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Bonato JM, de Mattos BA, Oliveira DV, Milani H, Prickaerts J, de Oliveira RMW. Blood-Brain Barrier Rescue by Roflumilast After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:311-323. [PMID: 36922461 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4-I), which selectively increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, have shown neuroprotective effects after several neurological injuries inducing blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage including local/focal cerebral ischemia. The present investigated whether roflumilast confers BBB neuroprotection in the hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) in rats. TGCI resulted in whole BBB disruption as measured by the increase of Evans blue (EB) and IgG extravasation, neurodegeneration, and downregulation of claudin-5 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels in the CA1 hippocampal subfield of ischemic rats. Roflumilast attenuated BBB disruption and restored the levels of eNOS in the CA1 hippocampal area. Moreover, roflumilast increased the levels of B2 cell lymphoma (BcL-2) and neuron-glial antigen-2 (NG2) in the CA1 subfield after global ischemia in rats. The protective effects of roflumilast against TGCI-induced BBB breakdown might involve preservation of BBB integrity, vascularization and angiogenesis, and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Mendes Bonato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, CEP, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Andretto de Mattos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, CEP, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Velasquez Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, CEP, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, CEP, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rúbia Maria Weffort de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, CEP, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Arasaratnam CJ, Song JJ, Yoshida T, Curtis MA, Graybiel AM, Faull RLM, Waldvogel HJ. DARPP-32 cells and neuropil define striosomal system and isolated matrix cells in human striatum. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:888-920. [PMID: 37002560 PMCID: PMC10392785 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum forms a central node of the basal ganglia interconnecting the neocortex and thalamus with circuits modulating mood and movement. Striatal projection neurons (SPNs) include relatively intermixed populations expressing D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors (dSPNs and iSPNs) that give rise to the direct (D1) and indirect (D2) output systems of the basal ganglia. Overlaid on this organization is a compartmental organization, in which a labyrinthine system of striosomes made up of sequestered SPNs is embedded within the larger striatal matrix. Striosomal SPNs also include D1-SPNs and D2-SPNs, but they can be distinguished from matrix SPNs by many neurochemical markers. In the rodent striatum the key signaling molecule, DARPP-32, is a exception to these compartmental expression patterns, thought to befit its functions through opposite actions in both D1- and D2-expressing SPNs. We demonstrate here, however, that in the dorsal human striatum, DARPP-32 is concentrated in the neuropil and SPNs of striosomes, especially in the caudate nucleus and dorsomedial putamen, relative to the matrix neuropil in these regions. The generally DARPP-32-poor matrix contains scattered DARPP-32-positive cells. DARPP-32 cell bodies in both compartments proved negative for conventional intraneuronal markers. These findings raise the potential for specialized DARPP-32 expression in the human striosomal system and in a set of DARPP-32-positive neurons in the matrix. If DARPP-32 immunohistochemical positivity predicts differential functional DARPP-32 activity, then the distributions demonstrated here could render striosomes and dispersed matrix cells susceptible to differential signaling through cAMP and other signaling systems in health and disease. DARPP-32 is highly concentrated in cells and neuropil of striosomes in post-mortem human brain tissue, particularly in the dorsal caudate nucleus. Scattered DARPP-32-positive cells are found in the human striatal matrix. Calbindin and DARPP-32 do not colocalize within every spiny projection neuron in the dorsal human caudate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Arasaratnam
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer J Song
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Populus tomentiglandulosa Extract Is Rich in Polyphenols and Protects Neurons, Astrocytes, and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Gerbil Striatum Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185430. [PMID: 34576901 PMCID: PMC8471727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient ischemia in brains causes neuronal damage, gliosis, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, which is related to ischemia-induced brain dysfunction. Populus species have various pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we found that phenolic compounds were rich in Populus tomentiglandulosa extract and examined the effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa extract on neuronal damage/death, astrogliosis, and BBB breakdown in the striatum, which is related to motor behavior, following 15-min transient ischemia in the forebrain in gerbils. The gerbils were pre-treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of the extract. The latter showed significant effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemia-induced hyperactivity using spontaneous motor activity test was significantly attenuated by the treatment. Striatal cells (neurons) were dead at five days after the ischemia; however, pre-treatment with the extract protected the striatal cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ischemia-induced reactive astrogliosis was significantly alleviated, in particular, astrocyte end feet, which are a component of BBB, were significantly preserved. Immunoglobulin G, which is not found in intact brain parenchyma, was apparently shown (an indicator of extravasation) in striatal parenchyma at five days after the ischemia, but IgG leakage was dramatically attenuated in the parenchyma by the pre-treatment. Based on these findings, we suggest that Populus tomentiglandulosa extract rich in phenolic compounds can be employed as a pharmaceutical composition to develop a preventive material against brain ischemic injury.
