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Bibineyshvili Y, Vajtay TJ, Salsabilian S, Fliss N, Suvarnakar A, Fang J, Teng S, Alder J, Najafizadeh L, Margolis DJ. Imaging the large-scale and cellular response to focal traumatic brain injury in mouse neocortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590835. [PMID: 38712183 PMCID: PMC11071467 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects neural function at the local injury site and also at distant, connected brain areas. However, the real-time neural dynamics in response to injury and subsequent effects on sensory processing and behavior are not fully resolved, especially across a range of spatial scales. We used in vivo calcium imaging in awake, head-restrained male and female mice to measure large-scale and cellular resolution neuronal activation, respectively, in response to a mild TBI induced by focal controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury of the motor cortex (M1). Widefield imaging revealed an immediate CCI-induced activation at the injury site, followed by a massive slow wave of calcium signal activation that traveled across the majority of the dorsal cortex within approximately 30 s. Correspondingly, two-photon calcium imaging in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) found strong activation of neuropil and neuronal populations during the CCI-induced traveling wave. A depression of calcium signals followed the wave, during which we observed atypical activity of a sparse population of S1 neurons. Longitudinal imaging in the hours and days after CCI revealed increases in the area of whisker-evoked sensory maps at early time points, in parallel to decreases in cortical functional connectivity and behavioral measures. Neural and behavioral changes mostly recovered over hours to days in our mild-TBI model, with a more lasting decrease in the number of active S1 neurons. Our results provide novel spatial and temporal views of neural adaptations that occur at cortical sites remote to a focal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Bibineyshvili
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - Thomas J Vajtay
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - Shiva Salsabilian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas Fliss
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - Aastha Suvarnakar
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer Fang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - Shavonne Teng
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Janet Alder
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Laleh Najafizadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
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Wise DL, Greene SB, Escobedo-Lozoya Y, Van Hooser SD, Nelson SB. Progressive Circuit Hyperexcitability in Mouse Neocortical Slice Cultures with Increasing Duration of Activity Silencing. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0362-23.2024. [PMID: 38653560 PMCID: PMC11079856 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0362-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Forebrain neurons deprived of activity become hyperactive when activity is restored. Rebound activity has been linked to spontaneous seizures in vivo following prolonged activity blockade. Here, we measured the time course of rebound activity and the contributing circuit mechanisms using calcium imaging, synaptic staining, and whole-cell patch clamp in organotypic slice cultures of mouse neocortex. Calcium imaging revealed hypersynchronous activity increasing in intensity with longer periods of deprivation. While activity partially recovered 3 d after slices were released from 5 d of deprivation, they were less able to recover after 10 d of deprivation. However, even after the longer period of deprivation, activity patterns eventually returned to baseline levels. The degree of deprivation-induced rebound was age-dependent, with the greatest effects occurring when silencing began in the second week. Pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors indicated that hypersynchronous rebound activity did not require activation of Hebbian plasticity. In single-neuron recordings, input resistance roughly doubled with a concomitant increase in intrinsic excitability. Synaptic imaging of pre- and postsynaptic proteins revealed dramatic reductions in the number of presumptive synapses with a larger effect on inhibitory than excitatory synapses. Putative excitatory synapses colocalizing PSD-95 and Bassoon declined by 39 and 56% following 5 and 10 d of deprivation, but presumptive inhibitory synapses colocalizing gephyrin and VGAT declined by 55 and 73%, respectively. The results suggest that with prolonged deprivation, a progressive reduction in synapse number is accompanied by a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition and increased cellular excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Wise
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Samuel B Greene
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | | | | | - Sacha B Nelson
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
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3
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Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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4
