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Sivarajan K, Ravindhiran R, Sekar JN, Murugesan R, Chidambaram K, Dhandapani K. Deciphering the impact of Acinetobacter baumannii on human health, and exploration of natural compounds as efflux pump inhibitors to treat multidrug resistance. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 39212030 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an ESKAPE pathogen and threatens human health by generating infections with high fatality rates. A. baumannii leads to a spectrum of infections such as skin and wound infections, endocarditis, meningitis pneumonia, septicaemia and urinary tract infections. Recently, strains of A. baumannii have emerged as multidrug-resistant (MDR), meaning they are resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. MDR development is primarily intensified by widespread antibiotic misuse and inadequate stewardship. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared A. baumannii a precarious MDR species. A. baumannii maintains the MDR phenotype via a diverse array of antimicrobial metabolite-hydrolysing enzymes, efflux of antibiotics, impermeability and antibiotic target modification, thereby complicating treatment. Hence, a deeper understanding of the resistance mechanisms employed by MDR A. baumannii can give possible approaches to treat antimicrobial resistance. Resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) efflux pumps have been identified as the key contributors to MDR determinants, owing to their capacity to force a broad spectrum of chemical substances out of the bacterial cell. Though synthetic inhibitors have been reported previously, their efficacy and safety are of debate. As resistance-modifying agents, phytochemicals are ideal choices. These natural compounds could eliminate the bacteria or interact with pathogenicity events and reduce the bacteria's ability to evolve resistance. This review aims to highlight the mechanism behind the multidrug resistance in A. baumannii and elucidate the utility of natural compounds as efflux pump inhibitors to deal with the infections caused by A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiga Sivarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Ravindhiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jothi Nayaki Sekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajeswari Murugesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 652529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kavitha Dhandapani
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhai X, Wu G, Tao X, Yang S, Lv L, Zhu Y, Dong D, Xiang H. Success stories of natural product-derived compounds from plants as multidrug resistance modulators in microorganisms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7798-7817. [PMID: 36909750 PMCID: PMC9994607 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms evolve resistance to antibiotics as a function of evolution. Antibiotics have accelerated bacterial resistance through mutations and acquired resistance through a combination of factors. In some cases, multiple antibiotic-resistant determinants are encoded in these genes, immediately making the recipient organism a "superbug". Current antimicrobials are no longer effective against infections caused by pathogens that have developed antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and the problem has become a crisis. Microorganisms that acquire resistance to chemotherapy (multidrug resistance) are a major obstacle for successful treatments. Pharmaceutical industries should be highly interested in natural product-derived compounds, as they offer new sources of chemical entities for the development of new drugs. Phytochemical research and recent experimental advances are discussed in this review in relation to the antimicrobial efficacy of selected natural product-derived compounds as well as details of synergistic mechanisms and structures. The present review recognizesand amplifies the importance of compounds with natural origins, which can be used to create safer and more effective antimicrobial drugs by combating microorganisms that are resistant to multiple types of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Guoyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Xufeng Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Shilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
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Jánosity A, Baranyi J, Surányi BB, Možina SS, Taczman-Brückner A, Kiskó G, Klančnik A. Estimating the optimal efflux inhibitor concentration of carvacrol as a function of the bacterial physiological state. