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Nguyen Y, Rudd Zhong Manis J, Ronczkowski NM, Bui T, Oxenrider A, Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC. Unveiling the gut-eye axis: how microbial metabolites influence ocular health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1377186. [PMID: 38799150 PMCID: PMC11122920 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1377186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and ocular health has surpassed conventional medical beliefs, fundamentally reshaping our understanding of organ interconnectivity. This review investigates into the intricate relationship between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and their consequential impact on ocular health and disease pathogenesis. By examining the role of specific metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate and bile acids (BAs), herein we elucidate their significant contributions to ocular pathologies, thought-provoking the traditional belief of organ sterility, particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Highlighting the dynamic nature of the gut microbiota and its profound influence on ocular health, this review underlines the necessity of comprehending the complex workings of the gut-eye axis, an emerging field of science ready for further exploration and scrutiny. While acknowledging the therapeutic promise in manipulating the gut microbiome and its metabolites, the available literature advocates for a targeted, precise approach. Instead of broad interventions, it emphasizes the potential of exploiting specific microbiome-related metabolites as a focused strategy. This targeted approach compared to a precision tool rather than a broad-spectrum solution, aims to explore the therapeutic applications of microbiome-related metabolites in the context of various retinal diseases. By proposing a nuanced strategy targeted at specific microbial metabolites, this review suggests that addressing specific deficiencies or imbalances through microbiome-related metabolites might yield expedited and pronounced outcomes in systemic health, extending to the eye. This focused strategy holds the potential in bypassing the irregularity associated with manipulating microbes themselves, paving a more efficient pathway toward desired outcomes in optimizing gut health and its implications for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nguyen
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Tommy Bui
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Allston Oxenrider
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Menaka C. Thounaojam
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Li J, Huang Z, Jin Y, Liang L, Li Y, Xu K, Zhou W, Li X. Neuroprotective Effect of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) on In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Retinal Disorders: A Systematic Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1374-1390. [PMID: 37691227 PMCID: PMC11092919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230907152207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally produced hydrophilic bile acid that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Numerous recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that TUDCA has neuroprotective action in various models of retinal disorders. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the scientific literature and provide a comprehensive summary on the neuroprotective action and the mechanisms involved in the cytoprotective effects of TUDCA. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Systematic literature search of United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library was performed, which covered all original articles published up to July 2022. The terms, "TUDCA" in combination with "retina", "retinal protection", "neuroprotection" were searched. Possible biases were identified with the adopted SYRCLE's tool. RESULTS Of the 423 initially gathered studies, 24 articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria for full-text review. Six of them were in vitro experiments, 17 studies reported in vivo data and one study described both in vitro and in vivo data. The results revealed the effect of TUDCA on different retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal degeneration (RD), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and retinal detachment (RDT). The quality scores of the in vivo studies were ranged from 5 to 7 points (total 10 points), according to SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Both in vitro and in vivo data suggested that TUDCA could effectively delay degeneration and apoptosis of retinal neurons, preserve retinal structure and function, and its mechanism of actions might be related with inhibiting apoptosis, decreasing inflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reducing angiogenesis. CONCLUSION This systematic review demonstrated that TUDCA has neuroprotective effect on in vivo and in vitro models of retinal disorders, reinforcing the currently available evidence that TUDCA could be a promising therapeutic agent in retinal diseases treatment. However, well designed clinical trials are necessary to appraise the efficacy of TUDCA in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Li
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Lina Liang
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Eye Function Laboratory, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
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Zhang JY, Xiao J, Xie B, Barba H, Boachie-Mensah M, Shah RN, Nadeem U, Spedale M, Dylla N, Lin H, Sidebottom AM, D'Souza M, Theriault B, Sulakhe D, Chang EB, Skondra D. Oral Metformin Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization by Modulating the Gut-Retina Axis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:21. [PMID: 38108689 PMCID: PMC10732090 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emerging data indicate that metformin may prevent the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Whereas the underlying mechanisms of metformin's anti-aging properties remain undetermined, one proposed avenue is the gut microbiome. Using the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model, we investigate the effects of oral metformin on CNV, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid transcriptome, and gut microbiota. Methods Specific pathogen free (SPF) male mice were treated via daily oral gavage of metformin 300 mg/kg or vehicle. Male mice were selected to minimize sex-specific differences to laser induction and response to metformin. Laser-induced CNV size and macrophage/microglial infiltration were assessed by isolectin and Iba1 immunostaining. High-throughput RNA-seq of the RPE/choroid was performed using Illumina. Fecal pellets were analyzed for gut microbiota composition/pathways with 16S rRNA sequencing/shotgun metagenomics, as well as microbial-derived metabolites, including small-chain fatty acids and bile acids. Investigation was repeated in metformin-treated germ-free (GF) mice and antibiotic-treated/GF mice receiving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from metformin-treated SPF mice. Results Metformin treatment reduced CNV size (P < 0.01) and decreased Iba1+ macrophage/microglial infiltration (P < 0.005). One hundred forty-five differentially expressed genes were identified in the metformin-treated group (P < 0.05) with a downregulation in pro-angiogenic genes Tie1, Pgf, and Gata2. Furthermore, metformin altered the gut microbiome in favor of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, with a significant increase in fecal levels of butyrate, succinate, and cholic acid. Metformin did not suppress CNV in GF mice but colonization of microbiome-depleted mice with metformin-derived FMT suppressed CNV. Conclusions These data suggest that oral metformin suppresses CNV, the hallmark lesion of advanced neovascular AMD, via gut microbiome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Zhang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jason Xiao
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Rohan N. Shah
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Nicholas Dylla
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Huaiying Lin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ashley M. Sidebottom
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mark D'Souza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Effect of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid on Inflammation after Ocular Alkali Burn. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911717. [PMID: 36233018 PMCID: PMC9570278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the main cause of corneal and retinal damage in an ocular alkali burn (OAB). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) on ocular inflammation in a mouse model of an OAB. An OAB was induced in C57BL/6j mouse corneas by using 1 M NaOH. TUDCA (400 mg/kg) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally (IP) once a day for 3 days prior to establishing the OAB model. A single injection of Infliximab (6.25 mg/kg) was administered IP immediately after the OAB. The TUDCA suppressed the infiltration of the CD45-positive cells and decreased the mRNA and protein levels of the upregulated TNF-α and IL-1β in the cornea and retina of the OAB. Furthermore, the TUDCA treatment inhibited the retinal glial activation after an OAB. The TUDCA treatment not only ameliorated CNV and promoted corneal re-epithelization but also attenuated the RGC apoptosis and preserved the retinal structure after the OAB. Finally, the TUDCA reduced the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress molecules, IRE1, GRP78 and CHOP, in the retinal tissues of the OAB mice. The present study demonstrated that the TUDCA inhibits ocular inflammation and protects the cornea and retina from injury in an OAB mouse model. These results provide a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of an OAB.
