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Wedel AV, Park A. Solitary Cannabis Use and Related Consequences Among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024; 56:168-176. [PMID: 36857296 PMCID: PMC10471781 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2184735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Solitary cannabis use has been associated with greater cannabis problems than social use and may be increasingly prevalent due to pandemic-related isolation. However, little is known about patterns, correlates, and consequences of solitary cannabis use. This study sought to characterize solitary cannabis use since pandemic onset, examine psychosocial risk factors, and examine interactions between solitary and social cannabis use frequency on cannabis consequences. College students (N = 168) who were lifetime cannabis users at a private, northeastern university in the US completed an online cross-sectional survey in fall of 2020. Past-year solitary cannabis use was common among life-time cannabis users (42% past year, 29% monthly or more), especially among past-year regular cannabis users (85% monthly or more). Solitary use frequency was associated with interpersonal sensitivity and pandemic-related stress. Further, solitary use attenuated associations of social use frequency with cannabis consequences, such that social use frequency was associated with greater consequences only among exclusively social users. In contrast, regardless of social use frequency, solitary users reported greater cannabis consequences than exclusively social users. Findings suggest solitary cannabis use is concurrently associated with greater cannabis consequences, and affective risk factors (interpersonal sensitivity, pandemic stress) should be considered for prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia V. Wedel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Aesoon Park
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
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Why Use Cannabis? Examining Motives for Cannabis Use in Individuals with Anxiety Disorders. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2022.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study examined cannabis use motives in individuals with anxiety disorders and compared motives between infrequent and frequent cannabis users. It was hypothesised that coping motives would be endorsed at a significantly higher rate than other motives, and that frequent cannabis users would endorse coping motives significantly more than infrequent users. Participants were 144 adults seeking clinical services for anxiety disorders who reported using cannabis. Cannabis use was categorized by infrequent (n = 54) and frequent (n = 90) use. Anxiety symptoms were assessed and deemed clinically significant. Participants completed measures of cannabis use motives, cannabis use patterns, and cannabis use disorder symptoms, cross-sectionally. Cannabis use motives were examined for the entire sample and compared between frequent and infrequent users. In general, cannabis users endorsed coping (i.e., use for managing distress) and enhancement (i.e., use for fun, pleasant feeling, or the high) motives at equal rates (p = .265) and more than other motives (p < .001). Frequent users reported using cannabis for coping and expansion motives (i.e., use to change one's thinking) significantly more than infrequent users. These results indicate that individuals with anxiety disorders use cannabis for various reasons, some of which may not be directly related to their mental health symptoms. Future research is needed to compare motives for cannabis use in those with anxiety disorders, other mental health populations, and the general population, as well as examine motives for cannabis use within specific anxiety disorders.
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Cannabis use as a predictor and outcome of positive and negative affect in college students: An ecological momentary assessment study. Addict Behav 2022; 128:107221. [PMID: 35077928 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reinforcement models identify negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) to be important momentary determinants and outcomes of cannabis use. Sensitization and allostatic models further suggest that these mood-cannabis associations are stronger among individuals with more cannabis-related problems. Despite this theoretical background and the fact that cannabis is commonly used for its mood-enhancing effects among college students, surprisingly, little is known about the momentary associations between mood and cannabis use in this population. AIMS To examine the associations between (a) momentary within-person variations in NA (worried, stressed, nervous) and PA (happy, enthusiastic, proud, excited) and intention to use cannabis within the next hour, (b) the within-person variations in time elapsed since last cannabis use, amount used and momentary NA and PA, and (c) to test whether cannabis-related problems moderate the stated associations. METHOD Eighty, more-than-weekly, cannabis using students at the University of Amsterdam reported on cannabis use, NA and PA three times daily for 14 consecutive days. Mixed-effects models were performed to analyze the dataset. RESULTS Within-persons, relatively high PA and low NA were associated with a higher likelihood of intending to use cannabis. Within-persons, more recent and greater amounts of cannabis use were associated with relatively high PA. More recent cannabis use was associated with relatively low NA. Cannabis-related problems did not moderate the associations. CONCLUSIONS While recent cannabis use related to higher PA and lower NA, high PA but low NA preceded use, supporting positive reinforcement rather than negative reinforcement in this college sample of regular cannabis users.