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Adhikari Y, Ma CG, Chai Z, Jin X. Preventing development of post-stroke hyperexcitability by optogenetic or pharmacological stimulation of cortical excitatory activity. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106233. [PMID: 37468047 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy, but treatment for preventing the development of post-stroke epilepsy is still unavailable. Since stroke results in neuronal damage and death as well as initial loss of activity in the affected brain region, homeostatic plasticity may be trigged and contribute to an increase in network hyperexcitability that underlies epileptogenesis. Correspondingly, enhancing brain activity may inhibit hyperexcitability from enhanced homeostatic plasticity and prevent post-stroke epileptogenesis. To test these hypotheses, we first used in vivo two-photon and mesoscopic imaging of activity of cortical pyramidal neurons in Thy1-GCaMP6 transgenic mice to determine longitudinal changes in excitatory activity after a photothrombotic ischemic stroke. At 3-days post-stroke, there was a significant loss of neuronal activity in the peri-injury area as indicated by reductions in the frequency of calcium spikes and percentage of active neurons, which recovered to baseline level at day 7, supporting a homeostatic activity regulation of the surviving neurons in the peri-injury area. We further used optogenetic stimulation to specifically stimulate activity of pyramidal neurons in the peri-injury area of Thy-1 channelrhodopsin transgenic mice from day 5 to day 15 after stroke. Using pentylenetetrazole test to evaluate seizure susceptibility, we showed that stroke mice are more susceptible to Racine stage V seizures (time latency 54.3 ± 12.9 min) compared to sham mice (107.1 ± 13.6 min), but optogenetic stimulation reversed the increase in seizure susceptibility (114.0 ± 9.2 min) in mice with stroke. Similarly, administration of D-cycloserine, a partial N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist that can mildly enhance neuronal activity without causing post-stroke seizure, from day 5 to day 15 after a stroke significantly reversed the increase in seizure susceptibility. The treatment also resulted in an increased survival of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) positive interneurons and a reduced activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive reactive astrocytes. Thus, this study supports the involvement of homeostatic activity regulation in the development of post-stroke hyperexcitability and potential application of activity enhancement as a novel strategy to prevent post-stroke late-onset seizure and epilepsy through regulating cortical homeostatic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Adhikari
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation/Neurobiology Research Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation/Neurobiology Research Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Ziesel D, Nowakowska M, Scheruebel S, Kornmueller K, Schäfer U, Schindl R, Baumgartner C, Üçal M, Rienmüller T. Electrical stimulation methods and protocols for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a critical review of preclinical research. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:51. [PMID: 37098582 PMCID: PMC10131365 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disabilities resulting from cognitive and neurological deficits, as well as psychological disorders. Only recently, preclinical research on electrical stimulation methods as a potential treatment of TBI sequelae has gained more traction. However, the underlying mechanisms of the anticipated improvements induced by these methods are still not fully understood. It remains unclear in which stage after TBI they are best applied to optimize the therapeutic outcome, preferably with persisting effects. Studies with animal models address these questions and investigate beneficial long- and short-term changes mediated by these novel modalities. METHODS In this review, we present the state-of-the-art in preclinical research on electrical stimulation methods used to treat TBI sequelae. We analyze publications on the most commonly used electrical stimulation methods, namely transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), that aim to treat disabilities caused by TBI. We discuss applied stimulation parameters, such as the amplitude, frequency, and length of stimulation, as well as stimulation time frames, specifically the onset of stimulation, how often stimulation sessions were repeated and the total length of the treatment. These parameters are then analyzed in the context of injury severity, the disability under investigation and the stimulated location, and the resulting therapeutic effects are compared. We provide a comprehensive and critical review and discuss directions for future research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We find that the parameters used in studies on each of these stimulation methods vary widely, making it difficult to draw direct comparisons between stimulation protocols and therapeutic outcome. Persisting beneficial effects and adverse consequences of electrical simulation are rarely investigated, leaving many questions about their suitability for clinical applications. Nevertheless, we conclude that the stimulation methods discussed here show promising results that could be further supported by additional research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ziesel
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - M Nowakowska
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Scheruebel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics Division, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Kornmueller
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics Division, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - U Schäfer
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics Division, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Baumgartner
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Üçal
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Rienmüller
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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6