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Liu J, Tan Z, Jia Y, Shi X, Hou R, Liu J, Luo D, Fu X, Yang T, Wang X. Co‐delivery of tauroursodeoxycholic acid and dexamethasone using electrospun ultrafine fibers to induce early coupled angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Ziwei Tan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Yongliang Jia
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Xiaotong Shi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Ruxia Hou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Dongmei Luo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Xinyu Fu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Tingting Yang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China
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Fehér J, Élő Á, István L, Nagy ZZ, Radák Z, Scuderi G, Artico M, Kovács I. Microbiota mitochondria disorders as hubs for early age-related macular degeneration. GeroScience 2022; 44:2623-2653. [PMID: 35978068 PMCID: PMC9385247 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the central area (macula lutea) of the retina. Research on the pathogenic mechanism of AMD showed complex cellular contribution governed by such risk factors as aging, genetic predisposition, diet, and lifestyle. Recent studies suggested that microbiota is a transducer and a modifier of risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, and mitochondria may be one of the intracellular targets of microbial signaling molecules. This review explores studies supporting a new concept on the contribution of microbiota-mitochondria disorders to AMD. We discuss metabolic, vascular, immune, and neuronal mechanism in AMD as well as key alterations of photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane, choriocapillaris endothelial, immune, and neuronal cells. Special attention was paid to alterations of mitochondria contact sites (MCSs), an organelle network of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets (LDs), and peroxisomes being documented based on our own electron microscopic findings from surgically removed human eyes. Morphometry of Bruch's membrane lipids and proteoglycans has also been performed in early AMD and aged controls. Microbial metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, polyphenols, and secondary bile acids) and microbial compounds (lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and bacterial DNA)-now called postbiotics-in addition to local effects on resident microbiota and mucous membrane, regulate systemic metabolic, vascular, immune, and neuronal mechanisms in normal conditions and in various common diseases. We also discuss their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic effects as well as experimental and clinical observations on regulating the main processes of photoreceptor renewal, mitophagy, and autophagy in early AMD. These findings support an emerging concept that microbiota-mitochondria disorders may be a crucial pathogenic mechanism of early AMD; and similarly, to other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, new treatment approaches should be targeted at these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fehér
- PRIMAVERA Program, Nutripharma Hungaria Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Élő
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla István
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radák
- grid.472475.70000 0000 9243 1481Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gianluca Scuderi
- grid.7841.aOphthalmology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- grid.417007.5Department of Sensory Organs, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Illés Kovács
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY USA
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Pinilla I, Maneu V, Campello L, Fernández-Sánchez L, Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Sánchez-Sáez X, Sánchez-Castillo C, Lax P, Cuenca N. Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Their Physiopathology and Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061086. [PMID: 35739983 PMCID: PMC9219848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a large group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration of the retina, ultimately leading to loss of visual function. Oxidative stress and inflammation play fundamental roles in the physiopathology of these diseases. Photoreceptor cell death induces an inflammatory state in the retina. The activation of several molecular pathways triggers different cellular responses to injury, including the activation of microglia to eliminate debris and recruit inflammatory cells from circulation. Therapeutical options for IRDs are currently limited, although a small number of patients have been successfully treated by gene therapy. Many other therapeutic strategies are being pursued to mitigate the deleterious effects of IRDs associated with oxidative metabolism and/or inflammation, including inhibiting reactive oxygen species’ accumulation and inflammatory responses, and blocking autophagy. Several compounds are being tested in clinical trials, generating great expectations for their implementation. The present review discusses the main death mechanisms that occur in IRDs and the latest therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pinilla
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa, University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Pedro Lax
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain; (P.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (L.C.); (N.M.-G.); (O.K.); (X.S.-S.); (C.S.-C.)
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Daruich A, Picard E, Guégan J, Jaworski T, Parenti L, Delaunay K, Naud MC, Berdugo M, Boatright JH, Behar-Cohen F. Comparative Analysis of Urso- and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Neuroprotective Effects on Retinal Degeneration Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:334. [PMID: 35337132 PMCID: PMC8955596 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic (TUDCA) acids have shown neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative diseases, but differential effects of the two bile acids have been poorly explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of UDCA versus TUDCA in a neuroretinal degeneration model and to compare transcriptionally regulated pathways. The WERI-Rb-1 human cone-like cell line and retinal explants were exposed to albumin and TUDCA or UDCA. Viability, cell death, and microglial activation were quantified. Transcriptionally regulated pathways were analyzed after RNA sequencing using the edgeR bioconductor package. Pre-treatment of cone-like cells with UDCA or TUDCA significantly protected cells from albumin toxicity. On retinal explants, either bile acid reduced apoptosis, necroptosis, and microglia activation at 6 h. TUDCA induced the regulation of 463 genes, whilst 31 genes were regulated by UDCA. Only nineteen common genes were regulated by both bile acids, mainly involved in iron control, cell death, oxidative stress, and cell metabolism. As compared to UDCA, TUDCA up-regulated genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and down-regulated genes involved in axonal and neuronal development. Either bile acid protected against albumin-induced cell loss. However, TUDCA regulated substantially more neuroprotective genes than UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Daruich
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris University, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Picard
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Justine Guégan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Thara Jaworski
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Léa Parenti
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Kimberley Delaunay
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Marie-Christine Naud
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Marianne Berdugo
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Jeffrey H. Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Center of Excellence, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, Paris University, Inserm, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.P.); (T.J.); (L.P.); (K.D.); (M.-C.N.); (M.B.); (F.B.-C.)
