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Zhao YC, Li LP, Li XY, Wang CC, Yang JY, Xue CH, Wang YM, Zhang TT. The synergistic effect of sea cucumber saponins and caffeine on preventing obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice by extending the action duration of caffeine. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3950-3960. [PMID: 36377349 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumber saponins (SCSs) exhibit a unique structure and high bioactivities and might have specialized implications on caffeine metabolic process by altering the activity of N-demethylation enzyme CYP1A2. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of SCS on caffeine metabolism in vivo and in vitro, as well as the synergistic anti-obesity effect of SCS and caffeine on high-fat diet-induced obese mice. RESULTS Results found that SCS administration significantly postponed the elimination rate of caffeine and its metabolites in vivo, and further study found CYP1A2-mediated caffeine metabolism was remarkably inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The synergistic effect of the SCS and caffeine combination could decrease the total weight of white adipose tissue by 52% compared with high-fat diet-treated group. CONCLUSION SCS could prolong caffeine action time, and the combination of the two substances exhibited joint action on high-fat diet-induced obese mice. These findings might provide a basis for the development of functional foods and potential application using the combination of SCS and caffeine. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Le-Ping Li
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Yue Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Yue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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A Comparative Study of the Anti-Obesity Effects of Dietary Sea Cucumber Saponins and Energy Restriction in Response to Weight Loss and Weight Regain in Mice. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100629. [PMID: 36286453 PMCID: PMC9605201 DOI: 10.3390/md20100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of sea cucumber saponins and calorie restriction have been proved to be effective in alleviating obesity, but the differences of anti-obesity effects between sea cucumber saponins and energy restriction during weight loss and weight regain are still unknown. In the present study, high-fat-induced obesity mice were randomly divided into three groups, including a high-fat diet group (HF), an energy restriction by 40% group (HF-L), and a sea cucumber saponins group (HF-S), to compare the effects of dietary sea cucumber saponins and energy restriction on the weight, glucose, and lipid metabolism of obese mice during weight loss and weight regain. The results showed that dietary 0.06% sea cucumber saponins and limiting energy intake by 40% had the same weight loss effect. Interestingly, sea cucumber saponins could alleviate impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance caused by obesity. In addition, the inhibited SREBP-1c mediated lipogenesis might lead to the alleviation of weight regain after resuming the high-fat diet even when sea cucumber saponins were no longer supplemented. In contrast, limiting energy intake tended to promote lipid synthesis in the liver and white adipose tissue after restoring a high-fat diet, and inflammation was also induced. The findings indicated that sea cucumber saponins could replace calorie restriction to prevent obesity and might be used as a functional food or drug to resist obesity and related diseases caused by obesity.
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3
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Lin P, Shen N, Yin F, Guo SD. Sea cucumber-derived compounds for treatment of dyslipidemia: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1000315. [PMID: 36188620 PMCID: PMC9515789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemias are disorders of plasma levels of lipids, such as elevated levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, that are associated with various human diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Statins are the first-line drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia. However, a substantial proportion of patients cannot reach the recommended LDL-c level even with the highest tolerated doses of statins, and there is no available drug specifically for NAFLD therapy. Sea cucumbers are one of the widely distributed invertebrates, and are an important resource of food and medicine. Sea cucumbers have many valuable nutrients including saponins, fatty acids, phospholipids, cerebrosides, sulfated polysaccharides, as well as proteins and peptides. In recent years, these natural products derived from sea cucumbers have attracted attentions for treatment of CVD and NAFLD because of their lipid-lowering effect and low toxicity. However, the hypolipidemic mechanisms of action and the structure-activity relationship of these bioactive components have not been well-documented in literature. This review article summarizes the signaling pathways and the potential structure-activity relationship of sea cucumber-derived bioactive compounds including saponins, lipids, carbohydrates as well as peptides and proteins. This article will provide information useful for the development of sea cucumber-derived lipid-lowering compounds as well as for investigation of hypolipidemic compounds that are derived from other natural resources.