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Gudenschwager-Basso EK, Shandra O, Volanth T, Patel DC, Kelly C, Browning JL, Wei X, Harris EA, Mahmutovic D, Kaloss AM, Correa FG, Decker J, Maharathi B, Robel S, Sontheimer H, VandeVord PJ, Olsen ML, Theus MH. Atypical Neurogenesis, Astrogliosis, and Excessive Hilar Interneuron Loss Are Associated with the Development of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy. Cells 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 37174647 PMCID: PMC10177146 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant risk factor for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the injury-induced epileptogenesis are under investigation. The dentate gyrus-a structure that is highly susceptible to injury-has been implicated in the evolution of seizure development. METHODS Utilizing the murine unilateral focal control cortical impact (CCI) injury, we evaluated seizure onset using 24/7 EEG video analysis at 2-4 months post-injury. Cellular changes in the dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus were quantified by unbiased stereology and Imaris image analysis to evaluate Prox1-positive cell migration, astrocyte branching, and morphology, as well as neuronal loss at four months post-injury. Isolation of region-specific astrocytes and RNA-Seq were performed to determine differential gene expression in animals that developed post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE+) vs. those animals that did not (PTE-), which may be associated with epileptogenesis. RESULTS CCI injury resulted in 37% PTE incidence, which increased with injury severity and hippocampal damage. Histological assessments uncovered a significant loss of hilar interneurons that coincided with aberrant migration of Prox1-positive granule cells and reduced astroglial branching in PTE+ compared to PTE- mice. We uniquely identified Cst3 as a PTE+-specific gene signature in astrocytes across all brain regions, which showed increased astroglial expression in the PTE+ hilus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that epileptogenesis may emerge following TBI due to distinct aberrant cellular remodeling events and key molecular changes in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Troy Volanth
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dipan C. Patel
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Colin Kelly
- Translational Biology Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jack L. Browning
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoran Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Harris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | - Dzenis Mahmutovic
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Kaloss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | | | - Jeremy Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Biswajit Maharathi
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - Pamela J. VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Michelle H. Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Engineered Health, Viginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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7
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Golub VM, Reddy DS. Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities: Advanced Models, Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapeutic Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:387-438. [PMID: 35302046 PMCID: PMC8973512 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most devastating long-term, network consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is currently no approved treatment that can prevent onset of spontaneous seizures associated with brain injury, and many cases of PTE are refractory to antiseizure medications. Post-traumatic epileptogenesis is an enduring process by which a normal brain exhibits hypersynchronous excitability after a head injury incident. Understanding the neural networks and molecular pathologies involved in epileptogenesis are key to preventing its development or modifying disease progression. In this article, we describe a critical appraisal of the current state of PTE research with an emphasis on experimental models, molecular mechanisms of post-traumatic epileptogenesis, potential biomarkers, and the burden of PTE-associated comorbidities. The goal of epilepsy research is to identify new therapeutic strategies that can prevent PTE development or interrupt the epileptogenic process and relieve associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, we also describe current preclinical and clinical data on the treatment of PTE sequelae. Differences in injury patterns, latency period, and biomarkers are outlined in the context of animal model validation, pathophysiology, seizure frequency, and behavior. Improving TBI recovery and preventing seizure onset are complex and challenging tasks; however, much progress has been made within this decade demonstrating disease modifying, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective strategies, suggesting this goal is pragmatic. Our understanding of PTE is continuously evolving, and improved preclinical models allow for accelerated testing of critically needed novel therapeutic interventions in military and civilian persons at high risk for PTE and its devastating comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Golub
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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8
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Input rate encoding and gain control in dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110382. [PMID: 35172157 PMCID: PMC8967317 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how neurons encode network activity is essential to understanding how the brain processes information. Neocortical pyramidal cells receive excitatory input onto spines distributed along dendritic branches. Local dendritic branch nonlinearities can boost the response to spatially clustered and synchronous input, but how this translates into the integration of patterns of ongoing activity remains unclear. To examine dendritic integration under naturalistic stimulus regimes, we use two-photon glutamate uncaging to repeatedly activate multiple dendritic spines at random intervals. In the proximal dendrites of two populations of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse motor cortex, spatially restricted synchrony is not a prerequisite for dendritic boosting. Branches encode afferent inputs with distinct rate sensitivities depending upon cell and branch type. Thus, inputs distributed along a dendritic branch can recruit supralinear boosting and the window of this nonlinearity may provide a mechanism by which dendrites can preferentially amplify slow-frequency network oscillations.
