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Awad A, Yeh HY, Ramadan H, Rothrock MJ. Genotypic characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from pastured poultry farms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1271551. [PMID: 38029099 PMCID: PMC10668334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Campylobacter is the leading bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne illnesses worldwide. Pasture farming is regarded as an important source of agricultural production for small farming communities. Consumer preference for pasture-raised animal products has increased; however, there is a paucity of information on the microbiological quality of pasture-raised poultry products. The purpose of this study was to explore genetic relatedness of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, to assess antibiotic resistance phenotypically and genotypically, and to screen the presence of virulence determinants of Campylobacter isolates from pasture-raised poultry farms from southeastern United States. Methods Ninety-seven Campylobacter isolates previously identified by Q7 BAX® System Real-Time PCR were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Campylobacter isolates were then evaluated for their phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobial agents using Sensititre plates. Additionally, Campylobacter isolates were tested for the presence of antimicrobial resistance-associated elements. Furthermore, Campylobacter isolates were screened for the presence of 13 genes encoding putative virulence factors by PCR. These included genes involved in motility (flaA and flhA), adhesion and colonization (cadF, docC, racR, and virB11), toxin production (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, wlaN, and ceuE) and invasion (ciaB and iamA). Results Among 97 Campylobacter isolates, Campylobacter jejuni (n = 79) and Campylobacter coli (n = 18) were identified. By MLST, C. jejuni isolates were assigned to seven clonal complexes. Among them, ST-353, ST-607 and ST-21 were the most common STs recognized. All C. coli (n = 18) isolates were included in CC-828. Interestingly, eight STs identified were not belonging any previous identified clonal complex. Campylobacter isolates displayed a high resistance rate against tetracycline (81.4%), while a low rate of resistance was observed against macrolides (azithromycin and erythromycin), quinolones and fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin), ketolide (telithromycin), amphenicol (florfenicol) and lincomycin (clindamycin). Thirteen isolates (13.54%) were pan-susceptible to all tested antibiotics, while nine isolates were multi-antimicrobial resistant (MAR; resist to three or more antimicrobial classes). Interestingly, there were no isolates resistant to all antimicrobial classes. Thr86Ile mutation was identified in all quinolones resistant strains. Erythromycin encoding gene (ermB) was identified in 75% of erythromycin resistant isolates. The A2075 mutation was detected in one erythromycin resistant strain, while A2074 could not be identified. The tetO gene was identified in 93.7% of tetracycline resistant isolates and six tetracycline susceptible isolates. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that Campylobacter isolates from pasture-raised poultry farms showed the ST relatedness to Campylobacter isolates commonly associated with humans, indicating pasture-raised broiler flocks, similar to conventionally-reared broiler flocks, as a potential vector for antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic strains of thermophilic Campylobacter to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hung-Yueh Yeh
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Ahmadi Z, Pakbin B, Kazemi M, Rahimi Z, Mahmoudi R. Genotyping and antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter species isolated from raw milk samples in Qazvin, Iran. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:314. [PMID: 37932835 PMCID: PMC10626807 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campylobacter species are major causes of foodborne illnesses, with unpasteurized milk being a significant carrier of these bacteria, posing a public health risk. One of the challenges in managing Campylobacter infections is the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. We conducted a study in Qazvin, Iran, testing 84 raw cow's milk samples to determine the frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli using culture-based and multiplex PCR methods. Additionally, the disk diffusion and RAPD-PCR approaches were utilized to evaluate the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile and genetic diversity of Campylobacter strains. RESULTS The findings indicated that Campylobacter spp. was present in 19.05% of the samples, with C. coli being the predominant isolate. We tested eight antibiotic agents, and the resistance levels of the isolates were as follows: erythromycin 100%, tetracycline 75%, doxycycline 56.25%, ceftriaxone 43.75%, chloramphenicol 37.5%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 25%, nalidixic acid 12.5%, and azithromycin 6.25%. Genetic diversity analysis categorized Campylobacter isolates into 39 clusters, indicating a wide diversity among strains. However, no significant correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance and cluster patterns. These findings underscore the role of raw milk as a reservoir for Campylobacter spp. and highlight the substantial antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity within the species population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ahmadi
- Department of Food Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Babak Pakbin
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenberg Str. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Maryam Kazemi
- Department of Food Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahimi
- Department of Food Safety and Health, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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Ansarifar E, Riahi SM, Tasara T, Sadighara P, Zeinali T. Campylobacter prevalence from food, animals, human and environmental samples in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:126. [PMID: 37165317 PMCID: PMC10170724 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter regarded as a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of campylobacter in food, animal and human samples of Iran. RESULTS Quantitative synthesis was performed from 119 articles. White meat had the highest pooled prevalence of Campylobacter spp. (43.9%). Pooled prevalence of 7.9% and 5.5% for Campylobacter, respectively, were determined for red meat and eggs from Iran. Campylobacter was seen in 14.9% of environmental samples and 8.4% of human samples. In most of the samples C. jejuni had higher frequency than C. coli. Most of the isolated Campylobacter harbored several of the known virulence related genes of this pathogen. CONCLUSION Chicken was identified as the Campylobacter reservoir. As such preventive strategies in all stages of poultry production until consumption are necessary to control foodborne human infection with Campylobacter in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ansarifar