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1073798. [PMID: 36760502 PMCID: PMC9905641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1073798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to find the optimal efflux inhibitor concentration of a natural component, carvacrol, as a function of the physiological state of Escherichia coli. Using fluorescence-based measurements with two strains of E. coli, the effect of carvacrol was assessed at 17 sub-inhibitory concentrations, at which the bacterial efflux mechanism was compromised. The efficacy of carvacrol, as an efflux inhibitor, was compared to synthetic inhibitors and we found carvacrol the most efficient one. We considered the accumulation of Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) as a proxy for drugs spreading in the cell, thus measuring the efflux activity indirectly. The change in membrane integrity caused by the exposure to carvacrol was monitored using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. To find the optimal inhibitory concentration of carvacrol, we used predictive microbiology methods. This optimum varied with the bacterial physiological state, as non-growing cultures were less susceptible to the effect of carvacrol than growing cultures were. Moreover, we point out, for the first time, that the efflux-mediated resistance of untreated cultures was also stronger in the non-growing than in the growing phase at population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jánosity
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Baranyi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Bendegúz Surányi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Taczman-Brückner
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kiskó
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,*Correspondence: Anja Klančnik, ✉
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Chetri S. The culmination of multidrug-resistant efflux pumps vs. meager antibiotic arsenal era: Urgent need for an improved new generation of EPIs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149418. [PMID: 37138605 PMCID: PMC10149990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps function as an advanced defense system against antimicrobials by reducing the concentration of drugs inside the bacteria and extruding the substances outside. Various extraneous substances, including antimicrobials, toxic heavy metals, dyes, and detergents, have been removed by this protective barrier composed of diverse transporter proteins found in between the cell membrane and the periplasm within the bacterial cell. In this review, multiple efflux pump families have been analytically and widely outlined, and their potential applications have been discussed in detail. Additionally, this review also discusses a variety of biological functions of efflux pumps, including their role in the formation of biofilms, quorum sensing, their survivability, and the virulence in bacteria, and the genes/proteins associated with efflux pumps have also been explored for their potential relevance to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue detection. A final discussion centers around efflux pump inhibitors, particularly those derived from plants.
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Drug Efflux Pump Inhibitors: A Promising Approach to Counter Multidrug Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens by Targeting AcrB Protein from AcrAB-TolC Multidrug Efflux Pump from Escherichia coli. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091328. [PMID: 36138807 PMCID: PMC9495857 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, especially that caused by Gram-negative bacteria, have posed serious health issues worldwide. Bacteria have different mechanisms that can confer multidrug resistance to bacteria, among these mechanisms are drug efflux pumps that play the main role in conferring multidrug resistance by recognizing then expelling a wide range of compounds, especially antibiotics, and reducing their concentration to sub-toxic levels. Small molecule inhibitors that target drug efflux pumps especially the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, from E. coli, appear as a new promising and attractive approach that could increase the required accumulation of antimicrobials to eliminate bacteria as well as leading to reverse antibiotic resistance and prevent the development of resistance in clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and enhances the activity of antibiotics or prolong their effectiveness. Abstract Infections caused by multidrug resistance (MDR) of Gram-negative bacteria have become one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. The main mechanism that confers MDR to bacteria is drug efflux pumps, as they expel a wide range of compounds, especially antibiotics. Among the different types of drug efflux pumps, the resistance nodulation division (RND) superfamily confers MDR to various Gram-negative bacteria species. The AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, from E. coli, a member of RND, is the best-characterized example and an excellent model for understanding MDR because of an abundance of functional and structural data. Small molecule inhibitors that target the AcrAB-TolC drug efflux pump represent a new solution to reversing MDR in Gram-negative bacteria and restoring the efficacy of various used drugs that are clinically relevant to these pathogens, especially in the high shortage of drugs for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review will investigate solutions of MDR in Gram-negative bacteria by studying the inhibition of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump.
