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Aladwani G, Momin MAM, Spence B, Farkas DR, Bonasera S, Hassan A, Hindle M, Longest W. Effects of different mesh nebulizer sources on the dispersion of powder formulations produced with a new small-particle spray dryer. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123138. [PMID: 37307962 PMCID: PMC10527815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the aerosolization performance of powders produced with different mesh nebulizer sources in the initial design of a new small-particle spray dryer system. An aqueous excipient enhanced growth (EEG) model formulation was spray dried using different mesh sources and the resulting powders were characterized based on (i) laser diffraction, (ii) aerosolization with a new infant air-jet dry powder inhaler, and (iii) aerosol transport through an infant nose-throat (NT) model ending with a tracheal filter. While few differences were observed among the powders, the medical-grade Aerogen Solo (with custom holder) and Aerogen Pro mesh sources were selected as lead candidates that produced mean fine particle fractions <5 µm and <1 µm in ranges of 80.6-77.4% and 13.1-16.0%, respectively. Improved aerosolization performance was achieved at a lower spray drying temperature. Lung delivery efficiencies through the NT model were in the range of 42.5-45.8% for powders from the Aerogen mesh sources, which were very similar to previous results with a commercial spray dryer. Ultimately, a custom spray dryer that can accept meshes with different characteristics (e.g., pore sizes and liquid flow rates) will provide particle engineers greater flexibility in producing highly dispersible powders with unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghali Aladwani
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mohammad A M Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Benjamin Spence
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Dale R Farkas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Serena Bonasera
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Amr Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael Hindle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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2
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Farkas D, Thomas ML, Hassan A, Bonasera S, Hindle M, Longest W. Near Elimination of In Vitro Predicted Extrathoracic Aerosol Deposition in Children Using a Spray-Dried Antibiotic Formulation and Pediatric Air-Jet DPI. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1193-1207. [PMID: 35761163 PMCID: PMC10616820 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the in vitro aerosol performance of a dry powder antibiotic product that combined a highly dispersible tobramycin powder with a previously optimized pediatric air-jet dry powder inhaler (DPI) across a subject age range of 2-10 years. METHODS An excipient enhanced growth (EEG) formulation of the antibiotic tobramycin (Tobi) was prepared using a small particle spray drying technique that included mannitol as the hygroscopic excipient and trileucine as the dispersion enhancer. The Tobi-EEG formulation was aerosolized using a positive-pressure pediatric air-jet DPI that included a 3D rod array. Realistic in vitro experiments were conducted in representative airway models consistent with children in the age ranges of 2-3, 5-6 and 9-10 years using oral or nose-to-lung administration, non-humidified or humidified airway conditions, and constant or age-specific air volumes. RESULTS Across all conditions tested, mouth-throat depositional loss was < 1% and nose-throat depositional loss was < 3% of loaded dose. Lung delivery efficiency was in the range of 77.3-85.1% of loaded dose with minor variations based on subject age (~ 8% absolute difference), oral or nasal administration (< 2%), and delivered air volume (< 2%). Humidified airway conditions had an insignificant impact on extrathoracic depositional loss and significantly increased aerosol size at the exit of a representative lung chamber. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the inhaled antibiotic product nearly eliminated extrathoracic depositional loss, demonstrated high efficiency nose-to-lung antibiotic aerosol delivery in pediatric airway models for the first time, and provided ~ 80% lung delivery efficiency with little variability across subject age and administered air volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Farkas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015 , USA
| | - Morgan L Thomas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015 , USA
| | - Amr Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Serena Bonasera