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Yang Z, Zhu T, Pompilus M, Fu Y, Zhu J, Arjona K, Arja RD, Grudny MM, Plant HD, Bose P, Wang KK, Febo M. Compensatory functional connectome changes in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab244. [PMID: 34729482 PMCID: PMC8557657 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetrating cortical impact injuries alter neuronal communication beyond the injury epicentre, across regions involved in affective, sensorimotor and cognitive processing. Understanding how traumatic brain injury reorganizes local and brain wide nodal interactions may provide valuable quantitative parameters for monitoring pathological progression and recovery. To this end, we investigated spontaneous fluctuations in the functional MRI signal obtained at 11.1 T in rats sustaining controlled cortical impact and imaged at 2- and 30-days post-injury. Graph theory-based calculations were applied to weighted undirected matrices constructed from 12 879 pairwise correlations between functional MRI signals from 162 regions. Our data indicate that on Days 2 and 30 post-controlled cortical impact there is a significant increase in connectivity strength in nodes located in contralesional cortical, thalamic and basal forebrain areas. Rats imaged on Day 2 post-injury had significantly greater network modularity than controls, with influential nodes (with high eigenvector centrality) contained within the contralesional module and participating less in cross-modular interactions. By Day 30, modularity and cross-modular interactions recover, although a cluster of nodes with low strength and low eigenvector centrality remain in the ipsilateral cortex. Our results suggest that changes in node strength, modularity, eigenvector centrality and participation coefficient track early and late traumatic brain injury effects on brain functional connectivity. We propose that the observed compensatory functional connectivity reorganization in response to controlled cortical impact may be unfavourable to brain wide communication in the early post-injury period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tian Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Marjory Pompilus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yueqiang Fu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jiepei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kefren Arjona
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rawad Daniel Arja
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matteo M Grudny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - H Daniel Plant
- VA Research Service, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Prodip Bose
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- VA Research Service, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- VA Research Service, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility (AMRIS), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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10
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Feng Y, Li K, Roth E, Chao D, Mecca CM, Hogan QH, Pawela C, Kwok WM, Camara AKS, Pan B. Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Impairs Cognition, Enhances Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity, and Reduces Pre-synaptic Mitochondrial Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:689334. [PMID: 34447298 PMCID: PMC8383341 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.689334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hurdle preventing effective interventions for patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the lack of known mechanisms for the long-term cognitive impairment that follows mTBI. The closed head impact model of repeated engineered rotational acceleration (rCHIMERA), a non-surgical animal model of repeated mTBI (rmTBI), mimics key features of rmTBI in humans. Using the rCHIMERA in rats, this study was designed to characterize rmTBI-induced behavioral disruption, underlying electrophysiological changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Rats received 6 closed-head impacts over 2 days at 2 Joules of energy. Behavioral testing included automated analysis of behavior in open field and home-cage environments, rotarod test for motor skills, novel object recognition, and fear conditioning. Following rmTBI, rats spent less time grooming and less time in the center of the open field arena. Rats in their home cage had reduced inactivity time 1 week after mTBI and increased exploration time 1 month after injury. Impaired associative fear learning and memory in fear conditioning test, and reduced short-term memory in novel object recognition test were found 4 weeks after rmTBI. Single-unit in vivo recordings showed increased neuronal activity in the mPFC after rmTBI, partially attributable to neuronal disinhibition from reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission, possibly secondary to impaired mitochondrial function. These findings help validate this rat rmTBI model as replicating clinical features, and point to impaired mitochondrial functions after injury as causing imbalanced synaptic transmission and consequent impaired long-term cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Keguo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Elizabeth Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Christina M Mecca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Quinn H Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Christopher Pawela
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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11
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Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
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12
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Dulla CG, Pitkänen A. Novel Approaches to Prevent Epileptogenesis After Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1582-1601. [PMID: 34595732 PMCID: PMC8608993 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology caused by an external force. When epilepsy develops following TBI, it is known as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE occurs in a subset of patients suffering from different types and severities of TBI, occurs more commonly following severe injury, and greatly impacts the quality of life for patients recovering from TBI. Similar to other types of epilepsy, PTE is often refractory to drug treatment with standard anti-seizure drugs. No therapeutic approaches have proven successful in the clinic to prevent the development of PTE. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are needed to stop the development of PTE and improve the quality of life for patients after TBI. Interestingly, TBI represents an excellent clinical opportunity for intervention to prevent epileptogenesis as typically the time of initiation of epileptogenesis (i.e., TBI) is known, the population of at-risk patients is large, and animal models for preclinical studies of mechanisms and treatment targets are available. If properly identified and treated, there is a true opportunity to prevent epileptogenesis after TBI and stop seizures from ever happening. With that goal in mind, here we review previous attempts to prevent PTE both in animal studies and in humans, we examine how biomarkers could enable better-targeted therapeutics, and we discuss how genetic variation may predispose individuals to PTE. Finally, we highlight exciting new advances in the field that suggest that there may be novel approaches to prevent PTE that should be considered for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70 211, Kuopio, Finland.
