Characterization of residual microRNAs in AAV vector batches produced in HEK293 mammalian cells and Sf9 insect cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101305. [PMID: 39220637 PMCID: PMC11365364 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
With more than 130 clinical trials and 8 approved gene therapy products, adeno-associated virus (AAV) stands as one of the most popular vehicles to deliver therapeutic DNA in vivo. One critical quality attribute analyzed in AAV batches is the presence of residual DNA, as it could pose genotoxic risks or induce immune responses. Surprisingly, the presence of small cell-derived RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), has not been investigated previously. In this study, we examined the presence of miRNAs in purified AAV batches produced in mammalian or in insect cells. Our findings revealed that miRNAs were present in all batches, regardless of the production cell line or capsid serotype (2 and 8). Quantitative assays indicated that miRNAs were co-purified with the recombinant AAV particles in a proportion correlated with their abundance in the production cells. The level of residual miRNAs was reduced via an immunoaffinity chromatography purification process including a tangential flow filtration step or by RNase treatment, suggesting that most miRNA contaminants are likely non-encapsidated. In summary, we demonstrate, for the first time, that miRNAs are co-purified with AAV particles. Further investigations are required to determine whether these miRNAs could interfere with the safety or efficacy of AAV-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Lecomte
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Quentin Lecomte
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Simon Pacouret
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Cécile Robin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Blouin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TARGET, 44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Ajorio ACFB, Chagas MG, Rhodes VP, Rodrigues AP, Gonçalves NP, Godinho RMDC, Forsythe SJ, da Costa LV, Brandão MLL. Establishment of a Reference Material in Quality Control for Use in Infectivity and Identity Assays of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine, in Accordance with International Standards Organization Guidance. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:967. [PMID: 39339999 PMCID: PMC11435733 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12090967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began in 2019. One of the strategies for pandemic control was mass vaccination. In Brazil, the recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (RCV) was produced on a large scale and offered at no charge to the population. The specifications for quality control analyses of RCV included identity and infectivity determination. To validate the results, a reference material (RM) must be analyzed in parallel with the sample vaccine. This research aimed to establish the RM for use in the identity and infectivity assay for RCV. The candidate RM was analyzed using homogeneity and stability studies. The RM was considered homogeneous for identity (cycle threshold (Ct) ≤ 25.19) and infectivity (average x- was 9.25 log10 infectious units/mL). The RM was considered adequately stable for identity during the total period in all studies, being stable at -70, 5, and 22.5 °C for 380, 313, and 14 days, respectively (Ct ≤ 21.81). For infectivity, the RM was stable at -70, 5, and 22.5 °C for 380, 97, and three days, respectively. Since the property identity and infectivity values of the RM were established, the new RM could be used in quality control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Gomes Chagas
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Pessanha Rhodes
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Peclat Rodrigues
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Natália Pedra Gonçalves
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Veloso da Costa
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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3
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Kulkarni AA, Seal AG, Sonnet C, Oka K. Streamlined Adeno-Associated Virus Production Using Suspension HEK293T Cells. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4931. [PMID: 38379831 PMCID: PMC10875358 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are valuable viral vectors for in vivo gene transfer, also having significant ex vivo therapeutic potential. Continued efforts have focused on various gene therapy applications, capsid engineering, and scalable manufacturing processes. Adherent cells are commonly used for virus production in most basic science laboratories because of their efficiency and cost. Although suspension cells are easier to handle and scale up compared to adherent cells, their use in virus production is hampered by poor transfection efficiency. In this protocol, we developed a simple scalable AAV production protocol using serum-free-media-adapted HEK293T suspension cells and VirusGEN transfection reagent. The established protocol allows AAV production from transfection to quality analysis of purified AAV within two weeks. Typical vector yields for the described suspension system followed by iodixanol purification range from a total of 1 × 1013 to 1.5 × 1013 vg (vector genome) using 90 mL of cell suspension vs. 1 × 1013 to 2 × 1013 vg using a regular adherent cell protocol (10 × 15 cm dishes). Key features • Adeno-associated virus (AAV) production using serum-free-media-adapted HEK293T suspension cells. • Efficient transfection with VirusGEN. • High AAV yield from small-volume cell culture. Graphical overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A. Kulkarni
- Gene Vector Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin G. Seal
- Gene Vector Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Corinne Sonnet
- Gene Vector Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Oka
- Gene Vector Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Yuan Y, Higashiyama K, Hashiba N, Masumi-Koizumi K, Yusa K, Uchida K. Concise Analysis of Single-Stranded DNA of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus By Automated Electrophoresis System. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:104-113. [PMID: 38062752 PMCID: PMC10890949 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a prominent viral vector currently available for human gene therapy. The diameter of the rAAV capsid is ∼25 nm, and a positive or negative single-stranded DNA is packaged within the vector capsid. In this report, we describe a concise method to examine the extracted rAAV genome using an automated electrophoresis system. The rAAV genome, prepared from vector particles through either heat treatment at 95°C for 10 min or the phenol-chloroform extraction method, was analyzed using an automated electrophoresis system under denaturation conditions. The heat treatment protocol demonstrated a comparable yield with the phenol-chloroform extraction protocol, and the quantified amounts of the rAAV genome obtained using the automated electrophoresis system were consistent with those quantitated by quantitative PCR. Additionally, crude rAAV extractions could also be analyzed by the automated electrophoresis system after DNase I treatment. These results indicated that this simple and quick analysis using automated electrophoresis is highly useful for confirming the purity and integrity of the rAAV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Yuan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriko Hashiba
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masumi-Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yusa
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Uchida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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5
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Coll De Peña A, White JD, Mehta DR, Ben Frej M, Tripathi A. Microfluidic AAV Purity Characterization: New Insights into Serotype and Sample Treatment Variability. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4027-4036. [PMID: 38284067 PMCID: PMC10809679 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in nucleic acid delivery systems with the success of LNP vehicles, adeno-associated virus (AAV) remains the leading platform for targeted gene delivery due to its low immunogenicity to humans, high transduction efficiency, and range of serotypes with varying tropisms. Depending on the therapeutic goals and serotype used, different production conditions may be more amenable, generating an ever-growing need for rapid yet robust analytical techniques to support the high-quality manufacturing of AAV. A critical bottleneck exists for assessing full capsids where rapid, high-throughput techniques capable of analyzing a range of serotypes are needed. Here, we present a rapid, high-throughput analytical technique, microfluidic electrophoresis, for the assessment of full capsids compatible with AAV1, AAV2, AAV6, AAV8, and AAV9 without the need for assay modifications or optimizations, and AAV5 with some constraints. The method presented in this study uses a mathematical formulation we developed previously with a reference standard to combine the independently obtained capsid protein and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) profiles to estimate the percentage of full capsids in a sample of unknown concentration. We assessed the ability to use a single serotype (AAV8) as the reference standard regardless of the serotype of the sample being analyzed so long as the melting temperature (Tm) of the capsids is within 12 °C from the Tm of AAV8. Using this method, we are able to characterize samples ±6.1% with an average analytical turnaround time of <5 min/sample, using only 10 μL/sample at a concentration of 2.5 × 1012 VG/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Coll De Peña
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - James D. White
- Applied
Genomics, Revvity, Hopkinton, Massachusetts 01748, United States
| | - Dipti R. Mehta
- Applied
Genomics, Revvity, Hopkinton, Massachusetts 01748, United States
| | - Menel Ben Frej
- Applied
Genomics, Revvity, Hopkinton, Massachusetts 01748, United States
| | - Anubhav Tripathi
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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6
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Blay E, Hardyman E, Morovic W. PCR-based analytics of gene therapies using adeno-associated virus vectors: Considerations for cGMP method development. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101132. [PMID: 37964893 PMCID: PMC10641278 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The field of gene therapy has evolved and improved so that today the treatment of thousands of genetic diseases is now possible. An integral aspect of the drug development process is generating analytical methods to be used throughout clinical and commercial manufacturing. Enumeration and identification assays using genetic testing are critical to ensure the safety, efficacy, and stability of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. While nucleic acid-based methods are already reliable and rapid, there are unique biological, technological, and regulatory aspects in gene therapies that must be considered. This review surveys aspects of method development and validation using nucleic acid-based testing of gene therapies by focusing on adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and their co-transfection factors. Key differences between quantitative PCR and droplet digital technologies are discussed to show how improvements can be made while still adhering to regulatory guidance. Example validation parameters for AAV genome titers are described to demonstrate the scope of analytical development. Finally, several areas for improving analytical testing are presented to inspire future innovation, including next-generation sequencing and artificial intelligence. Reviewing the broad characteristics of gene therapy assessment serves as an introduction for new researchers, while clarifying processes for professionals already involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Blay