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Links Between Past 30-day Substance Use and Specific Charges Among Detained Youth. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang CJ, Hsieh HM, Tu HP, Jiang HJ, Wang PW, Lin CH. Generalized anxiety disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and clinical characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:621-629. [PMID: 32321059 PMCID: PMC7678902 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted with a random sample of patients from the entire population of National Health Insurance enrollees during 2000-2010 and used ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes to identify T2DM patients and GAD. The prevalence of GAD was compared between T2DM patients and the general population. Results: Between 2000 and 2010, the prevalence of GAD was significantly greater in the T2DM patients than the general population, while the increase of GAD was higher in the general population (from 0.25 to 0.63%) than among T2DM patients (from 0.81 to 1.03%). In T2DM patients, GAD was associated with female gender, a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 1, diabetes mellitus duration > 9 years, and the following comorbidities: congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and depressive disorder. The prevalence of GAD among T2DM patients was negatively associated with rapid-acting insulin injection therapy and with the use of metformin and sulfonylureas. Conclusion: Since the prevalence of GAD was greater among T2DM patients than the general population, public health initiatives are needed to prevent and treat GAD in T2DM patients, specifically those with the above mentioned risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tu
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - He-Jiun Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Adult Psychiatry, Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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D'Anna LH, Chang K, Wood J, Washington TA. Marijuana Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in California. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 8:1522-1532. [PMID: 33197039 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV and continue to experience higher rates of new HIV infections when compared to other population groups. As part of the Peer Promotion of Wellness and Enhanced Linkage to Resources Project, we examined problem marijuana use and the overall sexual risk profile of 250 YBMSM. Eighty percent reported prior use of marijuana in their lifetime (n = 200). Among those, problem marijuana use was correlated with problem use of alcohol (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and other drugs (r = 0.29, p < 0.001); lower household income (r = - .22, p < .01); homelessness (r = 0.15, p < 0.05); incarceration (r = 0.16, p < 0.05); exchanging sex for money, drugs, or shelter (r = 0.18, p < 0.05); having sex with someone known or suspected of having HIV and/or an STI (r = 0.20, p < 0.01); having sex with someone known or suspected of being an injector (r = 0.24, p < 0.01); and having unprotected sex while under the influence of alcohol or drugs (r = 0.32, p < 0.001). The complex relationship between marijuana and sexual risk behavior was examined while accounting for the possible moderating effects of alcohol or other drugs. Problem marijuana, alcohol, and other drug use each made unique contributions to predicting risky sex behavior. A significant marijuana and other drug interaction was found to predict sexual risk behaviors. Future efforts should include holistic intervention approaches for YBMSM that consider factors facilitating high-risk sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hoyt D'Anna
- Center for Health Equity Research, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., FO5-120, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA.