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Biomaterial-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Obesity and Its Comorbidities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071445. [PMID: 35890340 PMCID: PMC9320151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global public health issue that results in many health complications or comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and fatty liver. Pharmacotherapy alone or combined with either lifestyle alteration or surgery represents the main modality to combat obesity and its complications. However, most anti-obesity drugs are limited by their bioavailability, target specificity, and potential toxic effects. Only a handful of drugs, including orlistat, liraglutide, and semaglutide, are currently approved for clinical obesity treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. Based on the new revelation of the pathogenesis of obesity and the efforts toward the multi-disciplinary integration of materials, chemistry, biotechnology, and pharmacy, some emerging obesity treatment strategies are gradually entering the field of preclinical and clinical research. Herein, by analyzing the current situation and challenges of various new obesity treatment strategies such as small-molecule drugs, natural drugs, and biotechnology drugs, the advanced functions and prospects of biomaterials in obesity-targeted delivery, as well as their biological activities and applications in obesity treatment, are systematically summarized. Finally, based on the systematic analysis of biomaterial-based obesity therapeutic strategies, the future prospects and challenges in this field are proposed.
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5
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Hosseini SF, Rezaei M, McClements DJ. Bioactive functional ingredients from aquatic origin: a review of recent progress in marine-derived nutraceuticals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1242-1269. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1839855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fakhreddin Hosseini
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
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6
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Ramalho A, Leblanc N, Fortin MG, Marette A, Tchernof A, Jacques H. Characterization of a Coproduct from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria frondosa and Its Effects on Visceral Adipocyte Size in Male Wistar Rats. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E530. [PMID: 33114645 PMCID: PMC7693588 DOI: 10.3390/md18110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been shown to have potential health benefits and are a rich source of several bioactive compounds, particularly triterpenoid saponins. However, most studies concentrate on the body wall, and little is known about the health effects of the coproducts. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional composition of a coproduct from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa and the effects of the dietary consumption of this coproduct on cardiometabolic health in rats. Chemical, biochemical, and nutritional analyses were performed to characterize this coproduct. Forty (40) male Wistar rats were then equally divided into four groups and fed a purified control diet or a diet enriched with 0.5%, 1.5%, or 2.5% (by protein) of coproduct. After 28 days of feeding, the rats were sacrificed. Body and tissue weight, body composition, epididymal adipocyte diameter, plasma and hepatic lipids, glycemia, and insulinemia were measured at the end of the 28-day experiment. Analysis of the coproduct revealed high levels of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and saponins. The 1.5% group had significantly smaller epididymal adipocytes vs. the control. We conclude that dietary administration of this sea cucumber coproduct at 1.5% doses decreases visceral adiposity, potentially decreasing the risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction. The coproduct's saponin content may contribute to the observed effects, but the impact of other components cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ramalho
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Marie-Gil Fortin
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Merinov, Gaspé, QC G4X 2V6, Canada;
| | - André Marette
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
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7
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Han B, Jian Y, Xia X, Hu W, Zhang L, Zhou P. Studying the effects of sea cucumber ovum powder on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by proteomics techniques in a rat model. Food Funct 2020; 11:6139-6147. [PMID: 32573635 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumber is a valuable marine food that has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity functionalities. Sea cucumber ovum (SCO) may contain functional components, however, it is considered to be a waste product during industrial processing. In order to make good use of SCO, this work investigated the effects of freeze-dried SCO powder on NAFLD, using a rat model, through iBT labeling proteomics techniques, tracking changes in the hepatic protein profiles of rats whose diets were supplemented with SCO powder. Male rats were fed with standard food, a high fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with 150 mg per kg BW or 450 mg per kg BW SCO powder for 6 weeks. Compared with the HFD, low-dose SCO supplementation in the diet could significantly reduce body weight gain and liver weight. Furthermore, in total, 5922 proteins were identified, and 767 proteins were found to be significantly different proteins (p < 0.05) among all four