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Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
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Desmarais LM, Milleville KA, Wagner AK. Postoperative Treatment of Intracranial Hypotension Venous Congestion-Associated Brain Injury With Zolpidem. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:e89-e92. [PMID: 32932357 PMCID: PMC10485810 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A previously independent 75-yr-old man developed postoperative intracranial hypotension-associated venous congestion after an elective T10-pelvis fusion, which was complicated by durotomy. Postoperative day 0 magnetic resonance imaging noted symmetric edema of the basal ganglia, thalami, and cerebellar cortex as well as smooth diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement and dural thickening, consistent with postoperative intracranial hypotension-associated venous congestion. On postoperative day 0, patient developed tonic clonic seizures, and on postoperative day 2, patient was unable to follow commands or blink to visual threat, able to track eyes to sound only, and spontaneously moved all limbs. Patient was started on zolpidem 2.5 mg on postoperative day 2, and 12 hrs later, he had significantly improved motor function, arousal, verbalization, and followed simple commands. After three doses, patient was fully alert and oriented with improved mobility and comprehension. Six zolpidem doses were administered in total, and repeat magnetic resonance imaging on postoperative day 16 showed markedly improved regional edema. The patient was admitted to a brain injury inpatient rehabilitation unit and was discharged to home 9 days later with Functional Independence Measure gain of 17. Intracranial hypotension can adversely affect primary mesocircuit structures supporting arousal. Zolpidem, a selective α-1-subunit GABA-A agonist, supports GABAergic tone in these regions. This patient's clinical presentation and recovery paralleled selective basal ganglial-thalamic edema development and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Desmarais
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kristen A. Milleville
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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6
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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Neuroprotective roles of HAX-1 in ischemic neuronal injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113642. [PMID: 33600816 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell-specific protein 1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is a novel mitochondrial protein that regulates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. However, the roles of HAX-1 in ischemic neuronal injury have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, the expression and roles of HAX-1 after ischemic stress were investigated using in vivo and in vitro models. The effect of oxidative stress on the regulation of HAX-1 was examined using knockout mice lacking nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2), which is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after cerebral ischemia. Male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to transient forebrain ischemia induced by 22-min occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries, and striatum samples were analyzed. For in vitro ischemic experiments, oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line was utilized. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis revealed HAX-1 expression in neuronal mitochondria, which was significantly decreased after ischemia in vivo and in vitro. In NOX2 knockout mice, ischemia-induced decrease in HAX-1 expression and ischemic neuronal injury was significantly alleviated compared to those in wild-type mice. Inhibition of HAX-1 using small interfering RNA significantly increased injury in cultured cells after OGD. These findings suggest that HAX-1 has a neuroprotective effect against ischemic neuronal injury, and downregulation of HAX-1 by NOX2-produced ROS induces apoptosis after cerebral ischemia.
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8
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Jupp B, Pitzoi S, Petretto E, Mar AC, Oliver YP, Jordan ER, Taylor S, Atanur SS, Srivastava PK, Saar K, Hubner N, Sommer WH, Staehlin O, Spanagel R, Robinson ES, Schumann G, Moreno M, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, Aitman TJ, Dalley JW. Impulsivity is a heritable trait in rodents and associated with a novel quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6684. [PMID: 32317713 PMCID: PMC7174407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity describes the tendency to act prematurely without appropriate foresight and is symptomatic of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although a number of genes for impulsivity have been identified, no study to date has carried out an unbiased, genome-wide approach to identify genetic markers associated with impulsivity in experimental animals. Herein we report a linkage study of a six-generational pedigree of adult rats phenotyped for one dimension of impulsivity, namely premature responding on the five-choice serial reaction time task, combined with genome wide sequencing and transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes associated with the expression of the impulsivity trait. Premature responding was found to be heritable (h2 = 13-16%), with significant linkage (LOD 5.2) identified on chromosome 1. Fine mapping of this locus identified a number of polymorphic candidate genes, however only one, beta haemoglobin, was differentially expressed in both the founder strain and F6 generation. These findings provide novel insights into the genetic substrates and putative neurobiological mechanisms of impulsivity with broader translational relevance for impulsivity-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jupp
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Pitzoi
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK ,0000 0004 0385 0924grid.428397.3Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam C. Mar
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Yolanda Pena Oliver
- 0000 0004 1936 7590grid.12082.39School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Emily R. Jordan
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Taylor
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Santosh S. Atanur
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Prashant K. Srivastava
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kathrin Saar
- 0000 0001 1014 0849grid.419491.0Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hubner
- 0000 0001 1014 0849grid.419491.0Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- 0000 0004 0477 2235grid.413757.3Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Staehlin
- 0000 0004 0477 2235grid.413757.3Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- 0000 0004 0477 2235grid.413757.3Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emma S. Robinson
- 0000 0004 1936 7603grid.5337.2School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cCentre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King¹s College, London, UK
| | - Margarita Moreno
- 0000000101969356grid.28020.38Department of Psychology & Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Barry J. Everitt
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J. Aitman
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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León-Moreno LC, Castañeda-Arellano R, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Dueñas-Jiménez SH. Challenges and Improvements of Developing an Ischemia Mouse Model Through Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104773. [PMID: 32199775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the principal causes of death and disability worldwide in which prevention or an effective treatment does not exist. In order to develop successful treatments, an adequate and useful ischemia model is essential. Transient global cerebral ischemia is one of the most interesting pathological conditions in stroke studies because of the observed degeneration of forebrain and delayed neuronal cell death in selective vulnerable regions such as hippocampus. Transient occlusion of both common carotid arteries is the most convenient model to induce tGCI. Although there are effective rat and gerbil models using this method, the induction of a reproducible and reliable injury after global ischemia in mouse has presented higher variations, mainly because of its size and the necessary monitoring skills in order to accomplish homogeneous and reproducible results. Further, great variability among cerebral vasculature and susceptibility of the different strains and sub-strains is observed. In recent years, some modifications have been made to the model in order to normalize the heterogenic effects. Analysis of posterior communicating artery patency has been proposed as an exclusion parameter due to the direct relationship reported with the reduction of cerebral blood flow. Another method used to significantly reduce blood flow is the induction of hypotension with isoflurane. Each protocol produces distinct injury outcomes. Further improvements are needed to attain a general, simpler, reproducible and globally accepted model that allows comparisons between research groups, progress in understanding ischemia and the consequent development of therapeutic alternatives for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolando Castañeda-Arellano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Tonala, University de Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Transplant and cGMP Cell Processing Facility, Health Sciences Center, University de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas-Jiménez
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, C.P. 44340 Jalisco, México.