- Ophtalmopole, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris University, F-75015 Paris, France
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Wang SK, Cepko CL. Targeting Microglia to Treat Degenerative Eye Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843558. [PMID: 35251042 PMCID: PMC8891158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been implicated in many degenerative eye disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and retinal detachment. While the exact roles of microglia in these conditions are still being discovered, evidence from animal models suggests that they can modulate the course of disease. In this review, we highlight current strategies to target microglia in the eye and their potential as treatments for both rare and common ocular disorders. These approaches include depleting microglia with chemicals or radiation, reprogramming microglia using homeostatic signals or other small molecules, and inhibiting the downstream effects of microglia such as by blocking cytokine activity or phagocytosis. Finally, we describe areas of future research needed to fully exploit the therapeutic value of microglia in eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K. Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Constance L. Cepko
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Constance L. Cepko,
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10
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Bringer MA, Gabrielle PH, Bron AM, Creuzot-Garcher C, Acar N. The gut microbiota in retinal diseases. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108867. [PMID: 34856206 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract and consists of archaea, fungi, viruses, and bacteria, with bacteria being dominant. From birth onwards, it coevolves dynamically together with the host. The composition of the gut microbiota is under the influence of a complex interplay between both host and environmental factors. Scientific advances in the past few decades have shown that it is essential in maintaining homeostasis and tipping the balance between health and disease. In addition to its role in food digestion, the gut microbiota is implicated in regulating multiple physiological processes in the host gut mucosa and in distant organs such as the brain. Persistent imbalance between gut microbial communities, termed "dysbiosis," has been associated with several inflammatory and metabolic diseases as well as with central nervous system disorders. In this review, we present the state of the art of current knowledge on an emerging concept, the microbiota-retina axis, and the potential role of its disturbance in the development of retinopathies. We also describe several microbiota-targeting strategies that could constitute preventive and therapeutic tools for retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Pierre-Henry Gabrielle
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alain M Bron
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Creuzot-Garcher
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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11
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Bilbao-Malavé V, González-Zamora J, de la Puente M, Recalde S, Fernandez-Robredo P, Hernandez M, Layana AG, Saenz de Viteri M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Age Related Macular Degeneration, Role in Pathophysiology, and Possible New Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1170. [PMID: 34439418 PMCID: PMC8388889 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of legal blindness in developed countries. It is a multifactorial disease in which a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to increased risk of developing this vision-incapacitating condition. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathophysiology of AMD and recent publications have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in this disease. Although treatment with vascular endothelium growth factor inhibitors have decreased the risk of blindness in patients with the exudative form of AMD, the search for new therapeutic options continues to prevent the loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells, characteristic of late stage AMD. In this review, we explain how mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress participate in AMD pathogenesis. We also discuss a role of several antioxidants (bile acids, resveratrol, melatonin, humanin, and coenzyme Q10) in amelioration of AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
| | - Jorge González-Zamora
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
| | - Miriam de la Puente
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernandez-Robredo
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Hernandez
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Garcia Layana
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Saenz de Viteri
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Glycine-Conjugated Bile Acids Protect RPE Tight Junctions against Oxidative Stress and Inhibit Choroidal Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis In Vitro. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050626. [PMID: 33922434 PMCID: PMC8146504 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the bile acid taurocholic acid (TCA) inhibits features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if the glycine-conjugated bile acids glycocholic acid (GCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) can protect retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells against oxidative damage and inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in choroidal endothelial cells (CECs). Paraquat was used to induce oxidative stress and disrupt tight junctions in HRPEpiC primary human RPE cells. Tight junctions were assessed via transepithelial electrical resistance and ZO-1 immunofluorescence. GCA and GUDCA protected RPE tight junctions against oxidative damage at concentrations of 100–500 µM, and GDCA protected tight junctions at 10–500 µM. Angiogenesis was induced with VEGF in RF/6A macaque CECs and evaluated with cell proliferation, cell migration, and tube formation assays. GCA inhibited VEGF-induced CEC migration at 50–500 µM and tube formation at 10–500 µM. GUDCA inhibited VEGF-induced CEC migration at 100–500 µM and tube formation at 50–500 µM. GDCA had no effect on VEGF-induced angiogenesis. None of the three bile acids significantly inhibited VEGF-induced CEC proliferation. These results suggest glycine-conjugated bile acids may be protective against both atrophic and neovascular AMD.
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13
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Win A, Delgado A, Jadeja RN, Martin PM, Bartoli M, Thounaojam MC. Pharmacological and Metabolic Significance of Bile Acids in Retinal Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020292. [PMID: 33669313 PMCID: PMC7920062 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic sterols primarily synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released in the intestinal lumen upon food intake. BAs play important roles in micellination of dietary lipids, stimulating bile flow, promoting biliary phospholipid secretion, and regulating cholesterol synthesis and elimination. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that, aside from their conventional biological function, BAs are also important signaling molecules and therapeutic tools. In the last decade, the therapeutic applications of BAs in the treatment of ocular diseases have gained great interest. Despite the identification of BA synthesis, metabolism, and recycling in ocular tissues, much remains unknown with regards to their biological significance in the eye. Additionally, as gut microbiota directly affects the quality of circulating BAs, their analysis could derive important information on changes occurring in this microenvironment. This review aims at providing an overview of BA metabolism and biological function with a focus on their potential therapeutic and diagnostic use for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Win
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.W.); (A.D.); (P.M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Amanda Delgado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.W.); (A.D.); (P.M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Pamela M. Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.W.); (A.D.); (P.M.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.W.); (A.D.); (P.M.M.); (M.B.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Menaka C. Thounaojam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.W.); (A.D.); (P.M.M.); (M.B.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +706-721-9163 or +706-721-7910; Fax: +706-721-9799
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14
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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Injury and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress In Vitro. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090367. [PMID: 32967221 PMCID: PMC7555559 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is characterized by the dysfunction of retinal cells. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of retinal degeneration. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) has been demonstrated to have protective effects in in vitro and in vivo retinal degeneration models. To fully understand the molecular mechanisms of TUDCA’s protection, we first treated human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, ARPE-19, with H2O2 or H2O2 plus TUDCA for 24 h. RPE cells co-exposed to TUDCA had higher cell viability and lower cell death rate compared to cells exposed to H2O2 alone. TUDCA significantly increased antioxidant capacity in H2O2-treated RPE cells by decreasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), upregulating the expression of antioxidant genes, and increasing the generation of glutathione (GSH). TUDCA also inhibited inflammation in H2O2-challenged RPE cells by decreasing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, TUDCA suppressed thapsigargin-induced ER stress in RPE cells, as demonstrated by decreased the expression of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and apoptosis. Our present study suggests that TUDCA can protect RPE cells against oxidative damage, inflammation, and ER stress and may benefit patients with retinal degeneration.
