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Sukocheva OA, Neganova ME, Aleksandrova Y, Burcher JT, Chugunova E, Fan R, Tse E, Sethi G, Bishayee A, Liu J. Signaling controversy and future therapeutical perspectives of targeting sphingolipid network in cancer immune editing and resistance to tumor necrosis factor-α immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:251. [PMID: 38698424 PMCID: PMC11064425 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Anticancer immune surveillance and immunotherapies trigger activation of cytotoxic cytokine signaling, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathways. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α may be secreted by stromal cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and by cancer cells, indicating a prominent role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, tumors manage to adapt, escape immune surveillance, and ultimately develop resistance to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α. The mechanisms by which cancer cells evade host immunity is a central topic of current cancer research. Resistance to TNF-α is mediated by diverse molecular mechanisms, such as mutation or downregulation of TNF/TRAIL receptors, as well as activation of anti-apoptotic enzymes and transcription factors. TNF-α signaling is also mediated by sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2), which are responsible for synthesis of the growth-stimulating phospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Multiple studies have demonstrated the crucial role of S1P and its transmembrane receptors (S1PR) in both the regulation of inflammatory responses and progression of cancer. Considering that the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis mediates cancer resistance, this sphingolipid signaling pathway is of mechanistic significance when considering immunotherapy-resistant malignancies. However, the exact mechanism by which sphingolipids contribute to the evasion of immune surveillance and abrogation of TNF-α-induced apoptosis remains largely unclear. This study reviews mechanisms of TNF-α-resistance in cancer cells, with emphasis on the pro-survival and immunomodulatory effects of sphingolipids. Inhibition of SphK/S1P-linked pro-survival branch may facilitate reactivation of the pro-apoptotic TNF superfamily effects, although the role of SphK/S1P inhibitors in the regulation of the TME and lymphocyte trafficking should be thoroughly assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Jack T Burcher
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA
| | - Elena Chugunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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2
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Liman N, Lanasa D, Meylan F, Park JH. The ever-expanding role of cytokine receptor DR3 in T cells. Cytokine 2024; 176:156540. [PMID: 38359559 PMCID: PMC10895922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Death Receptor 3 (DR3) is a cytokine receptor of the Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor superfamily that plays a multifaceted role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Based on the death domain motif in its cytosolic tail, DR3 had been proposed and functionally affirmed as a trigger of apoptosis. Further studies, however, also revealed roles of DR3 in other cellular pathways, including inflammation, survival, and proliferation. DR3 is expressed in various cell types, including T cells, B cells, innate lymphocytes, myeloid cells, fibroblasts, and even outside the immune system. Because DR3 is mainly expressed on T cells, DR3-mediated immune perturbations leading to autoimmunity and other diseases were mostly attributed to DR3 activation of T cells. However, which T cell subset and what T effector functions are controlled by DR3 to drive these processes remain incompletely understood. DR3 engagement was previously found to alter CD4 T helper subset differentiation, expand the Foxp3+ Treg cell pool, and maintain intraepithelial γδ T cells in the gut. Recent studies further unveiled a previously unacknowledged aspect of DR3 in regulating innate-like invariant NKT (iNKT) cell activation, expanding the scope of DR3-mediated immunity in T lineage cells. Importantly, in the context of iNKT cells, DR3 ligation exerted costimulatory effects in agonistic TCR signaling, unveiling a new regulatory framework in T cell activation and proliferation. The current review is aimed at summarizing such recent findings on the role of DR3 on conventional T cells and innate-like T cells and discussing them in the context of immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcin Liman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Dominic Lanasa
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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3
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Goklany S, Lu P, Godeshala S, Hall A, Garrett-Mayer E, Voelkel-Johnson C, Rege K. Delivery of TRAIL-expressing plasmid DNA to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo using aminoglycoside-derived polymers. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:7014-7025. [PMID: 31633707 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a death ligand that can preferentially induce apoptosis in cancer cells over normal cells. The transmembrane form of TRAIL has been shown to elicit much stronger activity than its soluble counterpart but delivery is a potential challenge. Here, we investigated the potential of aminoglycoside-derived polymers to enhance delivery of a plasmid (pEF-TRAIL) that expresses the transmembrane form of TRAIL in order to determine the effect on cell death in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Transgene delivery efficacy and toxicity of aminoglycoside-derived polymers was first evaluated using a GFP-expressing plasmid (pEF-GFP) at different plasmid amounts and plasmid : polymer ratios in UMUC3 bladder cancer and HeLa cervical cancer cells. Delivery of the TRAIL plasmid using aminoglycoside-derived polymers resulted in up to 60% cell death in UMUC3 and HeLa cells; TRAIL protein expression was confirmed using Western blots. TRAIL plasmid delivery resulted in a decrease in cellular procaspase-8 and an increase in TRAIL receptor DR5 levels, suggesting a role for the death receptor and caspase cascade in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. The TRAIL plasmid did not cause cell death in normal human or mouse fibroblasts. The in vivo delivery of the TRAIL plasmid using a paromomycin-derived polymer resulted in significant reduction in tumor burden and increased survival in tumor-bearing live mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba Goklany
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 303, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA.