- Gene & Cell Therapy, PPD GMP Laboratories, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, Middleton, WI, USA
| | - Elaine Hardyman
- Gene & Cell Therapy, PPD GMP Laboratories, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, Middleton, WI, USA
| | - Wesley Morovic
- Gene & Cell Therapy, PPD GMP Laboratories, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, Middleton, WI, USA
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7
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Troxell B, Jaslow SL, Tsai IW, Sullivan C, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Lindsey K, Blue L. Partial genome content within rAAVs impacts performance in a cell assay-dependent manner. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:288-302. [PMID: 37583716 PMCID: PMC10423999 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) deliver DNA to numerous cell types. However, packaging of partial genomes into the rAAV capsid is of concern. Although empty rAAV capsids are studied, there is little information regarding the impact of partial DNA content on rAAV performance in controlled studies. To address this, we tested vectors containing varying levels of partial, self-complementary EGFP genomes. Density gradient cesium chloride ultracentrifugation was used to isolate three distinct rAAV populations: (1) a lighter fraction, (2) a moderate fraction, and (3) a heavy fraction. Alkaline gels, Illumina Mi-Seq, size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), and charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS) were used to characterize the genome of each population and ddPCR to quantify residual DNA molecules. Live-cell imaging and EGFP ELISA assays demonstrated reduced expression following transduction with the light fraction compared with the moderate and heavy fractions. However, PCR-based assays showed that the light density delivered EGFP DNA to cells as efficiently as the moderate and heavy fractions. Mi-Seq data revealed an underrepresentation of the promoter region for EGFP, suggesting that expression of EGFP was reduced because of lack of regulatory control. This work demonstrates that rAAVs containing partial genomes contribute to the DNA signal but have reduced vector performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Troxell
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- AjaxBio, LLC, Holly Springs, NC 27540, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - I-Wei Tsai
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chelsea Sullivan
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Draper
- Megadalton Solutions, Inc., 3750 E. Bluebird Ln., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kate Lindsey
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Levi Blue
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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8
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Masri S, Carré L, Jaulin N, Vandamme C, Couzinié C, Guy-Duché A, Dupont JB, Pereira A, Charpentier E, David L, Gernoux G, Guilbaud M, Adjali O. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Inability of Recombinant AAV8 to Activate Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10447. [PMID: 37445621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) is considered as one of the most successful and widely used viral vectors for in vivo gene therapy. However, host immune responses to the vector and/or the transgene product remain a major hurdle to successful AAV gene transfer. In contrast to antivector adaptive immunity, the initiation of the innate immunity towards rAAV is still poorly understood but is directly dependent on the interaction between the viral vector and innate immune cells. Here, we used a quantitative transcriptomic-based approach to determine the activation of inflammatory and anti-viral pathways after rAAV8-based infection of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) obtained from 12 healthy human donors. We have shown that rAAV8 particles are efficiently internalized, but that this uptake does not induce any detectable transcriptomic change in moDCs in contrast to an adenoviral infection, which upregulates anti-viral pathways. These findings suggest an immunologically favorable profile for rAAV8 serotype with regard to in vitro activation of moDC model. Transcriptomic analysis of rAAV-infected innate immune cells is a powerful method to determine the ability of the viral vector to be seen by these sensor cells, which remains of great importance to better understand the immunogenicity of rAAV vectors and to design immune-stealth products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Masri
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Laure Carré
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Jaulin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Vandamme
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Célia Couzinié
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Guy-Duché
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Dupont
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Allwyn Pereira
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Charpentier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, SFR Santé, UMS 3556, UMS016, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Laurent David
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gwladys Gernoux
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Mickaël Guilbaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, TaRGeT-Translational Research in Gene Therapy, UMR 1089, F-44200 Nantes, France
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9
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Morón-López S, Riveira-Muñoz E, Urrea V, Gutiérrez-Chamorro L, Ávila-Nieto C, Noguera-Julian M, Carrillo J, Mitjà O, Mateu L, Massanella M, Ballana E, Martinez-Picado J. Comparison of Reverse Transcription (RT)-Quantitative PCR and RT-Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Genomic and Subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0415922. [PMID: 36943067 PMCID: PMC10100669 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04159-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit mild symptoms. However, 10 to 20% of those infected develop long-term symptoms, referred to as post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition (PCC). One hypothesis is that PCC might be exacerbated by viral persistence in tissue sanctuaries. Therefore, the accurate detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 are not only necessary for viral load monitoring but also crucial for detecting long-term viral persistence and determining whether viral replication is occurring in tissue reservoirs. In this study, the sensitivity and robustness of reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques have been compared for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs from oropharyngeal swabs taken from confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive, SARS-CoV-2-exposed, and nonexposed individuals as well as from samples from mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our data demonstrated that both techniques presented equivalent results in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Additionally, RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, allowing the accurate detection of positive results in individuals exposed to the virus. Overall, these data suggest that RT-ddPCR might be an alternative to RT-qPCR for detecting low viral loads in samples and for assessing viral persistence in samples from individuals with PCC. IMPORTANCE We developed one-step reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) protocols to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and compared them to the gold-standard RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, while both techniques were equivalent in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Overall, these results suggest that RT-ddPCR might be a viable alternative to RT-qPCR when it comes to detecting low viral loads in samples, which is a highly relevant issue for determining viral persistence in as-yet-unknown tissue reservoirs in individuals suffering from post-COVID conditions or long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morón-López
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Fight Infections Foundation, Badalona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Lihir Medical Centre, International SOS, Londolovit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Fight Infections Foundation, Badalona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Gautier B, Meneux L, Feret N, Audrain C, Hudecek L, Kuony A, Bourdon A, Le Guiner C, Blouin V, Delettre C, Michon F. AAV2/9-mediated gene transfer into murine lacrimal gland leads to a long-term targeted tear film modification. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 27:1-16. [PMID: 36156877 PMCID: PMC9463184 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Corneal blindness is the fourth leading cause of blindness worldwide. Since corneal epithelium is constantly renewed, non-integrative gene transfer cannot be used to treat corneal diseases. In many of these diseases, the tear film is defective. Tears are a complex biological fluid secreted by the lacrimal apparatus. Their composition is modulated according to the context. After a corneal wound, the lacrimal gland secretes reflex tears, which contain growth factors supporting the wound healing process. In various pathological contexts, the tear composition can support neither corneal homeostasis nor wound healing. Here, we propose to use the lacrimal gland as bioreactor to produce and secrete specific factors supporting corneal physiology. In this study, we use an AAV2/9-mediated gene transfer to supplement the tear film. First, we demonstrate that a single injection of AAV2/9 is sufficient to transduce all epithelial cell types of the lacrimal gland efficiently and widely. Second, we detect no adverse effect after AAV2/9-mediated nerve growth factor expression in the lacrimal gland. Only a transitory increase in tear flow is measured. Remarkably, AAV2/9 induces an important and long-lasting secretion of this growth factor in the tear film. Altogether, our findings provide a new clinically applicable approach to tackle corneal blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gautier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Corresponding author Benoit Gautier, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Léna Meneux
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadège Feret
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Audrain
- TarGeT, Nantes University, INSERM UMR 1089, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Hudecek
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- MRI, Biocampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alison Kuony
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics Lab, Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Bourdon
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Véronique Blouin
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Delettre
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Michon
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Corresponding author Frédéric Michon, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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11