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15
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Taurocholic acid inhibits features of age-related macular degeneration in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107974. [PMID: 32067977 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous metabolomics studies from our lab found altered plasma levels of bile acids in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared to controls. In this study, we investigated the ability of the bile acid taurocholic acid (TCA) to inhibit features of AMD modeled in vitro. Paraquat was used to induce oxidative stress in HRPEpiC primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Cells were treated with 300 μM paraquat alone or with TCA (10, 50, 100, 200, or 500 μM). RPE tight junction integrity was assessed via ZO-1 immunofluorescence and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements. RF/6A macaque choroidal endothelial cells were treated with 100 ng/mL vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to induce angiogenesis. The effect of TCA on VEGF-induced angiogenesis was evaluated with cell proliferation, cell migration, and tube formation assays. Addition of TCA at 100 (P = 8.6 × 10-4), 200 (P = 0.0035), and 500 (P = 2.1 × 10-4) μM resulted in significant preservation of TEER in paraquat treated cells. In RF/6A cells, TCA did not significantly affect VEGF-induced cell proliferation. VEGF-induced migration of RF/6A cells was significantly inhibited at TCA concentrations of 100 (P = 0.010), 200 (P = 0.023) and 500 (P = 0.0049) μM. VEGF-induced tube formation was significantly inhibited when treated with 200 (P = 0.014) and 500 (P = 7.1 × 10-4) μM TCA. In vitro, TCA promoted RPE cell integrity and diminished VEGF-induced choroidal endothelial cell migration and tube formation. This suggests that TCA may have protective effects against both degenerative and neovascular AMD.
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16
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Shiraya T, Araki F, Ueta T, Fukunaga H, Totsuka K, Arai T, Uemura A, Moriya K, Kato S. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates the Retinal Vascular Abnormalities in Anti-PDGFR-β Antibody-Induced Pericyte Depletion Mouse Models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:977. [PMID: 31969665 PMCID: PMC6976624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a clinical manifestations of diabetic retinopathy (DR), pericytes (PCs) loss from the capillary walls is thought to be an initial pathological change responsible for the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This study was performed to investigate the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in PC depletion mice by injection of an antibody against platelet-derived growth factor reception-β (PDGFR-β clone APB5). To assess the integrity of the retinal vessels, their density, diameters, vessel branching points, and number of acellular capillaries were evaluated. While all types of retinal vessels became enlarged in APB5-induced mice, treatment with UDCA rescued the vasculature; the vessel density, diameter of the veins and capillaries, and vessel branching points were significantly lower in mice treated with UDCA. Although APB5-induced mice displayed progressive exacerbation of retinal edema, whole retinal thickness upon treatment with UDCA was significantly decreased. Additionally, UDCA reduced the expression of F4/80+ macrophages in the APB5-induced retina according to immunofluorescent labeling. UDCA also reduced the increased expression of angiogenic factors and inflammatory mediators (vascular endothelial growth factor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1). These findings suggest that UDCA can be used to prevent the progression of and treat DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Shiraya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Fukunaga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Totsuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Zhu L, Wang W, Xie TH, Zou J, Nie X, Wang X, Zhang MY, Wang ZY, Gu S, Zhuang M, Tan J, Shen C, Dai Y, Yang X, Yao Y, Wei TT. TGR5 receptor activation attenuates diabetic retinopathy through suppression of RhoA/ROCK signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:4189-4203. [PMID: 31957105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902496rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Abnormal energy metabolism in microvascular endothelium is involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Bile Acid G-Protein-Coupled Membrane Receptor (TGR5) has emerged as a novel regulator of metabolic disorders. However, the role of TGR5 in diabetes mellitus-induced microvascular dysfunction in retinas is largely unknown. Herein, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for analyzing bile acid (BA) profiles in diabetic rat retinas and retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) cultured in high glucose medium. The effects of TGR5 agonist on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy were evaluated by HE staining, TUNEL staining, retinal trypsin digestion, and vascular permeability assay. A pharmacological inhibitor of RhoA was used to study the role of TGR5 on the regulation of Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) and western blot, immunofluorescence and siRNA silencing were performed to study the related signaling pathways. Here we show that bile acids were downregulated during DR progression in the diabetic rat retinas and RMECs cultured in high glucose medium. The TGR5 agonist obviously ameliorated diabetes-induced retinal microvascular dysfunction in vivo, and inhibited the effect of TNF-α on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and permeability in vitro. In contrast, knockdown of TGR5 by siRNA aggravated TNF-α-induced actin polymerization and endothelial permeability. Mechanistically, the effects of TGR5 on the improvement of endothelial function was due to its regulatory role on the ROCK signaling pathway. An inhibitor of RhoA significantly reversed the loss of tight junction protein under TNF-α stimulation. Taken together, our findings suggest that insufficient BA signaling plays an important pathogenic role in the development of DR. Upregulation or activation of TGR5 may inhibit RhoA/ROCK-dependent actin remodeling and represent an important therapeutic intervention for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingpeng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Hua Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zou
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Shun Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Miao Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Tan
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Youai Dai
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Xusheng Yang
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,Wuxi Institute of Translational Medicine, Wuxi, P.R. China
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18
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Yang SS, Oh JM, Chun S, Kim BS, Kim CS, Lee J. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid induces angiogenic activity in endothelial cells and accelerates bone regeneration. Bone 2020; 130:115073. [PMID: 31626993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial process during bone tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the angiogenic activity and the potentiation of bone regeneration via angiogenesis using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the effect of TUDCA on proliferation and angiogenic differentiation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the associated signaling pathway. Proliferation was determined using crystal violet assay. Angiogenic effects were evaluated based on cell migration and tube formation. In order to explore TUDCA-signaling pathways, phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase, protein kinase B (AKT), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was determined using western blot. Furthermore, in vivo bone formation and angiogenesis were determined using a New Zealand outbred albino rabbit calvarial defect model, while angiogenesis and bone formation were evaluated using micro-CT and histological analysis. Our results show that TUDCA significantly increased cell proliferation. Moreover, TUDCA enhanced cell migration and tube formation in HUVECs. TUDCA increased the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and eNOS. Specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059), JNK (SP600125), and AKT (AKT1/2) inhibited the TUDCA-induced migration and tube formation, while the p38 inhibitor (SB203580) did not. The in vivo study used TUDCA to accelerate new blood vessel formation and promoted bone formation in rabbit calvarial defect model. These results indicate that TUDCA plays a critical role in enhancing the angiogenesis of endothelial cells and in vivo new bone regeneration. The use of TUDCA may contribute to the regeneration of bone tissue by improving angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Sik Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University 77 Dunsan-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Oh
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National Medical School, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National Medical School, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Su Kim
- Carbon Nano Convergence Technology Center for Next Generation Engineers (CNN), Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Sang Kim
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University 77 Dunsan-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-120, Republic of Korea.