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4
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Emdad L, Bhoopathi P, Talukdar S, Pradhan AK, Sarkar D, Wang XY, Das SK, Fisher PB. Recent insights into apoptosis and toxic autophagy: The roles of MDA-7/IL-24, a multidimensional anti-cancer therapeutic. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:140-154. [PMID: 31356866 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy play seminal roles in maintaining organ homeostasis. Apoptosis represents canonical type I programmed cell death. Autophagy is viewed as pro-survival, however, excessive autophagy can promote type II cell death. Defective regulation of these two obligatory cellular pathways is linked to various diseases, including cancer. Biologic or chemotherapeutic agents, which can reprogram cancer cells to undergo apoptosis- or toxic autophagy-mediated cell death, are considered effective tools for treating cancer. Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7) selectively promotes these effects in cancer cells. mda-7 was identified more than two decades ago by subtraction hybridization showing elevated expression during induction of terminal differentiation of metastatic melanoma cells following treatment with recombinant fibroblast interferon and mezerein (a PKC activating agent). MDA-7 was classified as a member of the IL-10 gene family based on its chromosomal location, and the presence of an IL-10 signature motif and a secretory sequence, and re-named interleukin-24 (MDA-7/IL-24). Multiple studies have established MDA-7/IL-24 as a potent anti-cancer agent, which when administered at supra-physiological levels induces growth arrest and cell death through apoptosis and toxic autophagy in a wide variety of tumor cell types, but not in corresponding normal/non-transformed cells. Furthermore, in a phase I/II clinical trial, MDA-7/IL-24 administered by means of a non-replicating adenovirus was well tolerated and displayed significant clinical activity in patients with multiple advanced cancers. This review examines our current comprehension of the role of MDA-7/IL-24 in mediating cancer-specific cell death via apoptosis and toxic autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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5
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Oltulu F, Uysal A, Rouhrazi H, Kılıç KD, Çalık Kocatürk D, Öktem G. Zoledronik asit uygulamasının meme kanseri hücre hattı (mcf 7) kanser kök hücrelerinin üzerine otofaji gen seviyesindeki etkilerinin araştırılması. EGE TIP DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.417985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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The anti-tumor activity and mechanism of alkaloids from Aconitum szechenyianum Gay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:380-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Wang YJ, Li Q, Xiao HB, Li YJ, Yang Q, Kan XX, Chen Y, Liu XN, Weng XG, Chen X, Cai WY, Guo Y, Huang HF, Zhu XX. Chamaejasmin B exerts anti-MDR effect in vitro and in vivo via initiating mitochondria-dependant intrinsic apoptosis pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5301-13. [PMID: 26445529 PMCID: PMC4590417 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main obstacle limiting the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Looking for novel anti-MDR agents is an important way to conquer cancer drug resistance. We recently established that chamaejasmin B (CHB), a natural biflavone from Stellera chamaejasme L., is the major active component. However, its anti-MDR activity is still unknown. This study investigated the anti-MDR effect of CHB and the underlying mechanisms. First, it was found that CHB inhibited the growth of both sensitive and resistant cell lines in vitro, and the average resistant factor (RF) of CHB was only 1.26. Furthermore, CHB also displayed favorable anti-MDR activity in KB and KBV200 cancer cells xenograft mice. Subsequent study showed that CHB induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis both in KB and in resistant KBV200 cancer cells. Further studies showed that CHB had no influence on the level of Fas/FasL and activation of procaspase 8. However, CHB-induced apoptosis was dependent on the activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3. Moreover, CHB treatment resulted in the elevation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria into cytoplasm both in KB and KBV200 cells. In conclusion, CHB exhibited good anti-MDR activity in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms may be related to the activation of mitochondrial-dependant intrinsic apoptosis pathway. These findings provide a new leading compound for MDR therapy and supply a new evidence for the potential of CHB to be employed in clinical trial of MDR therapy in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Jie Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Bin Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jie Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xi Kan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology and Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gang Weng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - He Fei Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xin Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Oh SB, Hwang CJ, Song SY, Jung YY, Yun HM, Sok CH, Sung HC, Yi JM, Park DH, Ham YW, Han SB, Hwang BY, Hong JT. Anti-cancer effect of tectochrysin in NSCLC cells through overexpression of death receptor and inactivation of STAT3. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Essack M, Bajic VB, Archer JA. Recently confirmed apoptosis-inducing lead compounds isolated from marine sponge of potential relevance in cancer treatment. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1580-1606. [PMID: 22131960 PMCID: PMC3225937 DOI: 10.3390/md9091580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intense efforts to develop non-cytotoxic anticancer treatments, effective agents are still not available. Therefore, novel apoptosis-inducing drug leads that may be developed into effective targeted cancer therapies are of interest to the cancer research community. Targeted cancer therapies affect specific aberrant apoptotic pathways that characterize different cancer types and, for this reason, it is a more desirable type of therapy than chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as it is less harmful to normal cells. In this regard, marine sponge derived metabolites that induce apoptosis continue to be a promising source of new drug leads for cancer treatments. A PubMed query from 01/01/2005 to 31/01/2011 combined with hand-curation of the retrieved articles allowed for the identification of 39 recently confirmed apoptosis-inducing anticancer lead compounds isolated from the marine sponge that are selectively discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A.C. Archer
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +966-544-700-701; Fax: +966-(2)-802-0127
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10
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Chauhan V, Howland M, Chen J, Kutzner B, Wilkins RC. Differential effects of alpha-particle radiation and x-irradiation on genes associated with apoptosis. Radiol Res Pract 2011; 2011:679806. [PMID: 22091383 PMCID: PMC3199915 DOI: 10.1155/2011/679806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined differential effects of alpha-(α-) particle radiation and X-rays on apoptosis and associated changes in gene expression. Human monocytic cells were exposed to α-particle radiation and X-rays from 0 to 1.5 Gy. Four days postexposure, cell death was measured by flow cytometry and 84 genes related to apoptosis were analyzed using real-time PCR. On average, 33% of the cells were apoptotic at 1.5 Gy of α-particle radiation. Transcript profiling showed statistical expression of 15 genes at all three doses tested. Cells exposed to X-rays were <5% apoptotic at ~1.5 Gy and induced less than a 2-fold expression in 6 apoptotic genes at the higher doses of radiation. Among these 6 genes, Fas and TNF-α were common to the α-irradiated cells. This data suggests that α-particle radiation initiates cell death by TNF-α and Fas activation and through intermediate signalling mediators that are distinct from X-irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Matthew Howland
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Jeremy Chen
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Barbara Kutzner
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Ruth C. Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Road, PL 6303B, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