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Hindle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia, 23284-3015 , USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Jin Y, Cui H, Chen L, Sun K, Liu Z. Effects of airway deformation and alveolar pores on particle deposition in the lungs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154931. [PMID: 35364181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distal lung (G14-G23), which are composed of alveoli and bronchi, are responsible for almost all gas exchange and micro- and nanoparticle deposition in the lungs. In the existing research using computational fluid dynamics, the geometric modeling accuracy of the bronchial bifurcation structure is given priority, and then the alveoli are attached to bronchi as discrete spherical crowns. This method ignores the correlation between alveoli. In fact, the alveoli have a tessellated distribution, and adjacent alveoli are connected by several alveolar pores. Due to the huge number of alveoli, this seemingly small difference will be greatly amplified, which may lead to a large deviation in the prediction of the overall flow. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to construct a two-dimensional distal lung model including the bronchi, acini, and alveolar pores by using the methods of regular hexagonal tessellational subdivision, fusion, and coordinate transformation. A moving boundary is introduced to simulate the process of airflow and particle deposition in the distal lung, and the effects of bronchial deformation, respiratory frequency, and alveolar pores are obtained. The results show that there are significant differences in intrapulmonary flow patterns with and without alveolar pores. Alveolar pores can establish bypass ventilation downstream of a blockage, thus providing a pathway for particles to enter the airways downstream of the blockage. Changing the respiratory frequency and the amplitude of bronchial deformation will change the relative velocity between particles and moving wall, which, in turn, will change the particle deposition efficiency in the distal lung. To summarize this study, a geometric modeling method for the distal lung with alveolar pores is established, and the important roles of detailed characteristics of the distal lung are revealed. The findings of this study provide a reasonable hydrodynamic mechanism for the prevention of related respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Jin
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Haihang Cui
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Li Chen
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Microwave Device and Integrated Circuits Laboratory, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10029, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Bass K, Momin MAM, Howe C, Aladwani G, Strickler S, Kolanjiyil AV, Hindle M, DiBlasi RM, Longest W. Characterizing the Effects of Nasal Prong Interfaces on Aerosol Deposition in a Preterm Infant Nasal Model. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:114. [PMID: 35441324 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of multiple nasal prong interface configurations on nasal depositional loss of pharmaceutical aerosols in a preterm infant nose-throat (NT) airway model. Benchmark in vitro experiments were performed in which a spray-dried powder formulation was delivered to a new preterm NT model with a positive-pressure infant air-jet dry powder inhaler using single- and dual-prong interfaces. These results were used to develop and validate a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of aerosol transport and deposition in the NT geometry. The validated CFD model was then used to explore the NT depositional characteristic of multiple prong types and configurations. The CFD model highlighted a turbulent jet effect emanating from the prong(s). Analysis of NT aerosol deposition efficiency curves for a characteristic particle size and delivery flowrate (3 µm and 1.4 L/min (LPM)) revealed little difference in NT aerosol deposition fraction (DF) across the prong insertion depths of 2-5 mm (DF = 16-24%) with the exception of a single prong with 5-mm insertion (DF = 36%). Dual prongs provided a modest reduction in deposition vs. a single aerosol delivery prong at the same flow for insertion depths < 5 mm. The presence of the prongs increased nasal depositional loss by absolute differences in the range of 20-70% compared with existing correlations for ambient aerosols. In conclusion, the use of nasal prongs was shown to have a significant impact on infant NT aerosol depositional loss prompting the need for prong design alterations to improve lung delivery efficiency.