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Zhu Y, Liu B, Zheng X, Wu J, Chen S, Chen Z, Chen T, Huang Z, Lei W. Partial decortication ameliorates dopamine depletion‑induced striatal neuron lesions in rats. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1414-1424. [PMID: 31364729 PMCID: PMC6713435 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between glutamate (cortex and thalamus) and dopamine (substantia nigra) inputs on striatal neurons is of vital importance. Dopamine deficiency, which breaks this balance and leads to the domination of cortical glutamatergic inputs, plays an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the exact impact on striatal neurons has not been fully clarified. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize the influence of corticostriatal glutamatergic inputs on striatal neurons after decortication due to dopamine depletion in rats. 6-Hydroxydopamine was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle to induce dopamine depletion, and/or ibotenic acid into the primary motor cortex to induce decortication. Subsequently, the grip strength test and Morris water maze task indicated that decortication significantly shortened the hang time and the latency that had been increased in the rats subjected to dopamine depletion. Golgi staining and electron microscopy analysis showed that the total dendritic length and dendritic spine density of the striatal neurons were decreased in the dopamine-depleted rats, whereas decortication alleviated this damage. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that decortication decreased the number of caspase-3-positive neurons in the dopamine-depleted rats. Moreover, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses showed that decortication offset the upregulation of caspase-3 at both the protein and mRNA levels in the dopamine-depleted rats. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a relative excess of cortical glutamate inputs had a substantial impact on the pathological processes of striatal neuron lesions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Periodical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ziyun Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wanlong Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Ramagiri S, Taliyan R. Remote limb ischemic post conditioning during early reperfusion alleviates cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury via GSK-3β/CREB/ BDNF pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 803:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Mori MA, Meyer E, Soares LM, Milani H, Guimarães FS, de Oliveira RMW. Cannabidiol reduces neuroinflammation and promotes neuroplasticity and functional recovery after brain ischemia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:94-105. [PMID: 27889412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic phytochemical present in Cannabis sativa, on the cognitive and emotional impairments induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in mice. Using a multi-tiered behavioral testing battery during 21days, we found that BCCAO mice exhibited long-lasting functional deficits reflected by increase in anxiety-like behavior (day 9), memory impairments (days 12-18) and despair-like behavior (day 21). Short-term CBD 10mg/kg treatment prevented the cognitive and emotional impairments, attenuated hippocampal neurodegeneration and white matter (WM) injury, and reduced glial response that were induced by BCCAO. In addition, ischemic mice treated with CBD exhibited an increase in the hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels. CBD also stimulated neurogenesis and promoted dendritic restructuring in the hippocampus of BCCAO animals. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that short-term CBD treatment results in global functional recovery in ischemic mice and impacts multiple and distinct targets involved in the pathophysiology of brain ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Mori
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erika Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ligia Mendes Soares
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silveira Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 14015-000 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Maria Weffort de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Ya BL, Li HF, Wang HY, Wu F, Xin Q, Cheng HJ, Li WJ, Lin N, Ba ZH, Zhang RJ, Liu Q, Li YN, Bai B, Ge F. 5-HMF attenuates striatum oxidative damage via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway following transient global cerebral ischemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:55-65. [PMID: 27812888 PMCID: PMC5225060 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) has favorable biological effects, and its neuroprotection in a variety of neurological diseases has been noted. Our previous study showed that treatment of 5-HMF led to protection against permanent global cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms in cerebral ischemic injury are not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate the neuroprotective effect of 5-HMF and elucidate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway mechanism in the striatum after transient global cerebral ischemia. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 20 min and sacrificed 24 h after reperfusion. 5-HMF (12 mg/kg) or an equal volume of vehicle was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before ischemia and 5 min after the onset of reperfusion. At 24 h after reperfusion, neurological function was evaluated by neurological disability status scale, locomotor activity test and inclined beam walking test. Histological injury of the striatum was observed by cresyl violet staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dNTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated by the carbonyl groups introduced into proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based measurement was used to detect Nrf2 DNA binding activity. Nrf2 and its downstream ARE pathway protein expression such as heme oxygenase-1, NAD (P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit were detected by western blot. Our results showed that 5-HMF treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits, reduced brain water content, attenuated striatum neuronal damage, decreased the carbonyl groups and MDA levels, and activated Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Taken together, these results demonstrated that 5-HMF exerted significant antioxidant and neuroprotective effects following transient cerebral ischemia, possibly through the activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Liu Ya
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272129, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ju Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- School of Forensic and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Hua Ba
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Juan Zhang
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Bai
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ge
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 16 He-hua Street, Bei-hu District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China.