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Doan TNK, Le MD, Bajrovic I, Celentano L, Krause C, Balyan HG, Svancarek A, Mote A, Tretiakova A, Jude Samulski R, Croyle MA. Thermostability and in vivo performance of AAV9 in a film matrix. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:148. [PMID: 36414773 PMCID: PMC9681776 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are stored and shipped frozen which poses logistic and economic barriers for global access to these therapeutics. To address this issue, we developed a method to stabilize AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) in a film matrix that can be stored at ambient temperature and administered by systemic injection. METHODS AAV9 expressing the luciferase transgene was mixed with formulations, poured into molds and films dried under aseptic conditions. Films were packaged in individual particle-free bags with foil overlays and stored at various temperatures under controlled humidity. Recovery of AAV9 from films was determined by serial dilution of rehydrated film in media and infection of HeLa RC32 cells. Luciferase expression was compared to that of films rehydrated immediately after drying. Biodistribution of vector was determined by in vivo imaging and quantitative real-time PCR. Residual moisture in films was determined by Karl Fischer titration. RESULTS AAV9 embedded within a film matrix and stored at 4 °C for 5 months retained 100% of initial titer. High and low viscosity formulations maintained 90 and 85% of initial titer after 6 months at 25 °C respectively. AAV was not detected after 4 months in a Standard Control Formulation under the same conditions. Biodistribution and transgene expression of AAV stored in film at 25 or 4 °C were as robust as vector stored at -80 °C in a Standard Control Formulation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that storage of AAV in a film matrix facilitates easy transport of vector to remote sites without compromising in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Nguyen Kieu Doan
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Matthew D Le
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Irnela Bajrovic
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lorne Celentano
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Charles Krause
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | - Abbie Svancarek
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Angela Mote
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Anna Tretiakova
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- AskBio 20T.W. Alexander Drive, Suite 110, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
- Jurata Thin Film, 2450 Holcombe Blvd., Suite J, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, 7119 Thurston Bowles Bldg. 104 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Maria A Croyle
- The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- John R. LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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12
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Suoranta T, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S. Strategies to improve safety profile of AAV vectors. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:1054069. [PMID: 39086961 PMCID: PMC11285686 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.1054069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are currently used in four approved gene therapies for Leber congenital amaurosis (Luxturna), spinal muscular atrophy (Zolgensma), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (Upstaza) and Haemophilia A (Roctavian), with several more therapies being investigated in clinical trials. AAV gene therapy has long been considered extremely safe both in the context of immunotoxicity and genotoxicity, but recent tragic deaths in the clinical trials for X-linked myotubular myopathy and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, together with increasing reports of potential hepatic oncogenicity in animal models have prompted re-evaluation of how much trust we can place on the safety of AAV gene therapy, especially at high doses. In this review we cover genome and capsid engineering strategies that can be used to improve safety of the next generation AAV vectors both in the context of immunogenicity and genotoxicity and discuss the gaps that need filling in our current knowledge about AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuisku Suoranta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Roger AL, Sethi R, Huston ML, Scarrow E, Bao-Dai J, Lai E, Biswas DD, Haddad LE, Strickland LM, Kishnani PS, ElMallah MK. What's new and what's next for gene therapy in Pompe disease? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1117-1135. [PMID: 35428407 PMCID: PMC10084869 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2067476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid-α-glucosidase (GAA), an enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing lysosomal glycogen. A lack of GAA leads to accumulation of glycogen in the lysosomes of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells, as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system. Enzyme replacement therapy has been the standard of care for 15 years and slows disease progression, particularly in the heart, and improves survival. However, there are limitations of ERT success, which gene therapy can overcome. AREAS COVERED Gene therapy offers several advantages including prolonged and consistent GAA expression and correction of skeletal muscle as well as the critical CNS pathology. We provide a systematic review of the preclinical and clinical outcomes of adeno-associated viral mediated gene therapy and alternative gene therapy strategies, highlighting what has been successful. EXPERT OPINION Although the preclinical and clinical studies so far have been promising, barriers exist that need to be addressed in gene therapy for Pompe disease. New strategies including novel capsids for better targeting, optimized DNA vectors, and adjuctive therapies will allow for a lower dose, and ameliorate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Roger
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Ronit Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Meredith L. Huston
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Evelyn Scarrow
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Joy Bao-Dai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Elias Lai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Debolina D. Biswas
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Léa El Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Laura M. Strickland
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Mai K. ElMallah
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Box 2644, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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14
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An SI-traceable reference material for virus-like particles. iScience 2022; 25:104294. [PMID: 35573192 PMCID: PMC9095743 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A reference material for virus-like particles traceable to the International System of Units (Système International d'Unités – the SI) is reported. The material addresses the need for developing reference standards to benchmark virus-like gene delivery systems and help harmonize measurement approaches for characterization and testing. The material is a major component of synthetic polypeptide virus-like particles produced by the state-of-the-art synthetic and analytical chemistry methods used to generate gene delivery systems. The purity profile of the material is evaluated to the highest metrological order demonstrating traceability to the SI. The material adds to the emerging toolkit of reference standards for quantitative biology. A reference material for virus-like particles with traceability to the SI The material is a major component of virus-like particles capable of gene delivery Purity profile of the material is evaluated to the highest metrological order The material allows comparability of physicochemical properties of virus-like systems
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15
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Tran NT, Lecomte E, Saleun S, Namkung S, Robin C, Weber K, Devine E, Blouin V, Adjali O, Ayuso E, Gao G, Penaud-Budloo M, Tai PW. Human and Insect Cell-Produced Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses Show Differences in Genome Heterogeneity. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:371-388. [PMID: 35293222 PMCID: PMC9063199 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector manufacturing has made remarkable advancements to meet large-scale production demands for preclinical and clinical trials. In addition, AAV vectors have been extensively studied for their safety and efficacy. In particular, the presence of empty AAV capsids and particles containing "inaccurate" vector genomes in preparations has been a subject of concern. Several methods exist to separate empty capsids from full particles; but thus far, no single technique can produce vectors that are free of empty or partial (non-unit length) capsids. Unfortunately, the exact genome compositions of full, intermediate, and empty capsids remain largely unknown. In this work, we used AAV-genome population sequencing to explore the compositions of DNase-resistant, encapsidated vector genomes produced by two common production pipelines: plasmid transfection in human embryonic kidney cells (pTx/HEK293) and baculovirus expression vectors in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (rBV/Sf9). Intriguingly, our results show that vectors originating from the same construct design that were manufactured by the rBV/Sf9 system produced a higher degree of truncated and unresolved species than those generated by pTx/HEK293 production. We also demonstrate that empty particles purified by cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation are not truly empty but are instead packaged with genomes composed of a single truncated and/or unresolved inverted terminal repeat (ITR). Our data suggest that the frequency of these "mutated" ITRs correlates with the abundance of inaccurate genomes in all fractions. These surprising findings shed new light on vector efficacy, safety, and how clinical vectors should be quantified and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tam Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emilie Lecomte
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvie Saleun
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Suk Namkung
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cécile Robin
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eric Devine
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Veronique Blouin
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Li Weibo Institute of Rare Diseases Research; UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Phillip W.L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Li Weibo Institute of Rare Diseases Research; UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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PCR-Based Analytical Methods for Quantification and Quality Control of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Preparations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010023. [PMID: 35056080 PMCID: PMC8779925 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) represent a gene therapy tool of ever-increasing importance. Their utilization as a delivery vehicle for gene replacement, silencing and editing, among other purposes, demonstrate considerable versatility. Emerging vector utilization in various experimental, preclinical and clinical applications establishes the necessity of producing and characterizing a wide variety of rAAV preparations. Critically important characteristics concerning quality control are rAAV titer quantification and the detection of impurities. Differences in rAAV constructs necessitate the development of highly standardized quantification assays to make direct comparisons of different preparations in terms of assembly or purification efficiency, as well as experimental or therapeutic dosages. The development of universal methods for impurities quantification is rather complicated, since variable production platforms are utilized for rAAV assembly. However, general agreements also should be achieved to address this issue. The majority of methods for rAAV quantification and quality control are based on PCR techniques. Despite the progress made, increasing evidence concerning high variability in titration assays indicates poor standardization of the methods undertaken to date. This review summarizes successes in the field of rAAV quality control and emphasizes ongoing challenges in PCR applications for rAAV characterization. General considerations regarding possible solutions are also provided.