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Singh G, Tang P, Cheng S, Chan HK, Kourmatzis A. From laminar to turbulent flow in a dry powder inhaler: The effect of simple design modifications. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121556. [PMID: 35131350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand powder dispersion in dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices, a new powder disperser was designed, which uses flow modifiers to alter powder fluidization behavior so as to physically replicate various flow conditions observed in a range of commercial DPIs. The influence of these modifiers on the performance of the DPI was analyzed for flowrates progressing from laminar (15 L/min) to transitional (30 L/min), and finally turbulent flow regimes (60 L/min) in the device. The aerosol performance of the disperser was measured using a Next Generation Impactor. For flowrate in the laminar regime, powder evacuation from the disperser was generally insufficient (<30%), which was increased to >85% when the device was operated in the turbulent flow regime. In contrast, the highest fine particle fraction (FPF) and lowest throat deposition were achieved when operating in the transitional flow regime. The FPF could be increased further by applying flow modifications such as narrowing the air passage before the powder pocket, inducing localized turbulence (by a grid) near the powder pocket, and by changing the loading position of the powder. Flow modifiers had the most noticeable effect under a laminar flow regime, however, the device operated most efficiently under a transitional flow regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, HP 175075, India
| | - Patricia Tang
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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6
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Guided Spray Drying Recommendations for Improved Aerosol Performance of a Small-Particle Antibiotic Formulation. Pharm Res 2022; 39:295-316. [PMID: 35147870 PMCID: PMC8958016 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to implement computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and aerosol characterization experiments to determine best-case spray drying conditions of a tobramycin excipient enhanced growth (Tobi-EEG) formulation for use in a pediatric air-jet dry powder inhaler (DPI). METHODS An iterative approach was implemented in which sets of spray drying conditions were explored using CFD simulations followed by lead candidate selection, powder production and in vitro aerosol testing. CFD simulations of a small-particle spray dryer were performed to capture droplet drying parameters and surface-averaged temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions in the powder collection region. In vitro aerosol testing was performed for the selected powders using the pediatric air-jet DPI, cascade impaction, and aerosol transport through a pediatric mouth-throat (MT) model to a tracheal filter. RESULTS Based on comparisons of CFD simulations and in vitro powder performance, recommended drying conditions for small-particle powders with electrostatic collection include: (i) reducing the CFD-predicted drying parameters of κavg and κmax to values below 3 μm2/ms and 114 μm2/ms, respectively; (ii) maintaining the Collector Surface RH within an elevated range, which for the Tobi-EEG formulation with l-leucine was 20-30 %RH; and (iii) ensuring that particles reaching the collector were fully dried, based on a mass fraction of solute CFD parameter. CONCLUSIONS Based on the newly recommended spray dryer conditions for small particle aerosols, delivery performance of the lead Tobi-EEG formulation was improved resulting in >60% of the DPI loaded dose passing through the pediatric MT model.
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Chaugule V, Wong CY, Inthavong K, Fletcher DF, Young PM, Soria J, Traini D. Combining experimental and computational techniques to understand and improve dry powder inhalers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:59-73. [PMID: 34989629 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2026922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) continue to be developed to deliver an expanding range of drugs to treat an ever-increasing range of medical conditions; with each drug and device combination needing a specifically designed inhaler. Fast regulatory approval is essential to be first to market, ensuring commercial profitability. AREAS COVERED : In vitro deposition, particle image velocimetry, and computational modelling using the physiological geometry and representative anatomy can be combined to give complementary information to determine the suitability of a proposed inhaler design and to optimise its formulation performance. In combination they allow the entire range of questions to be addressed cost-effectively and rapidly. EXPERT OPINION : Experimental techniques and computational methods are improving rapidly, but each needs a skilled user to maximize results obtained from these techniques. Multidisciplinary teams are therefore key to making optimal use of these methods and such qualified teams can provide enormous benefits to pharmaceutical companies to improve device efficacy and thus time to market. There is already a move to integrate the benefits of Industry 4.0 into inhaler design and usage, a trend that will accelerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chaugule
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - C Y Wong
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - K Inthavong
- Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - D F Fletcher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.,Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - J Soria
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - D Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.,Macquarie Medical School, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Kang JH, Kim YJ, Yang MS, Shin DH, Kim DW, Park IY, Park CW. Co-Spray Dried Nafamostat Mesylate with Lecithin and Mannitol as Respirable Microparticles for Targeted Pulmonary Delivery: Pharmacokinetics and Lung Distribution in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1519. [PMID: 34575594 PMCID: PMC8468663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new strain of coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly worldwide. Nafamostat mesylate (NFM) suppresses transmembrane serine protease 2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated fusion. In this study, pharmacokinetics and lung distribution of NFM, administered via intravenous and intratracheal routes, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography analysis of blood plasma, lung lumen using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Intratracheal administration had higher drug delivery and longer residual time in the lung lumen and tissue, which are the main sites of action, than intravenous administration. We confirmed the effect of lecithin as a stabilizer through an ex vivo stability test. Lecithin acts as an inhibitor of carboxylesterase and delays NFM decomposition. We prepared inhalable microparticles with NFM, lecithin, and mannitol via the co-spray method. The formulation prepared using an NFM:lecithin:mannitol ratio of 1:1:100 had a small particle size and excellent aerodynamic performance. Spray dried microparticles containing NFM, lecithin, and mannitol (1:1:100) had the longest residual time in the lung tissue. In conclusion, NFM-inhalable microparticles were prepared and confirmed to be delivered into the respiratory tract, such as lung lumen and lung tissue, through in vitro and in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (D.H.S.)