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11
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Rucker EB, Hale AN, Durtschi DC, Sakamoto K, Wagner KU. Forced involution of the functionally differentiated mammary gland by overexpression of the pro-apoptotic protein bax. Genesis 2011; 49:24-35. [PMID: 21254334 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a developmentally dynamic, hormone-responsive organ that undergoes proliferation and differentiation within the secretory epithelial compartment during pregnancy. The epithelia are maintained by pro-survival signals (e.g., Stat5, Akt1) during lactation, but undergo apoptosis during involution through inactivation of cell survival pathways and upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins. To assess if the survival signals in the functionally differentiated mammary epithelial cells can override a pro-apoptotic signal, we generated transgenic mice that express Bax under the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter. WAP-Bax females exhibited a lactation defect and were unable to nourish their offspring. Mammary glands demonstrated: (1) a reduction in epithelial content, (2) hallmark signs of mitochondria-mediated cell death, (3) an increase in apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay, and (4) precocious Stat3 activation. This suggests that upregulation of a single pro-apoptotic factor of the Bcl-2 family is sufficient to initiate apoptosis of functionally differentiated mammary epithelial cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund B Rucker
- Biology Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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12
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Mahmood Z, Shukla Y. Death receptors: Targets for cancer therapy. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:887-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Lu M, Xia L, Hua H, Jing Y. Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid induces apoptosis through a death receptor 5-mediated pathway in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1180-6. [PMID: 18281494 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), a triterpenoid isolated from Boswellia carterri Birdw and Boswellia serrata, has been found to inhibit tumor cell growth and to induce apoptosis. The apoptotic effects and the mechanisms of action of AKBA were studied in LNCaP and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. AKBA induced apoptosis in both cell lines at concentrations above 10 microg/mL. AKBA-induced apoptosis was correlated with the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 as well as with poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The activation of caspase-8 was correlated with increased levels of death receptor (DR) 5 but not of Fas or DR4. AKBA-induced apoptosis, caspase-8 activation, and PARP cleavage were inhibited by knocking down DR5 using a small hairpin RNA. AKBA treatment increased the levels of CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and activated a DR5 promoter reporter but did not activate a DR5 promoter reporter with the mutant CHOP binding site. These results suggest that AKBA induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through a DR5-mediated pathway, which probably involves the induced expression of CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, USA
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14
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Otsuki T, Tomokuni A, Sakaguchi H, Hyodoh F, Kusaka M, Ueki A. Reduced Expression of the Inhibitory Genes for Fas‐Mediated Apoptosis in Silicosis Patients. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.42.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ayako Ueki
- Department of HygieneKawasaki Medical School
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15
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Xia L, Chen D, Han R, Fang Q, Waxman S, Jing Y. Boswellic acid acetate induces apoptosis through caspase-mediated pathways in myeloid leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:381-8. [PMID: 15767547 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-03-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of boswellic acid acetate, a 1:1 mixture of alpha-boswellic acid acetate and beta-boswellic acid acetate, isolated from Boswellia carterri Birdw on myeloid leukemia cells was investigated in six human myeloid leukemia cell lines (NB4, SKNO-1, K562, U937, ML-1, and HL-60 cells). Morphologic and DNA fragmentation assays indicated that the cytotoxic effect of boswellic acid acetate was mediated by induction of apoptosis. More than 50% of the cells underwent apoptosis after treatment with 20 mug/mL boswellic acid for 24 hours. This apoptotic process was p53 independent. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, and Bcl-XL were not modulated by boswellic acid acetate. Boswellic acid acetate induced Bid cleavage and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential without production of hydrogen peroxide. A general caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) and a specific caspase-8 inhibitor II (Z-IETD-FMK) blocked boswellic acid acetate-induced apoptosis. The mRNAs of death receptors 4 and 5 (DR4 and DR5) were induced in leukemia cells undergoing apoptosis after boswellic acid acetate treatment. These data taken together suggest that boswellic acid acetate induces myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 by induced expression of DR4 and DR5, and that the activated caspase-8 either directly activates caspase-3 by cleavage or indirectly by cleaving Bid, which in turn decreases mitochondria membrane potential.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Fragmentation
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Membrane Potentials
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Models, Chemical
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
- U937 Cells
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
- bcl-X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Box 1178, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6547.
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16
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Alikhani M, Alikhani Z, Graves DT. Apoptotic effects of LPS on fibroblasts are indirectly mediated through TNFR1. J Dent Res 2004; 83:671-6. [PMID: 15329370 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During periods of periodontal attachment loss, one of the most significant cellular changes is a decrease in the number of fibroblasts. We previously demonstrated that LPS induces apoptosis of fibroblastic cells in vivo, largely through TNF-alpha. We conducted in vivo experiments by subcutaneous inoculation of LPS in wild-type, TNFR1-/-R2-/-, TNFR1-/-, and TNFR2-/- mice to identify which TNF receptors are involved and the specific caspase pathway activated. LPS stimulated apoptosis through TNFR1 but not TNFR2, which was accompanied by the induced expression of 12 apoptotic genes. Fluorometric studies demonstrated that LPS in vivo significantly increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity, which was also dependent on TNF receptor signaling. By the use of specific caspase inhibitors, caspases-3 and -8 were shown to play an important role in LPS-induced apoptosis in vivo. Thus, LPS acts through TNFR1 to modulate the expression of apoptotic genes and activate caspases-3 and -8.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enzyme Precursors/drug effects
- Escherichia coli
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alikhani
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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17