| | - Kyle Chang
- Center for Health Equity Research, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., FO5-120, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Jefferson Wood
- Center for Health Equity Research, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., FO5-120, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
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Manu E, Douglas M, Ayanore MA. Socio-ecological influences of adolescence marijuana use initiation: Qualitative evidence from two illicit marijuana-growing communities in South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr 2020; 26:1477. [PMID: 32934841 PMCID: PMC7479363 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescence has been identified as a critical risk period for substance use initiation, such as marijuana. Although several factors have been cited for adolescent marijuana use, those that influence initiation, especially in an African setting where illicit marijuana activities are rife, have not been contextually explored. Aim We ascertained the factors that influence adolescent marijuana use initiation in two marijuana-growing communities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, based on the constructs of the socio-ecological model. Setting The study was conducted in two selected illicit marijuana growing communities in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Methods Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among 37 participants, grouped into four focus groups. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select the communities and participants, respectively. An FGD guide was used to collect the data. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis approach and presented under various themes. Results Twelve influences of adolescent marijuana use initiation, grouped under three main levels of socio-ecological influence, personal characteristics (curiosity, shyness and fulfilment of personal need), micro-level influences (peer pressure, negative school climate, presence of marijuana in households and parental or sibling marijuana use) and macro-level influences (child labour, poverty, presence of marijuana in communities, presence of negative adult role models and breakdown in communal restrictions against marijuana use), were found. Conclusion Health promotion programmes, targeting socio-ecological motives of adolescent marijuana use initiation in the two communities, should be intensified to break the cycle of adolescent marijuana use. Also, alternative livelihood schemes should be implemented in the affected communities to break the cycle of illegal marijuana cultivation that promotes adolescent marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Manu
- Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Mbuyiselo Douglas
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Martin A Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Scharmer C, Altman BR, Donahue JM, Anderson DA, Earleywine M. Expectancies about the Effects of Cannabis Use on Eating Disorder Symptoms. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1825-1833. [PMID: 32449448 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1766503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substance use, specifically cannabis use, is common among individuals with eating disorder (ED) symptoms; however, few studies have specifically explored the relation between EDs and cannabis use. Purpose: The present study examined expectancies about the impact of cannabis on cognitive, affective and behavioral ED symptoms. Additionally, this study explored associations between cannabis-related expectancies, cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. Methods: Cannabis users with ED symptoms (N = 137) reported on frequency of cannabis use, cannabis-related problems and expectancies about the impact of cannabis on ED symptoms, Results: Participants expected cannabis to decrease restrictive eating, compensatory behaviors, and preoccupation with body shape and weight and fear of eating and weight gain. In contrast, cannabis was expected to increase binge-eating behaviors. Expectancies about the impact of cannabis use on ED symptoms were not associated with more frequent cannabis use nor were they associated with cannabis-related problems. Conclusions: These findings suggest that individuals believe cannabis will improve some ED symptoms; however, these expected improvements are not associated with increased cannabis use and problems. Future research should examine cannabis expectancies in clinical populations and should further explore the association between cannabis expectancies, use, and ED symptoms longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Scharmer
- Psychology, Social Sciences, University at Albany, the State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Brianna R Altman
- Psychology, Social Sciences, University at Albany, the State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Donahue
- Psychology, Social Sciences, University at Albany, the State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Drew A Anderson
- Psychology, Social Sciences, University at Albany, the State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell Earleywine
- Psychology, Social Sciences, University at Albany, the State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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Sala M, Rochefort C, Lui PP, Baldwin AS. Trait mindfulness and health behaviours: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 14:345-393. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1650290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sala
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - P. Priscilla Lui
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Austin S. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Walkaden C. A case study for the use of medical cannabis in generalized anxiety disorder. Discoveries (Craiova) 2019; 7:e92. [PMID: 32309610 PMCID: PMC7086060 DOI: 10.15190/d.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence and acceptance of the medical cannabis use among the general public, the evidence required by physicians to use cannabis as a treatment is generally lacking. Research on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids has been limited worldwide, leaving patients, health care professionals, and policymakers without the evidence they need to make sound decisions regarding the use of cannabis and cannabinoids. This case study outlines an intervention that involved a patient integrating medical cannabis into her treatment to better manage a generalized anxiety disorder and the debilitating symptoms of vertigo. This case demonstrates how the patient drastically improved her quality of life and reinforces the need for more rigorous testing on the use of medical cannabis to support patients and better manage the symptoms associated with their medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Walkaden