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (D.H.S.)
| | - Min-Seok Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (D.H.S.)
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (D.H.S.)
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea;
| | - Il Yeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (D.H.S.)
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (D.H.S.)
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Howe C, Momin MAM, Farkas DR, Bonasera S, Hindle M, Longest PW. Advancement of the Infant Air-Jet Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI): Evaluation of Different Positive-Pressure Air Sources and Flow Rates. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1615-1632. [PMID: 34462876 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to improve the delivery of dry powder aerosol formulations to the lungs of infants, this study implemented an infant air-jet platform and explored the effects of different air sources, flow rates, and pulmonary mechanics on aerosolization performance and aerosol delivery through a preterm nose-throat (NT) in vitro model. METHODS The infant air-jet platform was actuated with a positive-pressure air source that delivered the aerosol and provided a full inhalation breath. Three different air sources were developed to provide highly controllable positive-pressure air actuations (using actuation volumes of ~10 mL for the preterm model). While providing different flow waveform shapes, the three air sources were calibrated to produce the same flow rate magnitude (Q90: 90th percentile of flow rate). Multiple air-jet DPI designs were coupled with the air sources and evaluated with a model spray-dried excipient enhanced growth formulation. RESULTS Compared to other designs, the D1-Single air-jet DPI provided improved performance with low variability across all three air sources. With the tested D1-Single air-jet and Timer air source, reducing the flow rate from 4 to 1.7 L/min marginally decreased the aerosol size and significantly increased the lung delivery efficiency above 50% of the loaded dose. These results were not impacted by the presence of downstream pulmonary mechanics (resistance and compliance model). CONCLUSIONS The selected design was capable of providing an estimated >50% lung delivery efficiency of a model spray-dried formulation and was not influenced by the air source, thereby enabling greater flexibility for platform deployment in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Howe
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, VA, 23284-3015, USA
| | - Mohammad A M Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA
| | - Dale R Farkas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, VA, 23284-3015, USA
| | - Serena Bonasera
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA
| | - Michael Hindle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA
| | - P Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, VA, 23284-3015, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA, 23298-0533, USA.
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10
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Debnath SK, Srivastava R, Debnath M, Omri A. Status of inhalable antimicrobial agents for lung infection: progress and prospects. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1251-1270. [PMID: 33866900 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1919514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Available parenteral and oral administration of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) in respiratory infections often show less penetration into the lung parenchyma. Due to inappropriate dose availability, the rate of antibiotic resistance is increasing gradually. Inhaled antibiotics intensely improve the availability of drugs at the site of respiratory infections. This targeted delivery minimizes systemic exposure and associated toxicity.Area covers: This review was performed by searching in the scientific database like PubMed and several trusted government sites like fda.gov, cdc.gov, ClinicalTrials.gov, etc. For better understanding, AMAs are classified in different stages of approval. Mechanism and characterization of pulmonary drug deposition section helps to understand the effective delivery of AMAs to the respiratory tract. There is a need for proper adoption of delivery devices for inhalable AMAs. Thus, delivery devices are extensively explained. Inspiratory flow has a remarkable impact on the delivery device that has been explained in detail.Expert opinion: Pulmonary delivery restricts the bulk administration of drugs in comparison with other routes. Therefore, novel AMAs with higher bactericidal activity at lower concentrations need to be synthesized. Extensive research is indeed in developing innovative delivery devices that would able to deliver higher doses of AMAs through the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Monalisha Debnath
- School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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11