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He Q, Huang Y, Sheikh MS. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 upregulates death receptor 5 and cooperates with Apo2L/TRAIL to induce apoptosis in Bax-proficient and -deficient cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:2554-8. [PMID: 14691451 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apo2L/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as Apo2L) is a potentially important anticancer agent awaiting clinical trials. Unfortunately, however, some cancer cells exhibit resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL, which could limit the use of this potentially promising anticancer agent. Although the molecular basis of the inherent or acquired resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL remains unclear, previous studies indicate that Bax deficiency can confer resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL. Proteasome inhibition is also emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy to manage human malignancies. Here, we report that proteasome inhibitor MG132 upregulates Apo2L/TRAIL death receptor 5 expression in both Bax-proficient and -deficient HCT116 cells. MG132 effectively cooperated with Apo2L/TRAIL to induce apoptosis in both Bax-proficient and -deficient cells that was coupled with caspases-8 and -3 activation and Bid cleavage. Although both agents in combination also induced cytochrome c and Smac release from mitochondria into cytosol and activated caspase-9 in Bax-proficient cells, their effects on these events were significantly diminished in Bax-deficient cells. These results suggest that Bax is not absolutely required for death receptor 5-dependent apoptotic signals and MG132 by upregulating DR5 effectively cooperates with Apo2L/TRAIL to overcome Bax deficiency-induced resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL. Our results have important clinical implications in that the use of Apo2L/TRAIL and proteasome inhibitors in combination could prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy to manage the Apo2L/TRAIL-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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18
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Gentry JJ, Rutkoski NJ, Burke TL, Carter BD. A Functional Interaction between the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Interacting Factors, TRAF6 and NRIF. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:16646-56. [PMID: 14960584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309209200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor regulates apoptosis within the nervous system both during development and in response to injury. Whereas a number of p75 interacting factors have been identified, how these upstream factors function in a coordinated manner to mediate receptor signaling is still unclear. Here, we report a functional interaction between TRAF6 and the neurotrophin receptor interacting factor (NRIF), two proteins known to associate with the intracellular domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. The association between NRIF and TRAF6 was direct and occurred with both endogenous and ectopically expressed proteins. A KRAB repressor domain of NRIF and the carboxyl-terminal, receptor-binding region of TRAF6 were required for the interaction. Co-expression of TRAF6 increased the levels of NRIF protein and induced its nuclear translocation. Reciprocally, NRIF enhanced TRAF6-mediated activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by 3-fold, while only modestly increasing the stimulation of NF-kappaB. The expression of both NRIF and TRAF6 was required for reconstituting p75 activation of JNK in HEK293 cells, whereas NRIF mutants lacking the TRAF6 interaction domain were unable to substitute for the full-length protein in facilitating activation of the kinase. These results suggest that NRIF and TRAF6 functionally interact to facilitate neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether chondrocyte apoptosis occurs during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in the STR/ort mouse model of OA. METHODS Serial cryostat sections were cut (10 microns) through the knee joint of young and old male STR/ort mice and graded for the severity of OA lesions. Age- and sex-matched CBA mice were used as controls. Apoptotic chondrocytes were detected using the TUNEL assay. Ultrastructural changes were examined using electron microscopy (EM). Expression of biochemical markers associated with apoptosis (bax, bcl-2 and caspases-3, -8 & -9) was investigated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS TUNEL assays on histological sections of STR/ort knee joints showed that the number of TUNEL-positive chondrocytes in the tibial medial articular cartilage correlated with the severity of the OA damage. These cells were located close to the lesional area. Only very occasional TUNEL positive chondrocytes were detected in either morphologically normal STR/ort cartilage or in control CBA cartilage. Ultrastructural analysis of chondrocytes neighboring focal osteoarthritic lesions in STR/ort tibial cartilage revealed an abundance of abnormal cells exhibiting numerous morphological changes. These resembled, but in some cases differed, from changes reported in classical apoptosis. The changes include abnormal distribution of chromatin, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and deposition of cell remnants (apoptotic bodies) in the lacuna space. Despite the TUNEL and EM changes, immunohistochemistry failed to detect any changes in the ratio of bax to bcl-2 in tibial chondrocytes of STR/ort mice. Both bcl-2 and bax levels decreased with age in morphologically normal STR/ort and control CBA cartilage. None of the caspases tested for was detected in tibial chondrocytes of either strain. CONCLUSION Chondrocyte cell death is correlated with the progression of OA in STR/ort mice and has many of the morphological characteristics of classical apoptosis. Absence of changes in bax to bcl-2 ratio in STR/ort chondrocytes indicate that the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is unlikely to be involved. Failure to detect caspases could be due to low levels of enzyme expression, expression within a very brief time period, or to a caspase-independent mechanism of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mistry
- Department of Experimental Biology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
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20
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Sheikh MS, Huang Y. TRAIL Death Receptors, Bcl-2 Protein Family, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Pool. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2004; 67:169-88. [PMID: 15110177 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(04)67010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) is one of the highly versatile second messengers critical in cellular pathophysiology. Alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis affect many cellular processes, including apoptosis. Recent studies have started to unravel the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in context to intracellular Ca(2+) pools. In this regard, Bcl-2 has been reported to mediate its anti-apoptotic effects, partly, by lowering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) load and by inhibiting the mitochondrial uptake of Ca(2+). However, the opposite is true for Bax and Bak that promote apoptosis, in part, by increasing the ER Ca(2+) load and Ca(2+) transfer from the ER to mitochondria. Massive ER Ca(2+) depletion coupled with upregulation of DR5 has also been reported to induce apoptosis. The mechanistic details of how some of these molecules affect intracellular Ca(2+) contents and sense perturbations in Ca(2+) homeostasis remain to be elucidated. The recent explosion of information in the fields of cell signaling and apoptosis is likely to facilitate the future investigations aiming to explore these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saeed Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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21
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Macdonald NJ, Delderfield SM, Zhang W, Taglialatela G. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha- vs. growth factor deprivation-promoted cell death: distinct converging pathways. Aging Cell 2003; 2:245-56. [PMID: 14570232 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations of neuronal physiological homeostasis are likely to underscore neuronal demise/impairments that are reportedly associated with aging of the central nervous system and age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of age- and/or disease-associated neurotoxic events has been described. These include abnormally modified proteins such as beta amyloid and hyper-phosphorylated Tau, cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), high levels of free radicals conducive to oxidative stress, and impaired/decreased neuronal trophic support by neurotrophic factors. Overall, it could be argued that toxic events in the aged brain are either active, such as those due to a direct action of cytokines, or passive, such as those due to lack of growth factor support. It is therefore conceivable that cellular responses to such diverse toxic stimuli are different, suggesting that interventions should be targeted accordingly. In order to begin answering this question, we determined in PC12 cells the time course of activity, in response to TNFalpha (active) or growth factor withdrawal (passive), of protein kinase c-zeta (PKCzeta), nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB), caspases 3 and 8, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), key signal transduction elements associated with modulation of cell death/survival in PC12 cells. We found that the overall activity of PKCzeta, NFkappaB and caspase 8 was significantly different depending on the apoptotic initiator. The pattern of caspase 3 and PARP activity, however, was not statistically different between serum-free- and TNFalpha-induced cell death conditions. This suggests that two distinct cell responses are elicited that converge at caspase 3, which then induces downstream events involved in the execution of a common apoptotic programme. These results contribute to the aim of differentially targeting neuronal death in the aged brain (characterized by neurotrophic factor impairments) or in the diseased brain (e.g. AD, characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Macdonald