- Counselling and Consulting Services, New South Wales, 2099, Australia
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O'Connor PJ, Herring MP, McDowell CP, Dishman RK. Physical activity is indirectly associated with pain in college women through associations with somatization and panic disorder symptoms: a cross-sectional study. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 33:37-43. [PMID: 30905543 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested whether the severity of somatization, panic, generalized anxiety, and depression symptoms mediated relationships between physical activity and pain using structural equation modeling. METHODS College women (n = 1036; mean = SD age of 19.7 ± 3.0 years) reported past week physical activity and the presence of persistent pain (≥1 month). The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire assessed hypothesized mediators of physical activity effects on pain via symptoms of generalized anxiety, panic, major depressive disorder, and somatization disorder. RESULTS The percentage of the sample screening positive was 15.7% for generalized anxiety, 5.8% for panic, 11.0% for major depressive, and 16.0% for somatization. The hypothesized model had good fit and accounted for a significant amount of variance in pain (9.1%). Direct paths from physical activity to somatization, generalized anxiety, major depressive disorder, and panic disorder were significant. Paths to pain were significant from somatization and panic disorder. The path from physical activity to pain was not direct but indirect and through significant paths to pain from somatization and panic disorder. Each standard deviation increase in physical activity decreased the probability of pain by 11.0% through panic disorder and 10.7% through somatization disorder. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity is associated with pain indirectly through associations with panic disorder and somatization disorder symptoms in college women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Herring
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cillian P McDowell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Brown RA, Dakkak H, Gilliland J, Seabrook JA. Predictors of drug use during pregnancy: The relative effects of socioeconomic, demographic, and mental health risk factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2019; 12:179-187. [PMID: 30584173 DOI: 10.3233/npm-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With limited Canadian research on predictors of drug use during pregnancy, the primary objective was to assess the relative effects of socioeconomic, demographic, and mental health risk factors associated with drug use during pregnancy. Predictors of an Apgar score < 7 and fetal macrosomia were examined as secondary outcomes. METHODS This retrospective cohort study consisted of 25,734 pregnant women from Southwestern Ontario. Data were prospectively obtained from perinatal and neonatal databases at a tertiary hospital in London, Ontario. Using a Geographic Information System, neighborhood-level socioeconomic variables were obtained by mapping maternal postal codes. Separate logistic regressions were computed for all outcome variables. RESULTS The rates of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during pregnancy were 1.9%, 16.2%, and 2.3%, respectively. The mean maternal age was 29.4±5.4 years. Maternal age was inversely associated with alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, whereas lone-parent household, depression, and anxiety increased the odds of substance use. Depression was the top risk factor of all three substances. Compared to women who were not depressed during pregnancy, women who were depressed were 2.15 times more likely to use alcohol (95% CI: 1.60, 2.90), 1.70 times more likely to smoke tobacco (95% CI: 1.48, 1.95), and 2.56 times more likely to use cannabis (95% CI: 1.95, 3.35). Adverse birth outcomes were also associated with overweight and obesity, gestational diabetes and insulin-dependent diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal depression is the primary risk factor of drug use during pregnancy. Policy interventions that target at-risk women are important considerations to improve maternal mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Brown
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
| | - H Dakkak
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
| | - J Gilliland
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - J A Seabrook
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Does social context matter? An ecological momentary assessment study of marijuana use among college students. Addict Behav 2018; 83:154-159. [PMID: 29329753 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Past research has shown that marijuana use occurs commonly in social situations for young adults, though few studies have examined the association between immediate social context and marijuana use patterns and associated problems. The current study examined the impact of demographics, marijuana use and problem use, alcohol use, craving, and social context on the likelihood of using marijuana with others via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). METHODS College-student marijuana users (N=56) were recruited and completed a baseline assessment and training on the two-week signal-contingent EMA protocol. Participants were sent text messages three times per day randomly for two weeks. RESULTS Of the 1131 EMA instances during which participants reported using marijuana, 862 (76.22%) were labeled as being with others. Forty-five participants (80.36%) reported marijuana use with others present during at least half of the times they used marijuana. Findings from a multilevel logistic regression model showed a significant positive association between the probability of using with others and minutes spent using marijuana (b=0.047, p<0.001), social facilitation (b=0.138, p<0.001), and DSM-IV diagnosis (dependence versus no diagnosis, b=1.350, p=0.047). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis dependence, more time using marijuana in the moment, and using for social facilitation purposes were positively associated with using marijuana in the context of being with others. Daily users had more variability in terms of the social context of their use. This study illustrates the complex relationship between social context and marijuana use.