groups. Most of the significantly different proteins were related to apoptosis and lipid metabolism. Fadd, Dci, and Aif1 have been identified as key proteins in the pathways related to apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. The results in this study provide an overview of the SCO-induced changes in the liver proteome of NAFLD, which may help us to understand the molecular mechanism behind the effects of SCO on the alleviation of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binsong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Han XQ, Zhang LY, Ding L, Shi HH, Xue CH, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Synergistic effect of sea cucumber saponins and EPA-enriched phospholipids on insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Food Funct 2020; 10:3955-3964. [PMID: 31199413 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumber saponins (SCS) exhibit a significant effect on ameliorating glucose and lipid disorders by inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis; however, high cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity limit their application. Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL) significantly ameliorate insulin resistance and elevate the level of hepatic lipolysis, which may have a synergistic effect with SCS in alleviating obesity-related insulin resistance via multiple mechanisms. In the present study, high-fat diet-induced male C57BL/6J mice with obesity-related insulin resistance were used to evaluate the synergistic effect of SCS and EPA-PL on alleviating the insulin resistance. Results show that the combination of SCS and EPA-PL at a half dose exhibited a significant improvement on glucose intolerance and systematic insulin sensitivity than SCS or EPA-PL alone. Moreover, the half dose-combination remarkably inhibited the macrophage infiltration (F4/80) to white adipose tissue (WAT) and significantly down-regulated the level of MCP1, TNF-α and IL-6 compared with SCS and EPA-PL alone. Consequently, the combined administration not only decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased hepatic glycogen synthesis (P < 0.05), but also stimulated the glucose uptake in WAT and muscle (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, neither SCS or EPA-PL alone exhibited any effect on the glucose uptake. The combination of SCS and EPA-PL contributed to a synergistic effect on alleviating the obesity-related insulin resistance due to the amelioration of an inflammation-centric peripheral insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Yang S, Yu M, Jiang T, Lv Z. Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus inhibits hepatic glucose production via activating Akt/FoxO1 and inhibiting PKA/CREB signaling pathways in insulin resistant hepatocytes. Food Funct 2019; 10:7565-7575. [PMID: 31687719 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01444f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect and the underlying mechanism of glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus (AHG) on hepatic glucose production (HGP) in insulin resistant hepatocytes. Insulin resistance was induced with high glucose (HG) for 24 h in primary hepatocytes. The results showed that AHG exhibited hypoglycemic activity at a relatively low concentration (1 μg mL-1) and revealed non-toxic activity to insulin resistant hepatocytes even at 500 μg mL-1 concentration. The HGP test showed that the treatment of AHG (10 μg mL-1) for 3 h decreased HGP by 25% in insulin resistant hepatocytes. Quantitative PCR and western blot analysis revealed that AHG also ameliorated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). The data revealed the mechanism of AHG in alleviating HGP via activating the Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway and suppressing the PKA/CREB signaling pathway in insulin resistant hepatocytes. This finding suggests that AHG could be a potential marine natural product for the treatment of dysregulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tingfu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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Kitisin T, Suphamungmee W, Meemon K. Saponin-rich extracts from Holothuria leucospilota mediate lifespan extension and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans via daf-16. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13075. [PMID: 31612532 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are secondary metabolite compounds that can be found in sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea spp.). However, little is known about how saponin-rich extracts from Holothuria leucospilota can delay and prolong the lifespan of the whole organism. In this study, anti-aging effects of H. leucospilota extracts were studied on Caenorhabditis elegans. NMR analysis revealed that body wall n-butanol-extract of H. leucospilota (BW-BU) is saponin-rich. BW-BU extracts exhibited antioxidant activities by 2,2'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (EC50 = 10.23 ± 0.12 mg/ml) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid assay (EC50 = 3.91 ± 0.04 mg/ml). BW-BU extracts increased lifespan of L4 and L1 C. elegans (5.92% and 15.76%, respectively), which also increased worm growth, stress resistance, and reduced biomarkers for aging. BW-BU extracts activated DAF-16 nuclear localization and upregulated daf-16 and DAF-16 target genes expression. Taken together, this study revealed the evidences on anti-aging activities of saponin-rich extracts from H. leucospilota, which can extend lifespan of C. elegans via daf-16. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In recent years, age-associated chronic diseases have had a significant impact on quality of life. Many natural compounds exhibit anti-aging activities, especially in sea cucumber, H. leucospilota. Our results indicated that H. leucospilota is good for health. Extracts from H. leucospilota contain a bioactive compound that can be potentially used to promote longevity and disease prevention in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitinan Kitisin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worawit Suphamungmee