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Preclinical Evaluation of UDCA-Containing Oral Formulation in Mice for the Treatment of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110561. [PMID: 31671869 PMCID: PMC6920808 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a posterior ocular disease, wet age-related macular degeneration (WAMD) has been known to be related to vision loss, accompanying ocular complications. The intravitreous injection of VEGF antibodies has been reported to be an effective treatment to relieve symptoms of WAMD. However, the limitations of this treatment are high costs and invasiveness. For this reason, oral delivery route can be considered as a cost-effective way and the safest method to deliver drug molecules to the eyes. Accordingly, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was included in the oral formulation as the potential substance for the cure of WAMD in the animal model. Various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects, have been reported for UDCA and recent reports support the effects of UDCA in ocular treatment. However, due to poor water solubility and low pKa (around 5.0), it has been challenging to formulate aqueous solution of UDCA in the neutral pH range. In the present study, we confirmed the aqueous solubility of the oral UDCA formulation and performed a preclinical study, including pharmacokinetic profiling and WAMD model efficacy study in mice after oral administration of the drug solution. The results demonstrated that the formulation improved bioavailability of UDCA and efficiently delivered UDCA to the eye tissues after oral absorption. UDCA formulation was found to have inhibitory effects of choroidal neovascularization with a functional recovery in mice retinas. Taken together, our results suggest that the oral UDCA formulation could be used as a potent supplement for the cure of WAMD and related retinal diseases.
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Kitamura Y, Bikbova G, Baba T, Yamamoto S, Oshitari T. In vivo effects of single or combined topical neuroprotective and regenerative agents on degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rat optic nerve crush model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:101. [PMID: 30643179 PMCID: PMC6331543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effectiveness of a single or a combination of topical neurotrophic factors (NFs) in protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the rat optic nerve crush (ONC) model, the left ONC was performed to induce the death of the RGCs in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The NFs studied were tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), citicoline, neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), combined TUDCA/citicoline (Doublet-1), combined TUDCA/NT-4 (Doublet-2), combined TUDCA/citicoline/NT-4 (Triplet), and PBS. After 2 weeks, the number of RGCs was determined by Brn3a immunostaining. The optic nerves were immunostained for anti-Growth Associated Protein-43(GAP-43) and -200kD neurofilament heavy antibody to study optic nerve regeneration. Two weeks after the ONC, the densities of RGCs in all treated eyes were significantly higher than that of the PBS treated eyes. In the Triplet group, the number of RGC axons after ONC was significantly higher than that in all of the single treatment groups and the number of TUNEL positive cells was significantly reduced and the number of GAP-43 immunopositive axons was significantly greater than those in the PBS group. Neovascularization was observed only in the Doublet-1 group. We conclude that the combination of the three NFs was the most effective way to protect RGCs after the ONC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guzel Bikbova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Baba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oshitari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, Kouzunomori 4-3, Narita, 286-8686, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Pardue MT, Allen RS. Neuroprotective strategies for retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:50-76. [PMID: 29481975 PMCID: PMC6081194 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that affect the eye, including photoreceptor degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, affect 11.8 million people in the US, resulting in vision loss and blindness. Loss of sight affects patient quality of life and puts an economic burden both on individuals and the greater healthcare system. Despite the urgent need for treatments, few effective options currently exist in the clinic. Here, we review research on promising neuroprotective strategies that promote neuronal survival with the potential to protect against vision loss and retinal cell death. Due to the large number of neuroprotective strategies, we restricted our review to approaches that we had direct experience with in the laboratory. We focus on drugs that target survival pathways, including bile acids like UDCA and TUDCA, steroid hormones like progesterone, therapies that target retinal dopamine, and neurotrophic factors. In addition, we review rehabilitative methods that increase endogenous repair mechanisms, including exercise and electrical stimulation therapies. For each approach, we provide background on the neuroprotective strategy, including history of use in other diseases; describe potential mechanisms of action; review the body of research performed in the retina thus far, both in animals and in humans; and discuss considerations when translating each treatment to the clinic and to the retina, including which therapies show the most promise for each retinal disease. Despite the high incidence of retinal diseases and the complexity of mechanisms involved, several promising neuroprotective treatments provide hope to prevent blindness. We discuss attractive candidates here with the goal of furthering retinal research in critical areas to rapidly translate neuroprotective strategies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Rachael S Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
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Beneficial effects of ursodeoxycholic acid via inhibition of airway remodelling, apoptosis of airway epithelial cells, and Th2 immune response in murine model of chronic asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:339-349. [PMID: 28256288 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In previous studies, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on liver diseases have been shown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of UDCA on airway remodelling, epithelial apoptosis, and T Helper (Th)-2 derived cytokine levels in a murine model of chronic asthma. METHODS Twenty-seven BALB/c mice were divided into five groups; PBS-Control, OVA-Placebo, OVA-50mg/kg UDCA, OVA-150mg/kg UDCA, OVA-Dexamethasone. Mice in groups OVA-50mg/kg UDCA, OVA-150mg/kg UDCA, OVA-Dexamethasone received the UDCA (50mg/kg), UDCA (150mg/kg), and dexamethasone, respectively. Epithelium thickness, sub-epithelial smooth muscle thickness, number of mast and goblet cells of samples isolated from the lung were measured. Immunohistochemical scorings of the lung tissue for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG-F), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL) and cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspase)-3 were determined. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, Nitric oxide, ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels were quantified. RESULTS The dose of 150mg/kg UDCA treatment led to lower epithelial thickness, sub-epithelial smooth muscle thickness, goblet and mast cell numbers compared to placebo. Except for MMP-9 and TUNEL all immunohistochemical scores were similar in both UDCA treated groups and the placebo. All cytokine levels were significantly lower in group IV compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the dose of 150mg/kg UDCA improved all histopathological changes of airway remodelling and its beneficial effects might be related to modulating Th-2 derived cytokines and the inhibition of apoptosis of airway epithelial cells.
