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Brunel S, Picarda G, Gupta A, Ghosh R, McDonald B, El Morabiti R, Jiang W, Greenbaum JA, Adler B, Seumois G, Croft M, Vijayanand P, Benedict CA. Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve mouse cytomegalovirus persistent replication in the salivary gland. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011852. [PMID: 38236791 PMCID: PMC10796040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional antiviral memory CD4 T cells typically arise during the first two weeks of acute infection. Unlike most viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibits an extended persistent replication phase followed by lifelong latency accompanied with some gene expression. We show that during mouse CMV (MCMV) infection, CD4 T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the viral M09 protein only develop after conventional memory T cells have already peaked and contracted. Ablating these CD4 T cells by mutating the M09 genomic epitope in the MCMV Smith strain, or inducing them by introducing the epitope into the K181 strain, resulted in delayed or enhanced control of viral persistence, respectively. These cells were shown to be unique compared to their conventional memory counterparts; producing higher IFNγ and IL-2 and lower IL-10 levels. RNAseq analyses revealed them to express distinct subsets of effector genes as compared to classical CD4 T cells. Additionally, when M09 cells were induced by epitope vaccination they significantly enhanced protection when compared to conventional CD4 T cells alone. These data show that late-rising CD4 T cells are a unique memory subset with excellent protective capacities that display a development program strongly differing from the majority of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brunel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gaelle Picarda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raima Ghosh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenjin Jiang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- LJI Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Vaccine Vectors Harnessing the Power of Cytomegaloviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040152. [PMID: 31627457 PMCID: PMC6963789 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) species have been gaining attention as experimental vaccine vectors inducing cellular immune responses of unparalleled strength and protection. This review outline the strengths and the restrictions of CMV-based vectors, in light of the known aspects of CMV infection, pathogenicity and immunity. We discuss aspects to be considered when optimizing CMV based vaccines, including the innate immune response, the adaptive humoral immunity and the T-cell responses. We also discuss the antigenic epitopes presented by unconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in some CMV delivery systems and considerations about routes for delivery for the induction of systemic or mucosal immune responses. With the first clinical trials initiating, CMV-based vaccine vectors are entering a mature phase of development. This impetus needs to be maintained by scientific advances that feed the progress of this technological platform.
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Picarda G, Benedict CA. Cytomegalovirus: Shape-Shifting the Immune System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3881-3889. [PMID: 29866770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems-based based approaches have begun to shed light on extrinsic factors that contribute to immune system variation. Among these, CMV (HHV-5, a β-herpesvirus) imposes a surprisingly profound impact. Most of the world's population is CMV+, and the virus goes through three distinct infection phases en route to establishing lifelong détente with its host. Immune control of CMV in each phase recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immune-modulatory strategies that help facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence. In this review, we explain how CMV shapes immunity and discuss the impact it may have on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Picarda
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and .,Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Galinato M, Shimoda K, Aguiar A, Hennig F, Boffelli D, McVoy MA, Hertel L. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of CD34 + Stem Cell-Derived Myeloid Cells Infected With Human Cytomegalovirus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:577. [PMID: 30949159 PMCID: PMC6437045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells are important sites of lytic and latent infection by human cytomegalovirus (CMV). We previously showed that only a small subset of myeloid cells differentiated from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells is permissive to CMV replication, underscoring the heterogeneous nature of these populations. The exact identity of resistant and permissive cell types, and the cellular features characterizing the latter, however, could not be dissected using averaging transcriptional analysis tools such as microarrays and, hence, remained enigmatic. Here, we profile the transcriptomes of ∼7000 individual cells at day 1 post-infection using the 10× genomics platform. We show that viral transcripts are detectable in the majority of the cells, suggesting that virion entry is unlikely to be the main target of cellular restriction mechanisms. We further show that viral replication occurs in a small but specific sub-group of cells transcriptionally related to, and likely derived from, a cluster of cells expressing markers of Colony Forming Unit – Granulocyte, Erythrocyte, Monocyte, Megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM) oligopotent progenitors. Compared to the remainder of the population, CFU-GEMM cells are enriched in transcripts with functions in mitochondrial energy production, cell proliferation, RNA processing and protein synthesis, and express similar or higher levels of interferon-related genes. While expression levels of the former are maintained in infected cells, the latter are strongly down-regulated. We thus propose that the preferential infection of CFU-GEMM cells may be due to the presence of a pre-established pro-viral environment, requiring minimal optimization efforts from viral effectors, rather than to the absence of specific restriction factors. Together, these findings identify a potentially new population of myeloid cells permissive to CMV replication, and provide a possible rationale for their preferential infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Galinato