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Wang T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. The improvements of functional ingredients from marine foods in lipid metabolism. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Bioactive compounds and biological functions of sea cucumbers as potential functional foods. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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13
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Zhao YC, Xue CH, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Saponins from Sea Cucumber and Their Biological Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7222-7237. [PMID: 29932674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata, have been valued for centuries as a nutritious and functional food with various bioactivities. Sea cucumbers can produce highly active substances, notably saponins, the main secondary metabolites, which are the basis of their chemical defense. The saponins are mostly triterpene glycosides with triterpenes or steroid in aglycone, which possess multiple biological properties including antitumor, hypolipidemic activity, improvement of nonalcoholic fatty liver, inhibition of fat accumulation, antihyperuricemia, promotion of bone marrow hematopoiesis, antihypertension, etc. Sea cucumber saponins have received attention due to their rich sources, low toxicity, high efficiency, and few side effects. This review summarizes current research on the structure and activities of sea cucumber saponins based on the physiological and pharmacological activities from source, experimental models, efficacy, and mechanisms, which may provide a valuable reference for the development of sea cucumber saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , 266003 , Shandong China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , 266003 , Shandong China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products , Qingdao 266237 , China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , 266003 , Shandong China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , 266003 , Shandong China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Laboratory of Marine Drugs & Biological Products , Qingdao 266237 , China
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14
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Guo Y, Han X, Che H, Li Z, Dong P, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. Synergistic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids and sea cucumber saponin on orotic acid-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172182. [PMID: 30109054 PMCID: PMC6083717 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an increasingly prevalent chronic liver disease all over the world. The present study was undertaken to explore the synergistic effects of sea cucumber saponins (SCS) and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL) at ratios of 0.5 : 0.5 and 1 : 1 on NAFLD and demonstrate possible protective mechanisms. It was found that the combination of EPA-PL and SCS at half dose exhibited better effects than EPA-PL or SCS alone and the combination of EPA-PL and SCS at full dose in alleviating orotic acid (OA)-induced symptoms including growth parameters, serum parameters and liver function. Further evaluation of the mechanism illustrated that EPA-PL and SCS combination at the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 could markedly reduce the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme genes and significantly increase expression of genes relevant to fatty acid β-oxidation including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and its target genes (CPT1, CPT2 and ACOX1), suggesting that the protection of the EPA-PL and SCS combination at the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 against OA-induced NAFLD might be mainly via lipogenesis inhibition and β-oxidation enhancement in the liver. The synergistic effects of EPA-PL and SCS make it possible to reduce the doses of EPA-PL or SCS to avoid side effects, which is of value for the development of dietary supplements or functional foods for preventing or treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Che
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Yuming Wang e-mail:
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15
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Khotimchenko Y. Pharmacological Potential of Sea Cucumbers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1342. [PMID: 29724051 PMCID: PMC5983632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a detailed analysis of published research data focused on the pharmacological activity exerted by biologically active compounds isolated from sea cucumbers belonging to the class of Holothuroidea, phylum Echinodermata. The review contains descriptions of the structure, physico-chemical properties and pharmacological effects of these active substances. Particular attention is given to compounds with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-infectious, immune-stimulating and anti-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) activities as well as to the substances exerting a regulating influence on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. All these compounds may be considered as prototypes for development of new pharmaceutical substances and medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia.