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Social Factors and Animal Models of Cannabis Use. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 140:171-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dakkak H, Brown R, Twynstra J, Charbonneau K, Seabrook JA. The perception of pre- and post-natal marijuana exposure on health outcomes: A content analysis of Twitter messages. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2018; 11:409-415. [PMID: 29843262 DOI: 10.3233/npm-17133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of marijuana use during pregnancy ranges from 3-30% , and most of this is for recreational purposes. Marijuana exposure during pregnancy has been linked with low birth weight babies and other adverse child health outcomes. Twitter is a popular news and social networking outlet, and is frequently used to access information about population health and behavior. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the types of messages disseminated on Twitter about marijuana use and infant and maternal health. The secondary objective was to describe the reported health outcomes associated with prenatal and postnatal marijuana use. Tweets were collected from the inception of Twitter (2006) until April 2017. If tweets included links, these links were examined to investigate the source of the message and to clarify the user's intent. In total, 550 tweets were captured, with most tweets (77.6%) having a neutral tweet tone, suggesting uncertainty about the health effects associated with pre- and post-natal marijuana exposure. The sources attached to the original tweets, however, were more likely to report on negative health outcomes. The most common health outcomes associated with prenatal marijuana exposure were: poor brain development (27.3%), inadequate development of the nervous system (23.6%), low birth weight (23.3%), poor behavioral outcomes (21.0%), and infant memory issues (19.3%). The inverse association between marijuana use and the quality and quantity of milk produced by the mother was the most commonly reported tweet for the lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dakkak
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Brown
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
| | - J Twynstra
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - K Charbonneau
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
| | - J A Seabrook
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Phillips KT, Lalonde TL, Phillips MM, Schneider MM. Marijuana use and associated motives in Colorado university students. Am J Addict 2017; 26:830-837. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T. Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences; University of Northern Colorado; Greeley Colorado
| | - Trent L. Lalonde
- Department of Applied Statistics and Research Methods; University of Northern Colorado; Greeley Colorado
| | - Michael M. Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences; University of Northern Colorado; Greeley Colorado
| | - Maryia M. Schneider
- Department of School Psychology; University of Northern Colorado; Greeley Colorado
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Foster DW, Jeffries ER, Zvolensky MJ, Buckner JD. The Interactive Influence of Cannabis-Related Negative Expectancies and Coping Motives on Cannabis Use Behavior and Problems. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1504-11. [PMID: 27356272 PMCID: PMC4965297 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1188947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study tested whether coping motives for cannabis use moderate the effect of negative expectancies on cannabis use. METHODS Participants were 149 (36.2% female, 61.59% non-Hispanic Caucasian) current cannabis users aged 18-36 (M = 21.01, SD = 3.09) who completed measures of cannabis-related expectancies and motives for use. Hierarchical multiple regressions were employed to investigate the predictive value of the interaction between negative expectancies and coping motives on cannabis use outcomes. RESULTS Results revealed interactions between negative expectancies and coping motives with respect to past 90 day cannabis use frequency and cannabis problems. Global negative effects expectancies were associated with less frequent cannabis use, particularly among those with fewer coping motives. However, negative expectancies were related to more cannabis problems, particularly among those with higher coping motives. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest it may be advisable to take coping motives into account when addressing expectancies among cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn W Foster
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.,b Division of Substance Abuse, Connecticut Mental Health Center , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Emily R Jeffries
- c Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- d Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , Texas , USA.,e Health Promotion Department , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Julia D Buckner
- c Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana , USA