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Uddin Mahamud AGMS, Nahar S, Ashrafudoulla M, Park SH, Ha SD. Insights into antibiofilm mechanisms of phytochemicals: Prospects in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1736-1763. [PMID: 36066482 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of microbial aggregation or biofilm in the food industry underpins the emerging antimicrobial resistance among foodborne pathogens, exacerbating the phenomena of food spoilage, processing and safety management failure, and the prevalence of foodborne illnesses. The challenges of growing tolerance to current chemical and disinfectant-based antibiofilm strategies have driven the urgency in finding a less vulnerable to bacterial resistance, effective alternative antibiofilm agent. To address these issues, various novel strategies are suggested in current days to combat bacterial biofilm. Among the innovative approaches, phytochemicals have already demonstrated their excellent performance in preventing biofilm formation and bactericidal actions against resident bacteria within biofilms. However, the diverse group of phytochemicals and their different modes of action become a barrier to applying them against specific pathogenic biofilm-formers. This phenomenon mandates the need to elucidate the multi-mechanistic actions of phytochemicals to design an effective novel antibiofilm strategy. Therefore, this review critically illustrates the structure - activity relationship, functional sites of actions, and target molecules of diverse phytochemicals regarding multiple major antibiofilm mechanisms and reversal mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. The implementation of the in-depth knowledge will hopefully aid future studies for developing phytochemical-based next-generation antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G M Sofi Uddin Mahamud
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Rattanapanadda P, Kuo HC, Chang SK, Tell LA, Shia WY, Chou CC. Effect of Carbonyl Cyanide Chlorophenylhydrazone on Intrabacterial Concentration and Antimicrobial Activity of Amphenicols against Swine Resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:903-916. [PMID: 35322371 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effects and mechanism of carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on antimicrobial activity of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) were investigated against amphenicol-resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida isolated from diseased swine. Broth microdilution and time-kill assays indicated that CCCP dose-dependently and substantially (4-32 fold MIC reduction) improved amphenicol antimicrobial activity. When combined with CCCP at the lowest literature reported dose (2-5 μg/mL), 85% FF resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and 92% resistant P. multocida showed significantly reduced FF MICs (≥ 4-fold). In contrast, none or few of the susceptible A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida had FF MICs reduction ≥ 4-fold. 90% FF resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and 96% resistant P. multocida carried the floR gene, indicating strong association with the FloR efflux pump. With CCCP, the intracellular FF concentration increased by 71% in floR+ resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and 156% in floR+ resistant P. multocida strains but not the susceptible strains. The degree of reduction in TAP MICs was found consistently in parallel to FF for both bacteria. Taken together, partially attributed to blockage of drug-efflux, the combination of FF or TAP with CCCP at sub-cytotoxic concentrations was demonstrated and showed feasibility to combat amphenicol-resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida isolated from diseased swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porjai Rattanapanadda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402.,Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, 600
| | - Shao-Kuang Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 106
| | - Lisa Ann Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wei-Yau Shia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402.