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17
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Zanker J, Lázaro-Petri S, Hüser D, Heilbronn R, Savy A. Insight & Development of Advanced rAAV Analysis Tools Exploiting Single Particle Quantification by Multidimensional ddPCR. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 33:977-989. [PMID: 34937401 PMCID: PMC10112877 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) has become the most widely used vector in the gene therapy field with hundreds of clinical trials ongoing and already several products on the market. AAV's physico-chemical stability, and the various natural and engineered serotypes allow for targeting a broad range of cell types and tissue by diverse routes of administration. Progressing from early clinical studies to eventual market approval, many critical quality attributes (CQAs) have to be defined and reproducibly quantified, such as AAV stability, purity, aggregates, empty/full particles ratio and rAAV genome titration. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is becoming the tool of choice to perform absolute quantification of rAAV genomes. In the present study, we have identified critical parameters that could impact AAV titration and characterization accuracy, such as Poisson distribution confidence interval, primers/probe position and potential aggregates. Our work presents how ddPCR can help to better characterize AAV vectors on the single particle level and highlights challenges that we are facing today in term of AAV titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Zanker
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, 9164, Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, AG Gene Therapy, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sara Lázaro-Petri
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, 9164, Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, AG Gene Therapy, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Daniela Hüser
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, 9164, Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, AG Gene Therapy, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Regine Heilbronn
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, 9164, Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, AG Gene Therapy, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Adrien Savy
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, 9164, Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, AG Gene Therapy, Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Kolibri, BioProcess, Paris, France;
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18
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Barnes LF, Draper BE, Chen YT, Powers TW, Jarrold MF. Quantitative analysis of genome packaging in recombinant AAV vectors by charge detection mass spectrometry. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:87-97. [PMID: 34631929 PMCID: PMC8476707 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has emerged as an important gene therapy vector with many clinical trials currently in progress. Analytical characterization and quantitation of particle content remain challenges in both the development and production of rAAV vectors. In this study, charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) and gel electrophoresis are used to characterize the DNA content of recombinant AAV8 (rAAV8) vectors with a wide range of target genome sizes. We show that the differences between the masses of empty particles and particles with the genome of interest (GOI) are correlated with the expected genome mass. A small systematic deviation (around 2%) is attributed to the packaging of counterions along with the DNA. In addition to the GOI, a broad distribution of heterogeneous DNA is packaged. The distribution peaks are close to the packaging capacity of the rAAV8 vectors. There is also evidence for the co-packaging of small DNA fragments along with the GOI. Finally, we present evidence that incubation at an elevated temperature can reduce the heterogeneity of the packaged DNA. Taken together, these results show that CDMS is a viable tool for characterization of the packaged genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Barnes
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical R&D, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical R&D, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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19
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Ramy S, Ueda Y, Nakajima H, Hiroi M, Hiroi Y, Torisu T, Uchiyama S. Reduction of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Adsorption on Solid Surfaces by Polyionic Hydrophilic Complex Coating. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:663-671. [PMID: 34706282 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have proven efficacy as gene therapy vehicles. However, non-specific adsorption of these vectors on solid surfaces is encountered during production, storage, and administration, as well as in quantification processes. Such adsorption has been reported to result in the loss of up to 90% of vector particles and can also result in high variability in vector genome quantification. In this study, we demonstrate the effective decrease of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector adsorption by application of a polyionic hydrophilic complex polymer coating on the surfaces of the tools used in viral vector quantification analyses [i.e., pipette tips, cryotube vials, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) plates]. qPCR analyses showed efficient recovery of vector particles from tools with this coating, with up to 95% of vector particle loss being prevented, leading to a higher transduction efficiency in vitro. Thus, the tested coating has the potential to be widely used in material processing in the gene therapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama Ramy
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Ueda
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Miya Hiroi
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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20
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Hutt JA, Assaf BT, Bolon B, Cavagnaro J, Galbreath E, Grubor B, Kattenhorn LM, Romeike A, Whiteley LO. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Nonclinical Research and Development of In Vivo Gene Therapy Products, Emphasizing Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:118-146. [PMID: 34657529 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211041962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of the human genome and numerous advances in molecular techniques have launched the era of genetic medicine. Increasingly precise technologies for genetic modification, manufacturing, and administration of pharmaceutical-grade biologics have proved the viability of in vivo gene therapy (GTx) as a therapeutic modality as shown in several thousand clinical trials and recent approval of several GTx products for treating rare diseases and cancers. In recognition of the rapidly advancing knowledge in this field, the regulatory landscape has evolved considerably to maintain appropriate monitoring of safety concerns associated with this modality. Nonetheless, GTx safety assessment remains complex and is designed on a case-by-case basis that is determined by the disease indication and product attributes. This article describes our current understanding of fundamental biological principles and possible procedures (emphasizing those related to toxicology and toxicologic pathology) needed to support research and development of in vivo GTx products. This article is not intended to provide comprehensive guidance on all GTx modalities but instead provides an overview relevant to in vivo GTx generally by utilizing recombinant adeno-associated virus-based GTx-the most common in vivo GTx platform-to exemplify the main points to be considered in nonclinical research and development of GTx products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Hutt
- Greenfield Pathology Services, Inc, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - Basel T Assaf
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Branka Grubor
- Biogen, Preclinical Safety/Comparative Pathology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Level of hM4D(Gi) DREADD Expression Determines Inhibitory and Neurotoxic Effects in the Hippocampus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0105-21.2021. [PMID: 34620623 PMCID: PMC8570686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0105-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective neuromodulation using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has become an increasingly important research tool, as well as an emerging therapeutic approach. However, the safety profile of DREADD expression is unknown. Here, different titers of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector were administered in an attempt to vary total expression levels of the inhibitory DREADD hM4D(Gi) in excitatory hippocampal neurons. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with AAV2/7 encoding DREADD-mCherry, DREADD, or mCherry. Pronounced neuronal loss and neuroinflammatory reactions were observed after transduction with the high titer DREADD AAV, which also resulted in the highest DREADD expression levels. No such effects were observed in the mCherry control group, despite an equally high titer, nor in conditions where lower viral vector titers were injected. In the high titer DREADD conditions, dentate gyrus (DG) evoked potentials were inhibited on clozapine-induced activation of hM4D(Gi), while in low titer conditions DG evoked potentials were enhanced. Recordings of single neuronal activity nevertheless indicated a reduction in spontaneous firing of granule cell layer neurons. Our results indicate that prolonged, high levels of DREADD expression can have neurotoxic effects and that chemogenetic suppression of excitatory hippocampal neurons can paradoxically enhance DG evoked potentials.
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22
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Green EA, Lee KH. Analytical methods to characterize recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors and the benefit of standardization and reference materials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:65-76. [PMID: 34273809 PMCID: PMC8530916 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is an increasingly important gene therapy vector, but its properties present unique challenges to critical quality attribute (CQA) identification and analytics development. Advances in, and ongoing hurdles to, characterizing rAAV proteins, nucleic acids, and vector potency are discussed in this review. For nucleic acids and vector potency, current analytical techniques for defined CQAs would benefit from further optimization, while for proteins, more complete characterization and mapping of properties to safety and efficacy is needed to finalize CQAs. The benefits of leveraging reference vectors to validate analytics and CQA ranges are also proposed. Once defined, CQA specifications can be used to establish target parameters for and inform the development of next generation rAAV processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Green
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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23
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Tustian AD, Bak H. Assessment of quality attributes for adeno-associated viral vectors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4186-4203. [PMID: 34309017 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong and growing interest in the development and production of gene therapy products, including those utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles. This is evident with the increase in the number of clinical trials and agency approvals for AAV therapeutics. As bioproduction of AAV viral vectors matures, a quality by design (QbD) approach to process development can aid in process robustness and product quality. Furthermore, it may become a regulatory expectation. The first step in any QbD approach is to determine what physical, chemical, biological, or microbiological property or characteristic product attributes should be controlled within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the desired product quality. Then predefined goals are set to allow proactive process development to design in quality. This review lists typical quality attributes used for release testing of AAV viral vectors and discusses these and selected attributes important to extended characterization studies in terms of safety, efficacy, and impact upon the patient immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Bak
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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24
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Ramirez GA, Gasmi M. Manufacturing of Viral Gene Therapies. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:91-112. [PMID: 34196319 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Khatwani SL, Pavlova A, Pirot Z. Anion-exchange HPLC assay for separation and quantification of empty and full capsids in multiple adeno-associated virus serotypes. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:548-558. [PMID: 33997103 PMCID: PMC8099603 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has entered a new era where numerous therapies for severe and rare diseases are generating robust and compelling clinical results. The rapid improvements in gene therapies over the past few years can be attributed to better scientific understanding of the critical quality attributes that contribute to a safe and efficacious product, as well as a better understanding of the manufacturing processes that are required to yield consistent products, which routinely meet the quality standards required for clinical studies. Of particular concern is the need for an effective, quality control (QC)-compatible, and versatile test method for the quantification of empty and full capsids in recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) samples from multiple serotypes. In that regard, we describe the development of a QC-compatible anion-exchange chromatography method consisting of a modular discontinuous gradient to achieve full baseline peak separation and quantification of empty and full AAV capsids. Using an rAAV6 vector, our assay was shown to be precise, linear, robust, and accurate-correlating well with orthogonal methods such as analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). Additionally, we demonstrate the versatility of our approach by adapting the method to separate and quantify empty/full capsids in samples from several rAAV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Pavlova
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 7000 Marina Blvd., Brisbane, CA 94005, USA
| | - Zhu Pirot
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 7000 Marina Blvd., Brisbane, CA 94005, USA
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26
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Suoranta T, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S. Optimized Protocol for Accurate Titration of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1270-1279. [PMID: 33560161 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is currently the most popular gene delivery vector for in vivo gene therapy. However, variability in titration methods between different laboratories affects the reproducibility of experiments and evaluation of safety and efficacy in clinical trials. We describe an optimized protocol for AAV titration, including quantitative PCR (qPCR) standard preparation and quantitation and treatment of AAV samples before qPCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) titration. During the protocol development, we observed that quantitation of the qPCR standard was dependent on its conformation and that A260-based quantitation overestimated the plasmid copy numbers, introducing significant error. Linearized, free inverted terminal repeat (free-ITR), and supercoiled standards were compared with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), SV40p(A), and AAV2-ITR qPCR assays and we found that using the AAV2-ITR assay together with either linearized or supercoiled standard led to overestimation of the titers, while EGFP and SV40p(A) assays were more accurate with the linearized standard. Finally, we compared extraction of AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, AAV8, and AAV9 genomes by heat denaturation, proteinase K treatment, and kit extraction. Kit extraction, which contained proteinase K treatment in denaturing buffer before spin-column purification, significantly increased the titers acquired for all the serotypes in both qPCR and ddPCR. These improvements resulted in an accurate quantitation of the ATCC reference standard and in a robust and reliable protocol for AAV titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuisku Suoranta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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27