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Soares LM, Meyer E, Milani H, Steinbusch HWM, Prickaerts J, de Oliveira RMW. The phosphodiesterase type 2 inhibitor BAY 60-7550 reverses functional impairments induced by brain ischemia by decreasing hippocampal neurodegeneration and enhancing hippocampal neuronal plasticity. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:510-520. [PMID: 27813297 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive and affective impairments are the most characterized consequences following cerebral ischemia. BAY 60-7550, a selective phosphodiesterase type 2 inhibitor (PDE2-I), presents memory-enhancing and anxiolytic-like properties. The behavioral effects of BAY 60-7550 have been associated with its ability to prevent hydrolysis of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) thereby interfering with neuronal plasticity. Here, we hypothesize that PDE2-I treatment could promote functional recovery after brain ischemia. Mice C57Bl/6 were submitted to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), an experimental model of transient brain ischemia, for 20 min. During 21 days after reperfusion, the animals were tested in a battery of behavioral tests including the elevated zero maze (EZM), object location task (OLT) and forced swim test (FST). The effects of BAY 60-7550 were evaluated on neuronal nuclei (NeuN), caspase-9, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. BCCAO increased anxiety levels, impaired hippocampus-dependent cognitive function and induced despair-like behavior in mice. Hippocampal neurodegeneration was evidenced by a decrease in NeuN and increase incaspase-9 protein levels in BCCAO mice. Ischemic mice also showed low BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus. Repeated treatment with BAY 60-7550 attenuated the behavioral impairments induced by BCCAO in mice. Concomitantly, BAY 60-7550 enhanced expression of pCREB and BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus of ischemic mice. The present findings suggest that chronic inhibition of PDE2 provides functional recovery in BCCAO mice possibly by augmenting hippocampal neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Mendes Soares
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erika Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rúbia M Weffort de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Increased 12/15-Lipoxygenase Leads to Widespread Brain Injury Following Global Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:194-202. [PMID: 27838820 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Global ischemia following cardiac arrest is characterized by high mortality and significant neurological deficits in long-term survivors. Its mechanisms of neuronal cell death have only partially been elucidated. 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is a major contributor to delayed neuronal cell death and vascular injury in experimental stroke, but a possible role in brain injury following global ischemia has to date not been investigated. Using a mouse bilateral occlusion model of transient global ischemia which produced surprisingly widespread injury to cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, we show here that 12/15-LOX is increased in a time-dependent manner in the vasculature and neurons of both cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, 12/15-LOX co-localized with apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a mediator of non-caspase-related apoptosis in the cortex. In contrast, caspase-3 activation was more prevalent in the hippocampus. 12/15-lipoxygenase knockout mice were protected against global cerebral ischemia compared to wild-type mice, accompanied by reduced neurologic impairment. The lipoxygenase inhibitor LOXBlock-1 similarly reduced neuronal cell death both when pre-administered and when given at a therapeutically relevant time point 1 h after onset of ischemia. These findings suggest a pivotal role for 12/15-LOX in both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways following global cerebral ischemia and suggest a novel therapeutic approach to reduce brain injury following cardiac arrest.
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Guan Y, Liu X, Su Y. Ceftriaxone pretreatment reduces the propensity of postpartum depression following stroke during pregnancy in rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:15-22. [PMID: 27558732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke increases the propensity to develop depression in humans and laboratory animals, and we hypothesized that such an incidence during pregnancy may increase the risk for the development of postpartum depression (PPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we used bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) to induce transient cerebral ischemia in pregnant rats, and evaluated its effects on subsequent development of PPD in dams. Additionally, we investigated whether ceftriaxone pretreatments before the induction of brain ischemia could alter the propensity of PPD. RESULTS We found that 15min BCCAO during pregnancy enhanced immobility time and reduced the frequency of swimming or climbing behaviors in the forced swim test, and decreased the sucrose preference in dams at postpartum day 21. Such behavioral alterations were associated with lower level of GLT-1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortical regions (mPFC) of PPD dams. Specifically, mPFC GLT-1 expression levels in dams with ischemia history were correlated with sucrose preference levels at postpartum day 21. Finally, ceftriaxone pretreatment (200mg/kg/day, 5days) before the 15min BCCAO prevented the development of PPD, and prevented the reduction of GLT-1 expression in the mPFC. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggested that ceftriaxone pretreatment before brain ischemia during pregnancy may reduce the propensity for the development of PPD by preventing the loss of GLT-1 expression in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianying Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuetian Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Road, Changchun 130041, China.