- National Scientific Center for Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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16
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Meng J, Hu X, Zhang T, Dong P, Li Z, Xue C, Chang Y, Wang Y. Saponin from sea cucumber exhibited more significant effects than ginsenoside on ameliorating high fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:725-734. [PMID: 30108963 PMCID: PMC6072430 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00653e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities are considered to be a severe public health problem. Many natural compounds found in food have been proved to ameliorate the metabolic abnormalities induced by obesity. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of saponin from sea cucumber (SSC) and ginsenoside (SG) on improving the lipid metabolism in C57BL/6 mice fed with a high fat diet. The mice were randomly divided into six groups including a low fat diet group (LF), a high fat diet group (HF), and four dietary intervention groups. The administration of SSC for 8 weeks exhibited a more significant reduction in HF induced fat mass, weight gain, lipid levels in the liver and serum, and serum glucose and insulin levels than SG. Further research indicated that SSC ameliorated high fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice mainly through inhibiting lipid synthesis and accelerating lipid β-oxidation and glycolysis in the liver. These results suggested that saponin from sea cucumber might be applied as a food supplement and/or functional ingredient to relieve metabolic disorders induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
| | - Xiaoqian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shanghai Ocean University , No. 999 Huchenghuan Road , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong Province , PR China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +532 82031908 ; Tel: +532 82032597
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong Province , PR China
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Chen C, Han X, Dong P, Li Z, Yanagita T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. Sea cucumber saponin liposomes ameliorate obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Food Funct 2018; 9:861-870. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01599b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes proved to be a good form for the intake of sea cucumber saponins, which exhibited better bioactivity in preventing diseases related to metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuqing Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Department of Health and Nutrition Science
- Nishikyushu University
- Kanzaki
- Japan
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
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18
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Vaidya HB, Gangadaran S, Cheema SK. An obesogenic diet enriched with blue mussels protects against weight gain and lowers cholesterol levels in C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res 2017; 46:31-37. [PMID: 29173649 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to several health complications, such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Dyslipidemia in obesity is one of the prime causes for health complications. We have previously shown that blue mussels (BM) are a rich source of omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and increase the mRNA expression of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor and adiponectin, thereby inducing anti-obesity and insulin sensitizing effects in vitro. However, the in vivo effects of BM on obesity and metabolic regulation are not known. We hypothesized that dietary intake of BM will prevent weight gain and improve lipid profile of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice were fed a HFD supplemented with 5% w/w BM (BM-HFD) for 4 weeks, and then switched to a HFD for 4 weeks. Mice fed a BM-HFD showed significantly lower body weight gain and abdominal fat, compared to the HFD. Furthermore, a BM-HFD significantly reduced plasma and hepatic total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, compared to HFD. The decrease in cholesterol levels coincided with inhibition of hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression, and an increase in LDL-receptor gene expression in the BM-HFD group, compared to the HFD group. In conclusion, our findings have established that BM reduces body weight gain in mice. BM may have potential to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, thereby protecting against obesity and perhaps heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh B Vaidya
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | | | - Sukhinder K Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Gangadaran S, Cheema SK. A high fat diet enriched with sea cucumber gut powder provides cardio-protective and anti-obesity effects in C57BL/6 mice. Food Res Int 2017; 99:799-806. [PMID: 28784546 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that sea cucumber (SC) inhibits fat accumulation and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells. The present study investigated the anti-obesity and cardio-protective effects of SC freeze-dried gut powder using C57BL/6 as an animal model. Male mice were fed a normal chow diet, a high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD enriched with 2.5, 5 or 7.5% SC gut powder for 4, 8 and 12weeks. Diets enriched with SC caused a significant reduction in body weight gain and fat weight, compared to the HFD, without affecting food intake. Both 2.5% and 5% SC treatment showed a significant reduction in plasma glucose, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-esterified fatty acids, compared to the HFD. However, animals fed the 7.5% SC diet showed an increase in liver weight, liver TG and TC, compared to the HFD diet. Diets enriched with 2.5% SC caused an increase in adiponectin mRNA expression in adipose tissue and reduced plasma interleukin-6, compared to the HFD diet. Fecal cholesterol excretion increased after 2.5% SC treatment, coinciding with an increase in ATP-binding cassette-5 and -8 mRNA expression in the small intestine. Although both 2.5 and 5% SC treatment caused weight and fat reduction to a similar extent, 2.5% SC was more effective at improving the metabolic profile. None of the tested SC doses caused any toxic effects. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that SC freeze-dried gut powder has the potential as a nutraceutical to target obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendiran Gangadaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Sukhinder Kaur Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Guo L, Gao Z, Zhang L, Guo F, Chen Y, Li Y, Huang C. Saponin-enriched sea cucumber extracts exhibit an antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity and upregulation of LXR-β signaling. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1312-1325. [PMID: 26440226 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1075047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sea cucumbers have been consumed as tonic, food, and nutrition supplements for many years. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of sea cucumber extracts in in vitro and in vivo models and elucidate the mechanism of action of the extracts on obesity and dyslipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 60% ethanol extracts from the body walls of 10 different sea cucumbers were investigated for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) activity in vitro. The optimal active extract (SC-3) was further chemically analyzed by LC-MS and UV. And 0.1% and 0.2% of SC-3 was mixed with a high-fat diet to treat C57/BL6 mice for 6 weeks or 2 weeks as preventive and therapeutic study. The body weight, serum, and liver lipid profile in the mice were investigated. RESULTS The crude extract of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Holothuriidae) inhibited the PL activity by 36.44% of control at 0.5 μg/mL. SC-3 and echinoside A inhibited PL with an IC50 value at 2.86 μg/mL and 0.76 μM. 0.1% of SC-3 reduced the body weight (23.0 ± 0.62 versus 26.3 ± 0.76 g), the serum TC (2.46 ± 0.04 versus 2.83 ± 0.12 mmol/L), TG (0.19 ± 0.08 versus 0.40 ± 0.03 mmo/L), and LDL-c (0.48 ± 0.02 versus 0.51 ± 0.02 mmol/L), and liver TC (1.19 ± 0.17 versus 1.85 ± 0.13 mmol/mg) and TG (6.18 ± 0.92 versus 10.87 ± 0.97 mmol/mg) contents of the obese C57BL/six mice on a high-fat diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Sea cucumber may be used for developing antiobesity and antihyperlipidemia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Guo
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Ziyang Gao
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Liuqiang Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Fujiang Guo
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Yan Chen
- b Institute for Nutritional Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yiming Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Cheng Huang
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
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21
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Screening of saponins and sapogenins from Medicago species as potential PPARγ agonists and X-ray structure of the complex PPARγ/caulophyllogenin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27658. [PMID: 27283034 PMCID: PMC4901321 DOI: 10.1038/srep27658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of saponins and sapogenins from Medicago species were tested for their ability to bind and activate the nuclear receptor PPARγ by SPR experiments and transactivation assay, respectively. The SPR analysis proved to be a very powerful and fast technique for screening a large number of compounds for their affinity to PPARγ and selecting the better candidates for further studies. Based on the obtained results, the sapogenin caulophyllogenin was proved to be a partial agonist towards PPARγ and the X-ray structure of its complex with PPARγ was also solved, in order to investigate the binding mode in the ligand binding domain of the nuclear receptor. This is the first known crystal structure of a sapogenin directly interacting with PPARγ. Another compound of the series, the echinocistic acid, showed antagonist activity towards PPARγ, a property that could be useful to inhibit the adipocyte differentiation which is a typical adverse effect of PPARγ agonists. This study confirms the interest on saponins and sapogenins as a valuable natural resource exploitable in the medical and food industry for ameliorating the metabolic syndrome.
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Fu X, Wen M, Han X, Yanagita T, Xue Y, Wang J, Xue C, Wang Y. Effect and potential mechanism of action of sea cucumber saponins on postprandial blood glucose in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1081-7. [PMID: 26932154 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1153950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial blood glucose control is the major goal in the treatment of diabetes. Here, we investigated the effect of sea cucumber saponins (SCSs) on postprandial blood glucose levels. SCS inhibited yeast as well as rat intestinal α-glucosidase activity in a dose-dependent manner and showed better inhibition of yeast α-glucosidases compared to the positive control. Further studies were performed using ICR mice treated with SCS and starch or SCS alone by oral gavage. Unexpectedly, SCS increased postprandial blood glucose levels a short time (1 h) after oral gavage. The serum corticosterone (CORT) level showed a consistent correlation with glucose levels. In vitro experiments confirmed that SCS treatment increased the secretion of CORT in the Y1 adrenal cell line. Overall, these studies demonstrated that SCS gavage could inhibit α-glucosidase activity but cannot attenuate postprandial blood glucose level within short time periods. The underlying mechanisms are probably related to increased serum CORT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Fu
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Min Wen
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Xiuqing Han
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- b Faculty of Health and Social Welfare Sciences, Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences , Nishikyushu University , Saga , Japan
| | - Yong Xue
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Changhu Xue
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Yuming Wang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
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WEN M, FU X, HAN X, HU X, DONG P, XU J, XUE Y, WANG J, XUE C, WANG Y. Sea Cucumber Saponin Echinoside A (EA) Stimulates Hepatic Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Suppresses Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Coupling in a Diurnal Pattern. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 62:170-7. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.62.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min WEN
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xueyuan FU
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xiuqing HAN
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xiaoqian HU
- College of Food Science and Technology, ShangHai Ocean University
| | - Ping DONG
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Jie XU
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Yong XUE
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Jingfeng WANG
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Changhu XUE
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Yuming WANG
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
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Elekofehinti OO. Saponins: Anti-diabetic principles from medicinal plants - A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:95-103. [PMID: 25753168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a global health problem. It is the most common of the endocrine disorders and is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to relative or absolute lack of insulin secretion or insulin actions. According to the World Health Organization projections, the diabetes population is likely to increase to 300 million or more by the year 2025. Current synthetic agents and insulin used effectively for the treatment of diabetes are scarce especially in rural areas, expensive and have prominent adverse effects. Complementary and alternative approaches to diabetes management such as isolation of phytochemicals with anti-hyperglycemic activities from medicinal plants is therefore imperative. Saponins are phytochemical with structural diversity and biological activities. This paper reviews saponins and various plants from which they were isolated as well as properties that make them ideal for antidiabetic remedy.