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Wu J, Solanes P, Nist-Lund C, Spataro S, Shubina-Oleinik O, Marcovich I, Goldberg H, Schneider BL, Holt JR. Single and Dual Vector Gene Therapy with AAV9-PHP.B Rescues Hearing in Tmc1 Mutant Mice. Mol Ther 2021; 29:973-988. [PMID: 33212302 PMCID: PMC7934577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AAV-mediated gene therapy is a promising approach for treating genetic hearing loss. Replacement or editing of the Tmc1 gene, encoding hair cell mechanosensory ion channels, is effective for hearing restoration in mice with some limitations. Efficient rescue of outer hair cell function and lack of hearing recovery with later-stage treatment remain issues to be solved. Exogenous genes delivered with the adeno-associated virus (AAV)9-PHP.B capsid via the utricle transduce both inner and outer hair cells of the mouse cochlea with high efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that AAV9-PHP.B gene therapy can promote hair cell survival and successfully rescues hearing in three distinct mouse models of hearing loss. Tmc1 replacement with AAV9-PHP.B in a Tmc1 knockout mouse rescues hearing and promotes hair cell survival with equal efficacy in inner and outer hair cells. The same treatment in a recessive Tmc1 hearing-loss model, Baringo, partially recovers hearing even with later-stage treatment. Finally, dual delivery of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and guide RNA (gRNA) in separate AAV9-PHP.B vectors selectively disrupts a dominant Tmc1 allele and preserves hearing in Beethoven mice, a model of dominant, progressive hearing loss. Tmc1-targeted gene therapies using single or dual AAV9-PHP.B vectors offer potent and versatile approaches for treating dominant and recessive deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wu
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paola Solanes
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl Nist-Lund
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sofia Spataro
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olga Shubina-Oleinik
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irina Marcovich
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Goldberg
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bertarelli Foundation Gene Therapy Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Ch. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey R Holt
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Gimpel AL, Katsikis G, Sha S, Maloney AJ, Hong MS, Nguyen TNT, Wolfrum J, Springs SL, Sinskey AJ, Manalis SR, Barone PW, Braatz RD. Analytical methods for process and product characterization of recombinant adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:740-754. [PMID: 33738328 PMCID: PMC7940698 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of upstream and downstream processes for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) with consistent quality depends on the ability to rapidly characterize critical quality attributes (CQAs). In the context of rAAV production, the virus titer, capsid content, and aggregation are identified as potential CQAs, affecting the potency, purity, and safety of rAAV-mediated gene therapy products. Analytical methods to measure these attributes commonly suffer from long turnaround times or low throughput for process development, although rapid, high-throughput methods are beginning to be developed and commercialized. These methods are not yet well established in academic or industrial practice, and supportive data are scarce. Here, we review both established and upcoming analytical methods for the quantification of rAAV quality attributes. In assessing each method, we highlight the progress toward rapid, at-line characterization of rAAV. Furthermore, we identify that a key challenge for transitioning from traditional to newer methods is the scarcity of academic and industrial experience with the latter. This literature review serves as a guide for the selection of analytical methods targeting quality attributes for rapid, high-throughput process characterization during process development of rAAV-mediated gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Gimpel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew John Maloney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Moo Sun Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tam N T Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacqueline Wolfrum
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Springs
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul W Barone
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Buscara L, Gross DA, Daniele N. Of rAAV and Men: From Genetic Neuromuscular Disorder Efficacy and Toxicity Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials and Back. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E258. [PMID: 33260623 PMCID: PMC7768510 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders are a large group of rare pathologies characterised by skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness, with the common involvement of respiratory and/or cardiac muscles. These diseases lead to life-long motor deficiencies and specific organ failures, and are, in their worst-case scenarios, life threatening. Amongst other causes, they can be genetically inherited through mutations in more than 500 different genes. In the last 20 years, specific pharmacological treatments have been approved for human usage. However, these "à-la-carte" therapies cover only a very small portion of the clinical needs and are often partially efficient in alleviating the symptoms of the disease, even less so in curing it. Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene transfer is a more general strategy that could be adapted for a large majority of these diseases and has proved very efficient in rescuing the symptoms in many neuropathological animal models. On this solid ground, several clinical trials are currently being conducted with the whole-body delivery of the therapeutic vectors. This review recapitulates the state-of-the-art tools for neuron and muscle-targeted gene therapy, and summarises the main findings of the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) trials. Despite promising efficacy results, serious adverse events of various severities were observed in these trials. Possible leads for second-generation products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David-Alexandre Gross
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France; (L.B.); (D.-A.G.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
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30
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Jacob A, Brun L, Jiménez Gil P, Ménard L, Bouzelha M, Broucque F, Roblin A, Vandenberghe LH, Adjali O, Robin C, François A, Blouin V, Penaud-Budloo M, Ayuso E. Homologous Recombination Offers Advantages over Transposition-Based Systems to Generate Recombinant Baculovirus for Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Production. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000014. [PMID: 33067902 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors have a great potential for gene delivery, but manufacturing is a big challenge for the industry. The baculovirus-insect cell is one of the most scalable platforms to produce recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors. The standard procedure to generate recombinant baculovirus is based on Tn7 transposition which is time-consuming and suffers technical constraints. Moreover, baculoviral sequences adjacent to the AAV ITRs are preferentially encapsidated into the rAAV vector particles. This observation raises concerns about safety due to the presence of bacterial and antibiotic resistance coding sequences with a Tn7-mediated system for the construction of baculoviruses reagents. Here, a faster and safer method based on homologous recombination (HR) is investigated. First, the functionality of the inserted cassette and the absence of undesirable genes into HR-derived baculoviral genomes are confirmed. Strikingly, it is found that the exogenous cassette showed increased stability over passages when using the HR system. Finally, both materials generated high rAAV vector genome titers, with the advantage of the HR system being exempted from undesirable bacterial genes which provides an additional level of safety for its manufacturing. Overall, this study highlights the importance of the upstream process and starting biologic materials to generate safer rAAV biotherapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Jacob
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Laurie Brun
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | | | - Lucie Ménard
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Mohammed Bouzelha
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Frédéric Broucque
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Aline Roblin
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Mass Eye and Ear, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Cécile Robin
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Achille François
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | - Véronique Blouin
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
| | | | - Eduard Ayuso
- CHU Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Nantes, 44200, France
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31
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Wang SK, Lapan SW, Hong CM, Krause TB, Cepko CL. In Situ Detection of Adeno-associated Viral Vector Genomes with SABER-FISH. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:376-386. [PMID: 33209963 PMCID: PMC7658570 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy with recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is a promising modality for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. Nonetheless, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of AAV vector biology, due in part to the lack of robust methods to track AAV capsids and genomes. In this study, we describe a novel application of signal amplification by exchange reaction fluorescence in situ hybridization (SABER-FISH) that enabled the visualization and quantification of individual AAV genomes after vector administration in mice. These genomes could be seen in retinal cells within 3 h of subretinal AAV delivery, were roughly full length, and correlated with vector expression in both photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. SABER-FISH readily detected AAV genomes in the liver and muscle following retro-orbital and intramuscular AAV injections, respectively, demonstrating its utility in different tissues. Using SABER-FISH, we also found that retinal microglia, a cell type deemed refractory to AAV transduction, are in fact efficiently infected by multiple AAV serotypes, but appear to degrade AAV genomes prior to nuclear localization. Our findings show that SABER-FISH can be used to visualize AAV genomes in situ, allowing for studies of AAV vector biology and the tracking of transduced cells following vector administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Wang
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sylvain W Lapan
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christin M Hong
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler B Krause
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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32
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Wang Y, Menon N, Shen S, Feschenko M, Bergelson S. A qPCR Method for AAV Genome Titer with ddPCR-Level of Accuracy and Precision. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:341-346. [PMID: 33145370 PMCID: PMC7591332 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is one of the main vectors used in gene therapy. An accurate genome titer is not only critical for clinical dosing, but also a prerequisite for many analytical assays for AAV product characterization. AAV genome titer is traditionally determined by qPCR; however, assay precision is not optimal despite extensive efforts. More recently, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) emerged as a powerful alternative that offers excellent accuracy and precision. However, currently ddPCR is not as widely available as qPCR and operates at a lower throughput and a higher cost. In this paper, we introduce an improved qPCR method with two major optimizations: (1) using an AAV reference material as qPCR standard instead of plasmid DNA and (2) implementing a “digestion-free” method by adding 5% Tween 20 to standard and sample preparations. The new method has been extensively tested with AAV of different serotypes, purification status, and transgenes encapsidated and was found to be highly accurate, precise, and robust. This significantly improved and simplified assay can be easily adopted by researchers in the gene therapy field and further automated for high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Namrata Menon
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shen Shen
- Gene Therapy Accelerator Unit, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marina Feschenko
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Svetlana Bergelson
- Department of Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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33
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Lostal W, Roudaut C, Faivre M, Charton K, Suel L, Bourg N, Best H, Smith JE, Gohlke J, Corre G, Li X, Elbeck Z, Knöll R, Deschamps JY, Granzier H, Richard I. Titin splicing regulates cardiotoxicity associated with calpain 3 gene therapy for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/520/eaat6072. [PMID: 31776291 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A or LGMDR1) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the calpain 3 gene (CAPN3). Previous experiments using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated calpain 3 gene transfer in mice indicated cardiac toxicity associated with the ectopic expression of the calpain 3 transgene. Here, we performed a preliminary dose study in a severe double-knockout mouse model deficient in calpain 3 and dysferlin. We evaluated safety and biodistribution of AAV9-desmin-hCAPN3 vector administration to nonhuman primates (NHPs) with a dose of 3 × 1013 viral genomes/kg. Vector administration did not lead to observable adverse effects or to detectable toxicity in NHP. Of note, the transgene expression did not produce any abnormal changes in cardiac morphology or function of injected animals while reaching therapeutic expression in skeletal muscle. Additional investigation on the underlying causes of cardiac toxicity observed after gene transfer in mice and the role of titin in this phenomenon suggest species-specific titin splicing. Mice have a reduced capacity for buffering calpain 3 activity compared to NHPs and humans. Our studies highlight a complex interplay between calpain 3 and titin binding sites and demonstrate an effective and safe profile for systemic calpain 3 vector delivery in NHP, providing critical support for the clinical potential of calpain 3 gene therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lostal
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Carinne Roudaut
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Marine Faivre
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Karine Charton
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Laurence Suel
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Nathalie Bourg
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Heather Best
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Corre
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Zaher Elbeck
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Ralph Knöll
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden.,AstraZeneca, R&D, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases (CVRM), Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jack-Yves Deschamps
- Emergency and Critical Care Unit, ONIRIS, School of Veterinary Medicine, La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | | | - Isabelle Richard
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France.
