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Chen H, Jin C, Xie L, Wu J. Succinate as a signaling molecule in the mediation of liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166935. [PMID: 37976628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Succinate, one of the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, plays an essential role in the metabolism of mitochondria and the production of energy, and is considered as a signaling molecule in metabolism as well as in initiation and progression of hepatic diseases. Of note, succinate activates a downstream signaling pathway through GPR91, and elicits a variety of intracellular responses, such as succinylation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and significant impact in cellular metabolism because of the pivotal role in the TCA cycle. Therefore, it is intriguing to deeply elucidate signaling mechanisms of succinate in hepatic fibrosis, metabolic reprogramming in inflammatory or immune responses, as well as carcinogenesis. This manuscript intends to review current understanding of succinate in mediating metabolism, inflammatory and immunologic reactions in liver diseases in order to establish molecular basis for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; College of Clinical College, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Xu M, Kulyar MFEA, Iqbal M, Wu J, Deng X, Zhang Y, Jiang B, Hu M, Zhao Y, Li K, Che Y. Protective effects of Emblica officinalis polysaccharide against lead induced liver injury in mice model. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126312. [PMID: 37573920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination especially lead (Pb) causes a serious threat to global public health. In the current study, we explored the protective and regulating effects of Emblica officinalis polysaccharide (EOP) in the liver against Pb-induced toxicity. According to our findings, EOP decreased the Pb-induced pathological lesions of liver and overall weight index in mice (p < 0.05). Following treatment with EOP, the levels of biological biomarkers for liver hepatic function (i.e., ALT and AST) were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner, consisted with histopathological changes. The key proteins involved in hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis, including Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl-2, and Bax were quantified, which indicated EOP as an effective approach in protecting against the liver injury. Moreover, EOP treatment ameliorated the negative changes of liver metabolic profile (i.e., metabolites concentrations and metabolic patterns). In conclusion, EOP could protect the liver against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by Pb poisoning, associated with the efficacy of ameliorating the negative changes in liver metabolic profile. Hence, the current findings recommend EOP as an efficient way for alleviating liver injury in lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mengen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | | | - Mudassar Iqbal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jingyi Wu
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xin Deng
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bingtong Jiang
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yanyun Che
- China Engineering Research Center for Homology of medicine and food beverage of Yunnan Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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Kumar G, Madka V, Pathuri G, Ganta V, Rao CV. Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Gooseberry ( Phyllanthus emblica). Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2291-2302. [PMID: 34839775 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2008988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica Linn; family Phyllanthaceae) has a recognized history in Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda). Various therapeutic properties have been attributed to gooseberry as a dietary supplement. Many parts of the plant (fruits, seed, leaves, root, bark, and flowers) possess various activities and are used to treat a range of diseases. This review focuses on the evidence for the cancer-preventive properties of gooseberry, its extracts, and its principal phytochemicals based on studies In Vitro and In Vivo. Most importantly, in multiple rodent models of cancer, treatment with P. emblica was found to prevent tumor incidence, number, and volume at various organ sites. The mechanism(s) implicated in gooseberry-mediated cancer inhibition are diverse and include antioxidants, Phase I and II enzyme modifications, anti-inflammatory action, regulation of the cell cycle, and modulation of oncogenic signaling genes. Studies in humans also indicate that P. emblica can offer various health benefits and synergize with other treatments. This review provides detailed information on the potential use of gooseberry extract as an anticarcinogenic in humans, illuminates the therapeutic applications, and discusses clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gopal Pathuri
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Vishal Ganta
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Almatroodi SA, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, Dev K, Rafat S, Verma AK, Rahmani AH. Amla (Emblica officinalis): Role in health management via controlling various biological activities. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhang YJ, Zhou T, Wang F, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang JJ, Zheng J, Xu DP, Li HB. The Effects of Syzygium samarangense, Passiflora edulis and Solanum muricatum on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101616. [PMID: 27681723 PMCID: PMC5085649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that fruits have different effects on alcohol metabolism and alcohol-induced liver injury. The present work selected three fruits and aimed at studying the effects of Syzygium samarangense, Passiflora edulis and Solanum muricatum on alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. The animals were treated daily with alcohol and fruit juices for fifteen days. Chronic treatment with alcohol increased the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased total protein (TP). Histopathological evaluation also showed that ethanol induced extensive fat droplets in hepatocyte cytoplasm. Syzygium samarangense and Passiflora edulis normalized various biochemical parameters. Solanum muricatum increased the level of ALT and induced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver. These results strongly suggest that treatment with Syzygium samarangense and Passiflora edulis could protect liver from the injury of alcohol, while Solanum muricatum could aggravate the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Emblica officinalis (Amla): A review for its phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal potentials with respect to molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:180-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang YJ, Wang F, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhou T, Zheng J, Zhang JJ, Li S, Xu DP, Li HB. Effects of 20 Selected Fruits on Ethanol Metabolism: Potential Health Benefits and Harmful Impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:399. [PMID: 27043608 PMCID: PMC4847061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of alcohol is often accompanied by other foods, such as fruits and vegetables. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of 20 selected fruits on ethanol metabolism to find out their potential health benefits and harmful impacts. The effects of the fruits on ethanol metabolism were characterized by the concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood, as well as activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in liver of mice. Furthermore, potential health benefits and harmful impacts of the fruits were evaluated by biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase. Generally, effects of these fruits on ethanol metabolism were very different. Some fruits (such as Citrus limon (yellow), Averrhoa carambola, Pyrus spp., and Syzygium samarangense) could decrease the concentration of ethanol in blood. In addition, several fruits (such as Cucumis melo) showed hepatoprotective effects by significantly decreasing AST or ALT level in blood, while some fruits (such as Averrhoa carambola) showed adverse effects. The results suggested that the consumption of alcohol should not be accompanied by some fruits, and several fruits could be developed as functional foods for the prevention and treatment of hangover and alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China.
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Li YH, Woo SH, Choi DH, Cho EH. Succinate causes α-SMA production through GPR91 activation in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:853-8. [PMID: 26051274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Succinate acts as an extracellular signaling molecule as well as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. It binds to and activates its specific G protein-coupled receptor 91 (GPR91). GPR91 is present in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but its role in hepatic fibrogenesis remains unclear. Cultured HSCs treated with succinate showed increased protein expression of GPR91 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), markers of fibrogenic response. Succinate also increased mRNA expression of α-SMA, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and collagen type I. Transfection of siRNA against GPR91 abrogated succinate-induced increases in α-SMA expression. Malonate, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), increased succinate levels in cultured HSCs and increased GPR91 and α-SMA expression. Feeding mice a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet is a widely used technique to create an animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). HSCs cultured in MCD media showed significantly decreased SDH activity and increased succinate concentration and GPR91 and α-SMA expression. Similarly, palmitate treatment significantly decreased SDH activity and increased GPR91 and α-SMA expression. Finally, C57BL6/J mice fed the MCD diet had elevated succinate levels in their plasma. The MCD diet also decreased SDH activity, increased succinate concentration, and increased GPR91 and α-SMA expression in isolated HSCs. Collectively, our results show that succinate plays an important role in HSC activation through GPR91 induction, and suggest that succinate and GPR91 may represent new therapeutic targets for modulating hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Woo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Dae Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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Network pharmacology-based antioxidant effect study of zhi-zi-da-huang decoction for alcoholic liver disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:492470. [PMID: 25922610 PMCID: PMC4398926 DOI: 10.1155/2015/492470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction (ZZDHD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been used for centuries to treat alcoholic liver disease. Reliable therapeutics of ZZDHD has also been validated in clinical practice. In this study, molecular docking and network analysis were carried out to explore the antioxidative mechanism of ZZDHD as an effective therapeutic approach to treat alcoholic liver disease. Multiple active compounds of ZZDHD were screened based on four key original enzymes (cytochrome P450 2E1, xanthine oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2) involved in ethanol-induced oxidative stress damage. A drug-target network was constructed through network pharmacology analysis, which predicted the relationships of active ingredients to the targets. Some results had been verified by the previous experimental pharmacological studies; meanwhile, it was first reported that xanthine oxidase and eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, isorhoifolin, and poncirin had interactions. The network pharmacology strategy used provided a forceful tool for searching the mechanism of action of TCM formula and novel bioactive ingredients.