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Kristen Shimoda
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Aguiar
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Fiona Hennig
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Michael A McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Laura Hertel
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
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5
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cGAS-STING Signaling Regulates Initial Innate Control of Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7789-97. [PMID: 27334590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01040-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several innate sensing pathways contribute to the control of early cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, leading to a multiphasic type I interferon (IFN-I) response that limits viral replication and promotes host defenses. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent pathways induce IFN-I production in CMV-infected plasmacytoid dendritic cells; however, the initial burst of IFN-I that occurs within the first few hours in vivo is TLR independent and emanates from stromal cells. Here we show that primary human endothelial cells mount robust IFN-I responses to human CMV that are dependent upon cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), STING, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling. Disruption of STING expression in endothelial cells by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 revealed that it is essential for the induction of IFN-I and restriction of CMV replication. Consistently, STING was necessary to mount the first phase of IFN-I production and curb CMV replication in infected mice. Thus, DNA sensing through STING is critical for primary detection of both human and mouse CMV in nonhematopoietic cells and drives the initial wave of IFN-I that is key for controlling early viral replication in vivo. IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common viral pathogens, with the majority of people contracting the virus in their lifetime. Although acute infection is mostly asymptomatic in healthy persons, significant pathology is observed in immunocompromised individuals, and chronic CMV infection may exacerbate a myriad of inflammatory conditions. Here we show that primary human endothelial cells mount robust IFN-I responses against CMV via a cGAS/STING/IRF3 pathway. Disruption of STING expression by CRISPRs revealed an essential role in eliciting IFN-I responses and restricting CMV replication. Consistently, in mice, STING is necessary for the first phase of IFN-I production that limits early CMV replication. Our results demonstrate a pivotal role for the cGAS-STING pathway in the initial detection of CMV infection.
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Haynes LD, Verma S, McDonald B, Wu R, Tacke R, Nowyhed HN, Ekstein J, Feuvrier A, Benedict CA, Hedrick CC. Cardif (MAVS) Regulates the Maturation of NK Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:2157-67. [PMID: 26232430 PMCID: PMC4709023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardif, also known as IPS-1, VISA, and MAVS, is an intracellular adaptor protein that functions downstream of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I family of pattern recognition receptors. Cardif is required for the production of type I IFNs and other inflammatory cytokines after retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors recognize intracellular antigenic RNA. Studies have recently shown that Cardif may have other roles in the immune system in addition to its role in viral immunity. In this study, we find that the absence of Cardif alters normal NK cell development and maturation. Cardif(-/-) mice have a 35% loss of mature CD27(-)CD11b(+) NK cells in the periphery. In addition, Cardif(-/-) NK cells have altered surface marker expression, lower cytotoxicity, decreased intracellular STAT1 levels, increased apoptosis, and decreased proliferation compared with wild-type NK cells. Mixed chimeric mice revealed that the defective maturation and increased apoptotic rate of peripheral Cardif(-/-) NK cells is cell intrinsic. However, Cardif(-/-) mice showed enhanced control of mouse CMV (a DNA β-herpesvirus) by NK cells, commensurate with increased activation and IFN-γ production by these immature NK cell subsets. These results indicate that the skewed differentiation and altered STAT expression of Cardif(-/-) NK cells can result in their hyperresponsiveness in some settings and support recent findings that Cardif-dependent signaling can regulate aspects of immune cell development and/or function distinct from its well-characterized role in mediating cell-intrinsic defense to RNA viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTeira D Haynes
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Shilpi Verma
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Robert Tacke
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Heba N Nowyhed
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Jennifer Ekstein
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Ariana Feuvrier
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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Mahmoud ME, Ui F, Salman D, Nishimura M, Nishikawa Y. Mechanisms of interferon-beta-induced inhibition ofToxoplasma gondiigrowth in murine macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts: role of immunity-related GTPase M1. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1069-83. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Department of Animal Behavior; Management; Genetics and Breeding; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sohag University; Sohag City Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Fumiki Ui
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Doaa Salman
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Sohag University; Sohag City Sohag 82524 Egypt
| | - Maki Nishimura
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Inada-cho Obihiro Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