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohamad Riahi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Zeinali
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Gharbi M, Béjaoui A, Ben Hamda C, Ghedira K, Ghram A, Maaroufi A. Distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from broiler chickens in Tunisia. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:1273-1282. [PMID: 34340908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermo-tolerant Campylobacter species are the major cause of foodborne diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance determinants in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates, and to investigate the relationship between these two traits. METHODS A total of 132 Campylobacter isolates from poultry were tested for the presence of 13 virulence genes; flaA, cadF, racR, virB11, pldA, dnaJ, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, ciaB, wlaN, cgtB and ceuE. The mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance phenotypes were also studied by PCR and MAMA-PCR. RESULTS PCR results revealed the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in C. jejuni and C. coli as follows: cmeB (80% and 100%), tet(O) (100% and 80%), and the blaOXA-61 (81% and 93%), respectively. None of these strains harbored the aphA-3 gene. The Thr-86-Ile mutation associated with resistance to quinolones was found in 90% of C. jejuni and 80% of C. coli isolates. While the A2075G and A2074C mutations linked to the erythromycin resistance were detected in 100% of both species. Virulence genes were prevalent and ranged from 40 to 100%. A positive relationship was revealed between cadF, racR, and ciaB genes and resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, and nalidixic acid, in C. jejuni. However, no association was observed for C. coli isolated strains. CONCLUSION This study provides for the first time an overview of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and pathogenic profiles of Campylobacter isolates, which emphasizes the potential risk for consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Gharbi
- University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Awatef Béjaoui
- University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Cherif Ben Hamda
- University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kais Ghedira
- University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abderrazek Maaroufi
- University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology Development, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, Belvédère, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
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Andrzejewska M, Grudlewska-Buda K, Śpica D, Skowron K, Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska M, Szady-Grad M, Indykiewicz P, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Klawe JJ. Genetic relatedness, virulence, and drug susceptibility of Campylobacter isolated from water and wild birds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1005085. [PMID: 36506026 PMCID: PMC9732551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1005085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Campylobacter isolated from wild birds (Black-headed gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Great tits Parus major) and collect surface water samples (from rivers, ponds, ornamental lakes, freshwater beaches). Research material included 33 Campylobacter isolates. All the strains were isolated by different monitoring and surveillance plans. Methods The prevalence of selected genes (flaA, cadF, iam, cdtB, wlaN, sodB, tet0) encoding virulence factors and resistance among Campylobacter spp. was assessed by the PCR method. The genetic similarities of isolates were determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to clinically important antimicrobials: erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, previously assessed by E-test, was presented in the form of drug susceptibility profiles depending on the origin of the isolates. Results The cadF, flaA, cdtB, and sodB genes exhibited the highest detection rate. Statistically significant differences between the presence of wlaN virulence genes were noted among different species of the isolates. No genetically identical isolates were found. The most numerous antibiotic susceptibility profile included strains susceptible to all antibiotics studied (profile A-33.3%). The second most common were the tetracycline - and ciprofloxacin-resistant (profile B-27.2%), and tetracycline-resistant profile (C-24.2%) respectively. Discussion The study revealed the virulent properties of Campylobacter isolated from water samples, and wild birds, and high resistance rates to tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. The lack of genetic relatedness among strains isolated from water, and birds may indicate other sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter bacteria than birds. The presence of Campylobacter spp. in wild birds could also have other environmental origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland,*Correspondence: Małgorzata Andrzejewska,
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Śpica
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szady-Grad