- Marine Biomedical Institute-Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550-1043, USA
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22
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Jun YT, Kim HJ, Song MJ, Lim JH, Lee DG, Han KJ, Choi SM, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Choi JH. In vitro effects of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin on apoptosis of jurkat T lymphocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1161-4. [PMID: 12604563 PMCID: PMC149341 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.3.1161-1164.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2001] [Revised: 09/02/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and roxithromycin (RXM) induced apoptosis of activated Jurkat T cells in vitro. CPFX showed concentration-dependent acceleration of apoptosis of activated Jurkat T cells by enhancing the expression of FasL and activities of caspase-3 and -8. RXM accelerated cell death, enhanced expression of FasL and caspase-3 but not caspase-8, and did not show the concentration dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Taek Jun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Ueki A, Isozaki Y, Tomokuni A, Hatayama T, Ueki H, Kusaka M, Shiwa M, Arikuni H, Takeshita T, Morimoto K. Intramolecular epitope spreading among anti-caspase-8 autoantibodies in patients with silicosis, systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as in healthy individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 129:556-61. [PMID: 12197899 PMCID: PMC1906472 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis through the Fas-Fas ligand pathway is relevant in autoimmune disease onset. We recently reported elevated serum levels of sFas in patients with silicosis, systemic sclerosis (SSC) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and proposed a block of apoptosis in the pathogenesis. The disturbance of apoptosis in lymphocytes including autoreactive clones could induce autoantibody production. Since autoantibodies directed against unknown antigens are present in the sera of these patients, the sera samples were examined for the presence of autoantibodies directed to caspase-8. Using Western blotting, autoantibodies against caspase-8 were detected in healthy individuals and in over 60% of patients. Using epitope mapping employing 12 amino acid polypeptides with SPOTs system, a minimum of 4 epitopes and a maximum of 13 were found, which implied that epitope spreading was in progress. It is noteworthy that two important catalytic cystein residues were included within the epitopes; firstly the active site cystein Cys287, and secondly Cys360 located in the unique pentapeptide motif QACQG. Using recombinant human caspase-8 linked protein chip array, autoantibodies were identified and molecular weight determined. The antibodies were mainly IgG; 80% were subclass IgG1(lambda); 20% were IgG4(kappa). Despite the ratio of human light chain kappa:lambda = 2:1, the predominance of IgG1(lambda) is noticeable. Anti-caspase-8 autoantibodies are detectable in healthy individuals and in patients suffering silicosis, SSc or SLE. A few epitopes were detected in healthy individuals compared to those suffering autoimmune diseases, indicating the intramolecular epitope spreading. Relationship of autoantibodies and the clinical background of the patients requires clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ueki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
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24
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Bai O, Wei Z, Lu W, Bowen R, Keegan D, Li XM. Protective effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on PC12 cells after serum withdrawal. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:278-83. [PMID: 12111809 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic drugs are widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, and clinical evidence has shown that early and prolonged intervention with these drugs will improve the long-term outcome. It is still unclear, however, whether the atypical antipsychotic drugs are also neuroprotective. To clarify this matter, we used PC12 cell cultures and the MTT assay for cell viability to determine whether various concentrations of the atypical antipsychotics clozapine, quetiapine, and risperidone are neuroprotective after serum withdrawal. In addition, to explore the drugs' actions, Northern blot was used to examine the gene expression of SOD1 (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase) and p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor). The results demonstrated that 1) the antipsychotic drugs can protect PC12 cells from death after serum withdrawal; cell viability in these drug treatment groups is significantly different from that in the groups without serum in the medium (P < 0.01); and 2) these drugs up-regulated the SOD1 gene expression to more than 120% (P < 0.05) and also down-regulated p75NTR mRNA levels to less than 65% of their respective control values (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the atypical antipsychotics clozapine, quetiapine, and risperidone may exert a neuroprotective function through the modulation of SOD1 and p75NTR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Bai
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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25
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De Wilde G, Mertens N, Boone E, De Vreese B, Van Beeumen J, Fiers W, Haegeman G. Expression in Escherichia coli of the death domain of the human p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 23:226-32. [PMID: 11676596 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-RI) is the main receptor by which TNF exerts its effects. The signaling capacity largely depends on the presence of an intact C-terminal protein-protein interaction domain, a so-called death domain (DD). Here we report the expression and purification of the human TNF-RI DD as a fusion with the Escherichia coli thioredoxin A (TRX) protein. When expressed under control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter, TRX-DD accumulates as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm of E. coli. The TRX-DD protein was released from the cells into the periplasmic fraction after osmotic shock. Due to self-association of the DD, a large part of the material appeared as multimers; it could be removed by selective precipitation and a combination of ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. This purification protocol yielded 30 mg of purified, monomeric protein from 1 liter of shake-flask culture. The purified TRX-DD was found to be functional as it still bound to the TNF-RI-associated DD protein and the intracellular part of TNF-RI. We conclude that TRX-DD is correctly folded and can be used for further structure/function analysis.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/isolation & purification
- Cloning, Molecular
- Escherichia coli
- Humans
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Thioredoxins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Wilde
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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26