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Dawan J, Li Y, Lu F, He X, Ahn J. Role of Efflux Pump-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Quorum Sensing-Regulated Biofilm Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium. Pathogens 2022; 11:147. [PMID: 35215091 PMCID: PMC8877114 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the influence of efflux pump activity on the biofilm formation in Salmonella Typhimurium. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (STWT) and clinically isolated S. Typhimurium CCARM 8009 (STCI) were treated with ceftriaxone (CEF), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERY), norfloxacin (NOR), and tetracycline (TET) in autoinducer-containing media in the absence and presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) to compare efflux pump activity with biofilm-forming ability. The susceptibilities of STWT and STCI were increased in the presence of PAβN. ERY+PAβN showed the highest decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ERY from 256 to 2 μg/mL against STWT and STCI. The antimicrobial activity of NOR against planktonic cells was significantly increased in the presence of PAβN, showing the lowest numbers of STWT (3.2 log CFU/cm2), and the TET+PAβN effectively inhibited the growth of STCI (5.2 log CFU/cm2). The lowest biofilm-forming abilities were observed at NOR+PAβN against STWT (biofilm-forming index, BFI < 0.41) and CEF+PAβN against STCI (BFI = 0.32). The bacteria swimming motility and relative fitness varied depending on the antibiotic and PAβN treatments. The motility diameters of STWT were significantly decreased by NOR+PAβN (6 mm) and TET+PAβN (15 mm), while the lowest motility of STCI was observed at CIP+PAβN (8 mm). The significant decrease in the relative fitness levels of STWT and STCI was observed at CIP+PAβN and NOR+PAβN. The PAβN as an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) can improve the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy of antibiotics against S. Typhimurium. This study provides useful information for understanding the role of efflux pump activity in quorum sensing-regulated biofilm formation and also emphasizes the necessity of the discovery of novel EPIs for controlling biofilm formation by antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Dawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Yinyue Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xinlong He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
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Flavonoids as Inhibitors of Bacterial Efflux Pumps. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226904. [PMID: 34833994 PMCID: PMC8625893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely occurring secondary plant constituents, and are abundant in vegetable and fruit diets as well as herbal medicines. Therapeutic treatment options for bacterial infections are limited due to the spread of antimicrobial resistances. Hence, in a number of studies during the last few years, different classes of plant secondary metabolites as resistance-modifying agents have been carried out. In this review, we present the role of flavonoids as inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps. Active compounds could be identified in the subclasses of chalcones, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavonolignans and isoflavones; by far the majority of compounds were aglycones, although some glycosides like kaempferol glycosides with p-coumaroyl acylation showed remarkable results. Staphylococcus aureus NorA pump was the focus of many studies, followed by mycobacteria, whereas Gram-negative bacteria are still under-investigated.
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Examination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Thermophilic Campylobacter Species Isolated from Poultry in Turkey. J Vet Res 2018; 62:463-468. [PMID: 30729203 PMCID: PMC6364164 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study aimed to isolate thermophilic Campylobacter from chickens raised three rearing methods, determine its antimicrobial susceptibilities, and examine resistance-related genes by PCR. Material and Methods Cloacal swabs or intestinal contents were taken in Istanbul, Sakarya, and Izmir provinces. Chickens were from small village-based family-run businesses (n = 70), organically raised (n = 71), and conventionally raised broilers (n = 79). The samples were cultured on modified charcoal cefoperazone desoxycholate (mCCD) agar. Suspect isolates were identified with multiplex PCR (mPCR). As per EUCAST standards, MIC values were derived by broth microdilution for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, gentamicin, and erythromycin in isolates of C. jejuni (n = 98) and C. coli (n = 83). Results In C. jejuni, 78.6% tetracycline, 87.8% ciprofloxacin, and 81.6% nalidixic acid resistance was detected, but none was to kanamycin, gentamicin, or erythromycin. In C. coli, 98.8% ciprofloxacin and 63.9% nalidixic acid resistance was detected, whereas resistance to non-quinolones was not observed. C257T (Thr-86-Ile) mutation in the gyrA gene of all phenotypically quinolone-resistant isolates was detected through a mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR (MAMA-PCR). It emerged that all isolates bore the tet (O) resistance gene. Conclusion Common tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin resistance exists in Campylobacter isolated from chickens raised three rearing methods.