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Indykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Animal Environment, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J. Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Carrasco C, Pérez-Palacios T, Luengo LM, Gómez S, Fajardo M, Gómez MDLÁ, Rodríguez AB. Nutritional quality and physiological effects of halal meat: A pilot study in non-Muslim consumers. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Taghizadeh M, Nematollahi A, Bashiry M, Javanmardi F, Mousavil M, Hosseini H. The global prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in milk A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli strain isolated from a newborn with severe diarrhea in Lebanon. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:319-328. [PMID: 34997523 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A multidrug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter coli (C. coli) strain was isolated from a 2-month-old newborn who suffered from severe diarrhea in Lebanon. Here, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was deployed to determine the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in the C. coli isolate and to identify its epidemiological background (sequence type). The identity of the isolate was confirmed using API® Campy, MALDI-TOF, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The antimicrobial susceptibility phenotype was determined using the disk diffusion assay. Our analysis showed that resistance to macrolide and quinolone was potentially associated with the presence of multiple point mutations in antibiotic targets on the chromosomal DNA. Furthermore, tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance were encoded by genes on a pTet plasmid. The blaOXA-61, which is associated with beta-lactam resistance, was also detected in the C. coli genome. A set of 30 genes associated with the virulence in C. coli was detected using WGS analysis. MLST analysis classified the isolate as belonging to a new sequence type (ST-9588), a member of ST-828 complex which is mainly associated with humans and chickens. Taking together, this study provides the first WGS analysis of Campylobacter isolated from Lebanon. The detection of a variety of AMR and virulence determinants strongly emphasizes the need for studying the burden of Campylobacter in Lebanon and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where information on campylobacteriosis is scant.
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Chala G, Eguale T, Abunna F, Asrat D, Stringer A. Identification and Characterization of Campylobacter Species in Livestock, Humans, and Water in Livestock Owning Households of Peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A One Health Approach. Front Public Health 2021; 9:750551. [PMID: 34926375 PMCID: PMC8677049 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.750551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial infectious diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis globally, and is recognized as a significant zoonotic pathogen. Antimicrobial resistance amongst Campylobacter isolates is a significant global concern. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify and characterize Campylobacter species in humans, animals and water sources in livestock owning households of peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and to characterize antimicrobial resistance. A total of 519 fecal samples from humans (n = 99), livestock (n = 179), poultry (n = 69), and water (n = 172) were collected. Samples were cultured for viable Campylobacter spp. and multiplex PCR utilized for the identification and confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 67/519 (13.0%) of the total tested samples, and the household level prevalence of Campylobacter was 42.4%. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was: humans (10.1%), cattle (18.5%), poultry (13.0%), sheep (13.3%), goats (7.1%), and water (10.5%). Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus were the most frequently isolated species, followed by C. coli. The majority of isolates obtained from human samples had co-occurrence with isolates from cattle, poultry or water samples from the same household. The use of stored water, the practice of indoor and outdoor manure collecting, and animal species Campylobacter positivity were significantly associated with greater odds of human Campylobacter spp. positivity. All Campylobacter isolates from humans, poultry, sheep, goats and water, and 96.0% of isolates from cattle were resistant to at least one or more of the tested antimicrobials, with 95.5% of isolates resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials. A One Health approach is recommended to further investigate Campylobacter species infections, and other zoonotic infectious diseases, in the livestock owning populations in Ethiopia, where there is close interaction between humans, animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Chala
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrew Stringer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Alsayeqh AF, Baz AHA, Darwish WS. Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68111-68133. [PMID: 34668139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are known as significant public health hazards worldwide, particularly in the Middle East region. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens becomes one of the top challenges for the environment, public health, and food safety sectors. However, less is known about antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East region. Possibly because of the lack of surveillance, documentation, and reporting. This review focuses on the current status of antimicrobial resistance profiling among foodborne pathogens in the Middle East. Therefore, PubMed and other relevant databases were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Subject heading and texts were searched for "antimicrobial resistances," "foodborne," and "Middle East" to identify observational studies on AMR foodborne pathogens published during the last 10 years (2011 to 2020). Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median and interquartile ranges of percent resistance were calculated for each antibiotic-bacterium combination. A total of 249 articles were included in the final analysis from ten countries, where only five countries had more than 85% of the included articles. The most commonly reported pathogens were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria spp. An apparent rise in drug resistance among foodborne pathogens was recorded particularly against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline that are commonly prescribed in most countries in the Middle East. Besides, there is a lack of standardization and quality control for microbiological identification and susceptibility testing methods in many of the Middle East countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F Alsayeqh
- Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, 662251452, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Khademi F, Sahebkar A. Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8868197. [PMID: 33488728 PMCID: PMC7803110 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8868197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter species are one of the main causes of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. Recently, WHO reported that the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species is becoming a public health issue around the world. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant strains isolated from human and animal origins in Iran. METHODS Using related keywords and without date and language limitations, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and SID to identify relevant studies on the prevalence of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species in Iran. RESULTS A total of 34 reports (9 in Persian and 25 in English) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disk diffusion, E-test, and agar dilution were common methods used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter species against fluoroquinolones were as follows: 53.6%, 41.8%, and 0% to ciprofloxacin for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively, 24.3% and 25.1% to enrofloxacin for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, 59.6% and 49.2% to nalidixic acid for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, and 87.3% and 64.7% to ofloxacin for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a high prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species in Iran. This calls for the use of more effective antibiotics with low resistance rates including aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and imipenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
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de Alcântara Rodrigues I, Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen PHN, Mano SB, Conte-Junior CA. Antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria from animal-based foods. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 112:143-183. [PMID: 32762867 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat. Farm animals are important sources of bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Although the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture and livestock has been reduced in several countries, these compounds are still routinely applied in animal production, and contribute to ARGs emergence and spread among bacteria. ARGs are transmitted to humans mainly through the consumption of products of animal origin (PAO). Bacteria can present intrinsic resistance, and once antimicrobials are administered, this resistance may be selected and multiply. The exchange of genetic material is another mechanism used by bacteria to acquire resistance. Some of the main ARGs found in bacteria present in PAO are the bla, mcr-1, cfr and tet genes, which are directly associated to antibiotic resistance in the human clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora de Alcântara Rodrigues
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Sergio Borges Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Han X, Guan X, Zeng H, Li J, Huang X, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Huang X, Yan Q, Huang Y, Cao S, Wu R, Ma X, Zou L. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence-associated genes of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from ducks in a Chinese slaughterhouse. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Andrzejewska M, Szczepańska B, Śpica D, Klawe JJ. Prevalence, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Raw Milk, Beef, and Pork Meat in Northern Poland. Foods 2019; 8:E420. [PMID: 31533265 PMCID: PMC6770586 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether raw milk, unpasteurized dairy products, pork, and beef available for sale in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Wielkopolska regions in Poland are contaminated with Campylobacter spp. bacteria and may be a potential source of infection. For isolated strains, antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of genes responsible for virulence were examined. Material for research included 1058 food samples collected between 2014 and 2018 with 454 samples of raw milk and unpasteurized dairy products (milk from vending machines, milk from owners of dairy cows, cheese, milk cream) and 604 samples of raw meat (pork, beef). The results indicated that 9.3% of the samples were positive for Campylobacter spp., and Campylobacter jejuni was predominant in this study. Campylobacter bacteria was not found in milk collected from vending machines, as well as cheese and milk cream samples. Campylobacter was noted in 12.7% of beef samples, 11.8% of raw milk purchased from individual suppliers, and 10.9% of pork samples. Resistance to erythromycin (2.0%), azithromycin (3.1%), gentamicin (4.1%), tetracycline (65.3%), and ciprofloxacin (71.4%) was determined using the disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the prevalence of racR, sodB, csrA, virB11, cdtB, iam, and wlaN genes were examined using the PCR method. The sodB, csrA, and cdtB genes exhibited the highest detection rate, but none of the genes were identified in 100% of the isolates. Statistically significant differences between the presence of virulence marker genes, including for iam, racR, and csrA markers, were noted among different sources of the isolates. Differences in the distribution of iam, wlaN, and virB11 were also shown between C. jejuni and C. coli strains. As a result of the analysis, it has been concluded that unpasteurized milk, beef, and pork could be a sources of Campylobacter pathogens. Moreover, this study revealed virulent properties of Campylobacter isolated from such food products and high resistance rates to fluoroquinolones, which may represent difficulties in campylobacteriosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Marii Curie Skłodowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Bernadeta Szczepańska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Marii Curie Skłodowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Śpica
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Marii Curie Skłodowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jacek J Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Marii Curie Skłodowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Identification of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis virulence genes in cervical mucus from cows. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:1133-1137. [PMID: 31410776 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the polymerase chain reaction to identify virulence genes in cervico-vaginal mucus samples from cows positive for Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. There was positivity for the pldA, racR, dnaJ, cdtA, and cdtB genes. No samples showed the cdtC, ciaB, cadF, wlaN, and virB11 genes.