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Bass K, Farkas D, Hassan A, Bonasera S, Hindle M, Longest PW. High-Efficiency Dry Powder Aerosol Delivery to Children: Review and Application of New Technologies. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2021; 153:105692. [PMID: 33716317 PMCID: PMC7945982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While dry powder aerosol formulations offer a number of advantages, their use in children is often limited due to poor lung delivery efficiency and difficulties with consistent dry powder inhaler (DPI) usage. Both of these challenges can be attributed to the typical use of adult devices in pediatric subjects and a lack of pediatric-specific DPI development. In contrast, a number of technologies have recently been developed or progressed that can substantially improve the efficiency and reproducibility of DPI use in children including: (i) nose-to-lung administration with small particles, (ii) active positive-pressure devices, (iii) structures to reduce turbulence and jet momentum, and (iv) highly dispersible excipient enhanced growth particle formulations. In this study, these technologies and their recent development are first reviewed in depth. A case study is then considered in which these technologies are simultaneously applied in order to enable the nose-to-lung administration of dry powder aerosol to children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Using a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and realistic in vitro experiments, device performance, aerosol size increases and lung delivery efficiency are considered for pediatric-CF subjects in the age ranges of 2-3, 5-6 and 9-10 years old. Results indicate that a new 3D rod array structure significantly improves performance of a nasal cannula reducing interface loss by a factor of 1.5-fold and produces a device emitted mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.67 μm. For all ages considered, approximately 70% of the loaded dose reaches the lower lung beyond the lobar bronchi. Moreover, significant and rapid size increase of the aerosol is observed beyond the larynx and illustrates the potential for targeting lower airway deposition. In conclusion, concurrent CFD and realistic in vitro analysis indicates that a combination of multiple new technologies can be implemented to overcome obstacles that currently limit the use of DPIs in children as young as two years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Bass
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Dale Farkas
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Amr Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Serena Bonasera
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Michael Hindle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - P. Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Author Contact Information: Dr. Worth Longest, PhD, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843015, Richmond, VA 23284-3015, Phone: (804)-827-7023, Fax: (804)-827-7030,
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12
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Advancement of a Positive-Pressure Dry Powder Inhaler for Children: Use of a Vertical Aerosolization Chamber and Three-Dimensional Rod Array Interface. Pharm Res 2020; 37:177. [PMID: 32862295 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Available dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have very poor lung delivery efficiencies in children. The objective of this study was to advance and experimentally test a positive-pressure air-jet DPI for children based on the use of a vertical aerosolization chamber and new patient interfaces that contain a three-dimensional (3D) rod array structure. METHODS Aerosolization performance of different air-jet DPI designs was first evaluated based on a 10 mg powder fill mass of a spray-dried excipient enhanced growth (EEG) formulation. Devices were actuated with positive pressure using flow rate (10-20 L/min) and inhaled volume (750 ml) conditions consistent with a 5-year-old child. Devices with best performance were connected to different mouthpiece designs to determine the effect on aerosolization and tested for aerosol penetration through a realistic pediatric in vitro mouth-throat model. RESULTS Use of the new vertical aerosolization chamber resulted in high quality aerosol formation. Inclusion of a 3D rod array structure in the mouthpiece further reduced aerosol size by approximately 20% compared to conditions without a rod array, and effectively dissipated the turbulent jet leaving the device. Best case device and mouthpiece combinations produced < 2% mouth-throat depositional loss and > 70% lung delivery efficiency based on loaded dose. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, use of a 3D rod array in the MP of a positive-pressure air-jet DPI was found to reduce aerosol size by 20%, not significantly increase MP depositional loss, reduce mouth-throat deposition by 6.4-fold and enable lung delivery efficiency as high as 73.4% of loaded dose based on pediatric test conditions.