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Etranacogene dezaparvovec (AMT-061 phase 2b): normal/near normal FIX activity and bleed cessation in hemophilia B. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3241-3247. [PMID: 31698454 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Etranacogene dezaparvovec (AMT-061) is a recombinant AAV5 vector including a gene cassette containing the factor IX (FIX) Padua variant under the control of a liver-specific promoter. A phase 2b study was conducted to confirm that a single dose of 2 × 1013 genome copies per kilogram of etranacogene dezaparvovec will result in FIX activity ≥5% 6 weeks after dosing. Secondary end points included FIX activity at other time points, bleed frequency, FIX replacement, and safety. Etranacogene dezaparvovec was administered as a single IV infusion to 3 adults with severe to moderately severe hemophilia B. Before treatment, participants had low levels of preexisting neutralizing antibodies to AAV5. This article reports a planned 26-week interim assessment. At week 6, mean FIX activity was 31% (23.9%-37.8%), increasing to 47% (33.2%-57.0%) at 26 weeks, with 2 subjects exhibiting sustained activity >40%. Consistent with the FIX activity, etranacogene dezaparvovec was associated with a complete bleed cessation with no need for FIX replacement therapy up to 26 weeks. Etranacogene dezaparvovec was generally well tolerated. No clinically significant elevations in levels of liver enzymes or inflammatory markers were observed, and no use of corticosteroids related to treatment was required. In individuals with severe to moderately severe hemophilia B, etranacogene dezaparvovec resulted in clinically relevant increases in FIX activity, cessation of bleeds, and abrogation of the need for FIX replacement, despite the presence of preexisting anti-AAV5 neutralizing antibodies detected by using a highly sensitive luciferase assay. Consistency of results in the 3 participants supported an expanded evaluation of the safety/efficacy of etranacogene dezaparvovec in the HOPE-B (Health Outcomes With Padua Gene; Evaluation in Hemophilia-B) phase 3 trial. The current trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03489291.
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Xu J, DeVries SH, Zhu Y. Quantification of Adeno-Associated Virus with Safe Nucleic Acid Dyes. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:1086-1099. [PMID: 32368927 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the most commonly used viral vector for both biological and gene therapeutic applications. Although many methods have been developed to measure quantity attributes of AAV, they are often technically challenging and time-consuming. Here, we report a method to titer AAV with GelGreen® dye, a safe green fluorescence nucleic acid dye recently engineered by Biotium company (Fremont, CA). This method, hereinafter referred to as GelGreen method, provides a fast (∼30 min) and reliable strategy for AAV titration. To validate GelGreen method, we measured genome titer of an AAV reference material AAV8RSM and compared our titration results with those determined by Reference Material Working Group (ARMWG). We showed that GelGreen results and capsid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results are comparable with each other. We also showed that GelRed® dye, a red fluorescence dye from Biotium, can be used to directly "visualize" AAV genome titer on a conventional gel imager, presenting an especially direct approach to estimate viral quantity. Finally, we showed that GelGreen and GelRed dyes can also be used to quantify self-complementary AAV (scAAV) and crudely purified AAV samples. In summary, we described a technique to titer AAV by using new generation of safe DNA dyes. This technique is simple, safe, reliable, and cost efficient. It has potential to be broadly applied for quantifying and normalizing AAV viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven H DeVries
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yongling Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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36
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Rogers GL, Chen HY, Morales H, Cannon PM. Reply to "Efficient Nuclease-free HR by Clade F AAV Requires High MOIs with High Quality Vectors". Mol Ther 2019; 27:2061-2062. [PMID: 31735602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heidy Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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37
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Schmit PF, Pacouret S, Zinn E, Telford E, Nicolaou F, Broucque F, Andres-Mateos E, Xiao R, Penaud-Budloo M, Bouzelha M, Jaulin N, Adjali O, Ayuso E, Vandenberghe LH. Cross-Packaging and Capsid Mosaic Formation in Multiplexed AAV Libraries. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:107-121. [PMID: 31909084 PMCID: PMC6938944 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Generation and screening of libraries of adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants have emerged as a powerful method for identifying novel capsids for gene therapy applications. For the majority of libraries, vast population diversity requires multiplexed production, in which a library of inverted terminal repeat (ITR)-containing plasmid variants is transfected together into cells to generate the viral library. This process has the potential to be confounded by cross-packaging and mosaicism, in which particles are comprised of genomes and capsid monomers derived from different library members. Here, we investigate the prevalence of cross-packaging and mosaicism in simplified, minimal libraries using novel assays designed to assess capsid composition and packaging fidelity. We show that AAV library variants are prone to cross-packaging and capsid mosaic formation when produced at high plasmid levels, although to a lesser extent than in a recombinant context. We also provide experimental evidence that dilution of input library DNA significantly increases capsid monomer homogeneity and increases capsid:genome correlation in AAV libraries. Lastly, we determine that similar dilution methods yield higher-quality libraries when used for in vivo screens. Together, these findings quantitatively characterized the prevalence of cross-packaging and mosaicism in AAV libraries and established conditions that minimize related noise in subsequent screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline F Schmit
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Simon Pacouret
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Zinn
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth Telford
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Fotini Nicolaou
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Frédéric Broucque
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Eva Andres-Mateos
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ru Xiao
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Magalie Penaud-Budloo
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Mohammed Bouzelha
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Jaulin
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Luk H Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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38
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Rogers GL, Chen HY, Morales H, Cannon PM. Homologous Recombination-Based Genome Editing by Clade F AAVs Is Inefficient in the Absence of a Targeted DNA Break. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1726-1736. [PMID: 31540849 PMCID: PMC6822228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are frequently used as donor templates for genome editing by homologous recombination. Although modification rates are typically under 1%, they are greatly enhanced by targeted double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). A recent report described clade F AAVs mediating high-efficiency homologous recombination-based editing in the absence of DSBs. The clade F vectors included AAV9 and a series isolated from human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We evaluated these vectors by packaging homology donors into AAV9 and an AAVHSC capsid and examining their ability to insert GFP at the CCR5 and AAVS1 loci in human HSPCs and cell lines. As a control, we used AAV6, which effectively edits HSPCs but only when combined with a targeted DSB. Each AAV vector promoted GFP insertion in the presence of matched CCR5 or AAVS1 zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), but none supported detectable editing in the absence of the nucleases. Rates of editing with ZFNs correlated with transduction efficiencies for each vector, implying no differences in the ability of donor sequences delivered by the different vectors to direct genome editing. Our results, therefore, do not support that clade F AAVs can perform high-efficiency genome editing in the absence of a DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Heidy Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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39
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Dobnik D, Kogovšek P, Jakomin T, Košir N, Tušek Žnidarič M, Leskovec M, Kaminsky SM, Mostrom J, Lee H, Ravnikar M. Accurate Quantification and Characterization of Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1570. [PMID: 31379763 PMCID: PMC6650692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the gene therapy viral vector development is to establish an optimized process for its large scale production. This requires optimization for upstream and downstream processes as well as methods that enable the step-by step analytical characterization of the virus, the results of which inform the iterative refinement of production for yield, purity and potency. The biggest problem here is a plethora of viral vector formulations, many of which interfere with analytical techniques. We took adeno-associated virus (AAV) as an example and showed benefits of combined use of molecular methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for viral vectors' characterization and quantification. Results of the analyses showed that droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) performs better than quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), in terms of robustness and assay variance, and this was especially relevant for partially purified (in-process) samples. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of sample preparation prior to PCR analysis. We evaluated viral structure, presence of aggregates and impurities with TEM analysis and found that these impacted the differences in viral titers observed by qPCR and ddPCR and could be altered by sample preparation. These results serve as a guide for the establishment of the analytical methods required to provide measures of identity and purity for AAV viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Kogovšek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Jakomin
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Košir
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Stephen M. Kaminsky
- Belfer Gene Therapy Core Facility, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Janet Mostrom
- Belfer Gene Therapy Core Facility, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyunmi Lee
- Belfer Gene Therapy Core Facility, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Gabisonia K, Prosdocimo G, Aquaro GD, Carlucci L, Zentilin L, Secco I, Ali H, Braga L, Gorgodze N, Bernini F, Burchielli S, Collesi C, Zandonà L, Sinagra G, Piacenti M, Zacchigna S, Bussani R, Recchia FA, Giacca M. MicroRNA therapy stimulates uncontrolled cardiac repair after myocardial infarction in pigs. Nature 2019; 569:418-422. [PMID: 31068698 PMCID: PMC6768803 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prompt coronary catheterization and revascularization have dramatically improved
the outcome of myocardial infarction, but also have resulted in a growing number of
survived patients with permanent structural damage of the heart, which frequently leads to
heart failure. Finding new treatments for this condition is a largely unmet clinical need
1, especially because of the incapacity of
cardiomyocytes to replicate after birth and thus achieve regeneration of the lost
contractile tissue 2. Here we show that expression
of human microRNA-199a in infarcted pig hearts is capable of stimulating cardiac repair.