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Frankel SK, Van Linden AA, Riches DW. Heterogeneity in the phosphorylation of human death receptors by p42(mapk/erk2). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:313-20. [PMID: 11606045 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of murine CD120a by p42(mapk/erk2) has been shown to inhibit its ability to initiate apoptosis while preserving signaling events such as NF-kappaB activation. Therefore, we sought to determine if p42(mapk/erk2) was also capable of phosphorylating additional human death receptors within the TNF receptor superfamily. These studies showed that CD120a and DR3 are significantly phosphorylated by p42(mapk/erk2) but Fas, DR4 and DR5 are not. Additionally, we demonstrated that (i) the p42(mapk/erk2)-dependent phosphorylation of CD120a and DR3 occurred on Ser and Thr residues, (ii) p42(mapk/erk2) phosphorylated residues located in the membrane proximal regions but not the death domains of CD120a and DR3, (iii) Ser 253 is a preferred site of phosphorylation on CD120a, and (iv) the p42(mapk/erk2)-dependent phosphorylation of the DR3 cytoplasmic domain occurred exclusively at non-p42/44(mapk/erk2/1) consensus sites. These findings suggest that human death receptors segregate into two groups along lines of phylogeny with respect to Ser/Thr phosphorylation by p42(mapk/erk2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Frankel
- Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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27
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Wang X, Bauer JH, Li Y, Shao Z, Zetoune FS, Cattaneo E, Vincenz C. Characterization of a p75(NTR) apoptotic signaling pathway using a novel cellular model. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33812-20. [PMID: 11451944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010548200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. In some cells derived from neuronal tissues it causes cell death through a poorly characterized pathway. We developed a neuronal system using conditionally immortalized striatal neurons, in which the expression of p75(NTR) is inducibly controlled by the ecdysone receptor. In these cells p75(NTR) induces apoptosis through its death domain in a nerve growth factor-independent manner. Caspases 9, 6, and 3 are activated by receptor expression indicating the activation of the common effector pathway of apoptosis. Cell death is blocked by a dominant negative form of caspase 9 and Bcl-X(L) consistent with a pathway that involves mitochondria. Significantly, the viral flice inhibitory protein E8 protects from p75(NTR)-induced cell death indicating that death effector domains are involved. A p75(NTR) construct with a deleted death domain dominantly interferes with p75(NTR) signaling, implying that receptor multimerization is required. However, in contrast to the other receptors of the family, p75(NTR)-mediated apoptosis does not involve the adaptor proteins Fas-associated death domain protein or tumor necrosis factor-associated death domain protein, and the apical caspase 8 is not activated. We conclude that p75(NTR) signals apoptosis by similar mechanisms as other death receptors but uses different adaptors and apical caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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28
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Abstract
NK cells have the ability to destroy tumor cells by two main cytotoxic pathways, the well-known perforin/granzyme-mediated secretory/necrotic killing and the newly defined TNF family ligand-mediated apoptotic killing. The former mechanism is operative mainly against a few cultured leukemia cell targets, while the latter mediates substantial activity against most tumor cell targets. It also appears from emerging data that the apoptotic mechanism is the main antitumor pathway in vito. This review is focused on the apoptotic mechanism of killing, the molecules and cell signaling pathways involved in this process, and its potential biologic significance along with its relation to the secretory/necrotic cytolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Vujanovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA 15213, USA.
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29
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Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(01)05011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Vattemi G, Tonin P, Filosto M, Spagnolo M, Rizzuto N, Tomelleri G. T-cell anti-apoptotic mechanisms in inflammatory myopathies. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 111:146-51. [PMID: 11063832 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown an up-regulation of the Fas/Fas ligand system in inflammatory myopathies. In myositis, however, the major Fas-mediated cytotoxicity which activates caspases bypasses apoptosis. We therefore evaluated the expression of proteins promoting cell survival, such as bcl-2, bcl-x(l) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, on muscle biopsies from 14 patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis and HIV-associated myositis. Our data demonstrate that inflammatory cells are immunoreactive for bcl-x(l), p16 and p57, three apoptosis-preventing proteins. Hence, we assume that these proteins might protect T cells from apoptotic nuclear changes. Our results could explain the non-self-limiting nature of inflammatory myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vattemi
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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31
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Lüschen S, Ussat S, Scherer G, Kabelitz D, Adam-Klages S. Sensitization to death receptor cytotoxicity by inhibition of fas-associated death domain protein (FADD)/caspase signaling. Requirement of cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:24670-8. [PMID: 10827087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon binding of their ligands, death receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family initiate a signaling pathway leading to the activation of caspases and ultimately apoptosis. TNF, however, in parallel elicits survival signals, protecting many cell types from cell death that can only be induced by combined treatment with TNF and inhibitors of protein synthesis. Here, we report that in NIH3T3 cells, apoptosis in response TNF and cycloheximide is not inhibited by the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD. fmk). Moreover, treatment with zVAD.fmk sensitizes the cells to the cytotoxic action of TNF. Sensitization was also achieved by overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of Fas-associated death domain protein and, to a lesser extent, by specific inhibition of caspase-8. A similar, but weaker sensitization of zVAD.fmk to treatment with the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or anti-CD95 antibody was demonstrated. The unexpected cell death in response to TNF and caspase inhibition occurs despite the activation of nuclear factor kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. The mode of cell death shows several signs of apoptosis including DNA fragmentation, although activation of caspase-3 was excluded. TNF/zVAD.fmk-induced cell death is preceded by an accumulation of cells in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle, indicating an important role of cell cycle progression. This hypothesis is further strengthened by the observation that arresting the cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle inhibited TNF/zVAD.fmk-induced cell death, whereas blocking them in the G(2)/M phase augmented it.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lüschen
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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32
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Phelps E, Wu P, Bretz J, Baker JR. Thyroid cell apoptosis. A new understanding of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2000; 29:375-88, viii. [PMID: 10874535 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated mechanism of cell death involved in normal development, immune regulation, and homeostasis. Abnormal apoptotic activity has been implicated in a variety of diseases including cancer, autoimmunity, and degenerative disorders. In the thyroid, altered cell death may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Apoptosis-signaling pathways can be initiated through activation of death receptors or in response to cellular damage, such as in gamma irradiation. It has been demonstrated that Fas, tumor necrosis factor, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand pathways are present and functional in the thyroid, although the expression of these molecules and their roles in thyroid autoimmunity have been debated. Thyroid apoptosis is regulated at multiple levels, including receptor and ligand expression, and the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, such as FAP-1 and Bcl-2. These factors may provide potential mechanisms for modifying the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Phelps