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Soares LM, De Vry J, Steinbusch HW, Milani H, Prickaerts J, Weffort de Oliveira RM. Rolipram improves cognition, reduces anxiety- and despair-like behaviors and impacts hippocampal neuroplasticity after transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2016; 326:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Zhang H, Li L, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhao P, Liu T. Sevoflurane prevents stroke-induced depressive and anxiety behaviors by promoting cannabinoid receptor subtype I-dependent interaction between β-arrestin 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 2016; 137:618-29. [PMID: 26991409 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequent psychological consequences of stroke is depression. Previous animal studies have demonstrated that post-conditioning with sevoflurane protects against focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Thus, we hypothesized that repeated exposure to sevoflurane after transient ischemia can prevent the development of depressive-like behavior. To test this hypothesis, we induced transient cerebral ischemia via transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and examined the effects of subsequent repeated exposure to sevoflurane on sucrose preference, locomotor activity, and rearing activity in rats. To explore the putative neurobiological mechanisms, we further investigated the roles of hippocampal CB1 receptor in the behavioral effects of sevoflurane. We found that repeated sevoflurane exposures reversed ischemia-induced depressive-like behaviors. Furthermore, CB1 receptor inhibition in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) abolished the effects of sevoflurane exposures on ischemia-induced depressive-like behaviors. In addition, repeated sevoflurane exposures increased CB1 receptor expression and endocannabinoids levels in the DH of ischemic rats. Moreover, repeated sevoflurane exposures enhanced the expression of β-arrestin 2, increased the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, and promoted the interaction of β-arrestin 2 and ERK1/2 in the DH, and such effects were reversed by CB1 receptor antagonism in the DH. Finally, β-arrestin 2 expression and ERK1/2 activation in the DH were critical for the preventative effects of sevoflurane exposures on ischemia-induced depressive-like behaviors. Taken together, our results suggested that sevoflurane exposure after brain ischemia may prevent the development of depression, and such preventative effects of sevoflurane are likely ascribed to the activation of CB1 receptor-mediated β-arrestin 2-ERK1/2 signaling pathways. We propose that the following mechanisms are critical for the preventative effects of sevoflurane against post-stroke depressive and anxiety behaviors: repeated sevoflurane exposure after transient brain ischemia enhances N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels and normalize cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor expression in the dorsal hippocampus, which results in enhanced interaction of β-arrestin 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and increased ERK1/2 activation, leading to decreased depressive and anxiety behaviors. We think these findings should provide a new strategy for treatment of post-stroke depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Yanli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Changchun City, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Transient Cerebral Ischemia Promotes Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Exacerbates Cognitive Impairments in Young 5xFAD Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144068. [PMID: 26632816 PMCID: PMC4669173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is heterogeneous and multifactorial neurological disorder; and the risk factors of AD still remain elusive. Recent studies have highlighted the role of vascular factors in promoting the progression of AD and have suggested that ischemic events increase the incidence of AD. However, the detailed mechanisms linking ischemic insult to the progression of AD is still largely undetermined. In this study, we have established a transient cerebral ischemia model on young 5xFAD mice and their non-transgenic (nonTg) littermates by the transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries. We have found that transient cerebral ischemia significantly exacerbates brain mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial respiration deficits, oxidative stress as well as suppressed levels of mitochondrial fusion proteins including optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2) in young 5xFAD mice resulting in aggravated spatial learning and memory. Intriguingly, transient cerebral ischemia did not induce elevation in the levels of cortical or mitochondrial Amyloid beta (Aβ)1-40 or 1–42 levels in 5xFAD mice. In addition, the glucose- and oxygen-deprivation-induced apoptotic neuronal death in Aβ-treated neurons was significantly mitigated by mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitotempo which suppresses mitochondrial superoxide levels. Therefore, the simplest interpretation of our results is that young 5xFAD mice with pre-existing AD-like mitochondrial dysfunction are more susceptible to the effects of transient cerebral ischemia; and ischemic events may exacerbate dementia and worsen the outcome of AD patients by exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zhao S, Baser A, Saiz-Castro G, Zwadlo K, Martin-Villalba A. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Population of Dormant Neural Stem Cells that Become Activated upon Brain Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:329-40. [PMID: 26235341 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous pools of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) contribute to brain maintenance and regeneration after injury. The balance of NSC activation and quiescence, as well as the induction of lineage-specific transcription factors, may contribute to diversity of neuronal and glial fates. To identify molecular hallmarks governing these characteristics, we performed single-cell sequencing of an unbiased pool of adult subventricular zone NSCs. This analysis identified a discrete, dormant NSC subpopulation that already expresses distinct combinations of lineage-specific transcription factors during homeostasis. Dormant NSCs enter a primed-quiescent state before activation, which is accompanied by downregulation of glycolytic metabolism, Notch, and BMP signaling and a concomitant upregulation of lineage-specific transcription factors and protein synthesis. In response to brain ischemia, interferon gamma signaling induces dormant NSC subpopulations to enter the primed-quiescent state. This study unveils general principles underlying NSC activation and lineage priming and opens potential avenues for regenerative medicine in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Llorens-Bobadilla
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Avni Baser
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Saiz-Castro
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klara Zwadlo
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Nishijima Y, Niizuma K, Fujimura M, Akamatsu Y, Shimizu H, Tominaga T. Consistent delayed unilateral neuronal death after modified transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice that mimics neuronal injury after transient global cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 2015; 123:243-53. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.jns14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
Numerous studies have attempted to reveal the pathophysiology of ischemic neuronal injury using a representative transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) model in rodents; however, most of them have used gerbil or rat models. Recent advances in transgene and gene-knockout technology have enabled the precise molecular mechanisms of ischemic brain injury to be investigated. Because the predominant species for the study of genetic mutations is the mouse, a representative mouse model of tGCI is of particular importance. However, simple mouse models of tGCI are less reproducible; therefore, a more complex process or longer duration of ischemia, which causes a high mortality rate, has been used in previous tGCI models in mice. In this study, the authors aimed to overcome these problems and attempted to produce consistent unilateral delayed hippocampal CA1 neuronal death in mice.