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Reddy VD, Padmavathi P, Hymavathi R, Maturu P, Varadacharyulu N. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rat liver microsomes: Protective effect of Emblica officinalis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2014; 21:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Yang B, Liu P. Composition and biological activities of hydrolyzable tannins of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:529-41. [PMID: 24369850 DOI: 10.1021/jf404703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruits of emblic leafflower have been used as food and traditional medicine in Asia. A wide range of biological activities have been shown in modern research suggesting potential of the fruits as healthy food and raw material for bioactive ingredients of food. Hydrolyzable tannins are among the major bioactive components of the fruits. Mucic acid gallate, mucic acid lactone gallate, monogalloylglucose, gallic acid, digalloylglucose, putranjivain A, galloyl-HHDP-glucose, elaeocarpusin, and chebulagic acid are the most abundant hydrolyzable tannins. The compositional profiles of tannins in the fruits vary depending on the cultivars as well as ripening stages. Fruits and tannin-rich extracts of fruits have shown antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-regulating activities in vitro and in animal studies. The fruits and fruit extracts have manifested protective effects on organs/tissues from damages induced by chemicals, stresses, and aging in animal models. The fruits and fruit extracts have potential in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and reducing DNA damage induced by chemicals and radiation. Antioxidative activities are likely among the mechanisms of the biological activities and physiological effects. Human intervention/clinical studies are needed to investigate the bioavailability and metabolism of the tannins and to substantiate the health benefits in humans. Emblic leafflower may be a potential raw material for natural food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Magielse J, Arcoraci T, Breynaert A, van Dooren I, Kanyanga C, Fransen E, Van Hoof V, Vlietinck A, Apers S, Pieters L, Hermans N. Antihepatotoxic activity of a quantified Desmodium adscendens decoction and D-pinitol against chemically-induced liver damage in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:250-256. [PMID: 23291573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The isolation of D-pinitol (or 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol) from an aqueous decoction of Desmodium adscendens (Fabaceae) leaves and twigs is reported. The protective and curative effect of this decoction, in which d-pinitol was quantified, and of pure D-pinitol, against chemically-induced liver damage in rats has been evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enzyme levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which are among the usual biomarkers for liver damage, were determined in serum samples of experimental animals. The protective effects against D-galactosamine-induced and ethanol-induced liver damage of a decoction of D. adscendens, quantified on its main constituent D-pinitol, was investigated in rats. In addition, the curative effects of pure D-pinitol and D. adscendens against chronic D-galactosamine-induced and acute acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was studied. Silymarin was used as positive control. RESULTS In a first experiment evaluating the protective effect against acute D-galactosamine-induced liver damage in rats, a significant decrease of AST and ALT was observed for the D. adscendens decoction at a dose equivalent to 5 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day D-pinitol, as well as 20 mg/kg/day pure D-pinitol. With respect to chronic ethanol-induced liver damage in rats, the protective effects of D. adscendens at doses equivalent to 2 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day D-pinitol, were not observed for serum AST and ALT levels. However, with respect to reduced mortality of animals, statistical analysis showed a trend towards significance for the Desmodium group receiving a dose equivalent to 10 mg/kg/day D-pinitol, versus the untreated hepatotoxic animals. Additional experiments in rat models of acute acetaminophen-induced and chronic D-galactosamine-induced liver damage indicated that D. adscendens decoction and pure D-pinitol had no curative effect when given in a dose equivalent to 10 mg/kg/day D-pinitol, or up to 20 mg/kg/day as a pure compound daily, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The aqueous decoction of D. adscendens showed a protective effect in rats against liver damage induced by D-galactosamine and ethanol, and this effect is at least in part due to the presence of D-pinitol. However, no curative effect of D. adscendens decoction or D-pinitol on liver damage induced by the tested chemicals could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Magielse
- Natural Products & Food-Research and Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Thilakchand KR, Mathai RT, Simon P, Ravi RT, Baliga-Rao MP, Baliga MS. Hepatoprotective properties of the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn): a review. Food Funct 2013; 4:1431-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herbal products: benefits, limits, and applications in chronic liver disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:837939. [PMID: 22991573 PMCID: PMC3443820 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine soughts and encompasses a wide range of approaches; its use begun in ancient China at the time of Xia dynasty and in India during the Vedic period, but thanks to its long-lasting curative effect, easy availability, natural way of healing, and poor side-effects it is gaining importance throughout the world in clinical practice. We conducted a review describing the effects and the limits of using herbal products in chronic liver disease, focusing our attention on those most known, such as quercetin or curcumin. We tried to describe their pharmacokinetics, biological properties, and their beneficial effects (as antioxidant role) in metabolic, alcoholic, and viral hepatitis (considering that oxidative stress is the common pathway of chronic liver diseases of different etiology). The main limit of applicability of CAM comes from the lacking of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials giving a real proof of efficacy of those products, so that anecdotal success and personal experience are frequently the driving force for acceptance of CAM in the population.