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13
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Kuo CW, Chang MY, Liu HH, He XK, Chan SY, Huang YZ, Peng CW, Chang PK, Pan CY, Hsieh TH. Cortical Electrical Stimulation Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Sensorimotor and Cognitive Deficits in Rats. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:693073. [PMID: 34194304 PMCID: PMC8236591 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.693073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Individuals with different severities of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often suffer long-lasting motor, sensory, neurological, or cognitive disturbances. To date, no neuromodulation-based therapies have been used to manage the functional deficits associated with TBI. Cortical electrical stimulation (CES) has been increasingly developed for modulating brain plasticity and is considered to have therapeutic potential in TBI. However, the therapeutic value of such a technique for TBI is still unclear. Accordingly, an animal model of this disease would be helpful for mechanistic insight into using CES as a novel treatment approach in TBI. The current study aims to apply a novel CES scheme with a theta-burst stimulation (TBS) protocol to identify the therapeutic potential of CES in a weight drop-induced rat model of TBI. Methods: TBI rats were divided into the sham CES treatment group and CES treatment group. Following early and long-term CES intervention (starting 24 h after TBI, 1 session/day, 5 days/week) in awake TBI animals for a total of 4 weeks, the effects of CES on the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), sensorimotor and cognitive behaviors and neuroinflammatory changes were identified. Results: We found that the 4-week CES intervention significantly alleviated the TBI-induced neurological, sensorimotor, and cognitive deficits in locomotor activity, sensory and recognition memory. Immunohistochemically, we found that CES mitigated the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) activation in the hippocampus. Conclusion: These findings suggest that CES has significant benefits in alleviating TBI-related symptoms and represents a promising treatment for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Kuo
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Chang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Early Childhood and Family Educare, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Yuanlin, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hua Liu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kuo He
- Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China.,Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Kai Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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14
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Alyenbaawi H, Kanyo R, Locskai LF, Kamali-Jamil R, DuVal MG, Bai Q, Wille H, Burton EA, Allison WT. Seizures are a druggable mechanistic link between TBI and subsequent tauopathy. eLife 2021; 10:58744. [PMID: 33527898 PMCID: PMC7853719 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prominent risk factor for dementias including tauopathies like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The mechanisms that promote prion-like spreading of Tau aggregates after TBI are not fully understood, in part due to lack of tractable animal models. Here, we test the putative role of seizures in promoting the spread of tauopathy. We introduce ‘tauopathy reporter’ zebrafish expressing a genetically encoded fluorescent Tau biosensor that reliably reports accumulation of human Tau species when seeded via intraventricular brain injections. Subjecting zebrafish larvae to a novel TBI paradigm produced various TBI features including cell death, post–traumatic seizures, and Tau inclusions. Bath application of dynamin inhibitors or anticonvulsant drugs rescued TBI-induced tauopathy and cell death. These data suggest a role for seizure activity in the prion-like seeding and spreading of tauopathy following TBI. Further work is warranted regarding anti-convulsants that dampen post-traumatic seizures as a route to moderating subsequent tauopathy. Traumatic brain injury can result from direct head concussions, rapid head movements, or a blast wave generated by an explosion. Traumatic brain injury often causes seizures in the short term and is a risk factor for certain dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the long term. A protein called Tau undergoes a series of chemical changes in these dementias that makes it accumulate, form toxic filaments and kill neurons. The toxic abnormal Tau proteins are initially found only in certain regions of the brain, but they spread as the disease progresses. Previous studies in Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases where Tau proteins are abnormal suggest that Tau can spread between neighboring neurons and this can be promoted by neuron activity. However, scientists do not know whether similar mechanisms are at work following traumatic brain injury. Given that seizures are very common following traumatic brain injury, could they be partly responsible for promoting dementia? To investigate this, researchers need animal models in which they can measure neural activity associated with traumatic brain injury and observe the spread of abnormal Tau proteins. Alyenbaawi et al. engineered zebrafish so that their Tau proteins would be fluorescent, making it possible to track the accumulation of aggregated Tau protein in the brain. Next, they invented a simple way to perform traumatic brain injury on zebrafish larvae by using a syringe to produce a pressure wave. After this procedure, many of the fish exhibited features consistent with progression towards dementia, and seizure-like behaviors. The results showed that post-traumatic seizures are linked to the spread of aggregates of abnormal Tau following traumatic brain injury. Alyenbaawi et al. also found that anticonvulsant drugs can lower the levels of abnormal Tau proteins in neurons, preventing cell death, and could potentially ameliorate dementias associated with traumatic brain injury. These drugs are already being used to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy, but more research is needed to confirm whether they reduce the risk or severity of Tau-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Kanyo
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Laszlo F Locskai
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Razieh Kamali-Jamil
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michèle G DuVal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Edward A Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - W Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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15