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Yang Y, Feye KM, Shi Z, Pavlidis HO, Kogut M, J. Ashworth A, Ricke SC. A Historical Review on Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Campylobacter. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1509. [PMID: 31402900 PMCID: PMC6676416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported foodborne human bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Campylobacter is the etiological agent of campylobacteriosis, which is generally a self-limited illness and therefore does not require treatment. However, when patients are immunocompromised or have other co-morbidities, antimicrobial treatment may be necessary for clinical treatment of campylobacteriosis, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choices. However, the increase in antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to clinically important antibiotics may become insurmountable. Because of the transmission between poultry and humans, the poultry industry must now allocate resources to address the problem by reducing Campylobacter as well as antimicrobial use, which may reduce resistance. This review will focus on the incidence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in poultry, the clinical consequences of this resistance, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance associated with Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Michael Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amanda J. Ashworth
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit (USDA-ARS), Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
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17
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Divsalar G, Kaboosi H, Khoshbakht R, Shirzad-Aski H, Ghadikolaii FP. Antimicrobial resistances, and molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates, separated from food-producing animals and diarrhea patients in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:194-200. [PMID: 31300113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to regain new epidemiology information about frequency, drug resistance rates, and typing of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolates, obtained from some poultry and cattle farms, slaughterhouses, and people with diarrhea. In this regard, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics and the associated antibiotic resistance genes, including tetO, tetA, cmeB, and blaOXA-61 were evaluated. The isolates were also typed, using the Fla-RFLP method. Generally, between 233 food animal samples, 80 (34.33%) C. jejuni were isolated. Moreover, 20 out of 74 (27%) human specimens suspected to infectious diarrhea were C. jejuni positive. High frequencies of resistance to tetracycline (100%), ciprofloxacin (95%), and nalidixic acid (86%), and low frequencies of resistance to florfenicol (0%), erythromycin (5%), and gentamicin (8%) were observed. Furthermore, in the tetracycline-resistant isolates, the existences of tetO, tetA, and cmeB were 86%, 23%, and 48%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the cluster types obtained from Fla-RFLP method and antibiotic resistance pattern. The results suggested that the genomic link between Campylobacter spp. should be always evaluated in each country to provide an insight about the Campylobacter spp., spread in the region, in order to implement the health-controlling programs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Divsalar
- Department of Microbiology, Ayattollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Hami Kaboosi
- Department of Microbiology, Ayattollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Rahem Khoshbakht
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran.
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Aerts M, Battisti A, Hendriksen R, Kempf I, Teale C, Tenhagen BA, Veldman K, Wasyl D, Guerra B, Liébana E, Thomas-López D, Belœil PA. Technical specifications on harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from food-producing animals and food. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05709. [PMID: 32626332 PMCID: PMC7009308 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proposals to update the harmonised monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from a public health perspective in Salmonella, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from food-producing animals and derived meat in the EU are presented in this report, accounting for recent trends in AMR, data collection needs and new scientific developments. Phenotypic monitoring of AMR in bacterial isolates, using microdilution methods for testing susceptibility and interpreting resistance using epidemiological cut-off values is reinforced, including further characterisation of those isolates of E. coli and Salmonella showing resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems, as well as the specific monitoring of ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase-producing E. coli. Combinations of bacterial species, food-producing animals and meat, as well as antimicrobial panels have been reviewed and adapted, where deemed necessary. Considering differing sample sizes, numerical simulations have been performed to evaluate the related statistical power available for assessing occurrence and temporal trends in resistance, with a predetermined accuracy, to support the choice of harmonised sample size. Randomised sampling procedures, based on a generic proportionate stratified sampling process, have been reviewed and reinforced. Proposals to improve the harmonisation of monitoring of prevalence, genetic diversity and AMR in MRSA are presented. It is suggested to complement routine monitoring with specific cross-sectional surveys on MRSA in pigs and on AMR in bacteria from seafood and the environment. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of isolates obtained from the specific monitoring of ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase-producing E. coli is strongly advocated to be implemented, on a voluntary basis, over the validity period of the next legislation, with possible mandatory implementation by the end of the period; the gene sequences encoding for ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemases being reported to EFSA. Harmonised protocols for WGS analysis/interpretation and external quality assurance programmes are planned to be provided by the EU-Reference Laboratory on AMR.