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Tang Y, Gao C, Xing M, Li Y, Zhu L, Wang D, Yang X, Liu L, Yao P. Quercetin prevents ethanol-induced dyslipidemia and mitochondrial oxidative damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1194-200. [PMID: 22365892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorder and oxidative stress play an important role on the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and mitochondria compartment is presumed as the main source and susceptible target of intracellular ROS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoids possessing both antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect, on ethanol-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative damage focused on mitochondria. Chronic alcohol administration for adult male rats (4.0 g/kg for 90 days) resulted in the leakage of alanine and especially aspartate aminotransferases, and morphological malformation mainly evidenced by sustained lipid infiltration and degenerative changes on mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, which was markedly alleviated by quercetin (100 mg/kg.bw.) pretreatment. Furthermore, quercetin prophylaxis evidently ameliorated ethanol-stimulated mitochondrial dysfunction manifested by decreased membrane potential and induced permeability transition though suppressing glutathione depletion, enzymatic inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, ROS over-generation, and lipid peroxidation in mitochondria. Quercetin, thus, may protect rat, especially hepatic mitochondria, from chronic ethanol toxicity through its hypolipidemic effect and antioxidative role, highlighting a promising preventive strategy for ALD by naturally occurring phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Shivashankara AR, Azmidah A, Haniadka R, Rai MP, Arora R, Baliga MS. Dietary agents in the prevention of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicty: preclinical observations. Food Funct 2011; 3:101-9. [PMID: 22119904 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Long term alcohol consumption is one of the important causes for liver failure and death. To complicate the existing problem there are no dependable hepatoprotective drugs and a large number of patients prefer using complementary and alternative medicines for treating and managing hepatic complications. Almost 25 centuries ago, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, proclaimed "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." Exploring the association between diet and health continues even today. Preclinical studies carried out in the recent past have shown that the commonly used dietary agents like Allium sativum (garlic), Camellia sinensis (tea), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry), Ferula asafoetida (asafoetida), Garcinia cambogia (Malabar tamarind), Glycine max (soyabean), Murraya koenigii (curry leaves), Piper betle (beetle leaf), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and Vitis vinifera (grapes) protect against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Mechanistic studies have shown that the beneficial effects of these phytochemicals in preventing the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity are mediated by the antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. The present review for the first time collates the hepatoprotective effects of these agents and also emphasizes on aspects that need future research to establish their utility in humans.
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The protective effect of quercetin on long-term alcohol consumption-induced oxidative stress. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2789-94. [PMID: 21674185 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term alcohol consumption can cause oxidative stress and cytokines induction, which are associated with free radicals. Quercetin, one of the most widely distributed flavonoids in plants, is a natural antioxidant. We investigated the hypothesis that quercetin could prevent the ethanol-induced oxidative stress and decreases tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (INF-γ) as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into control group (C), ethanol treatment group (EtOH) (~1 ml/day, 80%; 2 g/kg body wt), intragastrically (i.g.), quercetin treatment group (Q), (100 mg/kg-body wt per 3 days) i.g. and ethanol plus quercetin treatment group (EtOH + Q) (1 ml/day, 80% of ethanol and 100 mg/kg-body wt of quercetin per 3 days) i.g. for 30 days Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels and protein carbonyl content were significantly higher in the EtOH group than the C group (P < 0.01). On the other hand, TBARS level and protein carbonyl content in the EtOH + Q group was decreased significantly by quercetin (P < 0.05, P < 0.01; respectively). While GSH levels in whole blood decreased in EtOH group compared to C group, they increased significantly by quercetin (P < 0.05). Plasma ALT, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels increased significantly in the EtOH group compared to control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively), but they decreased significantly in the EtOH + Q group in comparison with EtOH group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). Our results demonstrate that quercetin treatment may provide a protection as reflected by decreased plasma TBARS, protein carbonyls, TNF-α, INF-γ and ALT levels against ethanol-induced oxidative damage.