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25
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Wen M, Cui J, Xu J, Xue Y, Wang J, Xue C, Wang Y. Effects of dietary sea cucumber saponin on the gene expression rhythm involved in circadian clock and lipid metabolism in mice during nighttime-feeding. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:801-8. [PMID: 25059722 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, clock rhythms exist not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is entrained by light/dark (LD) cycles, but also in most peripheral tissues. Recent studies have revealed that most physiology and behavior are subject to well-controlled daily oscillations; similarly, metabolic state influences the diurnal rhythm too. Previous studies have indicated that dietary sea cucumber saponin (SCS) could improve glucose and lipid metabolism of rodent. However, whether SCS could affect the expression of clock genes, which is involved in lipid metabolism, is unknown at present. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of SCS on the clock and clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism. ICR male mice were divided into a control and SCS group mice (add 0.03% sea cucumber saponin to regular chow) and were fed at night (2030-0830 hours). After 2 weeks, clock genes expression in brain and liver, blood glucose, hormones, and lipid metabolic markers were analyzed. The results showed that dietary SCS caused alteration in rhythms and/or amplitudes of clock genes was more significant in brain than in liver. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), together with their target genes carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) showed marked changes in rhythm and/or amplitude in SCS group mice. These results suggested that SCS could affect the daily expression patterns of clock genes in brain and liver tissues, and alter the clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
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26
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Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate From Sea Cucumber Improves Glucose Metabolism and Activates Insulin Signaling in the Liver of Insulin-Resistant Mice. J Med Food 2014; 17:749-57. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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27
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Elekofehinti OO, Omotuyi IO, Kamdem JP, Ejelonu OC, Alves GV, Adanlawo IG, Rocha JBT. Saponin as regulator of biofuel: implication for ethnobotanical management of diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:555-67. [PMID: 24563096 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been a sharp rise in the global prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and their comorbid conditions within the last decade prompting significant research into possible causes and cure via therapeutic intervention and lifestyle adjustments. Here, the molecular bases of antidiabetic plants used in the prehistorical treatment of diabetes and obesity are reviewed with particular focus on saponin as the phytotherapeutic principle. Until recently, the phytotherapeutic potentials of saponins have been masked in the heterogeneity of phytochemicals co-extractable during traditional preparations. With improved technique of purification and cutting edge biological assay methods, saponins have emerged as a regulator of primary biofuel availability through direct interaction with energy metabolism, cell signaling, and gene expression. Specific cases of lipoprotein lipase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) activation, adiponectin gene upregulation, fatty acid binding protein 4 repression (FABP4), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) membrane exocytosis have been documented which provide molecular basis for hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity manifestations observed in experimental animals following saponin treatment. Although intensified research is required to characterize the pharmacophoric features in saponins exhibiting these interactions, however, this preliminary lead is valuable if the world will be free of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis in no distant future.