- Division of Allergy, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential physiological process by which multicellular organisms eliminate superfluous cells. An expanding family of Bcl-2 proteins plays a pivotal role in the decision step of apoptosis, and the differential expression of Bcl-2 members and their binding proteins allows the regulation of apoptosis in a tissue-specific manner mediated by diverse extra- and intracellular signals. The Bcl-2 proteins can be divided into three subgroups: 1) antiapoptotic proteins with multiple Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains and a transmembrane region, 2) proapoptotic proteins with the same structure but missing the BH4 domain, and 3) proapoptotic ligands with only the BH3 domain. In the mammalian ovary, a high rate of follicular cell apoptosis continues during reproductive life. With the use of the yeast two-hybrid system, the characterization of ovarian Bcl-2 genes serves as a paradigm to understand apoptosis regulation in a tissue-specific manner. We identified Mcl-1 as the main ovarian antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, the novel Bok (Bcl-2-related ovarian killer) as the proapoptotic protein, as well as BOD (Bcl-2-related ovarian death agonist) and BAD as the proapoptotic ligands. The activity of the proapoptotic ligand BAD is regulated by upstream follicle survival factors through its binding to constitutively expressed 14-3-3 or hormone-induced P11. In contrast, the channel-forming Mcl-1 and Bok regulate cytochrome c release and, together with the recently discovered Diva/Boo, control downstream apoptosis-activating factor (Apaf)-1 homologs and caspases. Elucidation of the role of Bcl-2 members and their interacting proteins in the tissue-specific regulation of apoptosis could facilitate an understanding of normal physiology and allow the development of new therapeutic approaches for pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Hsu
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA
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Herbein G, O'Brien WA. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF receptors in viral pathogenesis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000. [PMID: 10719836 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF receptors (TNFR) are members of the growing TNF ligand and receptor families that are involved in immune regulation. The present report will focus on the role of the prototypic ligand TNF and its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, in viral pathogenesis. Although TNF was reported years ago to modulate viral infections, recent findings on the molecular pathways involved in TNFR signaling have allowed a better understanding of the molecular interactions between cellular and viral factors within the infected cell. The interactions of viral proteins with intracellular components downstream of the TNFR have highlighted at the molecular level how viruses can manipulate the cellular machinery to escape the immune response and to favor the spread of the infection. We will review here the role of TNF and TNFR in immune response and the role of TNF and TNFR signaling in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herbein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0835, USA.
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Fiers W, Beyaert R, Declercq W, Vandenabeele P. More than one way to die: apoptosis, necrosis and reactive oxygen damage. Oncogene 1999; 18:7719-30. [PMID: 10618712 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is an essential phenomenon in normal development and homeostasis, but also plays a crucial role in various pathologies. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved has increased exponentially, although it is still far from complete. The morphological features of a cell dying either by apoptosis or by necrosis are remarkably conserved for quite different cell types derived from lower or higher organisms. At the molecular level, several gene products play a similar, crucial role in a major cell death pathway in a worm and in man. However, one should not oversimplify. It is now evident that there are multiple pathways leading to cell death, and some cells may have the required components for one pathway, but not for another, or contain endogenous inhibitors which preclude a particular pathway. Furthermore, different pathways can co-exist in the same cell and are switched on by specific stimuli. Apoptotic cell death, reported to be non-inflammatory, and necrotic cell death, which may be inflammatory, are two extremes, while the real situation is usually more complex. We here review the distinguishing features of the various cell death pathways: caspases (cysteine proteases cleaving after particular aspartate residues), mitochondria and/or reactive oxygen species are often, but not always, key components. As these various caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death pathways are becoming better characterized, we may learn to differentiate them, fill in the many gaps in our understanding, and perhaps exploit the knowledge acquired for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fiers
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Ghent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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37
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Darnay BG, Aggarwal BB. Signal transduction by tumour necrosis factor and tumour necrosis factor related ligands and their receptors. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58 Suppl 1:I2-I13. [PMID: 10577967 PMCID: PMC1766589 DOI: 10.1136/ard.58.2008.i2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B G Darnay
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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38
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Abstract
Caspases are cysteine proteases that are specific for aspastic acid residues. These enzymes have been extensively characterized as integral and highly conserved components of a variety of cell death programs. Cowpox and several insect viruses have evolved mechanisms that counter host cell suicide by encoding proteins that directly inhibit caspases-thereby allowing propagation of viral progeny within the host cell. It has only recently been elucidated, however, that endogenous cellular inhibitors of the caspases exist. To date five members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins has been identified in humans and at least three of these have been shown directly to inhibit specific caspases. Thus, members of the IAP family of proteins are the only endogenous inhibitors of caspases known in mammals. Here we discuss the caspase and IAP families of proteins and review the data concerning their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Deveraux
- The Burnham Institute, Program on Apoptosis & Cell Death Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Pazdernik NJ, Donner DB, Goebl MG, Harrington MA. Mouse receptor interacting protein 3 does not contain a caspase-recruiting or a death domain but induces apoptosis and activates NF-kappaB. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:6500-8. [PMID: 10490590 PMCID: PMC84620 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.10.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/1999] [Accepted: 06/29/1999] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The death domain-containing receptor superfamily and their respective downstream mediators control whether or not cells initiate apoptosis or activate NF-kappaB, events critical for proper immune system function. A screen for upstream activators of NF-kappaB identified a novel serine-threonine kinase capable of activating NF-kappaB and inducing apoptosis. Based upon domain organization and sequence similarity, this novel kinase, named mRIP3 (mouse receptor interacting protein 3), appears to be a new RIP family member. RIP, RIP2, and mRIP3 contain an N-terminal kinase domain that share 30 to 40% homology. In contrast to the C-terminal death domain found in RIP or the C-terminal caspase-recruiting domain found in RIP2, the C-terminal tail of mRIP3 contains neither motif and is unique. Despite this feature, overexpression of the mRIP3 C terminus is sufficient to induce apoptosis, suggesting that mRIP3 uses a novel mechanism to induce death. mRIP3 also induced NF-kappaB activity which was inhibited by overexpression of either dominant-negative NIK or dominant-negative TRAF2. In vitro kinase assays demonstrate that mRIP3 is catalytically active and has autophosphorylation site(s) in the C-terminal domain, but the mRIP3 catalytic activity is not required for mRIP3 induced apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation. Unlike RIP and RIP2, mRIP3 mRNA is expressed in a subset of adult tissues and is thus likely to be a tissue-specific regulator of apoptosis and NF-kappaB activity. While the lack of a dominant-negative mutant precludes linking mRIP3 to a known upstream regulator, characterizing the expression pattern and the in vitro functions of mRIP3 provides insight into the mechanism(s) by which cells modulate the balance between survival and death in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Pazdernik