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Bass K, Longest W. Development of Dry Powder Inhaler Patient Interfaces for Improved Aerosol Delivery to Children. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:157. [PMID: 32451773 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore different internal flow passages in the patient interface region of a new air-jet-based dry powder inhaler (DPI) in order to minimize device and extrathoracic aerosol depositional losses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The best-performing flow passages were used for oral and nose-to-lung (N2L) aerosol delivery in pediatric extrathoracic airway geometries consistent with a 5-year-old child. Aerosol delivery conditions were based on a previously developed and tested air-jet DPI device and included a base flow rate of 13.3 LPM (delivered from a small ventilation bag) and an inhaled air volume of 750 mL. Initial CFD models of the system clearly established that deposition on either the back of the throat or nasal cannula bifurcation was strongly correlated with the maximum velocity exiting the flow passage. Of all designs tested, the combination of a 3D rod array and rapid expansion of the flow passage side walls was found to dramatically reduce interface and device deposition and improve lung delivery of the aerosol. For oral aerosol administration, the optimal flow passage compared with a base case reduced device, mouthpiece, and mouth-throat deposition efficiencies by factors of 8-, 3-, and 2-fold, respectively. For N2L aerosol administration, the optimal flow pathway compared with a base case reduced device, nasal cannula, and nose-throat deposition by 16-, 6-, and 1.3-fold, respectively. In conclusion, a new patient interface design including a 3D rod array and rapid expansion dramatically improved transmission efficiency of a dry powder aerosol.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations of Spray Drying: Linking Drying Parameters with Experimental Aerosolization Performance. Pharm Res 2020; 37:101. [PMID: 32440940 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a new computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based model of the complex transport and droplet drying kinetics within a laboratory-scale spray dryer, and relate CFD-predicted drying parameters to powder aerosolization metrics from a reference dry powder inhaler (DPI). METHODS A CFD model of the Buchi Nano Spray Dryer B-90 was developed that captured spray dryer conditions from a previous experimental study producing excipient enhanced growth powders with L-leucine as a dispersion enhancer. The CFD model accounted for two-way heat and mass transfer coupling between the phases and turbulent flow created by acoustic streaming from the mesh nebulizer. CFD-based drying parameters were averaged across all droplets in each spray dryer case and included droplet time-averaged drying rate (κavg), maximum instantaneous drying rate (κmax) and precipitation window. RESULTS CFD results highlighted a chaotic drying environment in which time-averaged droplet drying rates (κavg) for each spray dryer case had high variability with coefficients of variation in the range of 60-70%. Maximum instantaneous droplet drying rates (κmax) were discovered that were two orders of magnitude above time-averaged drying rates. Comparing CFD-predicted drying parameters with experimentally determined mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) and emitted doses (ED) from a reference DPI produced strong linear correlations with coefficients of determination as high as R2 = 0.98. CONCLUSIONS For the spray dryer system and conditions considered, reducing the CFD-predicted maximum drying rate experienced by droplets improved the aerosolization performance (both MMAD and ED) when the powders were aerosolized with a reference DPI.
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Bass K, Farkas D, Longest W. Optimizing Aerosolization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics in a Pediatric Air-Jet Dry Powder Inhaler. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:329. [PMID: 31676991 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to optimize the performance of a high-efficiency pediatric inhaler, referred to as the pediatric air-jet DPI, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with supporting experimental analysis of aerosol formation. The pediatric air-jet DPI forms an internal flow pathway consisting of an inlet jet of high-speed air, capsule chamber containing a powder formulation, and outlet orifice. Instead of simulating full breakup of the powder bed to an aerosol in this complex flow system, which is computationally expensive, flow-field-based dispersion parameters were sought that correlated with experimentally determined aerosolization metrics. For the pediatric air-jet DPI configuration that was considered, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) directly correlated with input turbulent kinetic energy normalized by actuation pressure and flow kinetic energy. Emitted dose (ED) correlated best with input flow rate multiplied by the ratio of capillary diameters. Based on these dispersion parameters, an automated CFD process was used over multiple iterations of over 100 designs to identify optimal inlet and outlet capillary diameters, which affected system performance in complex and unexpected ways. Experimental verification of the optimized designs indicated an MMAD < 1.6 μm and an ED > 90% of loaded dose. While extrathoracic depositional loss will be determined in future studies, at an operating flow rate of 15 L/min, it is expected that pediatric mouth-throat or even nose-throat aerosol deposition fractions will be below 10% and potentially less than 5% representing a significant improvement in the delivery efficiency of dry powder pharmaceutical aerosols to children.
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