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Chung YR, Choi JA, Koh JY, Yoon YH. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Retinal Pericyte Loss in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:1763292. [PMID: 28127564 PMCID: PMC5239976 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1763292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of pericytes, an early hallmark of diabetic retinopathy (DR), results in breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may be involved in this process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a known ameliorator of ER stress, on pericyte loss in DR of streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice. To assess the extent of DR, the integrity of retinal vessels and density of retinal capillaries in STZ-induced diabetic mice were evaluated. Additionally, induction of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) were assessed in diabetic mice and human retinal pericytes exposed to advanced glycation end products (AGE) or modified low-density lipoprotein (mLDL). Fluorescein dye leakage during angiography and retinal capillary density were improved in UDCA-treated diabetic mice, compared to the nontreated diabetic group. Among the UPR markers, those involved in the protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway were increased, while UDCA attenuated UPR in STZ-induced diabetic mice as well as AGE- or mLDL-exposed retinal pericytes in culture. Consequently, vascular integrity was improved and pericyte loss reduced in the retina of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Our findings suggest that UDCA might be effective in protecting against DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Ri Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A. Choi
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cao AL, Wang L, Chen X, Wang YM, Guo HJ, Chu S, Liu C, Zhang XM, Peng W. Ursodeoxycholic acid and 4-phenylbutyrate prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced podocyte apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med 2016; 96:610-22. [PMID: 26999661 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, resulting from the accumulation of misfolded and/or unfolded proteins in ER membranes, is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ER stress inhibitors ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) in the treatment of DN in db/db mice. Findings have revealed that diabetic db/db mice were more hyperglycemic than their non-diabetic controls, and exhibited a marked increase in body weight, water intake, urine volume, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, glucose and insulin tolerance. UDCA (40 mg/kg/day) or 4-PBA (100 mg/kg/day) treatment for 12 weeks resulted in an improvement in these biochemical and physical parameters. Moreover, UDCA or 4-PBA intervention markedly decreased urinary albuminuria and attenuated mesangial expansion in diabetic db/db mice, compared with db/db mice treated with vehicle. These beneficial effects of UDCA or 4-PBA on DN were associated with the inhibition of ER stress, as evidenced by the decreased expression of BiP, phospho-IRE1α, phospho-eIF2α, CHOP, ATF-6 and spliced X-box binding protein-1 in vitro and in vivo. UDCA or 4-PBA prevented hyperglycemia-induced or high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in podocytes in vivo and in vitro via the inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-12 activation. Autophagy deficiency was also seen in glomeruli in diabetic mice and HG-incubated podocytes, exhibiting decreased expression of LC3B and Beclin-1, which could be restored by UDCA or 4-PBA treatment. Taken together, our results have revealed an important role of ER stress in the development of DN, and UDCA or 4-PBA treatment may be a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Cao
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Man Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Jiang Guo
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Chu
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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25
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Testicular immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural changes associated with chronic cholestasis in rats: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid. Life Sci 2015; 136:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Fernández-Sánchez L, Lax P, Noailles A, Angulo A, Maneu V, Cuenca N. Natural Compounds from Saffron and Bear Bile Prevent Vision Loss and Retinal Degeneration. Molecules 2015; 20:13875-93. [PMID: 26263962 PMCID: PMC6332441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All retinal disorders, regardless of their aetiology, involve the activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis pathways. The administration of neuroprotective factors is crucial in all phases of the pathology, even when vision has been completely lost. The retina is one of the most susceptible tissues to reactive oxygen species damage. On the other hand, proper development and functioning of the retina requires a precise balance between the processes of proliferation, differentiation and programmed cell death. The life-or-death decision seems to be the result of a complex balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals. It has been recently shown the efficacy of natural products to slow retinal degenerative process through different pathways. In this review, we assess the neuroprotective effect of two compounds used in the ancient pharmacopoeia. On one hand, it has been demonstrated that administration of the saffron constituent safranal to P23H rats, an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa, preserves photoreceptor morphology and number, the capillary network and the visual response. On the other hand, it has been shown that systemic administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), the major component of bear bile, to P23H rats preserves cone and rod structure and function, together with their contact with postsynaptic neurons. The neuroprotective effects of safranal and TUDCA make these compounds potentially useful for therapeutic applications in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Pedro Lax
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Agustina Noailles
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Antonia Angulo
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Departament of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
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27
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Palmela I, Correia L, Silva RFM, Sasaki H, Kim KS, Brites D, Brito MA. Hydrophilic bile acids protect human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from disruption by unconjugated bilirubin: an in vitro study. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:80. [PMID: 25821432 PMCID: PMC4358072 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid and its main conjugate glycoursodeoxycholic acid are bile acids with neuroprotective properties. Our previous studies demonstrated their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in neural cells exposed to elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) as in severe jaundice. In a simplified model of the blood-brain barrier, formed by confluent monolayers of a cell line of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, UCB has shown to induce caspase-3 activation and cell death, as well as interleukin-6 release and a loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. Here, we tested the preventive and restorative effects of these bile acids regarding the disruption of blood-brain barrier properties by UCB in in vitro conditions mimicking severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and using the same experimental blood-brain barrier model. Both bile acids reduced the apoptotic cell death induced by UCB, but only glycoursodeoxycholic acid significantly counteracted caspase-3 activation. Bile acids also prevented the upregulation of interleukin-6 mRNA, whereas only ursodeoxycholic acid abrogated cytokine release. Regarding barrier integrity, only ursodeoxycholic acid abrogated UCB-induced barrier permeability. Better protective effects were obtained by bile acid pre-treatment, but a strong efficacy was still observed by their addition after UCB treatment. Finally, both bile acids showed ability to cross confluent monolayers of human brain microvascular endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. Collectively, data disclose a therapeutic time-window for preventive and restorative effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and glycoursodeoxycholic acid against UCB-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and damage to human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Palmela