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Karimi SA, Hosseinmardi N, Sayyah M, Hajisoltani R, Janahmadi M. Enhancement of intrinsic neuronal excitability-mediated by a reduction in hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I h ) in hippocampal CA1 neurons in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Hippocampus 2020; 31:156-169. [PMID: 33107111 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with epileptiform activity in the hippocampus; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully determined. The goal was to understand what changes take place in intrinsic neuronal physiology in the hippocampus after blunt force trauma to the cortex. In this context, hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih ) currents may have a critical role in modulating the neuronal intrinsic membrane excitability; therefore, its contribution to the TBI-induced hyperexcitability was assessed. In a model of TBI caused by controlled cortical impact (CCI), the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of pyramidal neurons were examined 1 week after TBI induction in rats. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed under current- and voltage-clamp conditions following ionotropic receptors blockade. Induction of TBI caused changes in the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons, as shown by a significant increase and decrease in firing frequency and in the rheobase current, respectively (p < .05). The evoked firing rate and the action potential time to peak were also significantly increased and decreased, respectively (p < .05). In the TBI group, the amplitude of instantaneous and steady-state Ih currents was both significantly smaller than those in the control group (p < .05). The Ih current density was also significantly decreased (p < .001). Findings indicated that TBI led to an increase in the intrinsic excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons and changes in Ih current could be, in part, one of the underlying mechanisms involved in this hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Hajisoltani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Förstner P, Knöll B. Interference of neuronal activity-mediated gene expression through serum response factor deletion enhances mortality and hyperactivity after traumatic brain injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:3855-3873. [PMID: 31930559 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902257rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most frequent causes of brain injury and mortality in young adults with detrimental sequelae such as cognitive impairments, epilepsy, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. TBI modulates the neuronal excitability resulting in propagation of a neuronal activity-driven gene expression program. However, the impact of such neuronal activity mediated gene expression in TBI has been poorly studied. In this study we analyzed mouse mutants of the prototypical neuronal activity-dependent transcription factor SRF (serum response factor) in a weight-drop TBI model. Neuron-restricted SRF deletion elevated TBI inflicted mortality suggesting a neuroprotective SRF function during TBI. Behavioral inspection uncovered elevated locomotor activity in Srf mutant mice after TBI in contrast to hypoactivity observed in wild-type littermates. This indicates an SRF role in modulation of TBI-associated alterations in locomotor activity. Finally, induction of a neuronal activity induced gene expression program composed of immediate early genes (IEGs) such as Egr1, Egr2, Egr3, Npas4, Atf3, Arc, Ptgs2, and neuronal pentraxins (Nptx2) was compromised upon SRF depletion. Overall, our data show a role of neuronal activity-mediated gene transcription during TBI and suggest a molecular link between TBI and such post-TBI neurological comorbidities involving hyperactivity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Förstner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Witkin JM, Li G, Golani LK, Xiong W, Smith JL, Ping X, Rashid F, Jahan R, Cerne R, Cook JM, Jin X. The Positive Allosteric Modulator of α2/3-Containing GABA A Receptors, KRM-II-81, Is Active in Pharmaco-Resistant Models of Epilepsy and Reduces Hyperexcitability after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 372:83-94. [PMID: 31694876 PMCID: PMC6927408 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The imidizodiazepine, 5-(8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)oxazole (KRM-II-81), is selective for α2/3-containing GABAA receptors. KRM-II-81 dampens seizure activity in rodent models with enhanced efficacy and reduced motor-impairment compared with diazepam. In the present study, KRM-II-81 was studied in assays designed to detect antiepileptics with improved chances of impacting pharmaco-resistant epilepsies. The potential for reducing neural hyperactivity weeks after traumatic brain injury was also studied. KRM-II-81 suppressed convulsions in corneal-kindled mice. Mice with kainate-induced mesial temporal lobe seizures exhibited spontaneous recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges that were significantly reduced by KRM-II-81 (15 mg/kg, orally). KRM-II-81 also decreased convulsions in rats undergoing amygdala kindling in the presence of lamotrigine (lamotrigine-insensitive model) (ED50 = 19 mg/kg, i.p.). KRM-II-81 reduced focal and generalized seizures in a kainate-induced chronic epilepsy model in rats (20 mg/kg, i.p., three times per day). In mice with damage to the left cerebral cortex by controlled-cortical impact, enduring neuronal hyperactivity was dampened by KRM-II-81 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) as observed through in vivo two-photon imaging of layer II/III pyramidal neurons in GCaMP6-expressing transgenic mice. No notable side effects emerged up to doses of 300 mg/kg KRM-II-81. Molecular modeling studies were conducted: docking in the binding site of the α1β3γ2L GABAA receptor showed that replacing the C8 chlorine atom of alprazolam with the acetylene of KRM-II-81 led to loss of the key interaction with α1His102, providing a structural rationale for its low affinity for α1-containing GABAA receptors compared with benzodiazepines such as alprazolam. Overall, these findings predict that KRM-II-81 has improved therapeutic potential for epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We describe the effects of a relatively new orally bioavailable small molecule in rodent models of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. KRM-II-81 is more potent and generally more efficacious than standard-of-care antiepileptics. In silico docking experiments begin to describe the structural basis for the relative lack of motor impairment induced by KRM-II-81. KRM-II-81 has unique structural and anticonvulsant effects, predicting its potential as an improved antiepileptic drug and novel therapy for post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Lalit K Golani
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., R.C., X.J.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.M.W., G.L., L.K.G., F.R., R.J., J.M.C.); Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (W.X., X.P., X.J.); and Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.L.S.)