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28
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Wang Y, Wang J, Yanagita RC, Liu C, Hu X, Dong P, Xue C, Xue Y. Effects of two sulfated triterpene saponins echinoside A and holothurin A on the inhibition of dietary fat absorption and obesity reduction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:139-46. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two similarly sulfated triterpene saponins from Pearsonothuria graeffei were prepared to investigate the anti-obesity effects of echinoside A (EA) and holothurin A (HA). The in vitro inhibitory activities of EA and HA toward pancreatic lipase were investigated, and two in vivo studies were performed: (i) Male Wistar rats were orally administered the lipid emulsion with or without a saponin (HA or EA). The serum’s total triglyceride concentration was measured at various times. (ii) C57BL/6 mice were assigned to four groups, high fat (HF), EA (0.03%), HA (0.04%), and orlistat (0.01%), and the weight of adipose tissue and level of fatty acids excreted in the feces were determined. Both EA and HA repressed the pancreatic lipase activity and increased fatty acid excretion in the feces. Treatment with EA and HA significantly decreased the adipose tissue accumulation in mice. EA and HA manifested different inhibitory activities in vitro, but each of them dramatically inhibited lipid absorption in vivo and showed strong anti-obesity activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chunhua Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Vaidya H, Cheema SK. Sea cucumber and blue mussel: new sources of phospholipid enriched omega-3 fatty acids with a potential role in 3T3-L1 adipocyte metabolism. Food Funct 2014; 5:3287-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumber and blue mussel methanolic extracts are enriched inn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids structured in the phospholipid form, which increases adipogenesis and decreases lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Vaidya
- Department of Biochemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's, Canada
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30
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Olivera-Castillo L, Davalos A, Grant G, Valadez-Gonzalez N, Montero J, Barrera-Perez HAM, Chim-Chi Y, Olvera-Novoa MA, Ceja-Moreno V, Acereto-Escoffie P, Rubio-Piña J, Rodriguez-Canul R. Diets containing sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) meals are hypocholesterolemic in young rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79446. [PMID: 24260223 PMCID: PMC3834158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumber is widely consumed as a putative functional food. It contains many biologically-active substances, but only limited research on its properties in vivo has been done. The effects of different meals containing Isostichopus badionotus, a sea cucumber from southeast Mexico, on growth performance and body lipid profile in young rats were analyzed. Sea cucumber body wall was either lyophilized, cooked (100 °C, 1 h in water) and lyophilized, or oven-dried (70 °C for 12 h). It was then ground and incorporated into cholesterol-containing diets. I. badionotus meals supported growth and improved lipid profile in rats. In particular, serum cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides concentration and atherogenic index values were greatly reduced by some I. badionotus containing diets. Liver total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol were also reduced. Cooking or heat-treatment of the meals lowered but did not abolish their hypolipidemic potency. Gene expression analysis of several key genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism in liver showed that diets containing I. badionotus repressed the induction of key genes associated with dyslipidemia exerted by cholesterol supplementation. Consumption of I. badionotus from the Yucatan Peninsula is beneficial for dyslipidemia, although biological effect is clearly dependent on preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Olivera-Castillo
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto Davalos
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados - Alimentación, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autonoma de Madrid+Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - George Grant
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Nina Valadez-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Montero
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | - Yasser Chim-Chi
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Olvera-Novoa
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Víctor Ceja-Moreno
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Pablo Acereto-Escoffie
- Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rubio-Piña
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Rossanna Rodriguez-Canul
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudio Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Unidad Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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The protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids from sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa on oxidative stress in PC12 cells and SAMP8 mice. Neurochem Int 2013; 64:9-17. [PMID: 24231470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorders, in which oxidative stress plays an important role. The present study investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-enriched PL) from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa on oxidative injury in PC12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP). We also studied the effect of EPA-enriched PL on learning and memory functions in senescence-accelerated prone mouse strain 8 (SAMP8) in vivo. Pretreatment with EPA-enriched PL resulted in an enhancement of survival in a dose-dependent manner in H2O2 or t-BHP damaged PC12 cells. EPA-enriched PL pretreatment could also reduce the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increase the intracellular total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared with the H2O2 or t-BHP group. The down-regulated Bcl-2 mRNA level and up-regulated Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 mRNA expression induced by H2O2 or t-BHP could be restored by EPA-enriched PL pretreatment. These results demonstrated that EPA-enriched PL exhibited its neuroprotective effects by virtue of its antioxidant activity, which might be achieved by inhibiting the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. The neuroprotective effect of EPA-enriched PL was also verified in vivo test: the EPA-enriched PL administration prevented the development of learning and memory impairments in SAMP8 mice. Our results indicated that EPA-enriched PL could offer an efficient and novel strategy to explore novel drugs or functional food for neuronprotection and cognitive improvement.
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Wu FJ, Xue Y, Tang QJ, Xu J, Du L, Xue CH, Takahashi K, Wang YM. The Protective Effects of Cerebrosides from Sea Cucumber and Starfish on the Oxidative Damage in PC12 Cells. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:717-27. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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