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Hickman MJ, Samson LD. Role of DNA mismatch repair and p53 in signaling induction of apoptosis by alkylating agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:10764-9. [PMID: 10485900 PMCID: PMC17957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.19.10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells are unavoidably exposed to chemicals that can alkylate DNA to form genotoxic damage. Among the various DNA lesions formed, O(6)-alkylguanine lesions can be highly cytotoxic, and we recently demonstrated that O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)MeG) and O(6)-chloroethylguanine (O(6)CEG) specifically initiate apoptosis in hamster cells. Here we show, in both hamster and human cells, that the MutSalpha branch of the DNA mismatch repair pathway (but not the MutSbeta branch) is absolutely required for signaling the initiation of apoptosis in response to O(6)MeGs and is partially required for signaling apoptosis in response to O(6)CEGs. Further, O(6)MeG lesions signal the stabilization of the p53 tumor suppressor, and such signaling is also MutSalpha-dependent. Despite this, MutSalpha-dependent apoptosis can be executed in a p53-independent manner. DNA mismatch repair status did not influence the response of cells to other inducers of p53 and apoptosis. Thus, it appears that mismatch repair status, rather than p53 status, is a strong indicator of the susceptibility of cells to alkylation-induced apoptosis. This experimental system will allow dissection of the signal transduction events that couple a specific type of DNA base lesion with the final outcome of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hickman
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Toxicology Division, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mukhopadhyay A, Ni J, Zhai Y, Yu GL, Aggarwal BB. Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine, THANK, a TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:15978-81. [PMID: 10347144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.23.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
By using the amino acid sequence motif of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), we searched the expressed sequence tag data base and identified a novel full-length cDNA encoding 285 amino acid residues and named it THANK. THANK is a type II transmembrane protein with 15-20% overall amino acid sequence homology to TNF, LT-alpha, FasL, and LIGHT, all members of the TNF family. The mRNA for THANK was expressed at high levels by peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph node, spleen, and thymus and at low levels by small intestine, pancreas, placenta, and lungs. THANK was also prominently expressed in hematopoietic cell lines. The recombinant purified protein expressed in the baculovirus system had an approximate molecular size 20 kDa with amino-terminal sequence of AVQGP. Treatment of human myeloid U937 cells with purified THANK activated nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) consisting of p50 and p65. Activation was time- and dose-dependent, beginning with as little as a 1 pM amount of the cytokines and as early as 15 min. Under the same conditions, THANK also activated c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in U937 cells. THANK also strongly suppressed the growth of tumor cell lines and activated caspase-3. Although THANK had all the activities and potency of TNF, it did not bind to the TNF receptors. Thus our results indicate that THANK is a novel cytokine that belongs to the TNF family and activates apoptosis, NF-kappaB, and JNK through a distinct receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukhopadhyay
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Jackson CE, Fischer RE, Hsu AP, Anderson SM, Choi Y, Wang J, Dale JK, Fleisher TA, Middelton LA, Sneller MC, Lenardo MJ, Straus SE, Puck JM. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with defective Fas: genotype influences penetrance. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1002-14. [PMID: 10090885 PMCID: PMC1377824 DOI: 10.1086/302333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of lymphocyte homeostasis and immunological tolerance. Most patients have a heterozygous mutation in the APT1 gene, which encodes Fas (CD95, APO-1), mediator of an apoptotic pathway crucial to lymphocyte homeostasis. Of 17 unique APT1 mutations in unrelated ALPS probands, 12 (71%) occurred in exons 7-9, which encode the intracellular portion of Fas. In vitro, activated lymphocytes from all 17 patients showed apoptotic defects when exposed to an anti-Fas agonist monoclonal antibody. Similar defects were found in a Fas-negative cell line transfected with cDNAs bearing each of the mutations. In cotransfection experiments, Fas constructs with either intra- or extracellular mutations caused dominant inhibition of apoptosis mediated by wild-type Fas. Two missense Fas variants, not restricted to patients with ALPS, were identified. Variant A(-1)T at the Fas signal-sequence cleavage site, which mediates apoptosis less well than wild-type Fas and is partially inhibitory, was present in 13% of African American alleles. Among the ALPS-associated Fas mutants, dominant inhibition of apoptosis was much more pronounced in mutants affecting the intracellular, versus extracellular, portion of the Fas receptor. Mutations causing disruption of the intracellular Fas death domain also showed a higher penetrance of ALPS phenotype features in mutation-bearing relatives. Significant ALPS-related morbidity occurred in 44% of relatives with intracellular mutations, versus 0% of relatives with extracellular mutations. Thus, the location of mutations within APT1 strongly influences the development and the severity of ALPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Jackson
- Branches of Genetics and Molecular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Darnay BG, Haridas V, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB. Characterization of the intracellular domain of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK). Interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors and activation of NF-kappab and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:20551-5. [PMID: 9685412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.32.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily interact directly with signaling molecules of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family to activate nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. The receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK), a recently described TNF receptor family member, and its ligand, RANKL, promote survival of dendritic cells and differentiation of osteoclasts. RANK contains 383 amino acids in its intracellular domain (residues 234-616), which contain three putative TRAF-binding domains (termed I, II, and III). In this study, we set out to identify the region of RANK needed for interaction with TRAF molecules and for stimulation of NF-kappaB and JNK activity. We constructed epitope-tagged RANK (F-RANK616) and three C-terminal truncations, F-RANK330, F-RANK427, and F-RANK530, lacking 85, 188, and 285 amino acids, respectively. From this deletion analysis, we determined that TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 interact with RANK at its C-terminal 85-amino acid tail; the binding affinity appeared to be in the order of TRAF2 > TRAF5 > TRAF6. Furthermore, overexpression of RANK stimulated JNK and NF-kappaB activation. When the C-terminal tail, which is necessary for TRAF binding, was deleted, the truncated RANK receptor was still capable of stimulating JNK activity but not NF-kappaB, suggesting that interaction with TRAFs is necessary for NF-kappaB activation but not necessary for activation of the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Darnay
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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