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Chen Q, Gong X, Zheng F, Ji G, Li S, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Liu Y. Interplay Between the Phenotype and Genotype, and Efflux Pumps in Drug-Resistant Strains of Riemerella anatipestifer. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2136. [PMID: 30327640 PMCID: PMC6174861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of multidrug-resistant strains of Riemerella anatipestifer continues to increase, and new strategies for the treatment of associated infections are necessary. Recently, numerous studies have shown that efflux pumps (EPs) play key roles in universal bacterial mechanisms that contribute to antibiotic resistance. In addition, studies have shown that the effects of antibiotics that are subjected to efflux can be reinforced by their combined use with efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). Unfortunately, the role of the efflux system in R. anatipestifer remains barely understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of EPs and resistance genes in the resistance generated by clinical strains of R. anatipestifer to antibiotics. A set of 10 R. anatipestifer strains were characterized by drug resistance, associated resistance genes, and antibiotic profiles in the presence and absence of EPIs. Efflux activity was studied on a real time basis through a fluorometric method. Quantification of the levels of mRNA transcription of efflux pump genes (EPGs) was determined by RT-qPCR. Several approaches (detection of resistance genes, drug susceptibility testing, and growth kinetics analysis) were used to assess the correlation between the effect of the EPIs and the resistance levels. Analysis of the R. anatipestifer growth inhibition tests showed that the antibiotic activity was enhanced by the synergy of EPIs. Among the various resistance genes that confer antibiotic resistance, different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were observed. The different levels of resistance were reduced by EPIs. Real time fluorometry showed that all the R. anatipestifer strains presented inherent efflux activity, conferring varying levels of inhibition in the presence of EPIs. Moreover, 15 EPGs were overexpressed in the presence of antibiotics. The addition of EPIs to antibiotics led to downregulation in the expression of some EPGs and a simultaneous increase in drug resistance and sensitivity. These results demonstrated the contribution of these EPs in the resistant phenotype of the clinical strains of R. anatipestifer that are under investigation, independently of the resistant genotype of the respective strains. Intrinsic efflux activity was possibly linked to the evolution of resistance in multidrug-resistant isolates of R. anatipestifer. Furthermore, the inhibition of EPs by EPIs could enhance the clinical effects of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengdou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Blanco P, Sanz-García F, Hernando-Amado S, Martínez JL, Alcalde-Rico M. The development of efflux pump inhibitors to treat Gram-negative infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:919-931. [PMID: 30198793 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1514386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the possibilities for reducing the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is the use of anti-resistance compounds capable of resensitizing resistant microorganisms to current antimicrobials. For this purpose, multidrug efflux pumps, whose inhibition may increase bacterial susceptibility to several antibiotics, including macrolides to which Gram-negatives are considered intrinsically resistant, have emerged as suitable targets. Areas covered: In the current review, the authors discuss different mechanisms that can be exploited for inhibiting multidrug efflux pumps and describe the properties and the potential therapeutic value of already studied efflux pumps inhibitors. Although efforts have already been made to develop these inhibitors, there are currently no good candidates for treating infectious diseases. Consequently, the authors also discuss potential approaches for their development. Expert opinion: Classical anti-resistance drugs such as beta-lactamases inhibitors, while useful, are only purposeful for treating infections caused by beta-lactamase producers. However, inhibitors of multidrug efflux pumps, which are present on all organisms, can sensitize both susceptible and resistant bacteria to antibiotics belonging to several different structural families. Since some efflux pumps are involved in bacterial infections, their inhibition may also reduce the infectivity of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Blanco
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Fernando Sanz-García
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sara Hernando-Amado
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. CSIC , Madrid , Spain
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Kanagaratnam R, Sheikh R, Alharbi F, Kwon DH. An efflux pump (MexAB-OprM) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with antibacterial activity of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:194-200. [PMID: 29157815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notorious multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogen. An efflux pump (MexAB-OprM) is the main contributor to the multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic compound extracted from green tea, exhibits antibacterial activity. It is unclear that molecular details of the antibacterial activity of EGCG, EGCG-effect on antibiotic susceptibility, and clinical relevance of EGCG in bacteria. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the roles of the efflux pump and an efflux pump inhibitor (phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide; PAβN) in the antibacterial activity of EGCG and the EGCG-effect on antibiotic susceptibility. METHODS Twenty-two multidrug resistant clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and a wild type P. aeruginosa PAO1 were used to determine antibacterial activity of EGCG and EGCG-effect on antibiotic susceptibility. An efflux pump (MexAB-OPrM) mutant strain, its complemented strain carrying an intact mexAB-oprM, and their parental strain were used to determine roles of MexAB-OprM in the antibacterial activity of EGCG and EGCG-mediated antibiotic susceptibility. PAβN was also used to evaluate EGCG as a possible efflux pump inhibitor. RESULTS EGCG inhibited cellular growth and killed 100% of cells at 64-512 µg/ml and at 256-1024 µg/ml, respectively, in all tested 22 clinical isolates including the wild type strain. A subinhibitory concentration of EGCG significantly enhanced susceptibility to antibiotics, unexceptionally to chloramphenicol and tetracyclines (≥4-fold) of the clinical isolates. Both the antibacterial activity of EGCG and the EGCG-mediated antibiotic susceptibility were enhanced more in the efflux pump mutant strain (mexB::Gm) than the parental strain, suggesting additionally accumulated-EGCG produced the more antibacterial activity in the mutant strain. EGCG was synergistically interacted with PAβN with enhancing susceptibility to all tested antibiotics (up to >500-fold) at higher levels than either EGCG alone or PAβN alone, suggesting EGCG may also inhibit the efflux pump with additional accumulation of the antibiotics. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that EGCG exhibits antibacterial activity and enhances antibiotic effects against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. EGCG may inhibit the efflux pump (MexAB-OprM) through which are associated with the antibacterial activity of EGCG and the EGCG-mediated antibiotic susceptibility in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kanagaratnam
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Rida Sheikh
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Fahad Alharbi
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Dong H Kwon
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.