One month after myocardial infarction and delivery of this microRNA through an
adeno-associated viral vector, the treated animals showed marked improvements in both
global and regional contractility, increased muscle mass and reduced scar size. These
functional and morphological findings correlated with cardiomyocyte de-differentiation and
proliferation. At longer follow-up, however, persistent and uncontrolled expression of the
microRNA resulted in sudden arrhythmic death of most of the treated pigs. Such events were
concurrent with myocardial infiltration of proliferating cells displaying a poorly
differentiated myoblastic phenotype. These results show that achieving cardiac repair
through the stimulation of endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation is attainable in large
mammals, however this therapy needs to be tightly dosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatia Gabisonia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Prosdocimo
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Carlucci
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Secco
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK
| | - Hashim Ali
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK
| | - Luca Braga
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK
| | - Nikoloz Gorgodze
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Bernini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Collesi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zandonà
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Serena Zacchigna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. .,Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy. .,School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK. .,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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41
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Thorne B, Takeya R, Vitelli F, Swanson X. Gene Therapy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:351-399. [PMID: 28289769 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy refers to a rapidly growing field of medicine in which genes are introduced into the body to treat or prevent diseases. Although a variety of methods can be used to deliver the genetic materials into the target cells and tissues, modified viral vectors represent one of the more common delivery routes because of its transduction efficiency for therapeutic genes. Since the introduction of gene therapy concept in the 1970s, the field has advanced considerably with notable clinical successes being demonstrated in many clinical indications in which no standard treatment options are currently available. It is anticipated that the clinical success the field observed in recent years can drive requirements for more scalable, robust, cost effective, and regulatory-compliant manufacturing processes. This review provides a brief overview of the current manufacturing technologies for viral vectors production, drawing attention to the common upstream and downstream production process platform that is applicable across various classes of viral vectors and their unique manufacturing challenges as compared to other biologics. In addition, a case study of an industry-scale cGMP production of an AAV-based gene therapy product performed at 2,000 L-scale is presented. The experience and lessons learned from this largest viral gene therapy vector production run conducted to date as discussed and highlighted in this review should contribute to future development of commercial viable scalable processes for vial gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barb Thorne
- Thorne Bio-Consulting LLC, Sammamish, WA, USA
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42
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the clinical and genetic features of 5q spinal muscular atrophy and highlight approved and upcoming therapies. RECENT FINDINGS We emphasize that multidisciplinary care has been a key component of the improved quality and length of life seen in these individuals in the past decade. We discuss the evidence leading to the approval of nusinersen and the evidence leading to the anticipated approval of onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi. Additional clinical therapies that are on the horizon are discussed and the importance of continued multidisciplinary care even after treatment is emphasized. The pursuit of therapies for spinal muscular atrophy is becoming a success story and continued development of biomarkers will allow for more informed therapeutic decision making and eventual cost-effective utilization of available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Waldrop
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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43
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Penaud-Budloo M, Broucque F, Harrouet K, Bouzelha M, Saleun S, Douthe S, D’Costa S, Ogram S, Adjali O, Blouin V, Lock M, Snyder RO, Ayuso E. Stability of the adeno-associated virus 8 reference standard material. Gene Ther 2019; 26:211-215. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene therapy is becoming an important therapeutic modality, especially for ocular diseases, due to its efficiency of gene delivery and relative lack of pathogenicity. However, AAV sometimes can cause inflammation and toxicity. We explored such effects using injections into the mouse eye. We found a strong correlation of toxicity and inflammation with the use of promoters that were broadly active, or specifically active in the retinal pigment epithelium. AAVs with photoreceptor-specific promoters were found to be nontoxic at all doses tested. These studies reveal that safer vectors can be designed if assays for relevant and specific cell types are developed and tested with a range of vectors with different genomic elements. Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) have become popular for gene therapy, given their many advantages, including their reduced inflammatory profile compared with that of other viruses. However, even in areas of immune privilege such as the eye, AAV vectors are capable of eliciting host-cell responses. To investigate the effects of such responses on several ocular cell types, we tested multiple AAV genome structures and capsid types using subretinal injections in mice. Assays of morphology, inflammation, and physiology were performed. Pathological effects on photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were observed. Müller glia and microglia were activated, and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were up-regulated. There was a strong correlation between cis-regulatory sequences and toxicity. AAVs with any one of three broadly active promoters, or an RPE-specific promoter, were toxic, while AAVs with four different photoreceptor-specific promoters were not toxic at the highest doses tested. There was little correlation between toxicity and transgene, capsid type, preparation method, or cellular contaminants within a preparation. The toxic effect was dose-dependent, with the RPE being more sensitive than photoreceptors. Our results suggest that ocular AAV toxicity is associated with certain AAV cis-regulatory sequences and/or their activity and that retinal damage occurs due to responses by the RPE and/or microglia. By applying multiple, sensitive assays of toxicity, AAV vectors can be designed so that they can be used safely at high dose, potentially providing greater therapeutic efficacy.