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Verma S, Loewendorf A, Wang Q, McDonald B, Redwood A, Benedict CA. Inhibition of the TRAIL death receptor by CMV reveals its importance in NK cell-mediated antiviral defense. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004268. [PMID: 25122141 PMCID: PMC4133390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors (DR) regulate apoptosis and inflammation, but their role in antiviral defense is poorly understood. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) encode many immune-modulatory genes that shape host immunity, and they utilize multiple strategies to target the TNF-family cytokines. Here we show that the m166 open reading frame (orf) of mouse CMV (MCMV) is strictly required to inhibit expression of TRAIL-DR in infected cells. An MCMV mutant lacking m166 expression (m166stop) is severely compromised for replication in vivo, most notably in the liver, and depleting natural killer (NK) cells, or infecting TRAIL-DR-/- mice, restored MCMV-m166stop replication completely. These results highlight the critical importance for CMV to have evolved a strategy to inhibit TRAIL-DR signaling to thwart NK-mediated defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Verma
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Loewendorf
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qiao Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alec Redwood
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mocarski ES, Kaiser WJ, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Upton JW, Daley-Bauer LP. True grit: programmed necrosis in antiviral host defense, inflammation, and immunogenicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2019-26. [PMID: 24563506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis mediated by receptor interacting protein kinase (RIP)3 (also called RIPK3) has emerged as an alternate death pathway triggered by TNF family death receptors, pathogen sensors, IFNRs, Ag-specific TCR activation, and genotoxic stress. Necrosis leads to cell leakage and acts as a "trap door," eliminating cells that cannot die by apoptosis because of the elaboration of pathogen-encoded caspase inhibitors. Necrotic signaling requires RIP3 binding to one of three partners-RIP1, DAI, or TRIF-via a common RIP homotypic interaction motif. Once activated, RIP3 kinase targets the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like to drive cell lysis. Although necrotic and apoptotic death can enhance T cell cross-priming during infection, mice that lack these extrinsic programmed cell death pathways are able to produce Ag-specific T cells and control viral infection. The entwined relationship of apoptosis and necrosis evolved in response to pathogen-encoded suppressors to support host defense and contribute to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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10
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Kaiser WJ, Upton JW, Mocarski ES. Viral modulation of programmed necrosis. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:296-306. [PMID: 23773332 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and programmed necrosis balance each other as alternate first line host defense pathways against which viruses have evolved countermeasures. Intrinsic apoptosis, the critical programmed cell death pathway that removes excess cells during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, follows a caspase cascade triggered at mitochondria and modulated by virus-encoded anti-apoptotic B cell leukemia (BCL)2-like suppressors. Extrinsic apoptosis controlled by caspase 8 arose during evolution to trigger executioner caspases directly, circumventing viral suppressors of intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis and providing the selective pressure for viruses to acquire caspase 8 suppressors. Programmed necrosis likely evolved most recently as a 'trap door' adaptation to extrinsic apoptosis. Receptor interacting protein (RIP)3 kinase (also called RIPK3) becomes active when either caspase 8 activity or polyubiquitylation of RIP1 is compromised. This evolutionary dialog implicates caspase 8 as a 'supersensor' alternatively activating and suppressing cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Abstract
During mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, the first wave of type I interferon (IFN-I) production peaks at ≈ 8 h. This IFN-I emanates from splenic stromal cells located in the marginal zone (MZ) and requires B cells that express lymphotoxin. The amount of IFN-I produced at these initial times is at least equivalent in magnitude to that produced later by dendritic cells (≈ 36 to 48 h), but the relative roles of these two IFN-I sources in regulating MCMV defense remain unclear. Here we show that IFN-I produced by MZ stromal cells dramatically restricts the first measurable burst of viral production, which occurs at ≈ 32 h. This primary innate control by IFN-I is partially mediated through the activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which produce gamma interferon in an IFN-I-dependent fashion, and is independent of Ly49H. Strikingly, MCMV production in the spleens of immunocompetent mice never increases at times after 32 h. These results highlight the critical importance of lymphoid-tissue stromal cells in orchestrating the earliest phase of innate defense to MCMV infection, capping replication levels, and blocking spread until infection is ultimately controlled.
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12
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Trilling M, Le VTK, Hengel H. Interplay between CMVs and interferon signaling: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:1269-82. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human individuals are latently infected with human CMV, a prototypic β-herpesvirus, frequently acquired during early childhood. In the absence of adequate immune control, the otherwise asymptomatic infection causes life-threatening disease. To enable efficient replication and to maintain lifelong latency in immunocompetent hosts, CMVs have evolved numerous molecules mediating immune evasive properties, targeting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Upon infection, cells secrete interferons (IFNs), which initiate an extremely fast signal transduction cascade upon binding to their cognate receptors, culminating in a pronounced change in the cellular gene expression profile. This response leads to the establishment of an intracellular antimicrobial state and to the recruitment, as well as stimulation, of the adaptive immune system. Unfortunately, CMVs impede the IFN system by interfering with its induction, signaling and downstream effector functions. This review aims to present our current understanding of such cytomegaloviral IFN-evasive properties, their pathogenic implications and potential for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, Robert-Koch-Haus, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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