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Correia
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui F M Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Fine Morphology, Core Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria A Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Saad RA, Mahmoud YI. Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates cholestasis-induced histophysiological alterations in the male reproductive system of bile duct-ligated rats. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 50:87-97. [PMID: 25461907 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid is the most widely used drug for treating cholestatic liver diseases. However, its effect on the male reproductive system alterations associated with cholestasis has never been studied. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on cholestasis-induced alterations in the male reproductive system. Cholestasis was induced by bile duct ligation. Bile duct-ligated rats had higher cholestasis biomarkers and lower levels of testosterone, LH and FSH than did the Sham rats. They also had lower reproductive organs weights, and lower sperm motility, density and normal morphology than those of Sham rats. Histologically, these animals suffered from testicular tubular atrophy, interstitial edema, thickening of basement membranes, vacuolation, and depletion of germ cells. After ursodeoxycholic acid administration, cholestasis-induced structural and functional alterations were significantly ameliorated. In conclusion, ursodeoxycholic acid can ameliorate the reproductive complications of chronic cholestasis in male patients, which represents an additional benefit to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan A Saad
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yomna I Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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29
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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30
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Vang S, Longley K, Steer CJ, Low WC. The Unexpected Uses of Urso- and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in the Treatment of Non-liver Diseases. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:58-69. [PMID: 24891994 PMCID: PMC4030606 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a US Food and Drug Administration–approved hydrophilic bile acid for the treatment of certain cholestatic liver diseases. There is a growing body of research on the mechanism(s) of TUDCA and its potential therapeutic effect on a wide variety of non-liver diseases. Both UDCA and TUDCA are potent inhibitors of apoptosis, in part by interfering with the upstream mitochondrial pathway of cell death, inhibiting oxygen-radical production, reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and stabilizing the unfolded protein response (UPR). Several studies have demonstrated that TUDCA serves as an anti-apoptotic agent for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. In addition, TUDCA plays an important role in protecting against cell death in certain retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa. It has been shown to reduce ER stress associated with elevated glucose levels in diabetes by inhibiting caspase activation, up-regulating the UPR, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Obesity, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, and a long list of acute and chronic non-liver diseases associated with apoptosis are all potential therapeutic targets for T/UDCA. A growing number of pre-clinical and clinical studies underscore the potential benefit of this simple, naturally occurring bile acid, which has been used in Chinese medicine for more than 3000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Vang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Ms Vang), United States
| | - Katie Longley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Ms Longley), United States
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota (Dr Steer), United States
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota (Dr Low), United States
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31
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Vaz AR, Cunha C, Gomes C, Schmucki N, Barbosa M, Brites D. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 and caspase-9 activation in a cellular model of superoxide dismutase-1 neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:864-77. [PMID: 24848512 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects mainly motor neurons (MNs). NSC-34 MN-like cells carrying the G93A mutation in human superoxide dismutase-1 (hSOD1(G93A)) are a common model to study the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS. Although the underlying pathways of MN failure still remain elusive, increased apoptosis and oxidative stress seem to be implicated. Riluzole, the only approved drug, only slightly delays ALS progression. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), as well as its glycine (glycoursodeoxycholic acid, GUDCA) and taurine (TUDCA) conjugated species, have shown therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative models and diseases. Pilot studies in ALS patients indicate safety and tolerability for UDCA oral administration. We explored the mechanisms associated with superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) accumulation and MN degeneration in NSC-34/hSOD1(G93A) cells differentiated for 4 days in vitro (DIV). We examined GUDCA efficacy in preventing such pathological events and in restoring MN functionality by incubating cells with 50 μM GUDCA at 0 DIV and at 2 DIV, respectively. Increased cytosolic SOD1 inclusions were observed in 4 DIV NSC-34/hSOD1(G93A) cells together with decreased mitochondria viability (1.2-fold, p < 0.01), caspase-9 activation (1.8-fold, p < 0.05), and apoptosis (2.1-fold, p < 0.01). GUDCA exerted preventive effects (p < 0.05) while also reduced caspase-9 levels when added at 2 DIV (p < 0.05). ATP depletion (2-fold, p < 0.05), increased nitrites (1.6-fold, p < 0.05) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation (1.8-fold, p < 0.05), but no changes in MMP-2, were observed in the extracellular media of 4 DIV NSC-34/hSOD1(G93A) cells. GUDCA inhibited nitrite production (p < 0.05) while simultaneously prevented and reverted MMP-9 activation (p < 0.05), but not ATP depletion. Data highlight caspase-9 and MMP-9 activation as key pathomechanisms in ALS and GUDCA as a promising therapeutic strategy for slowing disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