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18
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Chai Z, Ma C, Jin X. Homeostatic activity regulation as a mechanism underlying the effect of brain stimulation. Bioelectron Med 2019; 5:16. [PMID: 32232105 PMCID: PMC7098242 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-019-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperexcitability of the neural network often occurs after brain injuries or degeneration and is a key pathophysiological feature in certain neurological diseases such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and tinnitus. Although the standard approach of pharmacological treatments is to directly suppress the hyperexcitability through reducing excitation or enhancing inhibition, different techniques for stimulating brain activity are often used to treat refractory neurological conditions. However, it is unclear why stimulating brain activity would be effective for controlling hyperexcitability. Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis in these disorders exhibits a transition from an initial activity loss after acute injury or progressive neurodegeneration to subsequent development of hyperexcitability. This process mimics homeostatic activity regulation and may contribute to developing network hyperexcitability that underlies neurological symptoms. This hypothesis also predicts that stimulating brain activity should be effective in reducing hyperexcitability due to homeostatic activity regulation and in relieving symptoms. Here we review current evidence of homeostatic plasticity in the development of hyperexcitability in some neurological diseases and the effects of brain stimulation. The homeostatic plasticity hypothesis may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of neurological diseases and may guide the use of brain stimulation techniques for treating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chai
- Neurobiology Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619 China
| | - Cungen Ma
- Neurobiology Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619 China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB 500C, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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19
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McGuire JL, Ngwenya LB, McCullumsmith RE. Neurotransmitter changes after traumatic brain injury: an update for new treatment strategies. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:995-1012. [PMID: 30214042 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a pervasive problem in the United States and worldwide, as the number of diagnosed individuals is increasing yearly and there are no efficacious therapeutic interventions. A large number of patients suffer with cognitive disabilities and psychiatric conditions after TBI, especially anxiety and depression. The constellation of post-injury cognitive and behavioral symptoms suggest permanent effects of injury on neurotransmission. Guided in part by preclinical studies, clinical trials have focused on high-yield pathophysiologic mechanisms, including protein aggregation, inflammation, metabolic disruption, cell generation, physiology, and alterations in neurotransmitter signaling. Despite successful treatment of experimental TBI in animal models, clinical studies based on these findings have failed to translate to humans. The current international effort to reshape TBI research is focusing on redefining the taxonomy and characterization of TBI. In addition, as the next round of clinical trials is pending, there is a pressing need to consider what the field has learned over the past two decades of research, and how we can best capitalize on this knowledge to inform the hypotheses for future innovations. Thus, it is critically important to extend our understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI, particularly to mechanisms that are associated with recovery versus development of chronic symptoms. In this review, we focus on the pathology of neurotransmission after TBI, reflecting on what has been learned from both the preclinical and clinical studies, and we discuss new directions and opportunities for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McGuire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Laura B Ngwenya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Neurotrauma Center, University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Ouyang W, Wu W, Fan Z, Wang J, Pan H, Yang W. Modified device for fluid percussion injury in rodents. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1412-1429. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua Zhejiang China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- School of Physical Education and Health; East China Jiaotong University; Nanchang Jiangxi China
| | - Zhiheng Fan
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua Zhejiang China
| | - Jihui Wang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua Zhejiang China
| | - Huiju Pan
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua Zhejiang China
| | - Weibin Yang
- Affiliated Sports Medicine Hospital, Zhejiang College of Sports; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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21
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André EA, Forcelli PA, Pak DT. What goes up must come down: homeostatic synaptic plasticity strategies in neurological disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018; 13:13-21. [PMID: 29379396 DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain activity levels are tightly regulated to minimize imbalances in activity state. Deviations from the normal range of activity are deleterious and often associated with neurological disorders. To maintain optimal levels of activity, regulatory mechanisms termed homeostatic synaptic plasticity establish desired 'set points' for neural activity, monitor the network for deviations from the set point and initiate compensatory responses to return activity to the appropriate level that permits physiological function [1,2]. We speculate that impaired homeostatic control may contribute to the etiology of various neurological disorders including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease, two disorders that exhibit hyperexcitability as a key feature during pathogenesis. Here, we will focus on recent progress in developing homeostatic regulation of neural activity as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A André