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Mehmood MH, Siddiqi HS, Gilani AH. The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:856-865. [PMID: 21093572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed at providing the possible mechanisms for the medicinal use of Phyllanthus emblica in diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vivo studies were conducted in mice, while isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum were used for the in vitro experiments. RESULTS The crude extract of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe.Cr), which tested positive for alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins, caused inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation in mice at 500-700 mg/kg. In isolated rabbit jejunum, Pe.Cr relaxed carbachol (CCh) and K(+) (80 mM)-induced contractions, in a pattern similar to that of dicyclomine. The preincubation of guinea pig-ileum with Pe.Cr (0.3 mg/mL), caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration-response curves (CRCs) of acetylcholine without suppression of the maximum response. While at the next higher concentration (1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of dicyclomine, suggesting anticholinergic and Ca(2+) channel blocking (CCB)-like antispasmodic effect. The CCB-like activity was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Pe.Cr, shifted the CRCs of Ca(2+) to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to nifedipine or dicyclomine. The activity-directed fractions of Pe.Cr showed a combination of Ca(2+) antagonist and anticholinergic like components in all fractions but with varying potency. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities, mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca(2+) channels, thus explaining its medicinal use in diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Hassan Mehmood
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Reddy VD, Padmavathi P, Kavitha G, Gopi S, Varadacharyulu N. Emblica officinalis Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats. J Med Food 2011; 14:62-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pannuru Padmavathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Godugu Kavitha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Sriram Gopi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Damodara Reddy V, Padmavathi P, Gopi S, Paramahamsa M, Varadacharyulu NC. Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Injury by Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010; 25:419-24. [PMID: 21966117 PMCID: PMC2994578 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Emblica officinalis fruit extract (EFE) against alcohol-induced hepatic damage in rats was investigated in the present study. In vitro studies showed that EFE possesses antioxidant as well nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. In vivo administration of alcohol (5 g/kg b.wt/day) for 60 days resulted increased liver lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, nitrite plus nitrate levels. Alcohol administration also significantly lowers the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and reduced glutathione as compared with control rats. Administration of EFE (250 mg/kg body weight) to alcoholic rats significantly brought the plasma enzymes towards near normal level and also significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and restored the enzymic and non-enzymatic antioxidants level. This observation was supplemented by histopathological examination in liver. Our data indicate that the tannoid, flavonoid and NO scavenging compounds present in EFE may offer protection against free radical mediated oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes of animals with alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Damodara Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515 055 AP India
| | - P. Padmavathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515 055 AP India
| | - S. Gopi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 560 046 AP India
| | - M. Paramahamsa
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - N. Ch. Varadacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515 055 AP India
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Moon JM, Chun BJ. Predicting acute complicated glyphosate intoxication in the emergency department. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:718-24. [PMID: 20849329 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2010.488640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate herbicide intoxication results in a range of mortality and morbidity, depending on patients' factors. Predicting which patient will need intensive medical treatment might help reduce mortality by providing prompt treatment, as well as triage those patients not likely to develop complications. Thus, we sought to identify independent factors that could predict which patient will develop subsequent medical complications. METHODS Seventy-six patients presenting with acute glyphosate herbicide ingestion at Chonnam National University Hospital were enrolled in this retrospective study. To identify the predictive factors for complications, objective variables easily assessed at presentation including previously reported predictive factors for mortality, such as age, vital signs, X-ray abnormalities, and laboratory findings, were analyzed by univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of the 76 patients, 32 (42.1%) had medical complications and 2 (2.6%) died. Metabolic acidosis was the most common medical complication. Whereas metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure, hypotension, acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, and seizures developed within 24 h, acute pancreatitis occurred a few days after the ingestion. The univariate analysis showed that an advanced age, amount ingested >100 mL, X-ray abnormalities, elevated amylase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood nitrogen urea were significant factors. However, the multivariate analysis showed that advanced age, elevated ALT, and X-ray abnormalities were independent factors associated with serious complications and the need for intensive medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that age > 50 years, X-ray abnormalities, and ALT > 40 U/L were significant predictive factors for complications in patients with glyphosate surfactant herbicide poisoning; patients with these findings might require admission to the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mi Moon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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