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Osborn MP, Park Y, Parks MB, Burgess LG, Uppal K, Lee K, Jones DP, Brantley MA. Metabolome-wide association study of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72737. [PMID: 24015273 PMCID: PMC3754980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if plasma metabolic profiles can detect differences between patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) and similarly-aged controls. METHODS Metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography with Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS) was performed on plasma samples from 26 NVAMD patients and 19 controls. Data were collected from mass/charge ratio (m/z) 85 to 850 on a Thermo LTQ-FT mass spectrometer, and metabolic features were extracted using an adaptive processing software package. Both non-transformed and log2 transformed data were corrected using Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate (FDR) to account for multiple testing. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis was performed to determine metabolic features that distinguished NVAMD patients from controls. Individual m/z features were matched to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database and the Metlin metabolomics database, and metabolic pathways associated with NVAMD were identified using MetScape. RESULTS Of the 1680 total m/z features detected by LC-FTMS, 94 unique m/z features were significantly different between NVAMD patients and controls using FDR (q = 0.05). A comparison of these features to those found with log2 transformed data (n = 132, q = 0.2) revealed 40 features in common, reaffirming the involvement of certain metabolites. Such metabolites included di- and tripeptides, covalently modified amino acids, bile acids, and vitamin D-related metabolites. Correlation analysis revealed associations among certain significant features, and pathway analysis demonstrated broader changes in tyrosine metabolism, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and amino acids related to urea metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that metabolomic analysis can identify a panel of individual metabolites that differ between NVAMD cases and controls. Pathway analysis can assess the involvement of certain metabolic pathways, such as tyrosine and urea metabolism, and can provide further insight into the pathophysiology of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Osborn
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Youngja Park
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Megan B. Parks
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - L. Goodwin Burgess
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karan Uppal
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kichun Lee
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Milam A. Brantley
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Qiu W, Wee K, Takeda K, Lim X, Sugii S, Radda GK, Han W. Suppression of adipogenesis by pathogenic seipin mutant is associated with inflammatory response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57874. [PMID: 23520483 PMCID: PMC3592919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While pathogenic mutations in BSCL2/Seipin cause congenital generalized lipodystrophy, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether and how the pathogenic missense A212P mutation of Seipin (Seipin-A212P) inhibits adipogenesis. Methodology/Results We analyzed gene expression and lipid accumulation in stable 3T3-L1 cell lines expressing wild type (3T3-WT), non-lipodystrophic mutants N88S (3T3-N88S) and S90L (3T3-S90L), or lipodystrophic mutant A212P Seipin (3T3-A212P). When treated with adipogenic cocktail, 3T3-WT, 3T3-N88S and 3T3-S90L cells exhibited proper differentiation into mature adipocytes, indistinguishable from control 3T3-L1 cells. In contrast, adipogenesis was significantly impaired in 3T3-A212P cells. The defective adipogenesis in 3T3-A212P cells could be partially rescued by either PPARγ agonist or PPARγ overexpression. Gene expression profiling by microarray revealed that inhibition of adipogenesis was associated with activation of inflammatory genes including IL-6 and iNOS. We further demonstrated that Seipin-A212P expression at pre-differentiation stages significantly activated inflammatory responses by using an inducible expression system. The inflammation-associated inhibition of adipogenesis could be rescued by treatment with anti-inflammatory agents. Conclusions These results suggest that pathogenic Seipin-A212P inhibits adipogenesis and the inhibition is associated with activation of inflammatory pathways at pre-differentiation stages. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs may be a potential strategy for the treatment of lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kenneth Wee
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kosuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuemei Lim
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shigeki Sugii
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail: (WH) (SS); (SS) (WH)
| | - George K. Radda
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail: (WH) (SS); (SS) (WH)
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Yanovsky Y, Schubring SR, Yao Q, Zhao Y, Li S, May A, Haas HL, Lin JS, Sergeeva OA. Waking action of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) involves histamine and GABAA receptor block. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42512. [PMID: 22880010 PMCID: PMC3412845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a constituent of bile, is used against gallstone formation and cholestasis. A neuroprotective action of UDCA was demonstrated recently in models of Alzheimer's disease and retinal degeneration. The mechanisms of UDCA action in the nervous system are poorly understood. We show now that UDCA promotes wakefulness during the active period of the day, lacking this activity in histamine-deficient mice. In cultured hypothalamic neurons UDCA did not affect firing rate but synchronized the firing, an effect abolished by the GABAAR antagonist gabazine. In histaminergic neurons recorded in slices UDCA reduced amplitude and duration of spontaneous and evoked IPSCs. In acutely isolated histaminergic neurons UDCA inhibited GABA-evoked currents and sIPSCs starting at 10 µM (IC50 = 70 µM) and did not affect NMDA- and AMPA-receptor mediated currents at 100 µM. Recombinant GABAA receptors composed of α1, β1–3 and γ2L subunits expressed in HEK293 cells displayed a sensitivity to UDCA similar to that of native GABAA receptors. The mutation α1V256S, known to reduce the inhibitory action of pregnenolone sulphate, reduced the potency of UDCA. The mutation α1Q241L, which abolishes GABAAR potentiation by several neurosteroids, had no effect on GABAAR inhibition by UDCA. In conclusion, UDCA enhances alertness through disinhibition, at least partially of the histaminergic system via GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgenij Yanovsky
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan R. Schubring
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Quiaoling Yao
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Faculty of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Yan Zhao
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Faculty of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Faculty of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Andrea May
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut L. Haas
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal Systems, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Faculty of Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | - Olga A. Sergeeva
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Research over the last decade has uncovered roles for bile acids (BAs) that extend beyond their traditional functions in regulating lipid digestion and cholesterol metabolism. BAs are now recognized as signaling molecules that interact with both plasma membrane and nuclear receptors. Emerging evidence indicates that by interacting with these receptors, BAs regulate their own synthesis, glucose and energy homeostasis, and other important physiological events. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the actions of BAs on cardiovascular function. In the heart and the systemic circulation, BAs interact with plasma membrane G-protein-coupled receptors, for example, TGR5 and muscarinic receptors, and nuclear receptors, for example, the farnesoid (FXR) and pregnane (PXR) xenobiotic receptors. BA receptors are expressed in cardiovascular tissue, however, the mechanisms underlying BA-mediated regulation of cardiovascular function remain poorly understood. BAs reduce heart rate by regulating channel conductance and calcium dynamics in sino-atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and regulate vascular tone via both endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. End-stage liver disease, obstructive jaundice, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are prominent conditions in which elevated serum BAs alter vascular dynamics. This review focuses on BAs as newly recognized signaling molecules that modulate cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA Maryland Health Care System and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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