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Klančnik A, Gobin I, Vučković D, Smole Možina S, Abram M, Jeršek B. Reduced contamination and infection via inhibition of adhesion of foodborne bacteria to abiotic polystyrene and biotic amoeba surfaces. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 Rijeka HR-51000 Croatia
| | - Darinka Vučković
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 Rijeka HR-51000 Croatia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Maja Abram
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20 Rijeka HR-51000 Croatia
| | - Barbara Jeršek
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Jamnikarjeva 101 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
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Hungaro HM, Mendonça RCS, Rosa VO, Badaró ACL, Moreira MAS, Chaves JBP. Low contamination of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses in Minas Gerais state, Brazil: Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Venter H, Mowla R, Ohene-Agyei T, Ma S. RND-type drug efflux pumps from Gram-negative bacteria: molecular mechanism and inhibition. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:377. [PMID: 25972857 PMCID: PMC4412071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug efflux protein complexes confer multidrug resistance on bacteria by transporting a wide spectrum of structurally diverse antibiotics. Moreover, organisms can only acquire resistance in the presence of an active efflux pump. The substrate range of drug efflux pumps is not limited to antibiotics, but it also includes toxins, dyes, detergents, lipids, and molecules involved in quorum sensing; hence efflux pumps are also associated with virulence and biofilm formation. Inhibitors of efflux pumps are therefore attractive compounds to reverse multidrug resistance and to prevent the development of resistance in clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. Recent successes on the structure determination and functional analysis of the AcrB and MexB components of the AcrAB-TolC and MexAB-OprM drug efflux systems as well as the structure of the fully assembled, functional triparted AcrAB-TolC complex significantly contributed to our understanding of the mechanism of substrate transport and the options for inhibition of efflux. These data, combined with the well-developed methodologies for measuring efflux pump inhibition, could allow the rational design, and subsequent experimental verification of potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). In this review we will explore how the available biochemical and structural information can be translated into the discovery and development of new compounds that could reverse drug resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. The current literature on EPIs will also be analyzed and the reasons why no compounds have yet progressed into clinical use will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Venter
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rumana Mowla
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan, China
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KOVAČ J, ČADEŽ N, LUŠICKY M, NIELSEN EMØLLER, OCEPEK M, RASPOR P, MOŽINA SSMOLE. The evidence for clonal spreading of quinolone resistance with a particular clonal complex of Campylobacter jejuni. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:2595-603. [PMID: 24534165 PMCID: PMC9151304 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most prevalent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and it represents a significant public health risk of increasing severity due to its escalating resistance to clinically important quinolone and macrolide antibiotics. As a zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter is transmitted along the food chain and naturally cycles from environmental waters, feedstuff, animals and food to humans. We determined antibiotic resistance profiles, as well as multilocus sequence types and flaA-SVR types for 52 C. jejuni isolated in Slovenia from human, animal, raw and cured chicken meat and water samples. Twenty-eight different sequence types, arranged in ten clonal complexes, three new allele types and five new sequence types were identified, indicating the relatively high diversity in a small group of strains. The assignment of strains from different sources to the same clonal complexes indicates their transmission along the food supply chain. The most prevalent clonal complex was CC21, which was also the genetic group with 95% of quinolone-resistant strains. Based on the genetic relatedness of these quinolone-resistant strains identified by polymerase chain reaction with a mismatch amplification mutation assay and sequencing of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA gene, we conclude that the high resistance prevalence observed indicates the local clonal spread of quinolone resistance with CC21.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. KOVAČ