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Wieczorek K, Wołkowicz T, Osek J. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Traits of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Poultry Food Chain and Humans With Diarrhea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1508. [PMID: 30022977 PMCID: PMC6039573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the prevalence of virulence-associated markers and antimicrobial resistance in 624 C. jejuni isolated from poultry food chain, i. e., chicken feces (n = 160), poultry carcasses (n = 157), poultry meat (n = 152) and from humans (n = 155). All human strains were positive for 9 out of 13 putative virulence genes responsible for expression of pathogenic factors involved in different stages of the infection. The presence of all markers was also high in strains from chicken feces, carcasses and meat although not all of them were identified in 100% of the isolates. On the other hand, the virB11, wlaN, and iam putative pathogenic genes were detected in only 1.9, 15.2, and 20.5% of strains, respectively. C. jejuni isolates, irrespective of the origin, were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (92.5% isolates), followed by nalidixic acid (88.9%) and tetracycline (68.4%). In case of ciprofloxacin, significantly more isolates from poultry feces, carcasses and meat were resistant than those obtained from humans and the same relationship was observed for tetracycline where the isolates from chicken feces were more often resistant than C. jejuni of carcasses and meat origin. A low number of strains was resistant to streptomycin (18.4% isolates) and only 5 strains (0.8%) displayed resistance to erythromycin. A relationship between resistance to fluoroquinolones and presence of selected pathogenic markers was observed, e.g., from 83.3% strains with the virB11 to 93.4% with the docA genes were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The isolates that did not possess any of the pathogenic traits were also mainly resistant to this antimicrobial, although the number of such strains was usually low, except virB11 (612 isolates), wlaN (529 strains), and iam (496 isolates). Furthermore, resistance to tetracycline was somehow associated with the presence of the virulence associated genes wlaN and virB11 (56.8 and 75.0% isolates, respectively). The present study shows a high antimicrobial resistance to quinolones and tetracycline of C. jejuni isolated along poultry food chain and from patients with diarrhea, which was closely correlated with the presence of several virulence genes playing a role in the pathogenesis of Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wołkowicz
- Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Woźniak-Biel A, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Kielsznia A, Korzekwa K, Tobiasz A, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Wieliczko A. High Prevalence of Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Tetracycline Campylobacter Spp. Isolated from Poultry in Poland. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:314-322. [PMID: 28628752 PMCID: PMC5905868 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is a major cause of foodborne diseases in humans, particularly when transmitted by the handling or consumption of undercooked poultry meat. Most Campylobacter infections are self-limiting, but antimicrobial treatment (e.g., fluoroquinolones and macrolides) is necessary in severe or prolonged cases. The indiscriminate use of these drugs, both in clinical medicine and animal production, has a major impact on public health. The aim of the present study was to identify Campylobacter strains, isolated from turkey and broilers, using both PCR and the matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) methods to reveal the accuracy of identification, as well to evaluate the antimicrobial and genetic resistance of the investigated strains. MALDI-TOF and PCR methods were used to show differences, if any, in the specificity of that test. In this study, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry gave the same results as multiplex PCR, in all cases. The highest rate of resistance (i.e., 100% of turkey and broiler strains) was detected against ciprofloxacin, whereas 58.1% of turkey and 78.6% of broiler strains were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug-resistant isolates were not found in the study. All ciprofloxacin-resistant strains had a mutation in the gyrA gene, at the Thr-86 position. The presence of the tetO gene was found in 71% of turkey and in 100% of broiler strains. All resistant to tetracycline strains included tetO gene. Additionally, in five turkey and three broiler strains, susceptible to tetracycline, tetO gene was present. These results indicate the high prevalence of Campylobacter strains, which are phenotypically and genetically resistant to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Woźniak-Biel
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Kielsznia
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Tobiasz
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Antibiotic Susceptibility, Genetic Diversity, and the Presence of Toxin Producing Genes in Campylobacter Isolates from Poultry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111400. [PMID: 29149023 PMCID: PMC5708039 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined antibiotic susceptibility, genetic diversity, and characteristics of virulence genes in Campylobacter isolates from poultry. Chicken (n = 152) and duck (n = 154) samples were collected from 18 wet markets in Korea. Campylobacter spp. isolated from the carcasses were identified by PCR. The isolated colonies were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility to chloramphenicol, amikacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and enrofloxacin. The isolates were also used to analyze genetic diversity using the DiversiLabTM system and were tested for the presence of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 45 poultry samples out of 306 poultry samples (14.7%) and the average levels of Campylobacter contamination were 22.0 CFU/g and 366.1 CFU/g in chicken and duck samples, respectively. Moreover, more than 90% of the isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Genetic correlation analysis showed greater than 95% similarity between 84.4% of the isolates, and three cdt genes (cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC) were present in 71.1% of Campylobacter isolates. These results indicate that Campylobacter contamination should be decreased to prevent and treat Campylobacter foodborne illness.
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