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Di Blasi M, Pavia L, Cavani P, Lo Verso G, Schimmenti A. Cannabis Use and Social Anxiety in Adolescence: The Role of Facilitation Expectancies. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.872066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shrier LA, Ross CS, Blood EA. Momentary positive and negative affect preceding marijuana use events in youth. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:781-9. [PMID: 25208196 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACT. among young people. This study examined how positive and negative affect differ before marijuana use compared with other times. METHOD Forty medical outpatients ages 15-24 years who used marijuana recreationally at least twice a week (M = 18.7 years; 58% female) reported momentary positive affect, negative affect, companionship, perceived ease of obtaining marijuana, and marijuana use several times a day for 2 weeks on a handheld computer. Mean momentary positive affect and negative affect scores in the 24 hours leading up to a marijuana use event (n = 294) were compared with affect scores in times further from subsequent use. Generalized estimating equation models considered as potential moderators perceived ease of obtaining marijuana and being with friends. RESULTS Positive affect did not differ in the 24 hours before marijuana use compared with times further before use. Negative affect was significantly higher before marijuana use compared with other times. Being with friends and perceived easy marijuana availability did not moderate the associations. The association between negative affect and subsequent marijuana use was attenuated when negative affect was examined only for the moment just before use, suggesting that use may follow a period of increased negative affect. CONCLUSIONS The findings support an affect regulation model for marijuana use among frequently using youth. Specifically, these youth may use marijuana to manage increased negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A Shrier
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig S Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily A Blood
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pedersen ER, Miles JNV, Osilla KC, Ewing BA, Hunter SB, D'Amico EJ. The effects of mental health symptoms and marijuana expectancies on marijuana use and consequences among at-risk adolescents. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2014; 45:151-165. [PMID: 25977590 DOI: 10.1177/0022042614559843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on expectancy theory, adolescents at risk for mental health symptoms, such as those involved in the juvenile court system, may use marijuana due to the belief that use will attenuate anxiety and depressive symptoms. In a diverse sample of youth involved in the Santa Barbara Teen Court system (N = 193), we examined the association between mental health symptoms and marijuana expectancies on marijuana use and consequences. In general, stronger positive expectancies and weaker negative expectancies were both associated with increased marijuana use. Youth that reported more symptoms of both anxiety and depression and stronger positive expectancies for marijuana also reported more consequences. We found that youth experiencing the greatest level of consequences from marijuana were those that reported more depressive symptoms and stronger positive expectancies for marijuana. Findings suggest that these symptoms, combined with strong positive expectancies about marijuana's effects, have implications for consequences among at-risk youth.
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Pedersen ER, Miles JNV, Ewing BA, Shih RA, Tucker JS, D’Amico EJ. A longitudinal examination of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette perceived norms among middle school adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:647-53. [PMID: 24012070 PMCID: PMC3836211 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents tend to overestimate the prevalence of substance use among their peers and these perceived norms are associated with their current and future use. However, little is known about how perceived norms change over time during middle school, a developmental period when adolescents are at-risk for initiating substance use. METHOD We examined changes in perceived norms of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes over a two-year period among a large and diverse sample of 6th and 7th grade youth (N=6097; 50.1% female; 54% Hispanic). Participants completed a baseline survey and two subsequent annual surveys. Participants estimated the percentage of their peers they believed used each substance, as well as indicated levels of personal use, offers to use from peers, and exposure to peers who were using each substance. RESULTS Perceived norms of all three substances increased over time. Increases were somewhat attenuated when controlling for demographic factors, personal use, and peer factors, but remained significant. Female adolescents and those reporting non-Hispanic White ethnicity experienced the greatest increase in perceived norms over time. CONCLUSION Normative perceptions of substance use increase greatly during the middle school years, an effect which cannot be fully explained by demographics, personal use, or peer factors. Given that perceived norms are often associated with personal use, early interventions with middle school youth are warranted to prevent the growth of these influential factors during this developmental period.