METHODS
C57BL/6 mice were subjected to short-term unilateral cerebral ischemia using a 4-mm silicone-coated intraluminal suture to obstruct the origin of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the PCA territory was measured using laser speckle flowmetry. The mice were randomly assigned to groups of different ischemic durations and histologically evaluated at different time points after ischemia. The survival rate and neurological score of the group that experienced 15 minutes of ischemia were also evaluated.
RESULTS
Consistent neuronal death was observed in the medial CA1 subregion 4 days after 15 minutes of ischemia in the group of mice with a reduction in rCBF of < 65% in the PCA territory during ischemia. Morphologically degenerated cells were mostly positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling and cleaved caspase 3 staining 4 days after ischemia. The survival rates of the mice 24 hours (n = 24), 4 days (n = 15), and 7 days (n = 7) after being subjected to 15 minutes of ischemia were 95.8%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, and the mice had slight motor deficits.
CONCLUSIONS
The authors established a model of delayed unilateral hippocampal neuronal death in C57BL/6 mice by inducing ischemia in the PCA territory using an intraluminal suture method and established inclusion criteria for PCAterritory rCBF monitored by laser speckle flowmetry. This model may be useful for investigating the precise molecular mechanisms of ischemic brain injury.
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22
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Lee KM, Bang J, Kim BY, Lee IS, Han JS, Hwang BY, Jeon WK. Fructus mume alleviates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter and hippocampal damage via inhibition of inflammation and downregulation of TLR4 and p38 MAPK signaling. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:125. [PMID: 25898017 PMCID: PMC4411748 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Fructus mume (F. mume) has been used as a traditional medicine for many years in Asian countries. The present study was designed to determine the effect of a 70% ethanol extract of F. mume on white matter and hippocampal damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) was performed on male Wistar rats to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Daily oral administration of F. mume (200 mg/kg) was initiated 21 days after BCCAo and continued for 42 days. The experimental groups in this study were divided into three groups: a sham-operated group, a BCCAo group, and a BCCAo group that was administered with the F. mume extract. The activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, and the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), inflammatory mediators, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were measured in brains from rats subjected to chronic BCCAo. Results Our results revealed that F. mume alleviates the reduction in MBP expression caused by chronic BCCAo in the white matter and the hippocampus and significantly attenuates microglial and astrocytic activation induced by chronic BCCAo in the optic tract of white matter. In addition, F. mume treatment reduced the increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the activation of TLR4/MyD88 and p38 MAPK signaling, in the hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic BCCAo. Conclusion Taken together, our findings demonstrate that brain injury induced by chronic BCCAo is ameliorated by the anti-inflammatory effects of F. mume via inhibition of MBP degradation, microglial and astrocytic activation, increased inflammatory mediator expression, and activated intracellular signalings, including TLR4 and p38 MAPK, implying that F. mume is potentially an effective therapeutics for the treatment of vascular dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0652-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Bhuiyan M, Kim JC, Hwang SN, Lee MY, Kim S. Ischemic tolerance is associated with VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 signaling in the mouse hippocampus. Neuroscience 2015; 290:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Smith HK, Gil CD, Oliani SM, Gavins FNE. Targeting formyl peptide receptor 2 reduces leukocyte-endothelial interactions in a murine model of stroke. FASEB J 2015; 29:2161-71. [PMID: 25690650 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following stroke can worsen patient outcome through excess inflammation. This study investigated the pharmacologic potential of targeting an endogenous anti-inflammatory circuit via formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2/lipoxin receptor (ALX) (Fpr2/3 in mouse) in global cerebral I/R. Mice (C57BL/6 and Fpr2/3(-/-)) were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion and treatment with FPR agonists: AnxA1Ac2-26 [Annexin A1 mimetic peptide (Ac-AMVSEFLKQAWFIENEEQEYVQTVK), 2.5 μg/kg] and 15-epimer-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4; FPR2/ALX specific, 12.5 and 100 ng/kg). Leukocyte-endothelial (L-E) interactions in the cerebral microvasculature were then quantified in vivo using intravital fluorescence microscopy. 15-epi-LXA4 administration at the start of reperfusion reduced L-E interactions after 40 min (which was sustained at 2 h with high-dose 15-epi-LXA4) to levels seen in sham-operated animals. AnxA1Ac2-26 treatment decreased leukocyte adhesion at 40 min and all L-E interactions at 2 h (up to 95%). Combined treatment with AnxA1Ac2-26 plus FPR antagonists t-Boc-FLFLF (250 ng/kg) or WRW4 (FPR2/ALX selective, 1.4 μg/kg) abrogated the effects of AnxA1Ac2-26 fully at 40 min. Antagonists were less effective at 2 h, which we demonstrate is likely because of their impact on early L-E interactions. Our findings indicate that FPR2/ALX activity elicits considerable control over vascular inflammatory responses during cerebral I/R and, therefore, provide evidence that targeting FPR2/ALX may be beneficial for patients who suffered from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Smith
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Oliani