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45
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is an increasingly popular tool in the research laboratory, and use of this viral vector clinically is occurring at an accelerated pace. Nevertheless, despite its popularity, AAV is a relatively cumbersome virus to produce; however, significant efforts have been invested to develop, optimize, and simplify methodology that allows the generation of high-quality AAV with significantly increased production yields. Here we describe multiple modalities for production and purification of AAV particles produced in HEK293 cell cultures using an iodixanol density gradient. We include two methods adapted for harvesting virus from the culture media: tangential flow filtration (TFF) and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEGylation). Moreover, we also describe the protocol for anion exchange chromatography, which can be used after the iodixanol gradient as an additional purification step. Last, we provide various protocols for determining virus titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. .,Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Nathan M Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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46
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Lecomte E, Leger A, Penaud-Budloo M, Ayuso E. Single-Stranded DNA Virus Sequencing (SSV-Seq) for Characterization of Residual DNA and AAV Vector Genomes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1950:85-106. [PMID: 30783969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the success of clinical trials using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV), regulatory agencies ask for a more comprehensive characterization of process- and product- related impurities found in rAAV stocks in order to assess the potential risks for patients. During production, rAAV capsids are known to internalize illegitimate DNA fragments in addition to their recombinant genome. These contaminants can come from plasmid or helper virus DNA as well as from the producer host cell. Here, we describe a method based on high-throughput sequencing to identify and quantify residual DNA in rAAV vector lots. Contrary to qPCR, SSV-Seq (Single-Stranded DNA Virus Sequencing) offers a nonselective approach to determine the percentage of each DNA contaminant and analyze rAAV vector genome identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lecomte
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Adrien Leger
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Magalie Penaud-Budloo
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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47
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Blessing D, Vachey G, Pythoud C, Rey M, Padrun V, Wurm FM, Schneider BL, Déglon N. Scalable Production of AAV Vectors in Orbitally Shaken HEK293 Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:14-26. [PMID: 30591923 PMCID: PMC6305802 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are currently among the most commonly applied for in vivo gene therapy approaches. The evaluation of vectors during clinical development requires the production of considerable amounts of highly pure and potent vectors. Here, we set up a scalable process for AAV production, using orbitally shaken bioreactors and a fully characterized suspension-adapted cell line, HEKExpress. We conducted a proof-of-concept production of AAV2/8 and AAV2/9 vectors using HEKExpress cells. Furthermore, we compared the production of AAV2/9 vectors using this suspension cell line to classical protocols based on adherent HEK293 cells to demonstrate bioequivalence in vitro and in vivo. Following upstream processing, we purified vectors via gradient centrifugation and immunoaffinity chromatography. The in vitro characterization revealed differences due to the purification method, as well as the transfection protocol and the corresponding HEK293 cell line. The purification method and cell line used also affected in vivo transduction efficiency after bilateral injection of AAV2/9 vectors expressing a GFP reporter fused with a nuclear localization signal (AAV2/9-CBA-nlsGFP) into the striatum of adult mice. These results show that AAV vectors deriving from suspension HEKExpress cells are bioequivalent and may exhibit higher potency than vectors produced with adherent HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blessing
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurosciences Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Vachey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurosciences Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Pythoud
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurosciences Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurosciences Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vivianne Padrun
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- ExcellGene SA, 1870 Monthey, Switzerland
- Faculty of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EFPL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard L. Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Bernard Schneider, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurosciences Research Center (CRN), Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Nicole Déglon, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation (LNTM), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Avenue de Beaumont, Pavillon 3, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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48
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Muñoz-Lorente MA, Martínez P, Tejera Á, Whittemore K, Moisés-Silva AC, Bosch F, Blasco MA. AAV9-mediated telomerase activation does not accelerate tumorigenesis in the context of oncogenic K-Ras-induced lung cancer. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007562. [PMID: 30114189 PMCID: PMC6095492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short and dysfunctional telomeres are sufficient to induce a persistent DNA damage response at chromosome ends, which leads to the induction of senescence and/or apoptosis and to various age-related conditions, including a group of diseases known as “telomere syndromes”, which are provoked by extremely short telomeres owing to germline mutations in telomere genes. This opens the possibility of using telomerase activation as a potential therapeutic strategy to rescue short telomeres both in telomere syndromes and in age-related diseases, in this manner maintaining tissue homeostasis and ameliorating these diseases. In the past, we generated adeno-associated viral vectors carrying the telomerase gene (AAV9-Tert) and shown their therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of cardiac infarct, aplastic anemia, and pulmonary fibrosis. Although we did not observe increased cancer incidence as a consequence of Tert overexpression in any of those models, here we set to test the safety of AAV9-mediated Tert overexpression in the context of a cancer prone mouse model, owing to expression of oncogenic K-ras. As control, we also treated mice with AAV9 vectors carrying a catalytically inactive form of Tert, known to inhibit endogenous telomerase activity. We found that overexpression of Tert does not accelerate the onset or progression of lung carcinomas, even when in the setting of a p53-null background. These findings indicate that telomerase activation by using AAV9-mediated Tert gene therapy has no detectable cancer-prone effects in the context of oncogene-induced mouse tumors. The ends of our chromosomes, or telomeres, shorten with age. When telomeres become critically short cells stop dividing and die. Shortened telomeres are associated with onset of age-associated diseases. Telomerase is a retrotranscriptase enzyme that is able to elongate telomeres by coping an associated RNA template. Telomerase is silenced after birth in the majority of cells with the exception of adult stem cells. Cancer cells aberrantly reactivate telomerase facilitating indefinite cell division. Mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in telomere maintenance lead the so-called “telomere syndromes” that include aplastic anemia and pulmonary fibrosis, among others. We have developed a telomerase gene therapy that has proven to be effective in delaying age-associated diseases and showed therapeutic effects in mouse models for the telomere syndromes. Given the potential cancer risk associated to telomerase expression in the organism, we set to analyze the effects of telomerase gene therapy in a lung cancer mouse model. Our work demonstrates that telomerase gene therapy does not aggravate the incidence, onset and progression of lung cancer in mice. These findings expand on the safety of AAV-mediated telomerase activation as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases associated to short telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Muñoz-Lorente
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda Tejera
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Whittemore
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Moisés-Silva
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fàtima Bosch
- Centre of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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49
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François A, Bouzelha M, Lecomte E, Broucque F, Penaud-Budloo M, Adjali O, Moullier P, Blouin V, Ayuso E. Accurate Titration of Infectious AAV Particles Requires Measurement of Biologically Active Vector Genomes and Suitable Controls. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 10:223-236. [PMID: 30112419 PMCID: PMC6090651 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the clinical use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors is constantly increasing, the development of suitable quality control methods is still needed for accurate vector characterization. Among the quality criteria, the titration of infectious particles is critical to determine vector efficacy. Different methods have been developed for the measurement of rAAV infectivity in vitro, based on detection of vector genome replication in trans-complementing cells infected with adenovirus, detection of transgene expression in permissive cells, or simply detection of intracellular vector genomes following the infection of indicator cells. In the present study, we have compared these methods for the titration of infectious rAAV8 vector particles, and, to assess their ability to discriminate infectious and non-infectious rAAV serotype 8 particles, we have generated a VP1-defective AAV8-GFP vector. Since VP1 is required to enter the cell nucleus, the lack of VP1 should drastically reduce the infectivity of rAAV particles. The AAV8 reference standard material was used as a positive control. Our results demonstrated that methods based on measurement of rAAV biological activity (i.e., vector genome replication or transgene expression) were able to accurately discriminate infectious versus non-infectious particles, whereas methods simply measuring intracellular vector genomes were not. Several cell fractionation protocols were tested in an attempt to specifically measure vector genomes that had reached the nucleus, but genomes from wild-type and VP1-defective AAV8 particles were equally detected in the nuclear fraction by qPCR. These data highlight the importance of using suitable controls, including a negative control, for the development of biological assays such as infectious unit titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille François
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Mohammed Bouzelha
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Lecomte
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Broucque
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Magalie Penaud-Budloo
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Moullier
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Blouin
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR1089, University of Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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50
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Hinderer C, Katz N, Buza EL, Dyer C, Goode T, Bell P, Richman LK, Wilson JM. Severe Toxicity in Nonhuman Primates and Piglets Following High-Dose Intravenous Administration of an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Expressing Human SMN. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:285-298. [PMID: 29378426 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes such as AAV9 have been demonstrated to transduce spinal alpha motor neurons when administered intravenously (i.v.) at high doses. This observation led to the recent successful application of i.v. AAV9 delivery to treat infants with spinal muscular atrophy, an inherited deficiency of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein characterized by selective death of lower motor neurons. To evaluate the efficiency of motor neuron transduction with an AAV9 variant (AAVhu68) using this approach, three juvenile nonhuman primates (NHPs; aged 14 months) and three piglets (aged 7-30 days) were treated with an i.v. injection of an AAVhu68 vector carrying a human SMN transgene at a dose similar to that employed in the spinal muscular atrophy clinical trial. Administration of 2 × 1014 genome copies per kilogram of body weight resulted in widespread transduction of spinal motor neurons in both species. However, severe toxicity occurred in both NHPs and piglets. All three NHPs exhibited marked transaminase elevations. In two NHPs, the transaminase elevations resolved without clinical sequelae, while one NHP developed acute liver failure and shock and was euthanized 4 days after vector injection. Degeneration of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons was also observed, although NHPs exhibited no clinically apparent sensory deficits. There was no correlation between clinical findings and T-cell responses to the vector capsid or transgene product in NHPs. Piglets demonstrated no evidence of hepatic toxicity, but within 14 days of vector injection, all three animals exhibited proprioceptive deficits and ataxia, which profoundly impaired ambulation and necessitated euthanasia. These clinical findings correlated with more severe dorsal root ganglia sensory neuron lesions than those observed in NHPs. The liver and sensory neuron findings appear to be a direct consequence of AAV transduction independent of an immune response to the capsid or transgene product. The present results and those of another recent study utilizing a different AAV9 variant and transgene indicate that systemic and sensory neuron toxicity may be general properties of i.v. delivery of AAV vectors at high doses, irrespective of the capsid serotype or transgene. Preclinical and clinical studies involving high systemic doses of AAV vectors should include careful monitoring for similar toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hinderer
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan Katz
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cecilia Dyer
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tamara Goode
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura K Richman
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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