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Zehe JM, Colder CR, Read JP, Wieczorek WF, Lengua LJ. Social and generalized anxiety symptoms and alcohol and cigarette use in early adolescence: the moderating role of perceived peer norms. Addict Behav 2013; 38:1931-9. [PMID: 23380488 PMCID: PMC3691382 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study prospectively examines the association between social and generalized anxiety symptoms and alcohol and cigarette use in early adolescence and how injunctive (perceived peer approval of use) and descriptive (perceived peer use) norms may moderate the association. Sex differences were also examined. Data were taken from a longitudinal study investigating problem behavior and adolescent substance use. The community sample (N=387) was assessed annually, and data from the first two waves of assessment were used for this study. Early adolescents were between the ages of 11 and 13 at the first assessment (mean age=11.05, SD=0.55, 55% female). Peer norms moderated the association between both social and generalized anxiety symptoms and the likelihood of alcohol and cigarette use for girls, but not for boys. Specifically, girls with elevated levels of generalized anxiety symptoms were at risk for use when perceived peer use was low, and protected from use when perceived peer use was high. Girls with elevated levels of social anxiety symptoms were at risk for use when perceived peer approval of use was high, and protected from use when perceived peer approval of use was low. Past studies have found inconsistent support for an association between anxiety and adolescent substance use, and our findings provide some clarity regarding for whom and when anxiety operates as a risk/protective factor. Social context and sex are critical for understanding the role of different forms of anxiety in the etiology of adolescent alcohol and cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Zehe
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14250, United States.
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Co-occurring marijuana use is associated with medication nonadherence and nonplanning impulsivity in young adult heavy drinkers. Addict Behav 2012; 37:420-6. [PMID: 22189052 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the co-occurrence of alcohol and marijuana use in clinical samples of young adults. The present study investigated whether co-occurring marijuana use is associated with characteristics indicative of a high level of risk in young adult heavy drinkers. Individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 years (N=122) participated in an ongoing 8-week randomized clinical trial that tested the efficacy of placebo-controlled naltrexone plus brief individual counseling to reduce heavy drinking. At intake participants completed self-report assessments on alcohol consumption, alcohol-related negative consequences, motivation to reduce drinking, trait impulsivity, expectancies for alcohol-induced disinhibition, use of cigarettes, and history of medication nonadherence. In univariate tests heavy drinkers with and without co-occurring marijuana use did not differ on alcohol consumption, most alcohol-related negative consequences, and motivation to reduce drinking. In multivariate tests controlling for demographic characteristics, co-occurring heavy alcohol and marijuana use was significantly associated with nonplanning impulsivity (β=2.95) and a history of both unintentional (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.30) and purposeful (aOR=3.98) nonadherence to medication. Findings suggest that young adult heavy drinkers with co-occurring marijuana use exhibit a high-risk clinical profile and may benefit from interventions that increase adherence to medications.
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Lord S, Marsch L. Emerging trends and innovations in the identification and management of drug use among adolescents and young adults. ADOLESCENT MEDICINE: STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS 2011; 22:649-69, xiv. [PMID: 22423469 PMCID: PMC4119795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One in four youths aged 12 to 17 years and more than half of young adults aged 18 to 25 years in the United States have used an illicit drug in their lifetime. A significant number progress to problematic use, and only 1 in 10 young people who meet criteria for dependence or abuse receive some form of treatment. Despite advances in the field, effectively intervening along the continuum of drug use involvement remains a challenge. In this article, we review the current epidemiology of illicit drug use by young people; describe recent advances in assessment, intervention and treatment; and highlight how technology can help overcome barriers to effective management of drug use among young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lord
- Center for Technology and Health, National Development and Research Institutes, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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de Dios MA, Herman DS, Britton WB, Hagerty CE, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Motivational and mindfulness intervention for young adult female marijuana users. J Subst Abuse Treat 2011; 42:56-64. [PMID: 21940136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study tested the efficacy of a brief intervention using motivational interviewing (MI) plus mindfulness meditation (MM) to reduce marijuana use among young adult females. Thirty-four female marijuana users between the ages of 18 and 29 were randomized to either the intervention group (n = 22), consisting of two sessions of MI-MM, or an assessment-only control group (n = 12). The participants' marijuana use was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 months posttreatment. Fixed-effects regression modeling was used to analyze treatment effects. Participants randomized to the intervention group were found to use marijuana on 6.15 (z = -2.42, p = .015), 7.81 (z = -2.78, p = .005), and 6.83 (z = -2.23, p = .026) fewer days at Months 1, 2, and 3, respectively, than controls. Findings from this pilot study provide preliminary evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of a brief MI-MM for young adult female marijuana users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A de Dios
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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