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ya B, Zhang L, Zhang L, Li Y, Li L. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural prolongs survival and inhibits oxidative stress in a mouse model of forebrain ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1722-8. [PMID: 25624794 PMCID: PMC4302453 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.22.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we hypothesized that 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural could attenuate ischemic brain damage by reducing oxidative injury. Thus, mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion to establish a model of permanent forebrain ischemia. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural 30 minutes before ischemia or 5 minutes after ischemia. The survival time of mice injected with 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural was longer compared with untreated mice. The mice subjected to ischemia for 30 minutes and reperfusion for 5 minutes were intraperitoneally injected with 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural 5 minutes prior to reperfusion, which increased superoxide dismutase content and reduced malondialdehyde content, similar to the effects of Edaravone, a hydroxyl radical scavenger used for the treatment of stroke. These findings indicate that intraperitoneal injection of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural can prolong the survival of mice with permanent forebrain ischemia. This outcome may be mediated by its antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailiu Ya
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China ; Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
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Chuang DY, Cui J, Simonyi A, Engel VA, Chen S, Fritsche KL, Thomas AL, Applequist WL, Folk WR, Lubahn DB, Sun AY, Sun GY, Gu Z. Dietary Sutherlandia and elderberry mitigate cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage and attenuate p47phox and phospho-ERK1/2 expression in microglial cells. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/6/1759091414554946. [PMID: 25324465 PMCID: PMC4271764 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414554946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sutherlandia (Sutherlandia frutescens) and elderberry
(Sambucus spp.) are used to promote health and for treatment of a
number of ailments. Although studies with cultured cells have demonstrated antioxidative
and anti-inflammatory properties of these botanicals, little is known about their ability
to mitigate brain injury. In this study, C57BL/6 J male mice were fed AIN93G diets without
or with Sutherlandia or American elderberry for 2 months prior to a 30-min global cerebral
ischemia induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAs), followed
by reperfusion for 3 days. Accelerating rotarod assessment at 24 h after BCCA occlusion
showed amelioration of sensorimotor impairment in the mice fed the supplemented diets as
compared with the ischemic mice fed the control diet. Quantitative digital pathology
assessment of brain slides stained with cresyl violet at 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R) revealed significant reduction in neuronal cell death in both dietary groups.
Immunohistochemical staining for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 demonstrated
pronounced activation of microglia in the hippocampus and striatum in the ischemic brains
3 days after I/R, and microglial activation was significantly reduced in animals fed
supplemented diets. Mitigation of microglial activation by the supplements was further
supported by the decrease in expression of p47phox, a cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase,
and phospho-ERK1/2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase known to mediate a number of
cytoplasmic processes including oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory responses. These
results demonstrate neuroprotective effect of Sutherlandia and American elderberry
botanicals against oxidative and inflammatory responses to cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Victoria A Engel
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrew L Thomas
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Southwest Research Center, University of Missouri, Mt. Vernon, MO, USA
| | - Wendy L Applequist
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Albert Y Sun
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Cardiotonic pill attenuates white matter and hippocampal damage via inhibiting microglial activation and downregulating ERK and p38 MAPK signaling in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rat. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:334. [PMID: 24274593 PMCID: PMC4222777 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The cardiotonic pill (CP) is a herbal medicine composed of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), Panax notoginseng (PN), and Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertner (DAG) that is widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The present experiment was conducted to examine the effects of CP on white matter and hippocampal damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced in male Wistar rats by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). Daily oral administration of CP (200 mg/kg) began 21 days after BCCAo and continued for 42 days. The levels of microglial activation and myelin basic protein (MBP) were measured in the white matter and hippocampus of rats with chronic BCCAo, and the expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were examined. Results MBP expression was reduced in the white matter and hippocampal regions of rats that received BCCAo. In contrast, reduced levels of MBP were not observed in BCCAo rats given CP treatments. The administration of CP alleviated microglial activation, the alteration of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling, and inflammatory mediator expression in rats with chronic BCCAo. Conclusion These results suggest that CP may have protective effects against chronic BCCAo-induced white matter and hippocampal damage by inhibiting inflammatory processes including microglial activation and proinflammatory mediator expression, and downreguating the hyperphosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling.