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N. ČADEŽ
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M. LUŠICKY
- Center for Microbiology, Institute of Public Health Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - M. OCEPEK
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P. RASPOR
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S. SMOLE MOŽINA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2(5H)-Furanone, epigallocatechin gallate, and a citric-based disinfectant disturb quorum-sensing activity and reduce motility and biofilm formation of Campylobacter jejuni. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 60:89-95. [PMID: 25231135 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brominated furanone and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that can be derived from sources such as Delisea pulchra algae and green tea, respectively. These compounds may have potential health benefits and antimicrobial properties. Biofilm formation and bacterial motility are virulence factors that seem to be involved in the autoinducer 2 (AI-2)-mediated quorum sensing (QS) response of Campylobacter. In this study, the anti-QS activities of 2(5H)-furanone, EGCG, and a citric-based disinfectant were tested against Campylobacter jejuni. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by a microdilution method, and the AI-2 activity was measured by bioluminescence. For motility tests, subinhibitory concentrations of each compound were mixed with semisolid Muller Hinton agar. Biofilm formation was quantified in broth-containing microplates after staining with safranin. The MBC of tested compounds ranged from 0.3 to 310 μg/mL. Subinhibitory concentrations of all of the antimicrobial compounds significantly decreased (19 to 62 %) the bacterial motility and reduced biofilm formation. After treatment with EGCG, furanone, and the disinfectant, AI-2 activity was decreased by 60 to 99 % compared to control. In conclusion, 2(5H)-furanone, EGCG, and the disinfectant exert bactericidal effects against C. jejuni and disturb QS activity and reduce motility and biofilm formation. These compounds may be naturally occurring alternatives to control C. jejuni.
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Rössger K, Charpin-El-Hamri G, Fussenegger M. Bile acid-controlled transgene expression in mammalian cells and mice. Metab Eng 2013; 21:81-90. [PMID: 24280297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, using trigger-inducible mammalian gene switches to design sophisticated transcription-control networks has become standard practice in synthetic biology. These switches provide unprecedented precision, complexity and reliability when programming novel mammalian cell functions. Metabolite-responsive repressors of human-pathogenic bacteria are particularly attractive for use in these orthogonal synthetic mammalian gene switches because the trigger compound sensitivity often matches the human physiological range. We have designed both a bile acid-repressible (BEAROFF) as well as a bile-acid-inducible (BEARON) gene switch by capitalizing on components that have evolved to manage bile acid resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, the leading causative agent of human food-borne enteritis. We have shown that both of these switches enable bile acid-adjustable transgene expression in different mammalian cell lines as well as in mice. For the BEAROFF device, the C. jejuni repressor CmeR was fused to the VP16 transactivation domain to create a synthetic transactivator that activates minimal promoters containing tandem operator modules (Ocme) in a bile acid-repressible manner. Fusion of CmeR to a transsilencing domain resulted in an artificial transsilencer that binds and represses a constitutive Ocme-containing promoter until it is released by addition of bile acid (BEARON). A tailored multi-step tuning program for the inducible gene switch, which included the optimization of individual component performance, control of their relative abundances, the choice of the cell line and trigger compound, resulted in a BEARON device with significantly improved bile acid-responsive control characteristics. Synthetic metabolite-triggered gene switches that are able to interface with host metabolism may foster advances in future gene and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rössger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ghislaine Charpin-El-Hamri
- Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie (IUTA), F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Juntunen P, Laurila T, Heinonen M, Hänninen ML. Absence of tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter coli isolates from Finnish finishing pigs treated with chlortetracycline. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:974-81. [PMID: 23282197 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether therapeutic treatment of pigs with chlortetracycline affects the susceptibility of their Campylobacter isolates for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. METHODS AND RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and presence of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(O) were studied in Campylobacter collected before, during and after chlortetracycline treatment. Tetracycline MICs and the presence of tet(O) for additional Campylobacter coli isolates collected previously from seven farrowing farms were also determined. Isolates with ciprofloxacin MICs above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) were subtyped by flaA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Tetracycline MICs of 221 Camp. coli isolates remained under the ECOFF at all sampling stages as well as the MICs for 63 isolates from the other farms. The ciprofloxacin MIC was above the ECOFF for 22% of the isolates, and one Camp. coli isolate had an erythromycin MIC above the ECOFF. None of the studied 300 Campylobacter isolates from nine herds carried tet(O). flaA-RFLP typing revealed the heterogeneity of Camp. coli isolates with high ciprofloxacin MICs. CONCLUSION Use of chlortetracycline did not increase the MIC values for the antimicrobials studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrated that susceptibility of Camp. coli isolates is not affected by chlortetracycline therapy if tet(O) is not present in Camp. coli population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Juntunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Klančnik A, Možina SS, Zhang Q. Anti-Campylobacter activities and resistance mechanisms of natural phenolic compounds in Campylobacter. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51800. [PMID: 23284770 PMCID: PMC3524091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and alternative antimicrobials are needed to prevent or decrease Campylobacter contamination in foods or food producing animals. The objectives of this study are to define the anti-Campylobacter activities of natural phenolic compounds of plant origin and to determine the roles of bacterial drug efflux systems in the resistance to these natural phenolics in Campylobacter jejuni. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Anti-Campylobacter activities were evaluated by an MIC assay using microdilution coupled with ATP measurement. Mutants of the cmeB and cmeF efflux genes and the cmeR transcriptional repressor gene were compared with the wild-type strain for their susceptibilities to phenolics in the absence and presence of efflux-pump inhibitors (EPIs). The phenolic compounds produced significant, but variable activities against both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic resistant Campylobacter. The highest anti-Campylobacter activity was seen with carnosic and rosmarinic acids in their pure forms or in enriched plant extracts. Inactivation of cmeB rendered C. jejuni significantly more susceptible to the phenolic compounds, while mutation of cmeF or cmeR only produced a moderate effect on the MICs. Consistent with the results from the efflux pump mutants, EPIs, especially phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide and NMP, significantly reduced the MICs of the tested phenolic compounds. Further reduction of MICs by the EPIs was also observed in the cmeB and cmeF mutants, suggesting that other efflux systems are also involved in Campylobacter resistance to phenolic compounds. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Natural phenolic compounds of plant origin have good anti-Campylobacter activities and can be further developed for potential use in controlling Campylobacter. The drug efflux systems in Campylobacter contribute significantly to its resistance to the phenolics and EPIs potentiate the anti-Campylobacter activities of plant phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Kurinčič M, Klančnik A, Smole Možina S. Epigallocatechin gallate as a modulator of Campylobacter resistance to macrolide antibiotics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:467-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Klančnik A, Gröblacher B, Kovač J, Bucar F, Možina SS. Anti-Campylobacterand resistance-modifying activity ofAlpinia katsumadaiseed extracts. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1249-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - B. Gröblacher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Department of Pharmacognosy; Karl-Franzens-University of Graz; Graz; Austria
| | - J. Kovač
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - F. Bucar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Department of Pharmacognosy; Karl-Franzens-University of Graz; Graz; Austria
| | - S. Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
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