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Daniel Ts Pak
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
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22
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Gu F, Parada I, Shen F, Li J, Bacci A, Graber K, Taghavi RM, Scalise K, Schwartzkroin P, Wenzel J, Prince DA. Structural alterations in fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons in a model of posttraumatic neocortical epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:100-114. [PMID: 28823934 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological experiments in the partial cortical isolation ("undercut" or "UC") model of injury-induced neocortical epileptogenesis have shown alterations in GABAergic synaptic transmission attributable to abnormalities in presynaptic terminals. To determine whether the decreased inhibition was associated with structural abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons, we used immunocytochemical techniques, confocal microscopy and EM in UC and control sensorimotor rat cortex to analyze structural alterations in fast-spiking parvalbumin-containing interneurons and pyramidal (Pyr) cells of layer V. Principle findings were: 1) there were no decreases in counts of parvalbumin (PV)- or GABA-immunoreactive interneurons in UC cortex, however there were significant reductions in expression of VGAT and GAD-65 and -67 in halos of GABAergic terminals around Pyr somata in layer V. 2) Consistent with previous results, somatic size and density of Pyr cells was decreased in infragranular layers of UC cortex. 3) Dendrites of biocytin-filled FS interneurons were significantly decreased in volume. 4) There were decreases in the size and VGAT content of GABAergic boutons in axons of biocytin-filled FS cells in the UC, together with a decrease in colocalization with postsynaptic gephyrin, suggesting a reduction in GABAergic synapses. Quantitative EM of layer V Pyr somata confirmed the reduction in inhibitory synapses. 5) There were marked and lasting reductions in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-IR and -mRNA in Pyr cells and decreased TrkB-IR on PV cells in UC cortex. 6) Results lead to the hypothesis that reduction in trophic support by BDNF derived from Pyr cells may contribute to the regressive changes in axonal terminals and dendrites of FS cells in the UC cortex and decreased GABAergic inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE Injury to cortical structures is a major cause of epilepsy, accounting for about 20% of cases in the general population, with an incidence as high as ~50% among brain-injured personnel in wartime. Loss of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons is a significant pathophysiological factor associated with epileptogenesis following brain trauma and other etiologies. Results of these experiments show that the largest population of cortical interneurons, the parvalbumin-containing fast-spiking (FS) interneurons, are preserved in the partial neocortical isolation model of partial epilepsy. However, axonal terminals of these cells are structurally abnormal, have decreased content of GABA synthetic enzymes and vesicular GABA transporter and make fewer synapses onto pyramidal neurons. These structural abnormalities underlie defects in GABAergic neurotransmission that are a key pathophysiological factor in epileptogenesis found in electrophysiological experiments. BDNF, and its TrkB receptor, key factors for maintenance of interneurons and pyramidal neurons, are decreased in the injured cortex. Results suggest that supplying BDNF to the injured epileptogenic brain may reverse the structural and functional abnormalities in the parvalbumin FS interneurons and provide an antiepileptogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Isabel Parada
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Fran Shen
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Judith Li
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Alberto Bacci
- ICM - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, 7, bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Graber
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Reza Moein Taghavi
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Karina Scalise
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States
| | - Philip Schwartzkroin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Jurgen Wenzel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - David A Prince
- Epilepsy Research Laboratories, Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine, United States.
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23
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation facilitates neurorehabilitation after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14769. [PMID: 26440604 PMCID: PMC4594036 DOI: 10.1038/srep14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability among children in the United States. Affected children will often suffer from emotional, cognitive and neurological impairments throughout life. In the controlled cortical impact (CCI) animal model of pediatric TBI (postnatal day 16-17) it was demonstrated that injury results in abnormal neuronal hypoactivity in the non-injured primary somatosensory cortex (S1). It materializes that reshaping the abnormal post-injury neuronal activity may provide a suitable strategy to augment rehabilitation. We tested whether high-frequency, non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered twice a week over a four-week period can rescue the neuronal activity and improve the long-term functional neurophysiological and behavioral outcome in the pediatric CCI model. The results show that TBI rats subjected to TMS therapy showed significant increases in the evoked-fMRI cortical responses (189%), evoked synaptic activity (46%), evoked neuronal firing (200%) and increases expression of cellular markers of neuroplasticity in the non-injured S1 compared to TBI rats that did not receive therapy. Notably, these rats showed less hyperactivity in behavioral tests. These results implicate TMS as a promising approach for reversing the adverse neuronal mechanisms activated post-TBI. Importantly, this intervention could readily be translated to human studies.
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