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The role of PARL and HtrA2 in striatal neuronal injury after transient global cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1658-65. [PMID: 23921894 PMCID: PMC3824183 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin-associated rhomboid-like (PARL) protein and high temperature requirement factor A2 (HtrA2) are key regulators of mitochondrial integrity and play pivotal roles in apoptosis. However, their roles after cerebral ischemia have not been thoroughly elucidated. To clarify these roles, mice were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia, and striatal neuronal injury was assessed. Western blot and coimmunoprecipitation analyses revealed that PARL and processed HtrA2 localized to mitochondria, and that PARL was bound to HtrA2 in sham animals. Expression of PARL and processed HtrA2 in mitochondria significantly decreased 6 to 72 hours after ischemia, and the binding of PARL to HtrA2 disappeared after ischemia. In contrast, expression of processed HtrA2 increased 24 hours after ischemia in the cytosol, where HtrA2 was bound to X chromosome-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (XIAP). Administration of PARL small interfering RNA inhibited HtrA2 processing and worsened ischemic neuronal injury. Our results show that downregulation of PARL after ischemia is a key step in ischemic neuronal injury, and that it decreases HtrA2 processing and increases neuronal vulnerability. In addition, processed HtrA2 released into the cytosol after ischemia contributes to neuronal injury via inhibition of XIAP.
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Soares LM, Schiavon AP, Milani H, de Oliveira RMW. Cognitive impairment and persistent anxiety-related responses following bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 249:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) often result in high mortality. Free radicals have been reported to play an important role in global cerebral I/R, and therefore, reduction of these might improve the outcome. Here, we investigated the effect of hydrogen gas (H2) (a strong free radical scavenger) on the survival rate of mice following global cerebral I/R. We further examined the histopathological outcome and also the brain water content (as a possible determinant of mortality). Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to global cerebral I/R by means of 45-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). A total of 160 mice were divided into three groups: sham surgery (sham group), BCCAO without H2 (BCCAO group), and BCCAO treated with 1.3% H2 (BCCAO + H2 group). We observed that H2 treatment significantly (P = 0.0232) improved the 7-day survival rate of mice, from 8.3% (BCCAO group, n = 12) to 50% (BCCAO + H2 group, n = 10). Histopathological analysis revealed that H2 treatment significantly attenuated neuronal injury and autophagy in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 sector and also brain edema, after 24 h of reperfusion. The beneficial effects of H2 treatment on brain injury were associated with significantly lower levels of oxidative stress markers (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde) in the brain tissue. Thus, we believe that H2 may be an effective treatment for global cerebral I/R.
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Kim HA, Miller AA, Drummond GR, Thrift AG, Arumugam TV, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Sobey CG. Vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: role of cerebral hypoperfusion and oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:953-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang J, Jin H, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Role of protease-activated receptor-1 in brain injury after experimental global cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2012; 43:2476-82. [PMID: 22811450 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.661819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Evidence suggests that the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a thrombin receptor, mediates neuronal injury in experimental cerebral ischemia. The present study investigated whether PAR-1 plays a role in brain injury after global cerebral ischemia. METHODS Adult male wild-type or PAR-1 knockout mice underwent a 20-minute bilateral common carotid artery occlusion or a sham operation. Behavior tests were performed before ischemia and 1, 2, and 3 days after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Mice were euthanized at different time points for thrombin activity, brain edema, Western blot analysis, and brain histology. RESULTS Thrombin activity and PAR-1 expression were increased in the brain after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Compared with wild-type mice, PAR-1 knockout mice had less brain edema formation, neuronal death, and behavior impairment after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. In addition, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases was absent in PAR-1 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS PAR-1 contributes to the brain injury induced by global cerebral ischemia, which may be related to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Room 5018 BSRB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Neuronal damage using fluoro-jade B histofluorescence and gliosis in the striatum after various durations of transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:826-34. [PMID: 22219128 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic damage occurs well in vulnerable regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and striatum. In the present study, we examined neuronal damage/death and glial changes in the striatum 4 days after 5, 10, 15 and 20 min of transient cerebral ischemia using the gerbil. Spontaneous motor activity was increased with the duration time of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). To examine neuronal damage, we used Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining. F-J B positive cells were detected only in the 20 min ischemia-group, not in the other groups. In addition, we examined gliosis of astrocytes and microglia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti- ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), respectively. In the 5 min ischemia-group, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were distinctively increased in number, and the immunoreactivity was stronger than that in the sham-group. In the 10, 15 and 20 min ischemia-groups, GFAP-immunoreactivity was more increased with the duration of I-R. On the other hand, the immunoreactivity and the number of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were distinctively increased in the 5 and 10 min ischemia-groups. In the 15 min ischemia-group, cell bodies of microglia were largest, and the immunoreactivity was highest; however, in the 20 min ischemia-group, the immunoreactivity was low compared to the 15 min ischemia-group. The results of western blotting for GFAP and Iba-1 were similar to the immunohistochemical data. In brief, these findings showed that neuronal death could be detected only in the 20 min ischemia-group 4 days after I-R, and the change pattern of astrocytes and microglia were apparently different according to the duration time of I-R.
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Rajput PS, Kharmate G, Kumar U. Colocalization of Somatostatin Receptors with DARPP-32 in Cortex and Striatum of Rat Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 48:696-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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